两类持久性有机污染物和重金属在南四湖食物链中的分布和生物积累
|
摘要
南四湖南四湖位于山东省西南部,是山东省最大的淡水湖,是南水北调工程的东线工程重要的输水通道和调蓄湖泊。南四湖有南阳湖、独山湖、昭阳湖和微山湖组成,被二级坝分成上级湖和下级湖,上级湖包括南阳湖、独山湖和部分昭阳湖,相对下级湖拥有较多的入湖河流。南水北调东线工程开通运行之后,南四湖水流方向发生改变,调水将从下级湖流入上级湖。因此南四湖的水质关系到整个东线工程水质状况,是影响南水北调东线水质的一个重要湖泊。近几年来,对南四湖水和表层沉积物中持久性有机物、重金属、营养盐N、P等做了大量研究工作。研究结果表明,南四湖水和表层沉积物都受到不同程度的污染,然而湖水和表层沉积物中污染物含量相对较低,南四湖污染状况处于低风险水平。但是这些研究主要是分别对南四湖沉积物和湖水的污染做了大量研究,系统对南四湖中水、沉积物、水生植物、水生动物的食物链中POPs和重金属的系列研究,还鲜见报道。南四湖作为我国北方最大的淡水湖,盛产各种鱼类、虾、螃蟹等水产品,并且有大量的水产养殖,这些水产品大量销售于国内外,也是当地居民喜爱的食物。因此,对南四湖水生食物链中展开持久性有机污染物和重金属的污染水平、生物积累和风险评价等系统研究工作,可为进一步评价该水体的污染及治理和生态系统健康预测提供参考数据,也可以为人类是否受到健康风险提供参考。
研究内容主要包括以下几个方面：(1)分析研究南四湖食物链中有机氯农药、多环芳烃、重金属在空间分布概况；(2)对南四湖沉积物中有机氯农药、多环芳烃、重金属污染来源进行分析,判断污染物的主要污染来源；(3)分析研究南四湖食物链中有机氯农药、多环芳烃、重金属在南四湖水生食物链中的积累以及水生生物中污染物的积累和它们所处营养级之间的关系；(4)分析有机氯农药、多环芳烃、重金属在南四湖水、沉积物、水生动物的风险评价,是否对人类身体健康存在危害。
运用带电子俘获检测器的气相色谱仪(GC-ECD)分析了南四湖水、表层沉积物、水生植物和动物(鱼和虾)中12种有机氯农药(OCPs)含量。经分析,水、表层沉积物、水生植物和动物中总的有机氯农药的浓度分别为：65.31-100.31ng/L、2.9-6.91ng/g,1.29-6.42ng/g.7.57-17.22ng/g。在南四湖食物链中,有机氯化合物的组成除了六六六和滴滴涕是主要的有机氯化合物外,七氯化合物也是主要的有机氯污染物。表层沉积物样品中六六六和滴滴涕的来源分析结果表明,南四湖表层沉积物中近期没有新的污染物来源,六六六的污染主要由于使用林丹造成的。
运用生物积累因子(BASF)来表示水生生物中疏水性有机化合物在水生态系统中的积累状况。BASF定义为生物中脂肪含量标化后的有机化合物的浓度含量和有机碳标化后的沉积物中有机化合物的浓度含量的比值。菹草是南四湖主要的水生植物在所有采样点都有分布,因此,选择菹草(Potamogeton crispus Linn)、鱼和青虾(Macrobrachium nipponense)为代表性的水生生物来研究水生生物中有机氯化合物的生物积累。水生生物中有机氯化合物的生物积累的研究结果表明,滴滴涕和七氯化合物生物积累较高,其次是六六六和艾氏剂类化合物；鱼对有机氯化合物的生物积累能力明显高于水生植物和虾的生物积累能力。水生植物相对于鱼和虾处于较低的营养级水平,这表明有机氯农药在食物链中存在生物积累。在鱼样品中,乌鳢(Channa argus)的有机氯生物表层沉积物积累因子的值最高,其次是鲫鱼(Carassius auratus)和鲤鱼(Cyprinus caspio),这可能和鱼的生活习性和饮食习惯有关。乌鳢属于肉食性动物主要食用软体动物、虾、小的鱼类,偶尔食用水生植物。鲫鱼和鲤鱼食鱼杂食性动物,因此,从食性判断,乌鳢相对于鲫鱼和鲤鱼属于较高营养级水平。这一结果也表明,有机氯农药在食物链中存在生物积累。
对南四湖水、沉积物、水生生物中有机氯的含量进行生态风险评价。南四湖水样中六六六和滴滴涕的平均浓度分别为：22.15ng/L和18.23ng/L,远低于GB3838-2002规定的地表水中六六六和滴滴涕的浓度,国标GB3838-2002中规定地表水中六六六和滴滴涕的浓度要低于5000和1000ng/L。这一结果表明南四湖的水环境是安全的。本研究中采用两种评价方法对沉积物中有机氯含量进行风险评价,一个是潜在生态风险的效应区间低值(ERL)和效应区间中值(ERM)；另一个是门槛影响值(TEL)和可能影响值(PEL)。评价结果表明最有可能对水生生物产生不利影响的有机氯化合物是环氧七氯,在所有采样点中有86%采样点的环氧七氯浓度高于TEL值,有14%采样点的环氧七氯浓度高于PEL值。南四湖表层沉积物环境处在较低的风险水平,但是要注意环氧七氯的对环境的影响。对南四湖生物中有机氯的风险评价是通过计算容许日摄取量和风险商的值来完成的。评价结果显示：HCHs的HR值大于1,表明日常食用南四湖鱼类,存在潜在致癌风险的概率大于百万分之一。依据南四湖水、表层沉积物和鱼肉中有机氯的风险评价结果可知,六六六和环氧七氯对人类健康的风险影响高于滴滴涕和狄氏剂类化合物。
运用气相色谱-质谱联用测定了南四湖水、沉积物、水生生物中的多环芳烃。南四湖水、沉积物、水生植物和动物中多环芳烃的总含量分别为：27.54-55.04ng/L,80.31-639.23ng/g干重,20.92-192.78ng/g干重,和67.3-533.9ng/g干重。运用菲与蒽(Ph/An)、荧蒽与芘(Flu/Pyr)、低分子量(2-3环)多环芳烃与高分子量(4-6环)多环芳烃的含量比值(LMW/HMW)来判断南四湖沉积物中多环芳烃的可能来源。比值分析结果表明南四湖大多数采样点主要是化石燃料的不完全燃烧和石油源的混合污染。
在南四湖水、沉积物和水生植物样品中多环芳烃的组成相似,都以2-3环多环芳烃化合物为主,而在沉积物中多环芳烃主要以4-6环多环芳烃化合物为主。在沉积物和水生植物中多环芳烃含量存在正相关关系,但是它们的多环芳烃的组成不同,这意味着水生植物从沉积物中吸收多环芳烃是有选择性的,多环芳烃化合物在水生植物中的积累是不同的。水生植物和鱼中的多环芳烃存在正相关关系,这一结论说明鱼中的多环芳烃主要是从水生植物中获取的,而不是主要直接从水中获得的。
运用生物积累因子(BASF)来表示多环芳烃化合物在水生生态系统中的积累。在水生生物中低分子量的多环芳烃的生物积累因子要比高分子量的多环芳烃高,这说明低分子量的多环芳烃化合物在水生植物、鱼和虾中更容易被积累。在水生植物中光叶眼子菜(Potamogeton lucens Linn)和金鱼藻(Ceratophyllum demersum Linn)的总的多环芳烃化合物的生物积累因子高于大部分动物的生物积累因子；在南四湖鱼和虾中多环芳烃化合物的生物积累因子从高到低的顺序是：鲤鱼>青虾>鲫鱼>乌鳢,乌鳢属于食肉性动物,鲫鱼和鲤鱼是杂食性动物,因此,从食性判断乌鳢相对于鲫鱼、鲤鱼和虾处于较高营养级水平,但是在本研究结果中乌鳢的生物积累因子却是最低的,虾的生物积累因子仅低于鲤鱼,以上结论表明,在南四湖动物中多环芳烃化合物并没有沿着食物链由低到高进行积累。
南四湖水、沉积物、动物中多环芳烃化合物的风险评价结果表明,南四湖水环境目前是安全的,但是值得注意的是,BaA, BaP, InP, DBA和BghiP在所有采样点中沉积物、水生植物和动物样品中都有检出,它们对南四湖生物存在着潜在致癌性。
运用电感耦合等离子体-原子发射光谱法测定了南四湖水、沉积物、水生植物和动物中重金属砷、镉、铬、铜、铁、锰、镍、铅和锌的含量。水中检出的重金属含量都很低,而沉积物中重金属的含量相对水中重金属的含量较高,这说明南四湖水体中存在低含量、持续的重金属的输入。水生植物中铬和铁的含量超出其相应的毒性含量值。在水、沉积物、水生植物和动物中重金属含量相关性很低。因子分析和水、沉积物、水生植物和动物中不同重金属间相互关系分析结果表明：除了砷之外,其他大多数重金属间有相似的污染来源,同时也说明南四湖中砷的污染来源和其他重金属的污染来源不同。不同采样点上级湖和下级湖中重金属含量比较结果表明,上级湖中重金属的污染要比下级湖中重金属污染严重。南四湖丰富的煤炭资源是导致重金属污染的一个重要原因。生物积累因子分析结果表明,水生生物中砷和锌的积累和食物链营养级之间存在正向关系,除砷和锌之外的其他重金属并没有沿着食物链进行生物富集。南四湖水、沉积物、水生植物和动物中重金属的生态风险评价结果表明,南四湖水环境目前是安全的,但是要注意砷和锌的摄入。
Nansi Lake is located in the southwest of Shandong province and is the largest freshwater lake in Shandong province, the northern area of China, which is an buffer lake of the South-to-North Water Diversion Project (east route). Nansi Lake consists of Nanyang Lake, Dushan Lake, Zhaoyang Lake and Weishan Lake. Nansi Lake is divided into the upper and lower lakes by a dam built in1960. The upper lakes, which include Nanyang Lake, Dushan Lake and Zhaoyang Lake, have more inflow rivers comparing with the lower lakes. After the water diversion project, the route of the water will be changed, the water will flow from the lower lake to the upper lake. Therefore, the water quality of Nansi Lake impacts the quality of the South-to-North Water Diversion Project (east route). In recent years, many research works have reported the residues of persistent organic pollutants (POPs), heavy metals, nutrient N, P in water and sediment of Nansi Lake. These studies showed that Nansi Lake is affected by the POPs, heavy metals, and nutrient N, P, but the pollutants level in water and sediment of Nansi Lake was relatively low, thus posing low level ecological risk. However, these researches mainly studied the pollutants in water and sediment of Nansi Lake, there is little information on the residual levels and ecological risks of POPs and heavy metals in food web of Nansi Lake. Nansi lake is the largest freshwater lake of the northern area of China and is rich in various aquatic organisms such as fish, shrimp and with large area of aquiculture. These aquaculture products had been sold to Chinese and abroad market. These organisms are the favorite foods for local people. Therefore, studying the level, bioaccumulation and risk assessment of POPs and heavy metals in food web provides reference data to further investigating the water pollution and ecological prospective of Nansi lake, and is important for human health.
The aims of this research mainly include the following aspects:(1) to survey the levels and distributions of POPs (OCPs and PAHs) and heavy metals in various aquatic plants and animals in Nansi Lake,(2) toinvestigate the source of the POPs (OCPs and PAHs) and heavy metals in sediment,(3) to evaluate bioaccumulation of in aquatic biota samples in the lake by calculating the biota-sediment accumulation factor (BSAF) values,(4) to assess the POPs (OCPs and PAHs) and heavy metals effects on human health in Nansi Lake area.
