杨小舟蛾生殖行为及寄主选择机制研究
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摘要
杨小舟蛾Micromelalopha sieversi (Staudinger)隶属于鳞翅目（Lepidoptera）舟蛾科（Notodontidae），广泛分布于我国中东部十几个省份，爆发时经常会将树叶全部吃光，严重影响树木生长，造成巨大经济损失和环境破坏，是我国杨树人工林最重要的食叶害虫之一。为了更好地掌握该虫的生物学习性、研制对该虫具有引诱活性的引诱剂，筛选对该虫具有抗性的树种，本文通过室内外生物学观察和利用气相色谱、质谱等进行化学分析，研究了该虫的生殖行为、性信息素成分及释放规律、对不同杨树寄主的选择性差异及寄主叶片挥发物成分，结果如下：
（1）杨小舟蛾的羽化存在前低后高的“双峰型”羽化日节律，雌雄蛹间羽化高峰出现的时间存在差异，雌蛹日羽化最高峰出现在17:00，次高峰出现在4:00；雄蛹日羽化最高峰比雌蛹提前出现1h，次高峰比雌蛹推迟出现1h；在相同温湿度和光周期条件下，第1~4代蛹的羽化历期逐渐缩短，影响该虫羽化率的环境主导因子为温度，湿度对羽化也存在影响，光周期的改变不影响羽化率。
（2）该虫羽化当日便可出现求偶交配行为，表明该虫在羽化时接近或已经性成熟；该虫存在2种求偶定位方式，除了鳞翅目昆虫普遍存在的通过爬行、飞舞、释放信息素进行求偶的方式外，还存在另一种不释放性信息素的快速求偶方式，此种方式仅发生在活性较强的1日龄处理中；杨小舟蛾雌性个体在求偶过程中起先导作用，雌蛾求偶存在与光周期相关的节律性，每日存在2个高峰，分别是4:00和21:00，光期不存在求偶现象。雄性求偶行为的发生则需要以雌性存在并先于雄性做出求偶的刺激性行为（如飞行动作或者化学气味）；未交配的1~5日龄成虫求偶率、交配率无显著变化，但随着日龄增大求偶及交配持续时间缩短。
（3）雄蛾通过交配姿势的保持实现对雌蛾的交配后保护，不同日龄的雄蛾在交配开始后45min内均可完成射精，射精后并不会立即中止交配，而是继续保持交配姿势，保护时间与日龄呈负相关，各日龄射精量无显著差异。雌蛾数量增加或相同性比条件下增加虫口密度会使保护时间缩短，增加雄蛾数量会使保护时间延长；提高性信息素浓度可使交配率下降，交配时间缩短，但增加浓度过高也会使交配时间延长。
（4）采用溶剂浸提法、动态顶空吸附法和固相微萃取法初步分析了杨小舟蛾性信息素腺体粗提物，确定粗提物具有很好的EAG活性和林间诱蛾效果。采用GC-EAD和质谱的方法初步确定重要的活性成分是M:乙酸酯。雌蛾性信息素释放量随日龄增加呈下降趋势；其释放还表现出明显的时辰节律，19：00-20：00释放量最高，随后呈现下降趋势，凌晨4：00再次短暂出现释放高峰后继续下降，其每日不同时间段雌虫性腺体粗提物的雄虫EAG活性与求偶日节律相吻合。
（5）1d雄蛾对于相同日龄雌蛾性腺浸提液存在反应阈值，这个阈值不仅是浓度水平，还包括在时间水平上的范围。10FE可达到雄蛾触角反应最大值，低于0.1FE对触角不能产生刺激；1日龄雄蛾对性信息素在不同时间触角电位反应值有显著差异，表现为进入暗期以后从19：00至21：00雄蛾对信息素的反应和敏感性最强，其后逐渐减弱。雄虫触角对3日龄后雌虫腺体粗提物EAG反应显著下降。
（6）杨小舟蛾雌蛾对于试验所选取的5种黑杨派无性系的趋向性不同，对碧玉杨、108杨具有显著的趋向性，对于另外3个样本的趋性较弱；交配后未产卵的雌蛾对寄主的选择性更强；雄蛾未表现出寄主选择的差异性。在趋性较强的寄主上的卵块数量相对较少，但每个卵块包含的卵粒数更多，强趋性寄主上的卵粒总数也更多；在趋性较弱的寄主上产卵时呈现的往往是零散的斑状小卵块，卵粒总数较少。
（7）5种杨树叶片挥发物中总共检出19种成分，主要是直链的烷烃、醇类、醛类、酯类，其中以邻羟基苯甲醛、顺-3-己烯醇、顺-3-己烯酯、1-己烯-3-醇等组分的含量相对较高；正十六烷、石竹烯在杨小舟蛾趋性较强的108和碧玉杨的叶片挥发物中含量显著高于其他3种无性系叶片挥发物；而邻苯二甲酸二异丁酯在108和碧玉杨的叶片挥发物中未被检测到。
Micromelalopha sieversi (Staudinger) is an important pest in Poplar plantations whichwidely distributed in the middle-east of China. The huge economic losses and severeenvironmental damage were caused by the outbreakes of the pest. In order to understand itsbiology, develop the attractants and select the resistent Poplar clones for the ecologicalmanagement, its reproductive and ovipositon host selection behavior were observed, sexpheromone component and host volatiles were analynized with GC, GC-MS, and GC-EADmethods. The results are as follows:
(1) M. sieversi adult emergence showed two "hump" characteristics, one peak was at4:00andthe another one at17:00. The frist emergence peaks of male adult occurred1h earlier and thesecond peak was1h later than female adult, which was different from the previously reported"unimodal" rhythm. Under the same temperature, humidity, and photoperiod conditionds, theemergence period of M. sieversi became shorter graduadly from1stto4thgeneration.Temperature was the major environment impact factor affecting the adult emergence, humidityalso influenced on the adult emergence, however, the change of photoperiod did not affect theadult emergence rate.
