劳动力成本上涨推动的建筑业发展战略研究
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摘要
“十二五”期间是我国全面建设小康社会的关键时期，也是建筑业发展的重要战略机遇期。机遇与挑战并存，“十二五”期间建筑业也将面临劳动力短缺、劳动力成本高涨、劳动生产率低、节能环保压力大等前所未有的严峻挑战。建筑业如何迎接挑战，转变粗放型经济增长模式，实现健康可持续发展，成为值得深入研究的重要课题。
差分法统计分析表明，建筑业增加值整体呈上升态势，但受宏观经济政策影响大。灰色模型预测建筑业总产值和增加值“十二五”期间期间仍将持续高速增长。在湖北省内开展的房屋建筑及市政工程施工现场两轮访谈调研结果表明，建筑业劳动力成本年年攀高，劳动力短缺明显，行业对新生代农民工缺乏吸引力。
市场人工费、定额人工费、职工工资水平等数据揭示建筑业劳动力成本持续上涨的现实。GDP高速增长、CPI居高不下、农民工物质需求提升以及预测数据显示“十二五”期间建筑业劳动力缺口扩大等因素，预示着劳动力成本持续上涨趋势。比较中美建筑业劳动力成本存在的差距，在全球化背景下，我国建筑业劳动力成本持续上涨是大势所趋。
基于CAS理论，剖析建筑业这个复杂适应系统与其中的就业者、施工企业等适应性主体相互依存、相互适应。分析持续上涨的劳动力成本对系统内不同层次适应性主体的影响，借助于LCS设计了建筑业复杂适应系统对劳动力成本上涨的对策反馈模型，并综合相关研究成果分别给出低级主体和高级主体的规则库，为建筑业适应劳动力成本持续上涨寻求适应性路径。
劳动力短缺、劳动力成本上涨所形成的市场倒逼机制，使得建筑业经济转型、产业结构调整势在必行。洛伦兹曲线表明我国建筑业为原子型行业竞争结构，存在着行业集中度偏低、企业结构不合理、企业员工规模偏大等问题。通过与发达国家/地区建筑业产业结构比较，建议从培育金字塔型的企业结构、调整行业进出壁垒、增强企业创新能力等方面优化建筑业行业竞争结构。
为实现“差异性竞争、高品质管理、新方式发展、增综合效益”的行业发展目标，受英国建筑业发展战略的启示，构建了科学发展观指导之下的“3-5-6”发展战略。以人为本、市场倒逼和创新3个驱动力共同作用，促进行业内学习与成长、业务流程、职业健康安全、客户和经济实力5个维度的变革，从而改善产值利润率、劳动生产率、对GDP和社会发展的贡献、技术进步率、碳排放水平、与环境和谐共处等6个指标，最终实现建筑业全面协调可持续发展。
The "12th Five-Year" period is the critical period of building a moderately prosperous society in China, and is also an important period of strategic opportunities for the development of construction industry. Opportunities coexist with challenges. During the "12th Five-Year", construction industry will face unprecedented challenges of labor shortages, rising labor costs, low labor productivity, energy conservation and environmental protection pressure. How construction industry meets the challenge, transforms the extensive economic growth mode and realizes sustainable development has become an important subject worthy of further study.
Statistical analysis through difference method shows that the added value of construction industry presents upward trend, but it's greatly affected by the macroeconomic policy. The gray model predicts that the construction industry output value and added value will continue to sustain rapid growth during the "12th Five-Year" period. The results through two interviews and survey in Hubei housing construction and municipal works construction site showed, the labor costs has been rising year after year, labor shortages is obvious and the industry lacks appeal to the new generation of migrant workers.
Market labor costs, quota labor costs, staff wages level data reveals the reality of the rising construction industry labor costs. High GDP growth, CPI located high position, enhancement of migrant workers material demand and forecast data showing the expansion of the construction industry labor gap during the "12th Five-Year", indicates the trend of rising labor costs. Compared China and the United States construction industry labor cost gaps, China's construction industry labor costs continue to rise is the general trend in the context of globalization.
Based on CAS theory, this paper analyzes the construction of complex adaptive system and its adaptability subject of the employed and construction enterprise interdependence and mutual adaptation. It analyzes the influence of rising labor costs to the adaptability subject on different levels within the system. Based on the LCS, it designs the countermeasures feedback model of complex adaptive system of the construction industry to rising labor costs. Summarized related research, the paper respectively gives the rule base of lower body and advanced subject to seek adaptive path for the construction industry to adapt to rising labor costs.
Market Forced mechanism caused by labor shortages and rising labor costs makes construction economic transformation and the industrial structure adjustment imperative. Lorenz curve shows that China's construction industry is the atomic industry competitive structure, the industry concentration is low, the enterprise structure is irrational and scale of enterprise employees is too large. Compared with the developed countries/regions' construction industry structure, it is recommended to optimize the competitive structure of the Construction Industry from fostering pyramid corporate structure, adjusting the industry barriers and enhancing innovation capability.
In order to realize the industry development goals of "difference competition, high-quality management, new development ways and increasing the comprehensive benefits", under the enlightenment of British construction development strategy, this paper builds the "3-5-6" development strategy under the guidance of the scientific development concept. Three driving forces of people-oriented, market Forced and innovation work together to promote the transformation of the five dimensions of learning and growth, business processes, occupational health and safety, customers and economic strength, so as to improve six indicators of the production value profit margin, labor productivity, contribution to GDP and social development, the rate of technological progress, the level of carbon emissions and harmony with the environment, and ultimately to achieve comprehensive, coordinated and sustainable development of the construction industry.
