网络公共事件传播中微博伦理失范与规制研究
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摘要
微博作为互联网的新生力量,不仅改变了我们的生活和沟通方式,也日益成为网络公共事件的策源地,扮演着社会动员的角色,发挥着推波助澜的作用。微博在引发了越来越多的网络公共事件、释放出巨大能量的同时,也伴随着伦理失范现象的日益增多,微博使用者在虚拟的微博空间中肆意贬损着应遵守的伦理道德和法律规范。尤其是在社会急速转型期,在网络公共事件频发的传播语境下,微博传播中究竟存在哪些伦理问题,微博使用者该如何使用微博,如何规避网络公共事件传播中的微博暴力、微博谣言等伦理失范,微博的传播伦理又该如何建构,如何促进微博的健康发展并使其在建构公共领域方面有更大的作为,这些问题都需要我们认真反思和研究。
本文采用文献研究法、案例分析法、访谈法等研究方法,对国内外针对微博和微博伦理的研究进行了梳理和评析,对微博给传播环境带来的改变、微博对社会伦理道德的进步带来的影响进行了分析和研究,并通过对“少女毁容”事件典型个案的解剖,梳理和分析了网络公共事件传播过程中微博伦理失范的四个现象,探析了网络公共事件传播过程中微博伦理失范的原因,最后依据莱斯格的“网络行为规范力”理论,提出了“建构、自律、把关、监管”的规制办法,论文的主要研究内容如下：
1、对微博的主要传播特性进行了概括和总结(低门槛、碎片化、整合性、即时性、裂变式传播、跟随性)。研究了微博对传播环境带来的多个方面的改变,即：微博使得社会话语权进一步分散并下放；微博进一步改变了信息流动的方向；微博的出现增强了传统媒介的危机感；微博具备了强大的议程设置能力。从技术伦理学与媒介伦理学的视角,指出微博具有深刻的伦理学底蕴。比较了微博伦理与传统伦理学、一般技术伦理学、网络伦理、传播伦理的异同。研究了微博对社会伦理道德进步带来的影响,即：微博赋予道德主体以平等的话语权；微博使道德主体的能动性和创造性得到了张扬；微博赋予自由、民主、创新等道德范畴以新的伦理精神。
2、通过对网络公共事件与微博伦理失范的研究,提出了“与其他传播语境相比,微博的伦理失范在网络公共事件传播语境下体现的更为突出、更为集中”的观点。通过对合肥“少女毁容”事件传播过程中微博传播路径的追踪以及微博传播内容的研究,梳理了以“少女毁容”事件为代表的网络公共事件传播过程中若干典型的微博伦理失范现象,即事件传播过程中微博语言暴力的表现、事件传播过程中三条微博谣言的产生与消解的过程、事件传播过程中隐私权的侵犯范围与程度、事件传播过程中微博平台上网民群体极化的产生与消解过程等。
3、从技术、主体、外部环境三个角度对网络公共事件传播过程中微博伦理失范的原因进行了探析,认为技术根源主要包括：微博的自媒体特征对微博使用者的道德水准提出了新的挑战；微博信息“把关”的缺位易导致语言暴力的泛滥和隐私侵犯行为的增多；微博的“碎片化”特征容易导致“断章取义”以及谣言的滋生和传播；微博的“核裂变”式传播易诱发群体极化等非理性行为。认为主体根源主要包括：微博使用者自然属性对微博空间道德规范的排斥；部分微博使用者道德意识的淡漠和缺失；微博使用者的从众心理也容易引发伦理失范。认为外部根源主要包括：网络公共事件中个人道德情感与公众道德情感的冲突；网络公共事件传播中微博使用者的宣泄和狂欢心理；微博伦理规范与法律法规建设的滞后及无耐。
4、在对微博伦理失范现象和原因分析的基础上,借鉴莱斯格的“网络行为规范力”理论,从建构、自律、把关、监管四个维度研究了微博伦理失范的规制办法。在建构微博伦理原则规范的维度上,分析了建构微博伦理原则规范应遵循无害原则、公平原则、尊重原则、责任原则,探讨了网络公共事件传播中微博传播应遵循的伦理底线,分析了当前微博自律公约等伦理规范的制定情况和改进之处。在微博使用者自律维度上,研究了媒体微博、意见领袖微博、普通微博用户的自律内涵。在把关维度上,认为微博运营商既要加强自律又要他律,提出：要在微博系统的技术设计中嵌入道德因素；加强微博内容的审核；对微博用户的伦理失范行为进行界定和处理；主动开设官方辟谣账号。在监管层面,认为政府部门既要善管,也要善用,提出了加强政务微博建设,及时回应公众关切；加快微博立法步伐,使微博监管有章可循；形成依法、公开、科学的监管机制,引导微博健康发展等三条措施。
探讨网络公共事件传播中微博伦理失范及其规制对策,对于丰富网络伦理学的内涵具有重要的理论意义。同时,对网络公共事件传播中微博伦理问题的研究,不仅对于微博这一新事物的健康发展具有重要的意义(微博在中国曾因为出现问题而多次遭到政府部门的关闭和整顿),而且对于微博使用者合理使用微博,对政府部门在网络公共事件发生后正确使用微博,及时关注和应对事件态势发展都具有重要的现实意义。
As new blood of Internet,MicroBlog not only changs the way we live and communicate,but also increasingly becomes the source of internet public incident. MicroBlog also plays a role of social mobilization,and brings lots of internet public incidents,releases tremendous energy.At the same time,it accompanied by phenomena of ethic anomie. MicroBlog users wantonly break moral and legal norms in space of MicroBlog.Especially in the period of social rapid transformation and in the communication context of internet public incidents happened continually,which ethic anomie is exist in MicroBlog communication,how to use MicroBlog appropriately for users,how to avoid such ethic anomie as MicroBlog verbal abuse and MicroBlog rumors,how to construct communication ethic of MicroBlog,all the problems demand us to think and study.