The concentration of12organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) were measured in water, sediment, aquatic plant and animal (shrimp and fish) of Nansi Lake by gas chromatography equipped with an electron capture detector (GC-ECD). The total OCPs concentrations were65.31-100.31ng L-1in water,2.9-6.91ng g-1dry weight (dw) in sediments,1.29-6.42ng g-1dw in aquatic plants and7.57-17.22ng g-1dw in animals. The OCPs composition profiles showed that heptachlor compounds was also the predominant OCPs contaminants in addition to hexachlorocyclohexanes (HCHs) and dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethanes (DDTs) in Nansi Lake. According to the source of HCHs and DDTs in sediment samples, there was no new input and the HCHs pollution mainly came from the use of Lindane in Nansi Lake. Bioaccumulation of OCPs in aquatic biota indicated that DDTs and heptachlor compounds had a strong accumulation, followed by HCHs and drins. The biota-sediment accumulation factor (BSAF) has been used to measure the biotic fate of the hydrophobic compounds in aquatic ecosystems. The BSAF is defined as the ratio of the concentrations in organism normalized by lipid content (LW) and the concentrations in the organic carbon of the sediments. P. crispus was one of the main aquatic plants in Nansi Lake and collected at all sampling sites. So, P. crispus, fish and shrimp were selected as representative aquatic organisms and studied the bioaccumulation of OCPs compounds. The BS AF values of fish were obviously higher than those of shrimp and aquatic plants. Aquatic plants are in a lower trophic level, compared to fish and shrimp. These results provided evidence of bioaccumulation of OCPs in food web. The accumulation abilities of fish for OCPs were higher than those of plant and shrimp. The OCPs biota-sediment accumulation factor (BSAF) values of Channa argus was the highest in fish samples, followed by Carassius auratus, Cyprinus caspio. This might be due to its habitat and feeding habits. C. argus is carnivorous animal and mainly prey on software animals, shrimp and small fishes, occasionally eat aquatic plants. C. auratu and C. carpio are omnivorous animals. Therefore, C. argus belongs to higher trophic levels compared to C. auratu, C. carpio and M. nipponense judging from feeding habits. The results also provide that bioaccumulation of OCPs exsit in food web.
The mean concentration of HCHs and DDTs were22.15ng L-1and18.23ng L-1in water of Nansi Lake, respectively, which were far below the the surface water environment quality standard in China (GB3838-2002), which listed that the concentration of HCHs and DDTs was less than5000ng L-1and1000ng L-1, respectively, in surface water environment. The result shows that the water environment of Nansi Lake is safety. Two widely used sediment quality guidelines (SQGs) were applied to evaluate the possible ecotoxicological risk of OCPs in this study. One is the effects range-low value (ERL) and effects range-median value (ERM) guidelines (Long and MacDonald1995), the other is the threshold effects level (TEL) and probable effects level (PEL) guidelines. Result showed that a higher occurrence possibility of adverse ecological effects to benthic species is heptachlor epoxide, its levels were higher than TEL and PEL values in86%and14%of stations, respectively. Sediment environment of Nansi Lake is at low risk level, but pay more attention to heptachlor epoxide. Acceptable daily intake (ADI) and hazard ratio (HR) were applied to evaluate the possible ecotoxicological risk of OCPs in this study. Based on the calculation of acceptable daily intake (ADI) and hazard ratio (HR), HCHs in fish and shrimp from Nansi Lake had a lifetime cancer risk of greater than one per million. According to risk assessment results of water, sediment and fish, HCH and heptachlor epoxide had higher risk to human health compared to DDT "and drins.
The concentrations of16polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were analyzed in water, sediment and biota (aquatic plant, shrimp and fish) of the Nansi Lake by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The concentrations of total PAHs were27.54-55.04ng/L in water,80.31-639.23ng/g dry weight (dw) in sediments,20.92-192.78ng/g dw in aquatic plants and67.3-533.9ng/g dw in fish and shrimp muscles. The ratios of phenanthrene to anthracene (Ph/An), fluoranthene to pyrene (Flu/Pyr) and low molecular weight to high molecular weight (LMW/HMW) in sediment indicated that the sources of the PAHs were a mixture of pyrolytic and petrogenic contamination at most sampling sites in Nansi Lake. The composition profile of PAHs in plants was similar to that in water and animals with2-3ring PAHs being dominant. The4-6rings PAHs were the dominant PAH compounds in sediment. There are positive correlations between sediment and aquatic plants, but their PAH composition profiles were different, implying that aquatic plant absorption of PAHs from sediment is selective, and the accumulation of PAHs in aquatic plants is different. The concentration of PAHs in fish showed positive correlation with plants, reflecting that the PAHs in fish are mainly absorbed from aquatic plants, rather than directly from the water besides water.
The biota-sediment accumulation factor (BSAF) has been used to measure the biotic fate of PAH compounds in aquatic ecosystems. Bioaccumulation of LMW PAHs in aquatic biota was higher than HMW PAHs, suggesting that accumulation of the LMW PAHs compounds in aquatic plant, fish and shrimp samples is preferential compared to HMW PAHs compounds. The biota-sediment accumulation factor (BSAF) for total PAHs in the plants Potamogeton lucens Linn and Ceratophyllum demersum Linn were higher than those of most animals. The BAF values of total PAHs in animals were in the following order:Cyprinus caspio> Macrobrachium nipponense> Carassius auratus> Channa argus. C. argus is carnivorous animal and C. auratu and C. carpio are omnivorous animals, Therefore, C. argus belongs to higher trophic levels compared to C. auratu, C. carpio and M. nipponense judging from feeding habits. But the BAF values of total PAHs in C. argus were lowest among fishes and shrimp studied in this article. M. nipponense belongs to the lower trophic level compared to fish but the BAF value of total PAHs was1.3and was only lower than that of C. carpio. There was no significant relationship between PAH bioaccumulation and trophic levels in Nansi Lake. Risk assessment of PAHs in water, sediment and animals indicated that the water environment of Nansi Lake is safe at present. It is worthwhile to note that benzo[a]anthracene (BaA), benzo[a]pyrene (BaP), indeno[1,2,3-cd]pyrene (InP), dibenz[a,h]anthracene (DBA), benzo[ghi]perylene (BghiP) were detected in sediment, plants and animals at all sampling sites, and they have potential carcinogenicity to the organisms of Nansi Lake.
The concentrations of heavy metals (As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, Pb and Zn) were investigated in water, sediment and biota (aquatic plant, shrimp and fish) of Nansi Lake by an Inductively Coupled Plasma-Atomic Emission Spectrometry (ICP-AES). The concentrations of heavy metals in water were almost below detection limit, the concentrations of heavy metals in sediment were high compared to water, which indicated that there were low-level, persistent inputs of heavy metals in Nansi Lake. The concentrations of Cr and Fe exceeded the corresponding toxic concentrations in aquatic plants. The correlation among the concentrations of heavy metals in water, sediment, aquatic plants and animals is low. Factor analysis and the relationship of different heavy metals in water, sediment and aquatic biota samples showed that most heavy metals had the same source except As, which implied that As was of different source from the other heavy metals in Nansi Lake. The comparison of heavy metals in different samples from upper lake and lower lake showed that the contamination of heavy metals in upper lake was more serious than that in lower lake. The intensive coal mining is an important reason leading to contamination of heavy metals in Nansi Lake. The heavy metals in aquatic organisms were not accumulated along food web except As and Zn. There was a positive relationship between the accumulation of As and Zn and food web basing on bioaccumulation factors (BAF) value in Nansi Lake. Risk assessment of heavy metals in water, sediment and animals indicated that the water environment of Nansi Lake is safe at present. However, people should pay more attention to the intake of As and Zn.
研究内容主要包括以下几个方面：(1)分析研究南四湖食物链中有机氯农药、多环芳烃、重金属在空间分布概况；(2)对南四湖沉积物中有机氯农药、多环芳烃、重金属污染来源进行分析,判断污染物的主要污染来源；(3)分析研究南四湖食物链中有机氯农药、多环芳烃、重金属在南四湖水生食物链中的积累以及水生生物中污染物的积累和它们所处营养级之间的关系；(4)分析有机氯农药、多环芳烃、重金属在南四湖水、沉积物、水生动物的风险评价,是否对人类身体健康存在危害。
运用带电子俘获检测器的气相色谱仪(GC-ECD)分析了南四湖水、表层沉积物、水生植物和动物(鱼和虾)中12种有机氯农药(OCPs)含量。经分析,水、表层沉积物、水生植物和动物中总的有机氯农药的浓度分别为：65.31-100.31ng/L、2.9-6.91ng/g,1.29-6.42ng/g.7.57-17.22ng/g。在南四湖食物链中,有机氯化合物的组成除了六六六和滴滴涕是主要的有机氯化合物外,七氯化合物也是主要的有机氯污染物。表层沉积物样品中六六六和滴滴涕的来源分析结果表明,南四湖表层沉积物中近期没有新的污染物来源,六六六的污染主要由于使用林丹造成的。
运用生物积累因子(BASF)来表示水生生物中疏水性有机化合物在水生态系统中的积累状况。BASF定义为生物中脂肪含量标化后的有机化合物的浓度含量和有机碳标化后的沉积物中有机化合物的浓度含量的比值。菹草是南四湖主要的水生植物在所有采样点都有分布,因此,选择菹草(Potamogeton crispus Linn)、鱼和青虾(Macrobrachium nipponense)为代表性的水生生物来研究水生生物中有机氯化合物的生物积累。水生生物中有机氯化合物的生物积累的研究结果表明,滴滴涕和七氯化合物生物积累较高,其次是六六六和艾氏剂类化合物；鱼对有机氯化合物的生物积累能力明显高于水生植物和虾的生物积累能力。水生植物相对于鱼和虾处于较低的营养级水平,这表明有机氯农药在食物链中存在生物积累。在鱼样品中,乌鳢(Channa argus)的有机氯生物表层沉积物积累因子的值最高,其次是鲫鱼(Carassius auratus)和鲤鱼(Cyprinus caspio),这可能和鱼的生活习性和饮食习惯有关。乌鳢属于肉食性动物主要食用软体动物、虾、小的鱼类,偶尔食用水生植物。鲫鱼和鲤鱼食鱼杂食性动物,因此,从食性判断,乌鳢相对于鲫鱼和鲤鱼属于较高营养级水平。这一结果也表明,有机氯农药在食物链中存在生物积累。
对南四湖水、沉积物、水生生物中有机氯的含量进行生态风险评价。南四湖水样中六六六和滴滴涕的平均浓度分别为：22.15ng/L和18.23ng/L,远低于GB3838-2002规定的地表水中六六六和滴滴涕的浓度,国标GB3838-2002中规定地表水中六六六和滴滴涕的浓度要低于5000和1000ng/L。这一结果表明南四湖的水环境是安全的。本研究中采用两种评价方法对沉积物中有机氯含量进行风险评价,一个是潜在生态风险的效应区间低值(ERL)和效应区间中值(ERM)；另一个是门槛影响值(TEL)和可能影响值(PEL)。评价结果表明最有可能对水生生物产生不利影响的有机氯化合物是环氧七氯,在所有采样点中有86%采样点的环氧七氯浓度高于TEL值,有14%采样点的环氧七氯浓度高于PEL值。南四湖表层沉积物环境处在较低的风险水平,但是要注意环氧七氯的对环境的影响。对南四湖生物中有机氯的风险评价是通过计算容许日摄取量和风险商的值来完成的。评价结果显示：HCHs的HR值大于1,表明日常食用南四湖鱼类,存在潜在致癌风险的概率大于百万分之一。依据南四湖水、表层沉积物和鱼肉中有机氯的风险评价结果可知,六六六和环氧七氯对人类健康的风险影响高于滴滴涕和狄氏剂类化合物。
运用气相色谱-质谱联用测定了南四湖水、沉积物、水生生物中的多环芳烃。南四湖水、沉积物、水生植物和动物中多环芳烃的总含量分别为：27.54-55.04ng/L,80.31-639.23ng/g干重,20.92-192.78ng/g干重,和67.3-533.9ng/g干重。运用菲与蒽(Ph/An)、荧蒽与芘(Flu/Pyr)、低分子量(2-3环)多环芳烃与高分子量(4-6环)多环芳烃的含量比值(LMW/HMW)来判断南四湖沉积物中多环芳烃的可能来源。比值分析结果表明南四湖大多数采样点主要是化石燃料的不完全燃烧和石油源的混合污染。
在南四湖水、沉积物和水生植物样品中多环芳烃的组成相似,都以2-3环多环芳烃化合物为主,而在沉积物中多环芳烃主要以4-6环多环芳烃化合物为主。在沉积物和水生植物中多环芳烃含量存在正相关关系,但是它们的多环芳烃的组成不同,这意味着水生植物从沉积物中吸收多环芳烃是有选择性的,多环芳烃化合物在水生植物中的积累是不同的。水生植物和鱼中的多环芳烃存在正相关关系,这一结论说明鱼中的多环芳烃主要是从水生植物中获取的,而不是主要直接从水中获得的。
运用生物积累因子(BASF)来表示多环芳烃化合物在水生生态系统中的积累。在水生生物中低分子量的多环芳烃的生物积累因子要比高分子量的多环芳烃高,这说明低分子量的多环芳烃化合物在水生植物、鱼和虾中更容易被积累。在水生植物中光叶眼子菜(Potamogeton lucens Linn)和金鱼藻(Ceratophyllum demersum Linn)的总的多环芳烃化合物的生物积累因子高于大部分动物的生物积累因子；在南四湖鱼和虾中多环芳烃化合物的生物积累因子从高到低的顺序是：鲤鱼>青虾>鲫鱼>乌鳢,乌鳢属于食肉性动物,鲫鱼和鲤鱼是杂食性动物,因此,从食性判断乌鳢相对于鲫鱼、鲤鱼和虾处于较高营养级水平,但是在本研究结果中乌鳢的生物积累因子却是最低的,虾的生物积累因子仅低于鲤鱼,以上结论表明,在南四湖动物中多环芳烃化合物并没有沿着食物链由低到高进行积累。
南四湖水、沉积物、动物中多环芳烃化合物的风险评价结果表明,南四湖水环境目前是安全的,但是值得注意的是,BaA, BaP, InP, DBA和BghiP在所有采样点中沉积物、水生植物和动物样品中都有检出,它们对南四湖生物存在着潜在致癌性。