(2) The phenomenon that of M. Sieversi had the calling and mating behavior on the dayof emergence indicated that it was close to or sexual maturity at the frist day after emergence.They could copulate in two ways, the most common way of female moth was showed thatcalling behavior via pheromone gland protruding; male moth showed active flying, crawling,and wings fanning behavior and then copulated. In some cases, the1-d-old female moth couldalso complete the mating process through a brief flying and crawling without the releasing ofsex pheromone. The female moth had a clear circadian rhythm of calling behavior which hadtwo peaks at4:00and21:00, respectivly, and the calling behavior did not occur during the photophase. Although the mating rate and calling rate showed no significant difference among1-to5-day old adult, the calling and mating period became shorter with the increasing adultage.
(3) Male did not abort mating immediately after ejaculation which completed within45min indicating that there was the protective behavior after copulation. The female moths wereoccupied by male with mating posture after ejaculation. The mating and ejaculation times werenegatively correlated with adult age, but there were no significant differences in ejaculatoryamount among different ages. The duration of mating was shortened as number of the femaleor the number of couples increased, however it was lengthened by increased number of malemoths. The mating rate was reduced and the duration of mating was shortened as theconcentration of sex pheromone increased.
(4) The sex pheromone of M. sieversi was extracted by means of solvent extraction,dynamic headspace collection, and SPME. The solvent extraction of pheromone gland hadshowen the EAG activity and trapping efficacy in the wild. M:OAc was the pheromonecandidate of M. sieversi via the analysis of the GC-EAD and GC-MS. Female sex pheromonerelease showed a significant circadian rhythm which was consistant with calling behavior, therelease reached maximum at19:00-20:00, then declined, further showed a second release peakat4:00, and then continued to decline. Their release also declined when the moth ageincreased.
(5) There was the response threshold of1-d-old male moths to the crudefemalepheromone gland extracts. This threshold was not only related to the concentration level, butalso to the time range levels. The maximum reaction threshold could be reached by10FE and0.1FE can not evoke any EAG response. One-d-old male had the significant differences inEAG response to the same sex pheromones extracts at different times of a day, and theresponse sensitivity were strongest at19:00and21:00. The EAG response of male moth wasdeclined significantly to the sex pheromones extracts extractd from female moth that older than3d.
(6) Female moths had the preference which was not showen on the male among differentPoplar clones. The clones of Biyu and108had the most attraction for the female moths whencompared to other treatments. The mated female moths without oviposition were moreselective to the host than virgin moths. There were more egg masses and the total number ofeggs but less eggs in each egg mass on the preference host.