The dissertation adopts such research methods as literature research,case analysis and interview,combs and evaluates literature about MicroBlog and MicroBlog ethics. The dissertation analyses and studies the change of communication environment brought by MicroBlog. The dissertation analyses the impact of social ethic improvement brought by MicroBlog. The dissertation combs and analyses four sorts of ethic anomie phenomenon in course of communication of internet public incidents through the typical case of Hefei "girl disfigured". The dissertation also attempts to analyses the causes of MicroBlog ethic anomie in course of internet public incidents,and propounds measure of construction,safe-discipline,getekeeping and supervision base on the theory of "network behavior norm force" proposed by Lawrence Lessig.The major contents of this dissertation are as follows:
1. The dissertation summarizes main communication character of MicroBlog and studies the several changes of communication environment brought by MicroBlog,namely:MicroBlog makes social discourse right further decentralized and delegated; MicroBlog further changes the direction of the flow of information; MicroBlog enhances the sense of emergence of traditional media. MicroBlog have had strong ability of agenda-setting. The dissertation proposes the opinion that MicroBlog has deeply ethic foundation from perspective of technical ethics and media ethics. The dissertation compares MicroBlog ethics with traditional ethics,general technical ethics,network ethics,communication ethics. The dissertation also studies the impact of social ethical progress brought by MicroBlog,namely:MicroBlog confers moral agents equal discourse right; MicroBlog wakens the activity and creativity of moral agents; MicroBlog confers freedom,democracy innovation new ethic spirit.
2.The dissertation proposes the opinion that MicroBlog ethic anomie is manifested more focused and more concentrated in communication context of internet public incidents.Through studying internet public incidents and MicroBlog ethic anomie, the dissertation traces the communication path of Hefei "girl disfigured" and studies the content of MicroBlog communication of the case. The dissertation combs several typical MicroBlog ethic anomie in course of internet public incidents represented by the case of Hefei "girl disfigured",namely:presentation of MicroBlog verbal violence,the process of three MicroBlog rumors production and clearing up in course of Hefei "girl disfigured" communication,the scope and degree of privacy invasion in course of "girl disfigured" communication, production and clearing up of group polarization in course of "girl disfigured" communication.