运用电感耦合等离子体-原子发射光谱法测定了南四湖水、沉积物、水生植物和动物中重金属砷、镉、铬、铜、铁、锰、镍、铅和锌的含量。水中检出的重金属含量都很低,而沉积物中重金属的含量相对水中重金属的含量较高,这说明南四湖水体中存在低含量、持续的重金属的输入。水生植物中铬和铁的含量超出其相应的毒性含量值。在水、沉积物、水生植物和动物中重金属含量相关性很低。因子分析和水、沉积物、水生植物和动物中不同重金属间相互关系分析结果表明：除了砷之外,其他大多数重金属间有相似的污染来源,同时也说明南四湖中砷的污染来源和其他重金属的污染来源不同。不同采样点上级湖和下级湖中重金属含量比较结果表明,上级湖中重金属的污染要比下级湖中重金属污染严重。南四湖丰富的煤炭资源是导致重金属污染的一个重要原因。生物积累因子分析结果表明,水生生物中砷和锌的积累和食物链营养级之间存在正向关系,除砷和锌之外的其他重金属并没有沿着食物链进行生物富集。南四湖水、沉积物、水生植物和动物中重金属的生态风险评价结果表明,南四湖水环境目前是安全的,但是要注意砷和锌的摄入。
Nansi Lake is located in the southwest of Shandong province and is the largest freshwater lake in Shandong province, the northern area of China, which is an buffer lake of the South-to-North Water Diversion Project (east route). Nansi Lake consists of Nanyang Lake, Dushan Lake, Zhaoyang Lake and Weishan Lake. Nansi Lake is divided into the upper and lower lakes by a dam built in1960. The upper lakes, which include Nanyang Lake, Dushan Lake and Zhaoyang Lake, have more inflow rivers comparing with the lower lakes. After the water diversion project, the route of the water will be changed, the water will flow from the lower lake to the upper lake. Therefore, the water quality of Nansi Lake impacts the quality of the South-to-North Water Diversion Project (east route). In recent years, many research works have reported the residues of persistent organic pollutants (POPs), heavy metals, nutrient N, P in water and sediment of Nansi Lake. These studies showed that Nansi Lake is affected by the POPs, heavy metals, and nutrient N, P, but the pollutants level in water and sediment of Nansi Lake was relatively low, thus posing low level ecological risk. However, these researches mainly studied the pollutants in water and sediment of Nansi Lake, there is little information on the residual levels and ecological risks of POPs and heavy metals in food web of Nansi Lake. Nansi lake is the largest freshwater lake of the northern area of China and is rich in various aquatic organisms such as fish, shrimp and with large area of aquiculture. These aquaculture products had been sold to Chinese and abroad market. These organisms are the favorite foods for local people. Therefore, studying the level, bioaccumulation and risk assessment of POPs and heavy metals in food web provides reference data to further investigating the water pollution and ecological prospective of Nansi lake, and is important for human health.
The aims of this research mainly include the following aspects:(1) to survey the levels and distributions of POPs (OCPs and PAHs) and heavy metals in various aquatic plants and animals in Nansi Lake,(2) toinvestigate the source of the POPs (OCPs and PAHs) and heavy metals in sediment,(3) to evaluate bioaccumulation of in aquatic biota samples in the lake by calculating the biota-sediment accumulation factor (BSAF) values,(4) to assess the POPs (OCPs and PAHs) and heavy metals effects on human health in Nansi Lake area.
The concentration of12organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) were measured in water, sediment, aquatic plant and animal (shrimp and fish) of Nansi Lake by gas chromatography equipped with an electron capture detector (GC-ECD). The total OCPs concentrations were65.31-100.31ng L-1in water,2.9-6.91ng g-1dry weight (dw) in sediments,1.29-6.42ng g-1dw in aquatic plants and7.57-17.22ng g-1dw in animals. The OCPs composition profiles showed that heptachlor compounds was also the predominant OCPs contaminants in addition to hexachlorocyclohexanes (HCHs) and dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethanes (DDTs) in Nansi Lake. According to the source of HCHs and DDTs in sediment samples, there was no new input and the HCHs pollution mainly came from the use of Lindane in Nansi Lake. Bioaccumulation of OCPs in aquatic biota indicated that DDTs and heptachlor compounds had a strong accumulation, followed by HCHs and drins. The biota-sediment accumulation factor (BSAF) has been used to measure the biotic fate of the hydrophobic compounds in aquatic ecosystems. The BSAF is defined as the ratio of the concentrations in organism normalized by lipid content (LW) and the concentrations in the organic carbon of the sediments. P. crispus was one of the main aquatic plants in Nansi Lake and collected at all sampling sites. So, P. crispus, fish and shrimp were selected as representative aquatic organisms and studied the bioaccumulation of OCPs compounds. The BS AF values of fish were obviously higher than those of shrimp and aquatic plants. Aquatic plants are in a lower trophic level, compared to fish and shrimp. These results provided evidence of bioaccumulation of OCPs in food web. The accumulation abilities of fish for OCPs were higher than those of plant and shrimp. The OCPs biota-sediment accumulation factor (BSAF) values of Channa argus was the highest in fish samples, followed by Carassius auratus, Cyprinus caspio. This might be due to its habitat and feeding habits. C. argus is carnivorous animal and mainly prey on software animals, shrimp and small fishes, occasionally eat aquatic plants. C. auratu and C. carpio are omnivorous animals. Therefore, C. argus belongs to higher trophic levels compared to C. auratu, C. carpio and M. nipponense judging from feeding habits. The results also provide that bioaccumulation of OCPs exsit in food web.
The mean concentration of HCHs and DDTs were22.15ng L-1and18.23ng L-1in water of Nansi Lake, respectively, which were far below the the surface water environment quality standard in China (GB3838-2002), which listed that the concentration of HCHs and DDTs was less than5000ng L-1and1000ng L-1, respectively, in surface water environment. The result shows that the water environment of Nansi Lake is safety. Two widely used sediment quality guidelines (SQGs) were applied to evaluate the possible ecotoxicological risk of OCPs in this study. One is the effects range-low value (ERL) and effects range-median value (ERM) guidelines (Long and MacDonald1995), the other is the threshold effects level (TEL) and probable effects level (PEL) guidelines. Result showed that a higher occurrence possibility of adverse ecological effects to benthic species is heptachlor epoxide, its levels were higher than TEL and PEL values in86%and14%of stations, respectively. Sediment environment of Nansi Lake is at low risk level, but pay more attention to heptachlor epoxide. Acceptable daily intake (ADI) and hazard ratio (HR) were applied to evaluate the possible ecotoxicological risk of OCPs in this study. Based on the calculation of acceptable daily intake (ADI) and hazard ratio (HR), HCHs in fish and shrimp from Nansi Lake had a lifetime cancer risk of greater than one per million. According to risk assessment results of water, sediment and fish, HCH and heptachlor epoxide had higher risk to human health compared to DDT "and drins.
The concentrations of16polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were analyzed in water, sediment and biota (aquatic plant, shrimp and fish) of the Nansi Lake by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The concentrations of total PAHs were27.54-55.04ng/L in water,80.31-639.23ng/g dry weight (dw) in sediments,20.92-192.78ng/g dw in aquatic plants and67.3-533.9ng/g dw in fish and shrimp muscles. The ratios of phenanthrene to anthracene (Ph/An), fluoranthene to pyrene (Flu/Pyr) and low molecular weight to high molecular weight (LMW/HMW) in sediment indicated that the sources of the PAHs were a mixture of pyrolytic and petrogenic contamination at most sampling sites in Nansi Lake. The composition profile of PAHs in plants was similar to that in water and animals with2-3ring PAHs being dominant. The4-6rings PAHs were the dominant PAH compounds in sediment. There are positive correlations between sediment and aquatic plants, but their PAH composition profiles were different, implying that aquatic plant absorption of PAHs from sediment is selective, and the accumulation of PAHs in aquatic plants is different. The concentration of PAHs in fish showed positive correlation with plants, reflecting that the PAHs in fish are mainly absorbed from aquatic plants, rather than directly from the water besides water.
The biota-sediment accumulation factor (BSAF) has been used to measure the biotic fate of PAH compounds in aquatic ecosystems. Bioaccumulation of LMW PAHs in aquatic biota was higher than HMW PAHs, suggesting that accumulation of the LMW PAHs compounds in aquatic plant, fish and shrimp samples is preferential compared to HMW PAHs compounds. The biota-sediment accumulation factor (BSAF) for total PAHs in the plants Potamogeton lucens Linn and Ceratophyllum demersum Linn were higher than those of most animals. The BAF values of total PAHs in animals were in the following order:Cyprinus caspio> Macrobrachium nipponense> Carassius auratus> Channa argus. C. argus is carnivorous animal and C. auratu and C. carpio are omnivorous animals, Therefore, C. argus belongs to higher trophic levels compared to C. auratu, C. carpio and M. nipponense judging from feeding habits. But the BAF values of total PAHs in C. argus were lowest among fishes and shrimp studied in this article. M. nipponense belongs to the lower trophic level compared to fish but the BAF value of total PAHs was1.3and was only lower than that of C. carpio. There was no significant relationship between PAH bioaccumulation and trophic levels in Nansi Lake. Risk assessment of PAHs in water, sediment and animals indicated that the water environment of Nansi Lake is safe at present. It is worthwhile to note that benzo[a]anthracene (BaA), benzo[a]pyrene (BaP), indeno[1,2,3-cd]pyrene (InP), dibenz[a,h]anthracene (DBA), benzo[ghi]perylene (BghiP) were detected in sediment, plants and animals at all sampling sites, and they have potential carcinogenicity to the organisms of Nansi Lake.
The concentrations of heavy metals (As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, Pb and Zn) were investigated in water, sediment and biota (aquatic plant, shrimp and fish) of Nansi Lake by an Inductively Coupled Plasma-Atomic Emission Spectrometry (ICP-AES). The concentrations of heavy metals in water were almost below detection limit, the concentrations of heavy metals in sediment were high compared to water, which indicated that there were low-level, persistent inputs of heavy metals in Nansi Lake. The concentrations of Cr and Fe exceeded the corresponding toxic concentrations in aquatic plants. The correlation among the concentrations of heavy metals in water, sediment, aquatic plants and animals is low. Factor analysis and the relationship of different heavy metals in water, sediment and aquatic biota samples showed that most heavy metals had the same source except As, which implied that As was of different source from the other heavy metals in Nansi Lake. The comparison of heavy metals in different samples from upper lake and lower lake showed that the contamination of heavy metals in upper lake was more serious than that in lower lake. The intensive coal mining is an important reason leading to contamination of heavy metals in Nansi Lake. The heavy metals in aquatic organisms were not accumulated along food web except As and Zn. There was a positive relationship between the accumulation of As and Zn and food web basing on bioaccumulation factors (BAF) value in Nansi Lake. Risk assessment of heavy metals in water, sediment and animals indicated that the water environment of Nansi Lake is safe at present. However, people should pay more attention to the intake of As and Zn.