(7) There were19kinds of chemicals identified from5clones of Poplar leaf volatileswhich was mainly composed of alkanes, alkenes, alcohols, esters and aldehydes. The contentsof salicylaldehyde, cis-3-hexenol, cis-3-Hexen-1-acetate,1-hexen-3-ol were relatively high inhost. N-Hexadecane and Caryophyllene were relatively high in the preference host in whichDibutyl phthalate could not be detected.
（1）杨小舟蛾的羽化存在前低后高的“双峰型”羽化日节律，雌雄蛹间羽化高峰出现的时间存在差异，雌蛹日羽化最高峰出现在17:00，次高峰出现在4:00；雄蛹日羽化最高峰比雌蛹提前出现1h，次高峰比雌蛹推迟出现1h；在相同温湿度和光周期条件下，第1~4代蛹的羽化历期逐渐缩短，影响该虫羽化率的环境主导因子为温度，湿度对羽化也存在影响，光周期的改变不影响羽化率。
（2）该虫羽化当日便可出现求偶交配行为，表明该虫在羽化时接近或已经性成熟；该虫存在2种求偶定位方式，除了鳞翅目昆虫普遍存在的通过爬行、飞舞、释放信息素进行求偶的方式外，还存在另一种不释放性信息素的快速求偶方式，此种方式仅发生在活性较强的1日龄处理中；杨小舟蛾雌性个体在求偶过程中起先导作用，雌蛾求偶存在与光周期相关的节律性，每日存在2个高峰，分别是4:00和21:00，光期不存在求偶现象。雄性求偶行为的发生则需要以雌性存在并先于雄性做出求偶的刺激性行为（如飞行动作或者化学气味）；未交配的1~5日龄成虫求偶率、交配率无显著变化，但随着日龄增大求偶及交配持续时间缩短。
（3）雄蛾通过交配姿势的保持实现对雌蛾的交配后保护，不同日龄的雄蛾在交配开始后45min内均可完成射精，射精后并不会立即中止交配，而是继续保持交配姿势，保护时间与日龄呈负相关，各日龄射精量无显著差异。雌蛾数量增加或相同性比条件下增加虫口密度会使保护时间缩短，增加雄蛾数量会使保护时间延长；提高性信息素浓度可使交配率下降，交配时间缩短，但增加浓度过高也会使交配时间延长。
（4）采用溶剂浸提法、动态顶空吸附法和固相微萃取法初步分析了杨小舟蛾性信息素腺体粗提物，确定粗提物具有很好的EAG活性和林间诱蛾效果。采用GC-EAD和质谱的方法初步确定重要的活性成分是M:乙酸酯。雌蛾性信息素释放量随日龄增加呈下降趋势；其释放还表现出明显的时辰节律，19：00-20：00释放量最高，随后呈现下降趋势，凌晨4：00再次短暂出现释放高峰后继续下降，其每日不同时间段雌虫性腺体粗提物的雄虫EAG活性与求偶日节律相吻合。
（5）1d雄蛾对于相同日龄雌蛾性腺浸提液存在反应阈值，这个阈值不仅是浓度水平，还包括在时间水平上的范围。10FE可达到雄蛾触角反应最大值，低于0.1FE对触角不能产生刺激；1日龄雄蛾对性信息素在不同时间触角电位反应值有显著差异，表现为进入暗期以后从19：00至21：00雄蛾对信息素的反应和敏感性最强，其后逐渐减弱。雄虫触角对3日龄后雌虫腺体粗提物EAG反应显著下降。
（6）杨小舟蛾雌蛾对于试验所选取的5种黑杨派无性系的趋向性不同，对碧玉杨、108杨具有显著的趋向性，对于另外3个样本的趋性较弱；交配后未产卵的雌蛾对寄主的选择性更强；雄蛾未表现出寄主选择的差异性。在趋性较强的寄主上的卵块数量相对较少，但每个卵块包含的卵粒数更多，强趋性寄主上的卵粒总数也更多；在趋性较弱的寄主上产卵时呈现的往往是零散的斑状小卵块，卵粒总数较少。
（7）5种杨树叶片挥发物中总共检出19种成分，主要是直链的烷烃、醇类、醛类、酯类，其中以邻羟基苯甲醛、顺-3-己烯醇、顺-3-己烯酯、1-己烯-3-醇等组分的含量相对较高；正十六烷、石竹烯在杨小舟蛾趋性较强的108和碧玉杨的叶片挥发物中含量显著高于其他3种无性系叶片挥发物；而邻苯二甲酸二异丁酯在108和碧玉杨的叶片挥发物中未被检测到。
Micromelalopha sieversi (Staudinger) is an important pest in Poplar plantations whichwidely distributed in the middle-east of China. The huge economic losses and severeenvironmental damage were caused by the outbreakes of the pest. In order to understand itsbiology, develop the attractants and select the resistent Poplar clones for the ecologicalmanagement, its reproductive and ovipositon host selection behavior were observed, sexpheromone component and host volatiles were analynized with GC, GC-MS, and GC-EADmethods. The results are as follows:
(1) M. sieversi adult emergence showed two "hump" characteristics, one peak was at4:00andthe another one at17:00. The frist emergence peaks of male adult occurred1h earlier and thesecond peak was1h later than female adult, which was different from the previously reported"unimodal" rhythm. Under the same temperature, humidity, and photoperiod conditionds, theemergence period of M. sieversi became shorter graduadly from1stto4thgeneration.Temperature was the major environment impact factor affecting the adult emergence, humidityalso influenced on the adult emergence, however, the change of photoperiod did not affect theadult emergence rate.
