长期不同施肥下新疆灰漠土有机碳演变特征及转化机制
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摘要
农田有机碳含量是衡量土壤肥力高低的重要指标之一，也是土壤碳库中最活跃的部分。灰漠土有机碳研究对干旱区碳循环研究和保证新疆农业可持续发展具有重要的现实和科学意义。本文选择新疆灰漠土长期肥料试验的化肥（N、NP、NPK、NK、PK），施有机肥（NPKM、hNPKM），秸秆还田（NPKS、S），不施肥（CK），撂荒（CK0）处理，对土壤有机碳演变特征；有机碳组分时序差异；微生物生物量碳（SMBC）的季节性变化、SOC分解转化特点进行了研究；并采用DNDC模型，对灰漠土未来30年SOC演变趋势和固碳潜力进行了预测，结果如下：
（1）施用有机物料（有机肥和秸秆）均能增加灰漠土有机碳含量，提高速率为0.004g/kg·a~0.626g/kg·a，但施用化肥使有机碳含量下降，下降速率为0.004g/kg·a~0.06g/kg·a。年均碳投入与土壤有机碳符合线性正相关（P＜0.01）。与试验初始相比，灰漠土开垦为农田后有机碳储量增加了4tC/hm2~43.7tC/hm2，1995年后累积速率高于1990-1994年。不同施肥处理之间比较显示，秸秆还田碳储量反而小于对照和施化肥处理，这与秸秆还田显著影响了土壤容重有关。（2）不同施肥使灰漠土土壤有机碳组分含量和比例分配产生显著差异，与CK相比，除N处理外，施有机肥或化肥使土壤活性（AC）、缓效（SC）、惰性（RC）碳组分的含量提高了15.7%~300.86%。而NPK、NPKS仅提高了AC含量，但降低了RC和SC含量。灰漠土微生物商0.3-2.8%，小于南方水田（3.4%-4.9%）或红壤（2.5%-4.3%）。（3）室内培养和原位碳通量测试的研究结果均表明，灰漠土呼吸呈快速释放、趋缓到稳定三个阶段，单施有机肥显著高于有机无机配施秸秆还田以及对照；而平衡施肥（NPK）最低。采用一级动力学方程模拟灰漠土CO2-C的累积释放量，结果显示施用有机肥（NPKM、hNPKM）显著增加了土壤呼吸速率，其潜在释放量为4.37mg/kg、8.65mg/kg，而CK和NPK的释放量为1.81mg/kg、3.70mg/kg。灰漠土土壤呼吸速率与土壤5cm地温呈负相关关系（P＜0.05）。
（4）DNDC模型很好地模拟了化肥、CK、NPKS的SOC变化趋势，模拟与实测值RMSE＜10%，但高估了有机肥SOC变化，平均偏差（M）1.49g/kg~4.04g/kg。预测灰漠土不施肥或不施氮肥的固碳潜力为-1.5tC/hm2~-0.75tC/hm2，将是净碳源；而增施氮肥的固碳潜力为0.19tC/hm2~2.41tC/hm2；施用有机物料固碳潜力达到2.37tC/hm2~83.71tC/hm2。
综上所述，本研究阐明了导致灰漠土肥力差异的本质是不同施肥使有机碳各组分比例发生了变化。有机碳含量、组分比例差异和SMBC的变化导致了不同的CO2的释放速率。若灰漠土不施肥或不施氮肥将不能维持土壤肥力水平，而秸秆还田可以保持土壤肥力，施用有机肥能够快速提高土壤肥力。上述结果丰富了干旱区有机碳演变过程和转化机制，也为新疆灰漠土固碳减排措施的选择提供了参考。
Soil organic carbon (SOC) is not only one of the important index for soil fertility, but also has aclose relationship with global climate change, therefore it is becoming to the hot topic for scienceresearchers.For the purpose to show the effect of agricultural management on the soil fertility in GreyDesert soil, clarify the SOC dynamics and turnover mechanisms under different fertilization. Weselected five to nine treatments in the Grey Desert soil long-term experimental site in Xinjiang province,include no fertilization(Control), nitrogen(N), nitrogen plus phosphorus(NP), nitrogen plus phosphorusplus potassium(NPK),NPK plus manure(NPKM),1.5time NPKM. NPK plus straw(NPKS),Manure (M),straw(S). We analyzed of SOC dynamics and its storage, the time decrepency under different carbonfraction, the seasonal dynamics of soil microorganism biomass carbon (SMBC), and combined withDNDC model to predicted the dynamics of SOC in the future30years, and estimated the SOCsequestration. The main results followed:
(1) The dynamics of SOC demonstrated that the SOC continue increased in NPKM, hNPKM, andNPKS plots, and the increments were0.004g/kg~0.626g/kg per year. The SOC and the annual C inputhad significantly positive relationship (P＜0.05).While the SOC decreased0.056g/kg~0.024g/kg peryear in CK, NP, and NPK plots. The SOC storage rate change was small during the whole experimentalperiod in inorganic fertilizer and/or straw return plots, while it was higher during1990-1994than thatduring1995-2013in plots with manure. Compared to initial year, the SOC storage increase ranged from32.1%to152.7%in the same plot. The SOC storage was decreased as1.35tC/hm2和10.0tC/hm2in CKand NP compared with NPKS. This might caused by the declined bulk density in NPKS plot.Meanwhile, the slight SOC increase resulted to the decrease of SOC storage in NPKS had therelationship with the special climate condition and straw return style and time in Xinjiang.