差分法统计分析表明，建筑业增加值整体呈上升态势，但受宏观经济政策影响大。灰色模型预测建筑业总产值和增加值“十二五”期间期间仍将持续高速增长。在湖北省内开展的房屋建筑及市政工程施工现场两轮访谈调研结果表明，建筑业劳动力成本年年攀高，劳动力短缺明显，行业对新生代农民工缺乏吸引力。
市场人工费、定额人工费、职工工资水平等数据揭示建筑业劳动力成本持续上涨的现实。GDP高速增长、CPI居高不下、农民工物质需求提升以及预测数据显示“十二五”期间建筑业劳动力缺口扩大等因素，预示着劳动力成本持续上涨趋势。比较中美建筑业劳动力成本存在的差距，在全球化背景下，我国建筑业劳动力成本持续上涨是大势所趋。
基于CAS理论，剖析建筑业这个复杂适应系统与其中的就业者、施工企业等适应性主体相互依存、相互适应。分析持续上涨的劳动力成本对系统内不同层次适应性主体的影响，借助于LCS设计了建筑业复杂适应系统对劳动力成本上涨的对策反馈模型，并综合相关研究成果分别给出低级主体和高级主体的规则库，为建筑业适应劳动力成本持续上涨寻求适应性路径。
劳动力短缺、劳动力成本上涨所形成的市场倒逼机制，使得建筑业经济转型、产业结构调整势在必行。洛伦兹曲线表明我国建筑业为原子型行业竞争结构，存在着行业集中度偏低、企业结构不合理、企业员工规模偏大等问题。通过与发达国家/地区建筑业产业结构比较，建议从培育金字塔型的企业结构、调整行业进出壁垒、增强企业创新能力等方面优化建筑业行业竞争结构。
为实现“差异性竞争、高品质管理、新方式发展、增综合效益”的行业发展目标，受英国建筑业发展战略的启示，构建了科学发展观指导之下的“3-5-6”发展战略。以人为本、市场倒逼和创新3个驱动力共同作用，促进行业内学习与成长、业务流程、职业健康安全、客户和经济实力5个维度的变革，从而改善产值利润率、劳动生产率、对GDP和社会发展的贡献、技术进步率、碳排放水平、与环境和谐共处等6个指标，最终实现建筑业全面协调可持续发展。
The "12th Five-Year" period is the critical period of building a moderately prosperous society in China, and is also an important period of strategic opportunities for the development of construction industry. Opportunities coexist with challenges. During the "12th Five-Year", construction industry will face unprecedented challenges of labor shortages, rising labor costs, low labor productivity, energy conservation and environmental protection pressure. How construction industry meets the challenge, transforms the extensive economic growth mode and realizes sustainable development has become an important subject worthy of further study.
Statistical analysis through difference method shows that the added value of construction industry presents upward trend, but it's greatly affected by the macroeconomic policy. The gray model predicts that the construction industry output value and added value will continue to sustain rapid growth during the "12th Five-Year" period. The results through two interviews and survey in Hubei housing construction and municipal works construction site showed, the labor costs has been rising year after year, labor shortages is obvious and the industry lacks appeal to the new generation of migrant workers.
Market labor costs, quota labor costs, staff wages level data reveals the reality of the rising construction industry labor costs. High GDP growth, CPI located high position, enhancement of migrant workers material demand and forecast data showing the expansion of the construction industry labor gap during the "12th Five-Year", indicates the trend of rising labor costs. Compared China and the United States construction industry labor cost gaps, China's construction industry labor costs continue to rise is the general trend in the context of globalization.
Based on CAS theory, this paper analyzes the construction of complex adaptive system and its adaptability subject of the employed and construction enterprise interdependence and mutual adaptation. It analyzes the influence of rising labor costs to the adaptability subject on different levels within the system. Based on the LCS, it designs the countermeasures feedback model of complex adaptive system of the construction industry to rising labor costs. Summarized related research, the paper respectively gives the rule base of lower body and advanced subject to seek adaptive path for the construction industry to adapt to rising labor costs.
Market Forced mechanism caused by labor shortages and rising labor costs makes construction economic transformation and the industrial structure adjustment imperative. Lorenz curve shows that China's construction industry is the atomic industry competitive structure, the industry concentration is low, the enterprise structure is irrational and scale of enterprise employees is too large. Compared with the developed countries/regions' construction industry structure, it is recommended to optimize the competitive structure of the Construction Industry from fostering pyramid corporate structure, adjusting the industry barriers and enhancing innovation capability.
In order to realize the industry development goals of "difference competition, high-quality management, new development ways and increasing the comprehensive benefits", under the enlightenment of British construction development strategy, this paper builds the "3-5-6" development strategy under the guidance of the scientific development concept. Three driving forces of people-oriented, market Forced and innovation work together to promote the transformation of the five dimensions of learning and growth, business processes, occupational health and safety, customers and economic strength, so as to improve six indicators of the production value profit margin, labor productivity, contribution to GDP and social development, the rate of technological progress, the level of carbon emissions and harmony with the environment, and ultimately to achieve comprehensive, coordinated and sustainable development of the construction industry.
引文
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