(2) The phenomenon that of M. Sieversi had the calling and mating behavior on the dayof emergence indicated that it was close to or sexual maturity at the frist day after emergence.They could copulate in two ways, the most common way of female moth was showed thatcalling behavior via pheromone gland protruding; male moth showed active flying, crawling,and wings fanning behavior and then copulated. In some cases, the1-d-old female moth couldalso complete the mating process through a brief flying and crawling without the releasing ofsex pheromone. The female moth had a clear circadian rhythm of calling behavior which hadtwo peaks at4:00and21:00, respectivly, and the calling behavior did not occur during the photophase. Although the mating rate and calling rate showed no significant difference among1-to5-day old adult, the calling and mating period became shorter with the increasing adultage.
(3) Male did not abort mating immediately after ejaculation which completed within45min indicating that there was the protective behavior after copulation. The female moths wereoccupied by male with mating posture after ejaculation. The mating and ejaculation times werenegatively correlated with adult age, but there were no significant differences in ejaculatoryamount among different ages. The duration of mating was shortened as number of the femaleor the number of couples increased, however it was lengthened by increased number of malemoths. The mating rate was reduced and the duration of mating was shortened as theconcentration of sex pheromone increased.
(4) The sex pheromone of M. sieversi was extracted by means of solvent extraction,dynamic headspace collection, and SPME. The solvent extraction of pheromone gland hadshowen the EAG activity and trapping efficacy in the wild. M:OAc was the pheromonecandidate of M. sieversi via the analysis of the GC-EAD and GC-MS. Female sex pheromonerelease showed a significant circadian rhythm which was consistant with calling behavior, therelease reached maximum at19:00-20:00, then declined, further showed a second release peakat4:00, and then continued to decline. Their release also declined when the moth ageincreased.
(5) There was the response threshold of1-d-old male moths to the crudefemalepheromone gland extracts. This threshold was not only related to the concentration level, butalso to the time range levels. The maximum reaction threshold could be reached by10FE and0.1FE can not evoke any EAG response. One-d-old male had the significant differences inEAG response to the same sex pheromones extracts at different times of a day, and theresponse sensitivity were strongest at19:00and21:00. The EAG response of male moth wasdeclined significantly to the sex pheromones extracts extractd from female moth that older than3d.
(6) Female moths had the preference which was not showen on the male among differentPoplar clones. The clones of Biyu and108had the most attraction for the female moths whencompared to other treatments. The mated female moths without oviposition were moreselective to the host than virgin moths. There were more egg masses and the total number ofeggs but less eggs in each egg mass on the preference host.
(7) There were19kinds of chemicals identified from5clones of Poplar leaf volatileswhich was mainly composed of alkanes, alkenes, alcohols, esters and aldehydes. The contentsof salicylaldehyde, cis-3-hexenol, cis-3-Hexen-1-acetate,1-hexen-3-ol were relatively high inhost. N-Hexadecane and Caryophyllene were relatively high in the preference host in whichDibutyl phthalate could not be detected.
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