3. The dissertation analyses the course of MicroBlog ethic anomie in the course of internet public incidents communication from three angles of technology,main body and external environment. The cause of technology includes:the "We Media" features of MicroBlog brings new chanllenge for moral standard of MicroBlog users;the absence of MicroBlog information gatekeeper easily leads to increase of verbal violence and privacy violations;the feature of fragment easily leads to "interpret out of context" and breeding and spreading of rumors; communication like nuclear fission of MicroBlog easily leads to such irrational activity as group polarization.The cause of main body includes:the natural character of MicroBlog users rejects morals of MicroBlog space; indifference and lack of moral conscious of part of MicroBlog users; conformist mentality of MicroBlog users can also easily raise ethic anomie.The cause of external environment includes:conflicts of personal moral emotion and public moral emotion in lots of internet public incidents; the mentality of catharsis and randan in course of internet public incidents communication;the lag of construction of MicroBlog ethics and MicroBlog laws.
4.The dissertation proposes countermeasures from four dimensions such as construction,self-discipline,gatekeeper and supervision based on analysis of MicroBlog ethics anomie phenomena and causes. In the aspect of constructing MicroBlog ethics principle,the dissertation deems that constructing MicroBlog ethics should follow such principle as harmless,fairness,respect and responsibility.The dissertation discusses ethic bottom line of MicroBlog in course of internet public incidents communication,analyses contents and betterment of MicroBlog self-discipline convention.In the aspect of MicroBlog gatekeepers, the dissertation considers that MicroBlog operators should enhance self-discipline conscious and ability to restrict MicroBlog users,namely:embedding ethic factor in technical design of MicroBlog;strengthing MicroBlog content auditing;defining and handling ethic anomie action of MicroBlog users;opening official anti-rumor account number.In the aspect of supervision,the dissertation considers that government should both be good at supervision and good at using, namely:enhancing government MicroBlog construction and responding public concerns in time;accelerating the pace of MicroBlog legislation;forming lawful,public and scientific supervision mechanism.