引文
[1]余刚,牛军峰,黄俊,等.持久性环境污染物—新的全球性环境问题[M].北京：科学出社版,2005.
[2]刘征涛.持久性有机污染物的主要特征和研究进展[J].环境科学研究,2005,18(3)：93-102.
[3]任仁.《斯德哥尔摩公约》禁用的12种持久性有机污染物[J].大学化学,2003,18(3)：37-41.
[4]Bernadette, Q., Claire, L., Ken, R.L. Concentrations and sources of PCBs and organochlorine pesticides in the St. Lawrence River (Canada) and its tributaries[J]. Chemosphere,1994,29(3):591-610.
[5]Fernandez, M.A., Alonso, C., Gonzalez, M.J.,Hernandez, L.M. Occurrence of organochlorine insecticides,PCBs and PCB congeners in waters and sediments of the Ebro river(Spain)[J]. Chemosphere,1999,38(l):33-43.
[6]Galindo-reyes, J.G., Fossato, V.U., Vilagrana-lizarraga, C., Dolci, F. Pesticides in Water, Sediments, and Shrimp from a Coastal Lagoon off the Gulf of California[J]. Marine Pollution Bulletin,1999,38(9):837-841.
[7]Turgut, C. The contamination with organochlorine pesticides and heavy metals in surface water in Kuiik Menderes River in Turkey,2000-2002[J]. Environment International,2003,29(1):29-32.
[8]Samia,E.K.,Rashed,M.M.,Zayed, M.A. Monitoring of the pesticide levels in some water supplies and agricultural land,in El-Haram,Giza (A.R.E.) [J]. Journal of Hazardous Materials,2000,72(1):11-21.
[9]Mansingh, A., Wilson, A. Insecticide contamination of Jamaican environment Ⅲ. Baseline studies on the status of insecticidal pollution of kingston harbour[J]. Marine Pollution Bulletin,1995,30(10):640-645.
[10]Kidd, K.A., Hesslein, R.H., Ross, B.J., K. Koczanski,G.R., Stephens, D.C.G. Muir Bioaccumulation of organochlorines through a remote freshwater food web in the Canadian Arctic[J], Environmental Pollution,1998,102:91-103.
[11]丘耀文,周俊良,Maskaoui, K.,颜文,洪华生,王肇鼎.大亚湾海域多氯联苯及有机氯农药研究[J].海洋环境科学,2002,21(1)：46-51.
[12]王泰,张祖麟,黄俊,胡洪营,余刚,李发生.海河与渤海湾水体中溶解 态多氯联苯和有机氯农药污染状况调查[J].环境科学,2007,28(4)：731-735.
[13]裴国霞,张岩,马太玲,田春元,任智辉.黄河内蒙古段水体中六六六和多氯联苯的分布特征[J].水资源鱼水工程学报,2010,21(4)：25-27.
[14]张明,花日茂,李学德,周婷婷,汤锋,操海群,吴祥为,唐俊.巢湖表层水体中有机氯农药的分布及其组成[J].应用生态学报,2010,21(1)：209-214.
[15]张秀芳,董晓丽.辽河中下游水体中有机氯农药的残留调查[J].大连轻工业学院学报,2002,21(2)：102-104.
[16]张祖麟,陈伟琪,哈里德,等.九龙江口水体中有机氯农药分布特征及归宿[J].环境科学,2001,22(3)：88-92.
[17]吕景才,赵元凤,徐恒振,等.大连湾、辽东湾养殖水域有机氯农药污染状况[J].中国水产科学,2002,9(1)：73-77.
[18]杨清书,麦碧娴,罗孝俊,等.澳门水域水体有机氯农药的垂线分布特征[J].环境科学学报,2004,24(3)：428-434.
[19]葛冬梅,韩宝平,郑曦,微山湖水体中有机氯农药的分布及风险评价[J].安徽农业科学,2010,38(22)：11987-11989.
[20]杨清书,麦碧娴,傅家谟,等.珠江干流河口水体有机氯农药的研究[J].中国环境科学,2005,25：47-51.
[21]夏凡,胡雄星,韩中豪,等.黄浦江表层水体中有机氯农药的分布特征[J].环境科学研究,2006,19(2)：11-15.
[22]曾智超,孙振中,洪波,等.长江口九段沙水域有机氯农药分布[J].长江流域资源与环境,2007,16(22)：85-89.
[23]王瑁,祁士华,穆倩,等.小海湾水体有机氯农药的浓度水平和特征[J].环境科学与技术,2007,30(8)：33-36.
[24]苏秋克,祁士华,吴辰熙,等.洪湖特色水产品对湖水及沉积物中有机氯农药的积累模式[J].地质科技情报,2000,7：26-30.
[25]Maldonado, C., Bayona, J.M., Bodineau, L., Sources, Distribution, and water column processes of aliphatic and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the Northwestern Black Sea water[J]. Environmental Science and Technology, 1999,33:2693-2702.
[26]Fernandes,M.B.,Sicre, M.A.,Boireau, A.,Tronszynski, J. Polyaromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) distributions in the Seine River and its estuary[J]. Marine Pollution Bulletin,1997,34:857-867.
[27]Gustafson, K.E., Dickhut, R.M. Distribution of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in Southern Chesapeake Bay surface water:evaluation of three methods for determining freely dissolved water concentrations[J]. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry,1997,16:452-461.
[28]Law, R.J., Dawes, V.J., Woodhead, R.J., Matthiessen, P. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) in seawater around England and Wales[J]. Marine Pollution Bulletin,1997,34:306-322.
[29]Zhou, J.L., Maskaoui, K. Distribution of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in water and surface sediments from Daya Bay, China[J]. Environmental Pollution,2003,121:269-28.
[30]Zhou, J.L., Hong, H., Zhang, Z., Maskaoui, K., Chen, W. Multi-phase distribution of organic micropollutants in Xiamen Harbour, China[J]. Water Research,2000,34:2132-2150.
[31]Li, J.W., Shang, X., Tanguay, R,L., Dong, Q.X., Huang, C.J. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in water, sediment, soil, and plants of the Aojiang River waterway in Wenzhou, China[J]. Journal of Hazardous Materials,2010, 173:75-81.
[32]张丛.高效液相色谱测定焦化废水中的多环芳烃[J].环境科学与技术,1987,(3)：20-22.
[33]金祖亮,董淑萍,李玉琴.炭黑中的硝基多环芳烃分析[J].环境化学,1988,(1)：41-47.
[34]沈晓平.南通市地面水中多环芳烃的调查[J].南通医学院学报,1994,14(3)：408-409.
[35]董瑞圣.地面水、饮用水、废水中PAHs的检测.Hewlett Packard文摘.1991
[36]Ko,F.C., Baker,J.E. Seasonal and annual loads of hydrophobic organic contaminants from the Susquehanna River Basin to the Chesapeake Bay[J]. Marine Pollution Bulletin,2004,48:840-851.
[37]Zhu, L.Z., Chen, Y.Y., Zhou, R.B. Distribution of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in water, sediment and soil in drinking water resource of Zhejiang Province, China[J]. Journal of Hazardous Materials,2008,150: 308-316.
[38]Guzzella,L., Roscioli,C., Vigano,L., Saha,M., Sarkar,S.K., Bhattacharya, A. Evaluation of the concentration of HCH, DDT, HCB, PCB and PAH in the sediments along the lower stretch of Hugh estuary, West Bengal, northeast India[J]. Environment International,2005,31:523-534.
[39]Fox, M.E., Roper,D.S., Thrush, S.F. Organochlorine contaminants in surficial sediments of Manukall Harbour, New Zealand[J]. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 1988,19(7):333-336.
[40]Nhan, D.D., Am, N.M., Carvalho, F.P., Vieneuve, J.P., Cattini, C. Organochlorine pesticides and PCBs along the coast of north Vietnam[J]. Sci Total Environ,1999,237/238:363-71.
[41]Khim, J.S., Lee, K.T., Kannan, K., Villeneuva, D.L., Giesy, J.P., Koh, C.H. Trace organic contaminants in sediment and water from Ulsan Bay and its vicinity, Korea[J]. Arch Environ Contam Toxicol,2001,40:141-50.
[42]Guruge, K.S., Tanabe, S. Contamination by persistent organochlorine and Butyltin compounds in the west coast of Sri Lanka[J]. Marine Pollution Bulletin,2001,43(3):179-186.
[43]Fernandez, M.A., Alonso,C., Gonzalez, M.I., Hernandez, L.M. Occurrence of organochlorine insecticides, PCBs and PCB congeners in waters and sediments of the Ebro River (Spain) [J]. Chemosphere,1999,38(1):33-43.
[44]Sapozhnikova,Y., Bawardi,O., Schlenk, D. Pesticides and PCBs in sediments and fish from the Salton Sea, California, USA[J]. Chemosphere,2004, 55:797-809.
[45]Noren-a-Barroso,E., Gold-Bouchot,G., Ceja-Moreno,V. Temporal Variation of Persistent Organic Pollutant (POP) Residue Concentrations in Sediments from the Bay of Chetumal, Mexico[J]. Bull Environ Contam Toxicol,2007, 79:141-146.
[46]Wasswa,J., Kiremire,B.T., Nkedi-Kizza,P. Mbabazi,J., Ssebugere,P. Organochlorine pesticide residues in sediments from the Uganda side of Lake Victoria[J]. Chemosphere,2011,82:130-136.
[47]Iwata, H., Tanabe, S., Skakai, N., et al. Tatsukawa R:Geographical distributions of persistent organochlorines in air, water and sediments from Asia and Oceania and their implications for global redistribution from lower latitudes[J]. Environmental Pollution,1994a,8515-8533.
[48]Kalajzic, T., Bianchi, M., Mutall, H., et al. Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCOCs) and organochlorine pestieides (OCPs) in the sediments of an Italian drinking water reservoir[J]. Chemosphere,1998,36:1615-1625.
[49]Glynn, P.W., Rumbold, D.G., Snedaker, S.C. Organoehlorine pestieide residues in marine sediment and biota from the Northern Florida Reef Tract[J]. Marine Pollution Bulletin,1995,30(6):397-402.
[50]干爱华,刘军,丁辉,等.海河干流表层沉积物中的有机氯农药残留[J].农业环境科学学报,2006,25(1)：232-236.
[51]吴启航,麦碧娴,陈永亨,等.珠江(广州段)沉积物中多环芳烃分布及富集研究[J].广州大学学报(自然科学版),2004,3(4)：351-356.
[52]Hong, H., Xu, L., Zhang, L., et al. Environmental fate and chemistry of organic pollutants in the sediment of Xiamen and Victoria Harbors[J]. Marine Pollution Bulletin,1995,31(4-12):229-236.
[53]Wu, Y., Zhang, J., Zhou, Q. Persistent organochlorine residues in sediments from Chinese river/estuary [J]. Environmental Pollution,1999, 105(1):143-150.
[54]李洪,付宇众,周传光,徐恒振.大连湾和锦州湾表层沉积物中有机氯农药和多氯联苯的分布特征[J].海洋环境科学,1998,17(2)：74-76.
[55]胡雄星,韩中豪,周亚康,程金平,王文华.黄浦江表层沉积物中有机氯农药的分布特征及风险评价[J].环境科学,2005,26(3)：45-48.
[56]康跃惠,盛国英,傅家谟,等.珠江澳门河口沉积物柱样中有机氯农药的垂直分布特征[J].环境科学,2001,22(1)：81-85.
[57]施震,张大文,黄小平,汪飞.有机氯农药在粤西海域沉积物和生物体中的累积研究[J].热带海洋学报,2010,29(3)：114-119.
[58]袁旭音,王禹,陈骏,孙成,许乃政.太湖沉积物中有机氯农药的残留特征及风险评估[J].环境科学,2003,24(1)：121-125.
[59]刘楠楠,陈鹏,朱淑贞,祝凌燕.辽河和太湖沉积物中PAHs和OCPs的分布特征及风险评估[J].中国环境科学,2011,31(2)：293-300.
[60]林秀梅,刘文新,陈江麟,等.渤海表层沉积物中多环芳烃的分布与生态风险评价[J].环境科学学报,2005,25(1)：70-75.
[61]Chen,Y.Y., Zhu,L.Z., Zhou,R.B. Characterization and distribution of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon in surface water and sediment from Qiantang River, China[J]. Journal of Hazardous Materials,2007,141:148-155.
