换流站关键电气设备过电压分析及绝缘故障检测方法的研究
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摘要
随着我国经济实力和人民生活水平的不断提高,社会对能源特别是电能的依赖程度越来越强。换流站作为交直流输电的主要转换场所,其最关键的电气设备是站用变压器和电力电容器,任一设备故障都有可能引发大面积停电事故。我国“十二五”规划中要求电力部门应及时总结电力设备故障经验教训,完善电力标准体系,合理提高设防标准,保障电力供应安全可靠。本文以换流站关键电气设备为研究对象,旨在探明站用变压器、电力电容器的过电压机理及故障特征,改进绝缘故障检测及寿命评估方法,研究成果具有重要的学术价值和工程意义。
建立了换流站“变压器——电容式电压互感器——断路器”联合仿真模型,研究了换流站变压器铁磁谐振过电压过程,评估了站用变压器励磁特性拐点、站用变压器容量等对铁磁谐振的影响；比较了短时投入阻尼负荷大小、改变断路器均压电容、改变电容式电压互感器主电容大小等抑制谐振措施的效果,提出了可行的消谐方案；通过对称分量法,给出了变压器发生匝间短路故障的等效电路和序网图,进而得到内部故障的电压与电流分布,可以发现各绕组的电压分布发生变化。结果表明：当断路器在不同时刻断开时,谐振过电压震荡持续时间和过电压峰值均有很大差异,均压电容与站用变励磁阻抗形成的串联谐振回路,使铁磁谐振过程呈现与工频同步的特征；增大励磁特性拐点、增大站用变压器容量、降低断路器断口均压电容、短时投入阻尼负荷等方法有助于抑制铁磁谐振过电压,但中性点增加电阻对抑制铁磁谐振不起作用；变压器内部故障主要是由于绝缘薄弱环节使得场强集中所致。
通过现场运行数据的长期统计分析,研究了电力电容器内部元件故障引起的过电压分布特性,探讨了电容器绝缘不受过电压危害的内部故障元件数量极限；建立了电容器内部元件故障击穿仿真模型,分析了击穿元件的等效电路参数以及故障时刻电容器两端的电压对击穿放电电流的影响；计算了无功补偿电容器组不平衡电流保护定值,并针对电容器的制造工艺和运行维护,提出了具体的建议。结果表明：当电容器组发生单相故障时,不论该相电容器内部有多少个串联元件发生贯穿性击穿,在其他两相电容器上不会产生危险的过电压；等效电路中电感值和电阻值与放电电流近似成反比关系,母线电压过高将直接影响电容器的使用寿命；电力电容器的故障防范需从质量和结构两个方面改进,调整后的不平衡电流整定值可保证不平衡电流保护的有效动作。
针对高海拔、低气压的特殊环境,改进了换流变局部放电试验技术,提出了抗干扰措施；针对实际运营的站用变压器,改进了电声联合检测的加压方法,验证了方法的准确性；根据变压器的顶层和底层油温升模型,建立了专家分析系统,预测并监测了变压器的油温、热点温度及寿命损失。
With the continuous development of the economic strength and people's living standard in China, the dependent degree of the society on energy, especially the power energy, is higher and higher. The converter station is the main conversion place of the AC and DC transmission. The key electrical equipments of converter station are the transformers and power capacitors. Any equipment fault may cause the large area blackout. According to the requirements of "The Twelfth Five-Year Plan" in China, the power department should sum up the experiences and lessons of power equipment fault. At the same time, the electric power standard system and fortification standard should be improved reasonably to guarantee the power supply safe and reliable. The key electrical equipment in the converter station was the study object in this paper. The overvoltage mechanism and fault feature of transformer and power capacitor would be revealed. The insulation fault detection and lifetime prediction method would be improved. The research results were of important academic significance and engineering value.