It's of importantly theory significance for riching connotation of network ethics when discussing MicroBlog ethic anomie and countermeasures in course of internet public incidents communication. At the same time,it's of importantly significance for MicroBlog's health development and for MicroBlog users reasonable using it when studying the problems of MicroBlog ethic. It's of importantly significance for government correctly using MicroBlog and concerning,responding state of affairs development after internet public incidents happening.
本文采用文献研究法、案例分析法、访谈法等研究方法,对国内外针对微博和微博伦理的研究进行了梳理和评析,对微博给传播环境带来的改变、微博对社会伦理道德的进步带来的影响进行了分析和研究,并通过对“少女毁容”事件典型个案的解剖,梳理和分析了网络公共事件传播过程中微博伦理失范的四个现象,探析了网络公共事件传播过程中微博伦理失范的原因,最后依据莱斯格的“网络行为规范力”理论,提出了“建构、自律、把关、监管”的规制办法,论文的主要研究内容如下：
1、对微博的主要传播特性进行了概括和总结(低门槛、碎片化、整合性、即时性、裂变式传播、跟随性)。研究了微博对传播环境带来的多个方面的改变,即：微博使得社会话语权进一步分散并下放；微博进一步改变了信息流动的方向；微博的出现增强了传统媒介的危机感；微博具备了强大的议程设置能力。从技术伦理学与媒介伦理学的视角,指出微博具有深刻的伦理学底蕴。比较了微博伦理与传统伦理学、一般技术伦理学、网络伦理、传播伦理的异同。研究了微博对社会伦理道德进步带来的影响,即：微博赋予道德主体以平等的话语权；微博使道德主体的能动性和创造性得到了张扬；微博赋予自由、民主、创新等道德范畴以新的伦理精神。
2、通过对网络公共事件与微博伦理失范的研究,提出了“与其他传播语境相比,微博的伦理失范在网络公共事件传播语境下体现的更为突出、更为集中”的观点。通过对合肥“少女毁容”事件传播过程中微博传播路径的追踪以及微博传播内容的研究,梳理了以“少女毁容”事件为代表的网络公共事件传播过程中若干典型的微博伦理失范现象,即事件传播过程中微博语言暴力的表现、事件传播过程中三条微博谣言的产生与消解的过程、事件传播过程中隐私权的侵犯范围与程度、事件传播过程中微博平台上网民群体极化的产生与消解过程等。
3、从技术、主体、外部环境三个角度对网络公共事件传播过程中微博伦理失范的原因进行了探析,认为技术根源主要包括：微博的自媒体特征对微博使用者的道德水准提出了新的挑战；微博信息“把关”的缺位易导致语言暴力的泛滥和隐私侵犯行为的增多；微博的“碎片化”特征容易导致“断章取义”以及谣言的滋生和传播；微博的“核裂变”式传播易诱发群体极化等非理性行为。认为主体根源主要包括：微博使用者自然属性对微博空间道德规范的排斥；部分微博使用者道德意识的淡漠和缺失；微博使用者的从众心理也容易引发伦理失范。认为外部根源主要包括：网络公共事件中个人道德情感与公众道德情感的冲突；网络公共事件传播中微博使用者的宣泄和狂欢心理；微博伦理规范与法律法规建设的滞后及无耐。
4、在对微博伦理失范现象和原因分析的基础上,借鉴莱斯格的“网络行为规范力”理论,从建构、自律、把关、监管四个维度研究了微博伦理失范的规制办法。在建构微博伦理原则规范的维度上,分析了建构微博伦理原则规范应遵循无害原则、公平原则、尊重原则、责任原则,探讨了网络公共事件传播中微博传播应遵循的伦理底线,分析了当前微博自律公约等伦理规范的制定情况和改进之处。在微博使用者自律维度上,研究了媒体微博、意见领袖微博、普通微博用户的自律内涵。在把关维度上,认为微博运营商既要加强自律又要他律,提出：要在微博系统的技术设计中嵌入道德因素；加强微博内容的审核；对微博用户的伦理失范行为进行界定和处理；主动开设官方辟谣账号。在监管层面,认为政府部门既要善管,也要善用,提出了加强政务微博建设,及时回应公众关切；加快微博立法步伐,使微博监管有章可循；形成依法、公开、科学的监管机制,引导微博健康发展等三条措施。
探讨网络公共事件传播中微博伦理失范及其规制对策,对于丰富网络伦理学的内涵具有重要的理论意义。同时,对网络公共事件传播中微博伦理问题的研究,不仅对于微博这一新事物的健康发展具有重要的意义(微博在中国曾因为出现问题而多次遭到政府部门的关闭和整顿),而且对于微博使用者合理使用微博,对政府部门在网络公共事件发生后正确使用微博,及时关注和应对事件态势发展都具有重要的现实意义。
As new blood of Internet,MicroBlog not only changs the way we live and communicate,but also increasingly becomes the source of internet public incident. MicroBlog also plays a role of social mobilization,and brings lots of internet public incidents,releases tremendous energy.At the same time,it accompanied by phenomena of ethic anomie. MicroBlog users wantonly break moral and legal norms in space of MicroBlog.Especially in the period of social rapid transformation and in the communication context of internet public incidents happened continually,which ethic anomie is exist in MicroBlog communication,how to use MicroBlog appropriately for users,how to avoid such ethic anomie as MicroBlog verbal abuse and MicroBlog rumors,how to construct communication ethic of MicroBlog,all the problems demand us to think and study.