(2) The results of fraction of SOC in surface layer (0-20cm) and sub-layer (20-40cm) showed thatcompared with CK, the content of active carbon pool (AC), slow carbon pool (SC), and refractorycarbon pool (RC) was increased in all fertilization plots except N only plot. The increase rate rangedfrom15.7%to300.86%. Compared with the fallow plot, the three SOC pools all increased in plots withmanure; the AC and RC pool decreased while SC increased in NP plot; the AC pool increased while RCand SC decreased in NPK and NPKS plots. These results indicated that the fertilization and crop speciesinfluenced the SOC pool and change. SMBC/SOC (microbial quotient qSMBC) of Grey desert range is0.3%~2.8%, less than the southern paddy field (3.4%~4.9%) or red (2.5%~4.3%).
(3) Cultivation and field test results show that carbon flux of grey desrt soil have three stage:quick release, slow and stability. The respiration reate of Manure treatement is significantly higher thanNPK or NPKS. the respiration rate was0.497mol/m2s in M plot.First order kinetics equation areadopted to simulate the cumulative emission of CO2–C. The result showed that organic fertilizer(NPKM, hNPKM) significantly increased the soil respiration rate, its potential to release a quantity to4.37mg/kg,8.65mg/kg, and CK and NPK to release a quantity to1.81mg/kg,3.70mg/kg. Gray desertsoil soil respiration rate and soil are negatively related5cm ground tempurature (P <0.05).
(4)We validated the DNDC model in Grey Desert soil, it was suitable for SOC dynamics under all the plots except NPKM and hNPKM, which overestimated. The M value ranged from1.49g/kg~4.04g/kg. The SOC prediction during2010to2040showed that the SOC sequestration potential was-1.5tC/hm2~-0.75tC/hm2ranged from CK and plots without N, this indicated that it was C source underthese plots. The SOC sequestration potential ranged from0.19tC/hm2to2.41tC/hm2under plots with N,and it was2.37tC/hm2~83.71tC/hm2in plots with organic material application.
Generally, this study based on the Grey Desert soil, analyzed the SOC evolution, the fraction, theSMBC change and soil respiration. Fertilization significantly affected the SMBC and caused thediscrepancy of soil respiration. The model simulation indicated that chemical fertilizer only was hard tomaintain SOC, while the additional straw return play an important role to maintain soil fertility, manureapplication can improve SOC in short time. The study provided a management option for mitigation andC sequestration in Grey Desert soil in Xinjiang province.
（1）施用有机物料（有机肥和秸秆）均能增加灰漠土有机碳含量，提高速率为0.004g/kg·a~0.626g/kg·a，但施用化肥使有机碳含量下降，下降速率为0.004g/kg·a~0.06g/kg·a。年均碳投入与土壤有机碳符合线性正相关（P＜0.01）。与试验初始相比，灰漠土开垦为农田后有机碳储量增加了4tC/hm2~43.7tC/hm2，1995年后累积速率高于1990-1994年。不同施肥处理之间比较显示，秸秆还田碳储量反而小于对照和施化肥处理，这与秸秆还田显著影响了土壤容重有关。（2）不同施肥使灰漠土土壤有机碳组分含量和比例分配产生显著差异，与CK相比，除N处理外，施有机肥或化肥使土壤活性（AC）、缓效（SC）、惰性（RC）碳组分的含量提高了15.7%~300.86%。而NPK、NPKS仅提高了AC含量，但降低了RC和SC含量。灰漠土微生物商0.3-2.8%，小于南方水田（3.4%-4.9%）或红壤（2.5%-4.3%）。（3）室内培养和原位碳通量测试的研究结果均表明，灰漠土呼吸呈快速释放、趋缓到稳定三个阶段，单施有机肥显著高于有机无机配施秸秆还田以及对照；而平衡施肥（NPK）最低。采用一级动力学方程模拟灰漠土CO2-C的累积释放量，结果显示施用有机肥（NPKM、hNPKM）显著增加了土壤呼吸速率，其潜在释放量为4.37mg/kg、8.65mg/kg，而CK和NPK的释放量为1.81mg/kg、3.70mg/kg。灰漠土土壤呼吸速率与土壤5cm地温呈负相关关系（P＜0.05）。
（4）DNDC模型很好地模拟了化肥、CK、NPKS的SOC变化趋势，模拟与实测值RMSE＜10%，但高估了有机肥SOC变化，平均偏差（M）1.49g/kg~4.04g/kg。预测灰漠土不施肥或不施氮肥的固碳潜力为-1.5tC/hm2~-0.75tC/hm2，将是净碳源；而增施氮肥的固碳潜力为0.19tC/hm2~2.41tC/hm2；施用有机物料固碳潜力达到2.37tC/hm2~83.71tC/hm2。
综上所述，本研究阐明了导致灰漠土肥力差异的本质是不同施肥使有机碳各组分比例发生了变化。有机碳含量、组分比例差异和SMBC的变化导致了不同的CO2的释放速率。若灰漠土不施肥或不施氮肥将不能维持土壤肥力水平，而秸秆还田可以保持土壤肥力，施用有机肥能够快速提高土壤肥力。上述结果丰富了干旱区有机碳演变过程和转化机制，也为新疆灰漠土固碳减排措施的选择提供了参考。