[62]Li,B.H., Feng,C.H.,Li,X., Chen,Y.X., Niu,J.F., She,Z.Y.Spatial distribution and source apportionment of PAHs in surficial sediments of the Yangtze Estuary, China[J]. Marine Pollution Bulletin,2012,64:636-643.
[63]Zhang,Y., Guo,C.S., Xu,J., Tian, Y.Z., Shi,G.L., Feng,Y.C. Potential source contributions and risk assessment of PAHs in sediments from Taihu Lake, China:Comparison of three receptor models[J]. Water Research,2012, 46:3065-3073.
[64]Kennicutt,I.I.,Wade,T.L., Presley, B.J., Requejo, A.G., Brooks, J.M., Denoux,G.J. Sediment contaminants in Casco Bay, Maine:inventories, sources, and potential for biological impact[J]. Environmental Science and Technology,1994,28:1-15.
[65]Simpson, C.D., Mosi, A.A., Cullen, W.R., Reimer, K.J. Composition and distribution of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon contamination in surficial marine sediments from Kitimat Harbor, Canada[J]. Science of the Total Environment,1996,181:265-278.
[66]Kim,G.B., Maruya, K.A., Lee, R.F., Lee, J.H., Koh, C.H., Tanabe,S. Distribution and sources of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in sediments from Kyeonggi Bay, Korea[J]. Marine Pollution Bulletin,1999,38:7-15.
[67]Baumard, P., Budzinski, H., Garrigues, P., Dizer, H., Hansen, P.D. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in recent sediments and mussels (Mytilus edulis) from the Western Baltic Sea:occurrence, bioavailability and seasonal variations[J]. Marine Environmental Research,1999,47:17-47.
[68]Maldonado, C., Bayona, J.M., Bodineau, L. Sources, distribution, and water column processes of aliphatic and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the Northwestern Black Sea water[J]. Environmental Science and Technology, 1999,33:2693-2702.
[69]Mai, B.X., Fu, J.M., Sheng, G.Y., Kang, Y.H., Lin, Z., Zhang, G., Min, Y.S., Zeng, E.Y. Chlorinated and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in riverine and estuarinesediments from Pearl River delta, China[J]. Environmental Pollution, 2002,117:457-474.
[70]Kang, Y.H., Sheng, G.Y., Fu, J.M., Mai, B.X., Zhang, G., Lin, Z., Min, Y.S. Polychlorinated biphenyls in surface sediments from the Pearl River delta and Macau [J]. Marine Pollution Bulletin,2000,40:794-797.
[71]Hong, H., Chen, W., Xu, L., Wang, X., Zhang, L. Distribution and fate of organochlorine pollutants in the Pearl River Estuary [J].Marine Pollution Bulletin,1999,39(1-12):376-382.
[72]Fu,J.M., Mai,B.X., Sheng, G.Y., Zhang, G., Wang, X.M., Peng, P.,et al. Persistent organic pollutants in environment of the Pearl River Delta, China: an overview [J]. Chemosphere,2003,52:1411-1422.
[73]王小萍,龚平,姚檀栋.偏远地区大气中持久性有机污染物研究进展[J].环境科学,2008,29(2)：272-282.
[74]Dickhut, R.,Cincinelli, A.,Cochran, M., et al. Atmospheric concentration and air water flux of organic hlorine pesticides along the Western Antarctic Peninsula[J]. Environmental Science and Technology,2005,39(2):465-470.
[75]Murayama, H., Takase, Y., Mitobe, H., et al. Seasonal change of pesticide organic pollutant concentration on sinair at Niigata Area Japan[J]. Chemosphere,2003,52(4):683-694.
[76]梁越,唐星华,刘小真.大气中持久性有机污染物研究进展[J].江西科学,2009,27(4)：634-638.
[77]龚钟明,曹军,李本纲,等.天津地区土壤中六六六(HcH)的残留及分布特征[J].中国环境科学,2003,23(3)：311-314.
[78]王京文,陆宏,厉仁安.慈溪市蔬菜地有机氯农药残留调查[J].浙江农业科学,2003,(1)：40-41.
[79]方玲.有机氯农药在茶叶及其环境中的残留状况与评价[J].福建农业大学学报,1998,27(2)：211-215.
[80]赵玲,马永军.有机氯农药在农业环境中残留现状分析[J].农业环境与发展,2001,(1)：37-39.
[81]Choy,M.S., Kimpe, L.E., Mallory, M.L., Smol,J.P., Blais, J.M. Contamination of an arctic terrestrial food web with marine-derived persistent organic pollutants transported by breeding seabirds[J]. Environmental Pollution,2010, 158:3431-3438.
[82]Braune, B.M.,Muir, D.C.G., Stern, G., Hoekstra, P.F., Dietz, R., Kwan,M., et al. Spatial and temporal trends of mercury and POPs in Canadian arctic biota[J]. Science of the Total Environment,2005,351-352:4-56.
[83]Robert, J., Letcher, J.O.B., Rune, D., Bjorn, M., Jenssen, E.H., Jorgensen, C.S., Jonathan, V., Mathilakath, M., Vijayan, G.W.G. Exposure and effects assessment of persistent organohalogen contaminants in arctic wildlife and fish[J].Science of the Total Environment,2010,408:2995-3043.
[84]Helmut,G., Kurt, W., Horst, B., Sven, R., Joachim, P. Increasing levels and biomagnification of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) in Antarctic biota [J]. Marine Pollution Bulletin,2004,48:295-302.
[85]Tokutaka, I., Nguyen, P. C.T., Michio, X.W., Noboru, O., Koji Omori, S.T. Bui, C.T., Ichiro, T. Analysis of biomagnification of persistent organic pollutants in the aquatic food web of the Mekong Delta, South Vietnam using stable carbon and nitrogen isotopes [J]. Chemosphere,2008,72:104-114.
[86]Kong, K.Y., Cheung,K.C., Wong,C.K.C., Wong, M.H. The residual dynamic of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and organochlorine pesticides in fishponds of the Pearl River delta, South China [J]. Water Research,2005, 39:1831-1843.
[87]丘耀文,张干,郭玲利,李向东,李军.大亚湾海域典型有机氯农药生物累积特征及变化因素研究[J].海洋学报,2007,3(29)：51-57.
[88]Zhou,R.B., Zhu, L.Z., Kong, Q.X. Persistent chlorinated pesticides in fish specie from Qiantang River in East China [J].Chemosphere,2007,68:838-847.
[89]李荣,甘金华,徐进,危起伟.长江宜昌江段铜鱼和中华鲟体内HCH DDT的残留水平[J].农业环境科学学报,2008,27(6)：2434-2439.
[90]Hu,G.C, Dai, J.Y., Mai, B.X., Luo, X.J., Cao H., et al. Concentrations and Accumulation Features of Organochlorine Pesticides in the Baiyangdian Lake Freshwater Food Web of North China[J]. Arch Environ Contam Toxicol,2010, 58:700-710.
[91]窦薇,赵忠宪.白洋淀水体、表层沉积物及鲫鱼体内DDT、BHC污染状况研究[J].环境科学学报,1998,18(3)：308-312.
[92]Yang, R.Q., Yao, T.D., Xu. B.Q., Jiang, G.B., Xin,X.D. Accumulation features of organochlorine pesticides and heavy metals in fish from high mountain lakes and Lhasa River in the Tibetan Plateau[J].Environment International,2007,33:51-156.
[93]Xu, F.L., Wu, W.J., Wang, J.J., Qin, N., Wang, Y., He, Q.S., Tao, S. Residual levels and health risk of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in freshwater fishes from Lake Small Bai-Yang-Dian, Northern China[J]. Ecological Modelling, 2011,222:275-286.
[94]Wang, D.Q., Yu, Y.X., Zhang, X.Y., Zhang, S.H., Pang, X.L., Yu, Z.Q., Wu, M.H., Fu, J.M. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and organochlorine pesticides in fish from Taihu Lake:Their levels, sources, and biomagnification[J].Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety,2012,82: 63-70.
[95]Eunate, P.A., Asuncion, N., Alba, O., Denise, F., Elena,M., Miren, L.A.,et al. Origin and distribution of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon pollution in sediment and fish from the biosphere reserve of Urdaibai (Bay of Biscay, Basque country, Spain)[J]. Marine Environmental Research,2010, 70:142-149.
[96]Liang, Y., Tse, M.F., Young, L., Wong, M.H. Distribution patterns of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in the sediments and fish at Mai Po Marshes Nature Reserve, Hong Kong [J]. Water research,2007, 41:1303-1311.
[97]Lydia, G., John, F., Mdachi, S.J.M., Georg, S., Werner, B. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) contamination of surface sediments and oysters from the inter-tidal areas of Dar es Salaam, Tanzania [J]. Environmental Pollution, 2009,157:24-34
[98]Kumar, K.S., Sajwan, K.S., Richardson, J.P., Kannan, K. Contamination profiles of heavy metals, organochlorine pesticides, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and alkylphenols in sediment and oyster collected from marsh/estuarine Savannah GA, USA[J]. Marine Pollution Bulletin,2008,56: 136-162.
[99]Ramdine, G., Fichet, D., Louis, M., Lemoine, S. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in surface sediment and oysters (Crassostrea rhizophorae) from mangrove of Guadeloupe:Levels, bioavailability, and effects [J]. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety,2012,79:80-89.
[100]李敬光,赵云峰,吴永宁.我国母乳中持久性有机污染暴露水平及主要来源研究[J].环境化学,2011,30(1)：5-19.
[101]于慧芳,赵旭东,张晓鸣,等.1982年至2002年北京地区人乳中有机氯农药水平监测[J].中华预防医学杂志,2005,39(1)：22-25.
[102]李延红,郭常义,汪国权,等.上海地区人乳中六六六、 滴滴涕蓄积水平的动态研究[J].环境与职业医学,2003,20(3)：181-185.
[103]曹华娟,曹朝晖,胡小湖,等.湖南省长沙地区人乳中有机氯化合物蓄积水平的动态研究[J].实用预防医学,2007,(3)：172-174.
[104]Tsydenovva,O.V., Sudaryanto,A., Kajiwara,N., et al. Organohalogen compounds in human breast milk from Republic of Buryatia, Russia[J]. Environmental Pollution,2007,146(1):225-232.
[105]Zietz, B.P., Hoopmann, M., Funcke, M., et al. Long-term biomonitoring of polychlorinated biphenyls and organochlorine pesticides in human milk from mothers living in northern Germany[J]. Int J Hyg Environ Health,2008, 211(5/6):624-638.
[106]Mueller,J.F., Harden,F., Toms,L.M., et al. Persistent organochlorine pesticides in human milk samples from Australia [J]. Chemosphere,2008, 70(4):712-720.
[107]Szyrwinska,K., Lulek,J. Exposure to specific polychlorinated biphenyls and some chlorinated pesticides via breast milk in Poland [J]. Chemosphere,2007, 66(10):1895-1903.
[108]Behrooz,R.D., Sari,A.E., Bahramifar,N., et al. Organochlorine pesticide and polychlorinated biphenyl in human milk from the Southern Coast of Caspian Sea, Iran[J]. Chemosphere,2009,74(7):931-937.
[109]Ennaceur S, Gandoura N, Driss M R. Organochlorine pesticide residues in human milk of mothers in northern Tunisia[J]. Bull Environ Contam Toxicol, 2007,78(5):325-39
[110]王文雄.微量金属生态毒理学和生物地球化学[M].北京：科学出版社,2010.
[111]Akin, H., Karadede, U.E. Heavy metal concentrations in water, sediment, fish and some benthic organisms from Tigris River, Turkey [J]. Environ Monit Assess,2007,131:323-337.
[112]Amundsen, P.A., Staldvik, F.J., Lukin, A.A. Heavy metal contamination in freshwater fish from the border region between Norway and Russia[J]. Science of the Total Environment,1997,201:211-224.
[113]Biney, C.A., Ameyibor, E. Trace metal concentration in the pink shrimp penaeus notialis from the coast of Ghana[J]. Water, Air, and Soil Pollution, 1992,63:273-279.
[114]Candy,C.A., Angel, J., Maria, C., Ramon, F. Accumulation and distribution of heavy metals in scirpus americanus and typha latifolia from an Artificial Lagoon in San Luis Potosi, Mexico[J]. Water, Air, and Soil Pollution,2008, 188:297-309.