The simulation model of converter station which contains transformers, capacitor voltage transformers and breakers was established. The ferroresonance overvoltage of transformer in the converter station was studied. The effect of excitation characteristics inflection point and capacity of transformer on ferroresonance was evaluated. The main measures to restrain the resonance include changing short-term investment in damping load, grading capacitance of breaker and capacitance value of capacitor voltage transformer(CVT). And the restrain effects of these measures were compared in the paper. Feasible scheme to restrain the resonance was put forward. When inter-turn short-circuit fault of transformer occur, the equivalent circuit and sequence diagrams could be given according to symmetrical component method. Then the distribution of voltage and current of internal fault was got. The change of voltage distribution in the winding can be found. The results show that the duration time of the resonant voltage shock and the overvoltage spikes change obviously when the breaker is interrupted at different times. The series resonance circuit is formed by the grading capacitor and the excitation impedance of transformer. It leads that the ferromagnetic resonance process presents synchronized characteristics with power frequency. Increasing the inflection point of excitation characteristics, increasing the transformer capacity, reducing the grading capacitor of the breaker and short-term investment in damping load could help to restrain the ferroresonance overvoltage. However, series resistance in the neutral point of transformer has no effect on the inhibition of ferroresonance. Transformer internal fault is mainly due to the focused field resulted from insulating weak link.
According to statistical analysis on the data of field operation for a long-term, the overvoltage distribution characteristic caused by the inner components fault of the power capacitor was studied. The number limit of inner fault components which could avoid insulation of capacitor destroyed by overvoltage was discussed. The breakdown simulation model of capacitor's inner components fault was established. The degree that equivalent circuit parameters of breakdown components and the voltage of capacitor's two ends influence on discharge current at fault time was analyzed. The protective set value of unbalanced current of the reactive power compensation capacitor bank was calculated. According to manufacturing technology and operation maintenance of capacitor, the suggestion was presented. The results show that dangerous over-voltage will not develop in the capacitors of the other two phases regardless of the number of series inner components which occur penetrating-breakdown when single-phase fault occurs in the capacitor bank. The value of inductance and resistance in the equivalent circuit varies approximately in inverse proportion to discharge current. The high bus voltage will directly affect the life of the capacitors. The techniques against fault about power capacitors need to be improved in terms of both the quality and structure. The adjusted set value of imbalance current could ensure the effective action of the imbalance current protection.
Aiming at the special experiment of high altitude and low air pressure, the partial discharge testing techniques of converter transformer was improved. Anti-interference measures were put forward. For the practical transformers, the pressurized method of electro-acoustic detection was improved. Accuracy of the method was verified. According to the oil temperature rise model at the top and bottom of transformer, an expert analysis system was established. The system could predict and monitor the oil temperature, hot-spot temperature and life loss of transformer.
建立了换流站“变压器——电容式电压互感器——断路器”联合仿真模型,研究了换流站变压器铁磁谐振过电压过程,评估了站用变压器励磁特性拐点、站用变压器容量等对铁磁谐振的影响；比较了短时投入阻尼负荷大小、改变断路器均压电容、改变电容式电压互感器主电容大小等抑制谐振措施的效果,提出了可行的消谐方案；通过对称分量法,给出了变压器发生匝间短路故障的等效电路和序网图,进而得到内部故障的电压与电流分布,可以发现各绕组的电压分布发生变化。结果表明：当断路器在不同时刻断开时,谐振过电压震荡持续时间和过电压峰值均有很大差异,均压电容与站用变励磁阻抗形成的串联谐振回路,使铁磁谐振过程呈现与工频同步的特征；增大励磁特性拐点、增大站用变压器容量、降低断路器断口均压电容、短时投入阻尼负荷等方法有助于抑制铁磁谐振过电压,但中性点增加电阻对抑制铁磁谐振不起作用；变压器内部故障主要是由于绝缘薄弱环节使得场强集中所致。
通过现场运行数据的长期统计分析,研究了电力电容器内部元件故障引起的过电压分布特性,探讨了电容器绝缘不受过电压危害的内部故障元件数量极限；建立了电容器内部元件故障击穿仿真模型,分析了击穿元件的等效电路参数以及故障时刻电容器两端的电压对击穿放电电流的影响；计算了无功补偿电容器组不平衡电流保护定值,并针对电容器的制造工艺和运行维护,提出了具体的建议。结果表明：当电容器组发生单相故障时,不论该相电容器内部有多少个串联元件发生贯穿性击穿,在其他两相电容器上不会产生危险的过电压；等效电路中电感值和电阻值与放电电流近似成反比关系,母线电压过高将直接影响电容器的使用寿命；电力电容器的故障防范需从质量和结构两个方面改进,调整后的不平衡电流整定值可保证不平衡电流保护的有效动作。
针对高海拔、低气压的特殊环境,改进了换流变局部放电试验技术,提出了抗干扰措施；针对实际运营的站用变压器,改进了电声联合检测的加压方法,验证了方法的准确性；根据变压器的顶层和底层油温升模型,建立了专家分析系统,预测并监测了变压器的油温、热点温度及寿命损失。