The dissertation adopts such research methods as literature research,case analysis and interview,combs and evaluates literature about MicroBlog and MicroBlog ethics. The dissertation analyses and studies the change of communication environment brought by MicroBlog. The dissertation analyses the impact of social ethic improvement brought by MicroBlog. The dissertation combs and analyses four sorts of ethic anomie phenomenon in course of communication of internet public incidents through the typical case of Hefei "girl disfigured". The dissertation also attempts to analyses the causes of MicroBlog ethic anomie in course of internet public incidents,and propounds measure of construction,safe-discipline,getekeeping and supervision base on the theory of "network behavior norm force" proposed by Lawrence Lessig.The major contents of this dissertation are as follows:
1. The dissertation summarizes main communication character of MicroBlog and studies the several changes of communication environment brought by MicroBlog,namely:MicroBlog makes social discourse right further decentralized and delegated; MicroBlog further changes the direction of the flow of information; MicroBlog enhances the sense of emergence of traditional media. MicroBlog have had strong ability of agenda-setting. The dissertation proposes the opinion that MicroBlog has deeply ethic foundation from perspective of technical ethics and media ethics. The dissertation compares MicroBlog ethics with traditional ethics,general technical ethics,network ethics,communication ethics. The dissertation also studies the impact of social ethical progress brought by MicroBlog,namely:MicroBlog confers moral agents equal discourse right; MicroBlog wakens the activity and creativity of moral agents; MicroBlog confers freedom,democracy innovation new ethic spirit.
2.The dissertation proposes the opinion that MicroBlog ethic anomie is manifested more focused and more concentrated in communication context of internet public incidents.Through studying internet public incidents and MicroBlog ethic anomie, the dissertation traces the communication path of Hefei "girl disfigured" and studies the content of MicroBlog communication of the case. The dissertation combs several typical MicroBlog ethic anomie in course of internet public incidents represented by the case of Hefei "girl disfigured",namely:presentation of MicroBlog verbal violence,the process of three MicroBlog rumors production and clearing up in course of Hefei "girl disfigured" communication,the scope and degree of privacy invasion in course of "girl disfigured" communication, production and clearing up of group polarization in course of "girl disfigured" communication.
3. The dissertation analyses the course of MicroBlog ethic anomie in the course of internet public incidents communication from three angles of technology,main body and external environment. The cause of technology includes:the "We Media" features of MicroBlog brings new chanllenge for moral standard of MicroBlog users;the absence of MicroBlog information gatekeeper easily leads to increase of verbal violence and privacy violations;the feature of fragment easily leads to "interpret out of context" and breeding and spreading of rumors; communication like nuclear fission of MicroBlog easily leads to such irrational activity as group polarization.The cause of main body includes:the natural character of MicroBlog users rejects morals of MicroBlog space; indifference and lack of moral conscious of part of MicroBlog users; conformist mentality of MicroBlog users can also easily raise ethic anomie.The cause of external environment includes:conflicts of personal moral emotion and public moral emotion in lots of internet public incidents; the mentality of catharsis and randan in course of internet public incidents communication;the lag of construction of MicroBlog ethics and MicroBlog laws.
4.The dissertation proposes countermeasures from four dimensions such as construction,self-discipline,gatekeeper and supervision based on analysis of MicroBlog ethics anomie phenomena and causes. In the aspect of constructing MicroBlog ethics principle,the dissertation deems that constructing MicroBlog ethics should follow such principle as harmless,fairness,respect and responsibility.The dissertation discusses ethic bottom line of MicroBlog in course of internet public incidents communication,analyses contents and betterment of MicroBlog self-discipline convention.In the aspect of MicroBlog gatekeepers, the dissertation considers that MicroBlog operators should enhance self-discipline conscious and ability to restrict MicroBlog users,namely:embedding ethic factor in technical design of MicroBlog;strengthing MicroBlog content auditing;defining and handling ethic anomie action of MicroBlog users;opening official anti-rumor account number.In the aspect of supervision,the dissertation considers that government should both be good at supervision and good at using, namely:enhancing government MicroBlog construction and responding public concerns in time;accelerating the pace of MicroBlog legislation;forming lawful,public and scientific supervision mechanism.
It's of importantly theory significance for riching connotation of network ethics when discussing MicroBlog ethic anomie and countermeasures in course of internet public incidents communication. At the same time,it's of importantly significance for MicroBlog's health development and for MicroBlog users reasonable using it when studying the problems of MicroBlog ethic. It's of importantly significance for government correctly using MicroBlog and concerning,responding state of affairs development after internet public incidents happening.
引文
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