[115]Karadede, H., Oymak, S.A., Unlu, E. Heavy metals in mullet, Liza abu, and catfish, Silurus triostegus, from the Ataturk Dam Lake (Euphrates), Turkey[J]. Environment International,2004,30:183-188.
[116]Ikem, A., Egiebor, N.O., Nyavor, K. Trace elements on water, fish and sediment from Tuskegee Lake, southeastern USA[J]. Water, Air, and Soil Pollution,2003,149:51-75.
[117]丘耀文,颜文,王肇鼎,张干.大亚湾海水、沉积物和生物体中重金属分布及其生态危害[J].热带海洋学报,2005,24(5)：69-76.
[118]Chi,Q.Q., Zhu,G.W., Alan, L. Bioaccumulation of heavy metals in fishes from Taihu Lake, China [J]. Journal of Environmental Sciences,2007, 19:1500-1504.
[119]Tang, C.W.Y., Ip, C.C.M., Zhang,G., Shin,P.K.S., Qian, P.Y., Li, X.D. The spatial and temporal distribution of heavy metals in sediments of Victoria Harbour, Hong Kong[J]. Marine Pollution Bulletin,2008,57:816-825.
[120]Yang, R.Q., Yao, T.D., Xu, B.Q., Jiang, G.B., Xin, X.D. Accumulation features of organochlorine pesticides and heavy metals in fish from high mountain lakes and Lhasa River in the Tibetan Plateau[J]. Environment International,2007,33:151-156.
[121]廉雪琼,王运芳,陈群英.广西近岸海域海水和沉积物及生物体中的重金属[J].海洋环境科学,2001,20(2)：59-62.
[122]李红莉,李国刚,高虹,宫正宇,朱晨,连军.南四湖表层沉积物中有机氯农药的含量及分布特征[J].中国环境监测,2005,21(6)：11-14.
[123]李红莉,李国刚,高虹,宫正宇,朱晨,连军.南四湖表层沉积物中多氯联苯的空 间分布特征[J].中国环境监测,2007,23(6)：61-64.
[124]朱晨,李红莉,高虹,岳太星.南四湖上级湖表层沉积物中多环芳烃的含量及分布特征[J].中国环境监测,2009,25(2)：75-78.
[125]杨永亮,史双昕,潘静,李红莉,李国刚,高虹,周成,李悦,石磊,Kevin Jones.南四湖沉积物中二嗯英类化合物的分布[J].环境化学,2004,23(5)：449-554.
[126]史双听,杨永亮,石磊,南四湖表层沉积物中多环芳烃的分布及其来源[J].青岛大学学报,2005,20(4)：95-99.
[127]杨永亮,潘静,李红莉,高虹,史双听,石磊.烟台、日照近海及南四湖沉积物中的多氯联苯[J].矿物岩石地球化学通报,2003,22(2)：108-112.
[128]An, W.C., Li,X.M. Phosphate adsorption characteristics at the sediment-water interface and phosphorus fractions in Nansi Lake, China, and its main inflow rivers[J]. Environ Monit Assess,2009,148:173-184.
[129]杨洪美,张桂斋,李小明.南四湖表层沉积物中N的形态及其分布特征[J].山东大学学报(理学版),2012,47(3)：14-20.
[130]Wang,X.J., Pan, H.J., Yang, L.Y., Shen, J., Sun, Q.Y., Zhang, Z.L. Analysis of heavy metal concentrations in surfaces sediments of Nansihu Lake[J]. Transactions of Oceanology and Limnology,2005,2:22-27.
[131]Liu,E.F., Shen,J., Yang,L.Y.,Zhang,E.L.,Meng,X.H., Wang.J.J. Assessment of heavy metal contamination in the sediments of Nansihu Lake Catchment, China[J]. Environ Monit Assess,2010,161:217-227.
[132]沈吉,张祖陆,杨丽原,孙庆义,等.南四湖—环境与资源研究[M].北京：地震出版社,2007.
[133]杨东海,张晴,潘勇伟,李晓敏.山东省南四湖及其流域环境特征川[J].江苏环境科技,2004,17：120-123.
[134]谭培功,赵仕兰,曾宪杰,李静.莱州湾海域水体中有机氯农药和多氯联苯的浓度水平和分布特征[J].中国海洋大学学报,2006,(3)：439-446.
[135]Vagi,M.C.,Petsas,A.S.,Kostopoulou,M.N.,Karamanoli,M.K., Lekkas,T.D. Determination of organochlorine pesticides in marine sediments samples using ultrasonic solvent extraction followed byGC/ECD[J]. Desalination,2007, 210:146-156.
[136]Annette,S.M., Qi,S., Wang,Y.h., Kong,X.S., Odhiambo,J.S.O., Zhang,J.P. Distribution and sources of organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) in Karst Cave, Guilin, China[J]. Academia Arena,2009, 1(1):47-56.
[137]Eqani, S. A. M. A., Malik, R. N., Cincinelli, A., Zhang, G., Mohammad, A., Qadir, A., et al. Uptake of organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) by river water fish:The case of River Chenab[J]. Science of the Total Environment,2013,450-451:83-91.
[138]Guzzella, L., Roscioli, C., Vigano, L., Saha, M., Sarkar, S. K., Bhattacharya, A. Evaluation of the concentration of HCH, DDT, HCB, PCB and PAH in the sediments along the lower stretch of Hugli estuary,West Bengal, northeast India[J]. Environment International,2005,31:523-534.
[139]Chen, C. Y., Tien, C. J., Sun, Y. M., Hsieh, C. Y., Lee, C. C. Influence of water quality parameters on occurrence of polybrominated diphenyl ether in sediment and sediment to biota accumulation[J]. Chemosphere,2013, 90:2420-2427.
[140]Hernandez, L. M., Fernandez, M. A., & Gonzalez, M. J. Organochlorine pollutants in water, soils, and earthworms in the Guadalquivir River, Spain[J]. Bull Environ Contam Toxicol,1992,49:192-198.
[141]Lie, E., Bernhoft, A., Riget, F., Belikov, S. E., Boltunov, A. N., Derocher, A. E., et al. Geographical distribution of organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) in polar bears (Ursus maritimus) in the Norwegian and Russian, Arctic[J]. Science of the Total Environment,2003,306:159-170.
[142]Thomas, M., Lazartigues, A., Banas, D., Bellut, J. B., & Feidt, C. Organochlorine pesticides and polychlorinated biphenyls in sediments and fish from freshwater cultured fish ponds in different agricultural contexts in north-eastern France[J]. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety,2012, 77:35-44.
[143]Hua, X. M., & Shen, Z. J. The production and application of pestidices and factor analysis of their pllution in environment in China[J]. Advances in Environmental Science,1996,4(2):33-45.
[144]Qiu, X., Zhu, T., Jing, L., Pan, H., Li, Q., Miao, G., et al. Organochlorine pesticides in the air around the Taihu Lake, China[J]. Environmental Science and Technology,2004,38:1368-1374.
[145]Hu, G. C., Dai, J. Y., Mai, B. X., Luo, X. J., Cao, H., Wang, J.S., et al. Concentrations and accumulation features of organochlorine pesticides in the Baiyangdian Lake freshwater food web of North China[J]. Arch Environ Contam Toxicol,2010,58:700-710.
[146]Zhou, R. B., Zhu, L. Z., Yang, K., Chen, Y. Y. Distribution of organochlorine pesticides in surface water and sediments from Qiantang River, East China[J]. Journal of Hazardous Materials,2006,137:68-75.
[147]Chau, K. W. Characterization of transboundary POP contamination in aquatic ecosystems of Pearl River delta[J]. Marine Pollution Bulletin,2005, 51:960-965.
[148]Doong, R. A., Peng, C. K., Sun, Y. C., & Liao, P. L. Composition and distribution of organochlorine pesticide residues in surface sediments from the Wu-Shi River estuary, Taiwan[J]. Marine Pollution Bulletin,2002, 45:246-253.
[149]Sun, J. H., Feng, J. L., Liu, Q., Li, Q. Distribution and sources of organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) in sediments from upper reach of Huaihe River, East China[J]. Journal of Hazardous Materials,2010,184:141-146.
[150]Xue, N. D., Zhang, D. R., Xu, X. B. Organochlorinated pesticide multiresidues in surface sediments from Beijing Guanting reservoir[J]. Water Research, 2006,40:183-194.
[151]Jiang, Q. T., Lee, T. K. M., Chen, K., Wong, H. L., Zheng, J. S., Giesy J. P., et al. Human health risk assessment of organochlorines associated with fish consumption in a coastal city in China[J]. Environmental Pollution,2005, 136:155-165.
[152]Guo, L., Qiu, Y., Zhang, G.., Zheng, G., Lam, P., Li, X. Levels and bioaccumulation of organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) and polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in fishes from the Pearl River estuary and Daya Bay, South China[J]. Environmental Pollution,2008,152:604-611.
[153]Yang, N. Q., Muneaki, M., Kawano, M., Wakimoto, T. PCBs and organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) in edible fish and shellfish from China[J]. Chemosphere,2006,63:1342-1352.
[154]Zhou, R. B., Zhu, L. Z., Kong, Q. X. Persistent chlorinated pesticides in fish species from Qiantang River in East China[J]. Chemosphere,2007, 68:838-847.
[155]Guinan, J., Charlesworth, M., Service, M., Oliver, T. Sources and geochemical constituents of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in sediments and mussels of two Northern Irish Sea-loughs[J]. Marine Pollution Bulletin,2001, 42(11):1073-81.
[156]Okay, O. S., Karacik, B., Henkelmann, B., Schramm, K. W. Distribution of organochlorine pesticides in sediments and mussels from the Istanbul Strait[J]. Environ Monit Assess,2011,176:51-65.
[157]Pandit, G. G., Sahu, S. K., Sharma, S., Puranik, V. D. Distributionand fate of persistent organochlorine pesticides in coastal marine environment of Mumbai[J]. Environment International,2006,32:240-243.
[158]Tanabe, S., Iwata, H., Tatsukawa, R. Global contamination by persistent organochlorine and their ecotoxiological impact on marine mammals[J]. Science of the Total Environment,1994,154:163-177.
[159]张明,花日茂,李学德,周婷婷,汤锋,等.巢湖表层水体中有机氯农药的分布及组成[J].应用生态学报,2010,21(1)：209-214.
[160]Chen,J.W.,Liu,C.,Yang,Z.F.,Wang,J.Y. Residues and Characteristics of Organochlorine Pesticides in the Surface Water in the Suburb of Beijing[J]. Earth Science Frontiers,2008,15(5):242-247.
[161]康跃惠,刘培斌,王子健,吕怡兵,李其军.北京官厅水库-永定河水系水体中持久性有机氯农药污染[J].湖泊科学,2003,15(2)：125-131.
[162]Sun,J.H., Feng,J.L., Liu, Q., Li, Q.I. Distribution and sources of organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) in sediments from upper reach of Huaihe River, East China[J]. Journal of Hazardous Materials,2010,184:141-146.
[163]Xue,N.D.,Zhang,D.R.,Xu,X,B. Organochlorinated pesticide multiresidues in surface sediments from Beijing Guanting reservoir[J]. Water Research,2006, 40:183-194.
[164]Liu,Y.,Song, C.W.,Li,Y., Liu,Y., Song,J.M. The distribution of organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) in surface sediments of Bohai Sea Bay, China[J]..Environ Monit Assess,2012,184:1921-1927.
[165]Wang,Z.,Yan,W.,Chi,J.,Zhang, G. Spatial and vertical distribution of organochlorine pesticides in sediments from Daya Bay, South China[J]. Marine Pollution Bulletin,2008,56:1578-1585.
[166]Tan,L.,He,M.,Men,B.,Lin,C. Distribution and sources of organochlorine pesticides in water and sediments from Daliao River estuary of Liaodong Bay,Bohai Sea (China) [J]. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science,2009, 84:119-127.
[167]Liu, Y., Song, C. W., Li, Y., Liu, Y., Song, J. M. The distribution of organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) in surface sediments of Bohai Sea Bay, China[J]. Environ Monit Assess,2012,184:1921-1927.
[168]Li, X. M. Gan, Y. P., Yang, X. P., Zhou, J., Dai, J. Y., Xu, M. Q. Human health risk of organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in edible fish from Huairou Reservoir and Gaobeidian Lake in Beijing, China[J]. Food Chemistry,2008,109:348-354.