Soil organic carbon (SOC) is not only one of the important index for soil fertility, but also has aclose relationship with global climate change, therefore it is becoming to the hot topic for scienceresearchers.For the purpose to show the effect of agricultural management on the soil fertility in GreyDesert soil, clarify the SOC dynamics and turnover mechanisms under different fertilization. Weselected five to nine treatments in the Grey Desert soil long-term experimental site in Xinjiang province,include no fertilization(Control), nitrogen(N), nitrogen plus phosphorus(NP), nitrogen plus phosphorusplus potassium(NPK),NPK plus manure(NPKM),1.5time NPKM. NPK plus straw(NPKS),Manure (M),straw(S). We analyzed of SOC dynamics and its storage, the time decrepency under different carbonfraction, the seasonal dynamics of soil microorganism biomass carbon (SMBC), and combined withDNDC model to predicted the dynamics of SOC in the future30years, and estimated the SOCsequestration. The main results followed:
(1) The dynamics of SOC demonstrated that the SOC continue increased in NPKM, hNPKM, andNPKS plots, and the increments were0.004g/kg~0.626g/kg per year. The SOC and the annual C inputhad significantly positive relationship (P＜0.05).While the SOC decreased0.056g/kg~0.024g/kg peryear in CK, NP, and NPK plots. The SOC storage rate change was small during the whole experimentalperiod in inorganic fertilizer and/or straw return plots, while it was higher during1990-1994than thatduring1995-2013in plots with manure. Compared to initial year, the SOC storage increase ranged from32.1%to152.7%in the same plot. The SOC storage was decreased as1.35tC/hm2和10.0tC/hm2in CKand NP compared with NPKS. This might caused by the declined bulk density in NPKS plot.Meanwhile, the slight SOC increase resulted to the decrease of SOC storage in NPKS had therelationship with the special climate condition and straw return style and time in Xinjiang.
(2) The results of fraction of SOC in surface layer (0-20cm) and sub-layer (20-40cm) showed thatcompared with CK, the content of active carbon pool (AC), slow carbon pool (SC), and refractorycarbon pool (RC) was increased in all fertilization plots except N only plot. The increase rate rangedfrom15.7%to300.86%. Compared with the fallow plot, the three SOC pools all increased in plots withmanure; the AC and RC pool decreased while SC increased in NP plot; the AC pool increased while RCand SC decreased in NPK and NPKS plots. These results indicated that the fertilization and crop speciesinfluenced the SOC pool and change. SMBC/SOC (microbial quotient qSMBC) of Grey desert range is0.3%~2.8%, less than the southern paddy field (3.4%~4.9%) or red (2.5%~4.3%).
(3) Cultivation and field test results show that carbon flux of grey desrt soil have three stage:quick release, slow and stability. The respiration reate of Manure treatement is significantly higher thanNPK or NPKS. the respiration rate was0.497mol/m2s in M plot.First order kinetics equation areadopted to simulate the cumulative emission of CO2–C. The result showed that organic fertilizer(NPKM, hNPKM) significantly increased the soil respiration rate, its potential to release a quantity to4.37mg/kg,8.65mg/kg, and CK and NPK to release a quantity to1.81mg/kg,3.70mg/kg. Gray desertsoil soil respiration rate and soil are negatively related5cm ground tempurature (P <0.05).
(4)We validated the DNDC model in Grey Desert soil, it was suitable for SOC dynamics under all the plots except NPKM and hNPKM, which overestimated. The M value ranged from1.49g/kg~4.04g/kg. The SOC prediction during2010to2040showed that the SOC sequestration potential was-1.5tC/hm2~-0.75tC/hm2ranged from CK and plots without N, this indicated that it was C source underthese plots. The SOC sequestration potential ranged from0.19tC/hm2to2.41tC/hm2under plots with N,and it was2.37tC/hm2~83.71tC/hm2in plots with organic material application.
Generally, this study based on the Grey Desert soil, analyzed the SOC evolution, the fraction, theSMBC change and soil respiration. Fertilization significantly affected the SMBC and caused thediscrepancy of soil respiration. The model simulation indicated that chemical fertilizer only was hard tomaintain SOC, while the additional straw return play an important role to maintain soil fertility, manureapplication can improve SOC in short time. The study provided a management option for mitigation andC sequestration in Grey Desert soil in Xinjiang province.
引文
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