With the continuous development of the economic strength and people's living standard in China, the dependent degree of the society on energy, especially the power energy, is higher and higher. The converter station is the main conversion place of the AC and DC transmission. The key electrical equipments of converter station are the transformers and power capacitors. Any equipment fault may cause the large area blackout. According to the requirements of "The Twelfth Five-Year Plan" in China, the power department should sum up the experiences and lessons of power equipment fault. At the same time, the electric power standard system and fortification standard should be improved reasonably to guarantee the power supply safe and reliable. The key electrical equipment in the converter station was the study object in this paper. The overvoltage mechanism and fault feature of transformer and power capacitor would be revealed. The insulation fault detection and lifetime prediction method would be improved. The research results were of important academic significance and engineering value.
The simulation model of converter station which contains transformers, capacitor voltage transformers and breakers was established. The ferroresonance overvoltage of transformer in the converter station was studied. The effect of excitation characteristics inflection point and capacity of transformer on ferroresonance was evaluated. The main measures to restrain the resonance include changing short-term investment in damping load, grading capacitance of breaker and capacitance value of capacitor voltage transformer(CVT). And the restrain effects of these measures were compared in the paper. Feasible scheme to restrain the resonance was put forward. When inter-turn short-circuit fault of transformer occur, the equivalent circuit and sequence diagrams could be given according to symmetrical component method. Then the distribution of voltage and current of internal fault was got. The change of voltage distribution in the winding can be found. The results show that the duration time of the resonant voltage shock and the overvoltage spikes change obviously when the breaker is interrupted at different times. The series resonance circuit is formed by the grading capacitor and the excitation impedance of transformer. It leads that the ferromagnetic resonance process presents synchronized characteristics with power frequency. Increasing the inflection point of excitation characteristics, increasing the transformer capacity, reducing the grading capacitor of the breaker and short-term investment in damping load could help to restrain the ferroresonance overvoltage. However, series resistance in the neutral point of transformer has no effect on the inhibition of ferroresonance. Transformer internal fault is mainly due to the focused field resulted from insulating weak link.
According to statistical analysis on the data of field operation for a long-term, the overvoltage distribution characteristic caused by the inner components fault of the power capacitor was studied. The number limit of inner fault components which could avoid insulation of capacitor destroyed by overvoltage was discussed. The breakdown simulation model of capacitor's inner components fault was established. The degree that equivalent circuit parameters of breakdown components and the voltage of capacitor's two ends influence on discharge current at fault time was analyzed. The protective set value of unbalanced current of the reactive power compensation capacitor bank was calculated. According to manufacturing technology and operation maintenance of capacitor, the suggestion was presented. The results show that dangerous over-voltage will not develop in the capacitors of the other two phases regardless of the number of series inner components which occur penetrating-breakdown when single-phase fault occurs in the capacitor bank. The value of inductance and resistance in the equivalent circuit varies approximately in inverse proportion to discharge current. The high bus voltage will directly affect the life of the capacitors. The techniques against fault about power capacitors need to be improved in terms of both the quality and structure. The adjusted set value of imbalance current could ensure the effective action of the imbalance current protection.
Aiming at the special experiment of high altitude and low air pressure, the partial discharge testing techniques of converter transformer was improved. Anti-interference measures were put forward. For the practical transformers, the pressurized method of electro-acoustic detection was improved. Accuracy of the method was verified. According to the oil temperature rise model at the top and bottom of transformer, an expert analysis system was established. The system could predict and monitor the oil temperature, hot-spot temperature and life loss of transformer.
引文
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