[169]Zhou, R. B., Zhu, L. Z., Chen, Y. Y., Kong, Q. X. Concentrations and characteristics of organochlorine pesticides in aquatic biota from Qiantang River in China[J]. Environmental Pollution,2008,151:190-199.
[170]Wu, C., Zhang, A., Liu, W. P. Risks from sediments contaminated with organochlorine pesticides in Hangzhou, China[J]. Chemosphere,2013, 90:2341-2346.
[171]Li, Y. F., Cai, D. J., Shan, Z. J., Zhu, L. Z. Gridded usage inventories of technical hexachlorocyclohexane and lindane for China with 1/6° latitude by 1/4° longitude resolution[J]. Arch Environ Contam Toxicol,2001,41:261-266.
[172]Doong, R.A.; Peng, C.K., Sun, Y.C., Liao, P.L. Composition and distribution of organochlorine pesticide residues in surface sediments from the Wu-Shi River estuary, Taiwan [J]. Marine Pollution Bulletin,2002,45:246-53.
[173]吴启航,麦碧霞,彭平安,傅家谟.不同粒径沉积物中多环芳烃和有机氯农药分布特征[J].中国环境检测,2004,20(5)：1-6.
[174]孙剑辉,王国良,张干,等.黄河表层沉积物中有机氯农药的相关性分析与风险评价[J].环境科学学报,2008,28(2)：342-348.
[175]Guzzella, L., Roscioli, C., Vigano, L., Saha, M., Sarkar, S.K. Bhattacharya, A. Evaluation of the concentration of HCH, DDT, HCB, PCB and PAH in the sediments along the lower stretch of Hugli estuary, West Bengal, northeast India[J]. Environment International,2005,31:523-534.
[176]杨毅,刘敏,侯立军.长江口潮滩含氯有机物的分布及与TOC、粒度的相关性[J].上海环境科学,2002,21(9)：530-532.
[177]De Mora, S.J., Villeneuve, J.P., Sheikholeslami, M.R., Cattini, C., Tolosa, I. Organochlorinated compounds in Caspian Sea sediments [J]. Marine Pollution Bulletin,2004,48:30-43.
[178]Guinan, J., Charlesworth, M., Service, M., Oliver, T. Sources and geochemical constituents of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in sediments and mussels of two Northern Irish Sea-loughs[J]. Marine Pollution Bulletin,2001, 42(11):1073-81.
[179]Oost, R. V. D., Opperhuizenb, A., Satumalay, K., Heida, H., & Vermeulen, N. P. E. Biomonitoring aquatic pollution with feral eel (Anguilla anguilla) I. Bioaccumulation biota-sediment ratios of PCBs, OCPs, PCDDs and PCDFs[J]. Aquatic Toxicology,1996,35:2146.
[180]Oost, R. V. D., Heida, H., Opperhuizen, A. Polychlorinated biphenyl congeners in sediments, plankton, molluscs, crustaceans, and eel in a freshwater lake:implications of using reference chemicals and indicator organisms in bioaccumulation studies[J]. Arch Environm Contam Toxicol, 1988,17:721-729.
[181]Qiu, Y. W., Guo, L. L., Zhang, G. Levels of organochlorine pesticides in organisms from deep bay and human health risk assessment[J]. Asian Journal of Eeotoxicology,2008,3(1):42-47.
[182]Long, E. R., MacDonald, D. D. Incidence of adverse biological effects within ranges of chemical concentration in marine and estuarine sediments[J]. J. Environ. Manage,1995,19:81-97.
[183]Chen, W. Q., Zhang, L. P., Xu, L., Wang, X. H., Hong, L. Y., Hong, H. S. Residue levels of HCHs, DDTs and PCBs in shellfish from coastal areas of east Xiamen Island and Minjiang Estuary, China[J]. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 2002,45:385-390.
[184]Xu, F.L., Wu, W.J., Wang, J.J., Qin, N., Wang, Y., He, Q.S., Tao, S. Residual levels and health risk of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in freshwater fishes from Lake Small Bai-Yang-Dian, Northern China[J]. Ecological Modelling, 2011,222:275-286.
[185]Menzie C.A., Potoki, B.B., Santodonato. Exposure to carcinogenic PAHs in the environment[J]. Environmental Science and Technology,1992, 26(7):1278-1284.
[186]王振刚.环境卫生学[M].人民卫生出版社,2000.
[187]Kumar, K.S., Sajwan, K.S., Richardson, J.P., Kannan, K. Contamination profiles of heavy metals, organochlorine pesticides, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and alkylphenols in sediment and oyster collected from marsh/estuarine Savannah GA, USA[J]. Marine Pollution Bulletin,2008, 56:136-162.
[188]Halek, F., Nabi, G.h., Kavousi, A. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons study and toxic equivalency factor (TEFs) in Tehran, IRAN[J]. Environ Monit Assess,2008,143:303-311.
[189]Cheung, K.C., Leung, H.M., Wong, M.H. Residual levels of DDTs and PAHs in freshwater and marine fish from Hong Kong markets and their health risk assessment[J]. Chemosphere,2007,66:460-468.
[190]李红莉,李国刚,高虹,宫正宇,朱晨,李伟,连军.南四湖水中多环芳烃的分析及分布研究[J].化学分析计量,2006,15(6)：32-34.
[191]Tang, L.L., Tang, X.Y., Zhu, Y.G., Zheng, M.H., Miao, Q.L. Contamination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in urban soils in Beijing, China[J]. Environment International,2005,31:822-828.
[192]Yang, B., Zhou, L.L., Xue, N.D., Li, F.S., Li, Y.W., Vogt, R.D., Cong, X., Yan, Y.Z., Liu B. Source apportionment of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in soils of Huanghuai Plain, China:Comparison of three receptor models[J]. Science of the Total Environment,2013,443:3-39.
[193]Fang, J.K.H., Wu, R.S.S., Zheng, G.J., Au, D.W.T., Lam, P.K.S., Shin, P.K.S. The use of muscle burden in rabbitfish Siganus oramin for monitoring polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and polychlorinated biphenyls in Victoria Harbour, Hong Kong and potential human health risk[J]. Science of the Total Environment,2009,407:4327-4332.
[194]Gaspare, L., Machiwa, J.F., Mdachi, S.J.M., Streck, G, Brack, W. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) contamination of surface sediments and oysters from the inter-tidal areas of Dar es Salaam, Tanzania[J]. Environmental Pollution,2009,157:24-34.
[195]Jiao, W.T., Wang, T.Y., Khim, J.S., Luo, W., Hu, W.Y., Naile, J.E., Giesy, J.P., Lu, Y.L. PAHs in surface sediments from coastal and estuarine areas of the northern Bohai and Yellow Seas, China[J]. Environ Geochem Health,2012, 34:445-456.
[196]Li, J.C., Liu, GG, Yin, L.L., Xue, J.L., Li, YF. Distribution characteristics of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in sediments and biota from the Zha Long Wetland, China[J]. Environ Monit Assess,2013,185:3163-3171.
[197]Zhang, Y, Guo. C.S., Xu,J., Tian.Y.Z., Shi, GL., Feng, Y.C. Potential source contributions and risk assessment of PAHs in sediments from Taihu Lake, China:Comparison of three receptor models[J]. Water Research,2012, 46:3065-3073.
[198]Wang, H.S., Cheng, Z., Liang, P., Shao, D.D., et al. Characterization of PAHs in surface sediments of aquaculture farms around the Pearl River Delta[J]. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety,2010,73:900-906.
[199]Ramdine, G, Fichet, D., Louis, M., Lemoine, S. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in surface sediment and oysters (Crassostrea rhizophorae) from mangrove of Guadeloupe:Levels, bioavailability, and effects[J]. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety,2012,79:80-89.
[200]Simcik, M.F., Eisenreich, S.J., Lioy, P.J.Source apportionment and source/sink relationships of PAHs in the coastal atmosphere of Chicago and Lake Michigan[J]. Atmospheric Environment,1999,33:5071-5079.
[201]朱晨,李红莉,高虹,岳太星.南四湖上级湖表层沉积物中多环芳烃的含量及分布特征[J].中国环境监测,2009,25(2)：75-78.
[202]Baumard, P., Budzinski, H., Garrigues, P., Sorbe, J.C., Bellocq, J. Concentrations of PAHs (Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons) in Various Marine Organisms in Relation to those in Sediments and to Trophic Level[J]. Marine Pollution Bulletin,1998,36(12):951-960.
[203]Mackintosh, C.E., Maldonado, J., Wu, J.H., Hoover, N., Chong, A., Ikonomou, M.G., Gobas, F.A.P.C. Distribution of phthalate esters in a marine aquatic food web:comparison to polychlorinated biphenyls[J]. Environmental Science and Technology,2004,38:2011-2020.
[204]Nakata, H., Sakal, Y, Miyawaki, T., Takemura, A. Bioaccumulation and Toxic Potencies of Polychlorinated Biphenyls and Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Tidal Flat and Coastal Ecosystems of the Ariake Sea, Japan[J]. Environmental Science and Technology,2003,37:3513-3521.
[205]Nfon E., Cousins I.T., Broman D. Biomagnification of organic pollutants in benthic and pelagic marine food chains from the Baltic Sea[J]. Science of the Total Environment,2008,397:190-204.
[206]Takeuchi, I., Miyoshi, N., Mizukawa, K., Takada, H., Ikemoto, T., Omori, K., Tsuchiya, K. Biomagnification profiles of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, alkylphenols and polychlorinated biphenyls in Tokyo Bay elucidated by δ13C and815N isotope ratios as guides to trophic web structure[J]. Marine Pollution Bulletin,2009,58:663-671.
[207]Wan, Y., Jin, X., Hu, J., Jin, F. Trophic dilution of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in a marine food web from Bohai Bay, North China[J]. Environmental Science and Technology,2007,41:3109-3114.
[208]Llobet, J.M., Falco, G., Bocio, A., Domingo, J.L. Exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons through consumption of edible marine species in Catalonia, Spain[J]. Journal of Food Protection,2006,69:2493-2499.
[209]Marti-Cid, R., Bocio, A., Llobet, J.M., Domingo, J.L. Intake of chemical contaminants through fish and seafood consumption by children of Catalonia, Spain:Health risks[J]. Food and Chemical Toxicology,2007,45:1968-1974.
[210]Marti-Cid, R., Llobet, J.M., Castell, V, Domingo, J.L. Evolution of the dietary exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in Catalonia, Spain[J]. Food and Chemical Toxicology,2008,46:3163-3171.
[211]Ikem, A., Egiebor, N.O., Nyavor, K. Trace elements on water, fish and sediment from Tuskegee Lake, southeastern USA[J]. Water, Air, and Soil Pollution,2003,149:51-75.
[212]Chen, M.H., Chenchiee, Y. Bioaccumulation of Sediment-Bound Heavy Metals in Grey Mullet, Liza macrolepis[J]. Marine Pollution Bulletin,1999, 39:239-244.
[213]Turkmen, A., Turkmen, M., Tepe, Y, Akyurt, I. Heavy metals in three commercially valuable fish species from Iskenderun Bay, Northern East Mediterranean Sea, Turkey[J]. Food Chemistry,2005,91:167-172.
[214]Demirak, A., Yilmaz, F., Tuna, A., Levent, O;N. Heavy metals in water, sediment and tissues of Leuciscus cephalus from a stream in southwestern Turkey[J]. Chemosphere,2006,63:1451-1458.
[215]Kamala-Kannan, S., Batvari, B., Prabhu, D., Lee, K.J., Kannan, N., Krishnamoorthy, R., Shanthi, K., Jayaprakash, M. Assessment of heavy metals (Cd, Cr and Pb) in water, sediment and seaweed (Ulva lactuca) in the Pulicat Lake, South East India[J]. Chemosphere,2008,71:1233-1240.
[216]Yang, L.Y., Shen, J., Zhang, Z.L., Jin, Z.D., Zhu, Y.X. Human influence on heavy metal distribution in the upper Lake Nansi sediment, Shandong Province, China[J]. Chiense journal geochemistry,2004,23(2):177-185.
[217]Wang, X.J., Pan, H.J., Yang, L.Y., Shen, J., Sun, Q.Y. Zhang, Z.L. Analysis of heavy metal concentrations in surfaces sediments of Nansihu Lake[J. Transactions of Oceanology and Limnology,2005,2:22-27.
[218]Zou, X.D., Yuan, T., Zhu, Y, Zhang, X.D., Feng, S.P., Shen, Z.M., Wang, W.H. Heterogeneous distribution of copper in different grain size and density fractions of contaminated surface sediment from Nansi Lake (China) [J]. Environ Geol,2007,51:813-820.
[219]Wang, S.L., Lin, C.Y., Cao, X.Z., Zhong, X. Arsenic content, fractionation, and ecological risk in the surface sediments of lake[J]. Int. J. Environ. Sci. Technol,2012,9:31-40.
[220]Zhang, C.S., Zhang, S., Wang, L.J., Wang,L.Z. Geochemistry of metals in sediments from Changjiang River and Huanghe River and their comparision[J]. ACTA Geographica sinica,1998,53(4):314-321.
[221]Markert, B. Presence and significance of naturally occurring chemical elements of the periodic system in the plant organism and consequences for future investigations on inorganic environmental chemistry in ecosystems[J]. Vegetatio,1992,103:1-30.
[222]沈吉,张祖陆,杨丽原,孙庆义,等.南四湖环境与资源研究[M].北京： 地震出版社,2007.
[223]Reinhard, D., Hannes, K. The importance of contaminated food for the uptake of heavy metals by rainbow trout (SMmogMrdnen):a field study[J]. Oecologia (Berlin),1985,67:82-89.
[224]Chen, C.Y., Stemberger, R.S., Klaue, B., Blum, J.D., Pickhardt, P.C., Folt, C.L. Accumulation of heavy metals in food web components across a gradient of lakes[J]. Limnol Oceanogr,2000,45(7):1525-1536.
[225]Karadede, H., Unlu, E. Concentrations of some heavy metals in water, sediment and fish species from the Ataturk Dam Lake (Euphrates), Turkey[J]. Chemosphere,2000,41:1371-1376.
[226]Romeo, M., Siau, Y., Sidoumou, Z. Heavy metal distribution in different fish species from the Mauritania coast[J]. Science of the Total Environment,1999, 232:169-175.
[227]Mfiller,G. Index of geoaccumulation in sediments of the Rhine RiveT[J]. GeoJoumal,1969,2(3):108-118.
[228]Lars, H. An ecological risk index for aquatic pollution control a sedimentological approach[J]. Water Research,1980,14:975-986.
[2]刘征涛.持久性有机污染物的主要特征和研究进展[J].环境科学研究,2005,18(3)：93-102.
[3]任仁.《斯德哥尔摩公约》禁用的12种持久性有机污染物[J].大学化学,2003,18(3)：37-41.
[4]Bernadette, Q., Claire, L., Ken, R.L. Concentrations and sources of PCBs and organochlorine pesticides in the St. Lawrence River (Canada) and its tributaries[J]. Chemosphere,1994,29(3):591-610.
[5]Fernandez, M.A., Alonso, C., Gonzalez, M.J.,Hernandez, L.M. Occurrence of organochlorine insecticides,PCBs and PCB congeners in waters and sediments of the Ebro river(Spain)[J]. Chemosphere,1999,38(l):33-43.
[6]Galindo-reyes, J.G., Fossato, V.U., Vilagrana-lizarraga, C., Dolci, F. Pesticides in Water, Sediments, and Shrimp from a Coastal Lagoon off the Gulf of California[J]. Marine Pollution Bulletin,1999,38(9):837-841.
[7]Turgut, C. The contamination with organochlorine pesticides and heavy metals in surface water in Kuiik Menderes River in Turkey,2000-2002[J]. Environment International,2003,29(1):29-32.
[8]Samia,E.K.,Rashed,M.M.,Zayed, M.A. Monitoring of the pesticide levels in some water supplies and agricultural land,in El-Haram,Giza (A.R.E.) [J]. Journal of Hazardous Materials,2000,72(1):11-21.
[9]Mansingh, A., Wilson, A. Insecticide contamination of Jamaican environment Ⅲ. Baseline studies on the status of insecticidal pollution of kingston harbour[J]. Marine Pollution Bulletin,1995,30(10):640-645.
[10]Kidd, K.A., Hesslein, R.H., Ross, B.J., K. Koczanski,G.R., Stephens, D.C.G. Muir Bioaccumulation of organochlorines through a remote freshwater food web in the Canadian Arctic[J], Environmental Pollution,1998,102:91-103.
[11]丘耀文,周俊良,Maskaoui, K.,颜文,洪华生,王肇鼎.大亚湾海域多氯联苯及有机氯农药研究[J].海洋环境科学,2002,21(1)：46-51.
[12]王泰,张祖麟,黄俊,胡洪营,余刚,李发生.海河与渤海湾水体中溶解 态多氯联苯和有机氯农药污染状况调查[J].环境科学,2007,28(4)：731-735.
[13]裴国霞,张岩,马太玲,田春元,任智辉.黄河内蒙古段水体中六六六和多氯联苯的分布特征[J].水资源鱼水工程学报,2010,21(4)：25-27.
[14]张明,花日茂,李学德,周婷婷,汤锋,操海群,吴祥为,唐俊.巢湖表层水体中有机氯农药的分布及其组成[J].应用生态学报,2010,21(1)：209-214.
[15]张秀芳,董晓丽.辽河中下游水体中有机氯农药的残留调查[J].大连轻工业学院学报,2002,21(2)：102-104.
[16]张祖麟,陈伟琪,哈里德,等.九龙江口水体中有机氯农药分布特征及归宿[J].环境科学,2001,22(3)：88-92.
[17]吕景才,赵元凤,徐恒振,等.大连湾、辽东湾养殖水域有机氯农药污染状况[J].中国水产科学,2002,9(1)：73-77.
[18]杨清书,麦碧娴,罗孝俊,等.澳门水域水体有机氯农药的垂线分布特征[J].环境科学学报,2004,24(3)：428-434.
[19]葛冬梅,韩宝平,郑曦,微山湖水体中有机氯农药的分布及风险评价[J].安徽农业科学,2010,38(22)：11987-11989.
[20]杨清书,麦碧娴,傅家谟,等.珠江干流河口水体有机氯农药的研究[J].中国环境科学,2005,25：47-51.
[21]夏凡,胡雄星,韩中豪,等.黄浦江表层水体中有机氯农药的分布特征[J].环境科学研究,2006,19(2)：11-15.
[22]曾智超,孙振中,洪波,等.长江口九段沙水域有机氯农药分布[J].长江流域资源与环境,2007,16(22)：85-89.
[23]王瑁,祁士华,穆倩,等.小海湾水体有机氯农药的浓度水平和特征[J].环境科学与技术,2007,30(8)：33-36.
[24]苏秋克,祁士华,吴辰熙,等.洪湖特色水产品对湖水及沉积物中有机氯农药的积累模式[J].地质科技情报,2000,7：26-30.
[25]Maldonado, C., Bayona, J.M., Bodineau, L., Sources, Distribution, and water column processes of aliphatic and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the Northwestern Black Sea water[J]. Environmental Science and Technology, 1999,33:2693-2702.
[26]Fernandes,M.B.,Sicre, M.A.,Boireau, A.,Tronszynski, J. Polyaromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) distributions in the Seine River and its estuary[J]. Marine Pollution Bulletin,1997,34:857-867.
[27]Gustafson, K.E., Dickhut, R.M. Distribution of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in Southern Chesapeake Bay surface water:evaluation of three methods for determining freely dissolved water concentrations[J]. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry,1997,16:452-461.
[28]Law, R.J., Dawes, V.J., Woodhead, R.J., Matthiessen, P. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) in seawater around England and Wales[J]. Marine Pollution Bulletin,1997,34:306-322.
[29]Zhou, J.L., Maskaoui, K. Distribution of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in water and surface sediments from Daya Bay, China[J]. Environmental Pollution,2003,121:269-28.
[30]Zhou, J.L., Hong, H., Zhang, Z., Maskaoui, K., Chen, W. Multi-phase distribution of organic micropollutants in Xiamen Harbour, China[J]. Water Research,2000,34:2132-2150.
[31]Li, J.W., Shang, X., Tanguay, R,L., Dong, Q.X., Huang, C.J. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in water, sediment, soil, and plants of the Aojiang River waterway in Wenzhou, China[J]. Journal of Hazardous Materials,2010, 173:75-81.
[32]张丛.高效液相色谱测定焦化废水中的多环芳烃[J].环境科学与技术,1987,(3)：20-22.
[33]金祖亮,董淑萍,李玉琴.炭黑中的硝基多环芳烃分析[J].环境化学,1988,(1)：41-47.
[34]沈晓平.南通市地面水中多环芳烃的调查[J].南通医学院学报,1994,14(3)：408-409.
[35]董瑞圣.地面水、饮用水、废水中PAHs的检测.Hewlett Packard文摘.1991
[36]Ko,F.C., Baker,J.E. Seasonal and annual loads of hydrophobic organic contaminants from the Susquehanna River Basin to the Chesapeake Bay[J]. Marine Pollution Bulletin,2004,48:840-851.
[37]Zhu, L.Z., Chen, Y.Y., Zhou, R.B. Distribution of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in water, sediment and soil in drinking water resource of Zhejiang Province, China[J]. Journal of Hazardous Materials,2008,150: 308-316.
[38]Guzzella,L., Roscioli,C., Vigano,L., Saha,M., Sarkar,S.K., Bhattacharya, A. Evaluation of the concentration of HCH, DDT, HCB, PCB and PAH in the sediments along the lower stretch of Hugh estuary, West Bengal, northeast India[J]. Environment International,2005,31:523-534.
[39]Fox, M.E., Roper,D.S., Thrush, S.F. Organochlorine contaminants in surficial sediments of Manukall Harbour, New Zealand[J]. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 1988,19(7):333-336.
[40]Nhan, D.D., Am, N.M., Carvalho, F.P., Vieneuve, J.P., Cattini, C. Organochlorine pesticides and PCBs along the coast of north Vietnam[J]. Sci Total Environ,1999,237/238:363-71.
[41]Khim, J.S., Lee, K.T., Kannan, K., Villeneuva, D.L., Giesy, J.P., Koh, C.H. Trace organic contaminants in sediment and water from Ulsan Bay and its vicinity, Korea[J]. Arch Environ Contam Toxicol,2001,40:141-50.
[42]Guruge, K.S., Tanabe, S. Contamination by persistent organochlorine and Butyltin compounds in the west coast of Sri Lanka[J]. Marine Pollution Bulletin,2001,43(3):179-186.
[43]Fernandez, M.A., Alonso,C., Gonzalez, M.I., Hernandez, L.M. Occurrence of organochlorine insecticides, PCBs and PCB congeners in waters and sediments of the Ebro River (Spain) [J]. Chemosphere,1999,38(1):33-43.
[44]Sapozhnikova,Y., Bawardi,O., Schlenk, D. Pesticides and PCBs in sediments and fish from the Salton Sea, California, USA[J]. Chemosphere,2004, 55:797-809.
[45]Noren-a-Barroso,E., Gold-Bouchot,G., Ceja-Moreno,V. Temporal Variation of Persistent Organic Pollutant (POP) Residue Concentrations in Sediments from the Bay of Chetumal, Mexico[J]. Bull Environ Contam Toxicol,2007, 79:141-146.
[46]Wasswa,J., Kiremire,B.T., Nkedi-Kizza,P. Mbabazi,J., Ssebugere,P. Organochlorine pesticide residues in sediments from the Uganda side of Lake Victoria[J]. Chemosphere,2011,82:130-136.
[47]Iwata, H., Tanabe, S., Skakai, N., et al. Tatsukawa R:Geographical distributions of persistent organochlorines in air, water and sediments from Asia and Oceania and their implications for global redistribution from lower latitudes[J]. Environmental Pollution,1994a,8515-8533.
[48]Kalajzic, T., Bianchi, M., Mutall, H., et al. Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCOCs) and organochlorine pestieides (OCPs) in the sediments of an Italian drinking water reservoir[J]. Chemosphere,1998,36:1615-1625.
[49]Glynn, P.W., Rumbold, D.G., Snedaker, S.C. Organoehlorine pestieide residues in marine sediment and biota from the Northern Florida Reef Tract[J]. Marine Pollution Bulletin,1995,30(6):397-402.
[50]干爱华,刘军,丁辉,等.海河干流表层沉积物中的有机氯农药残留[J].农业环境科学学报,2006,25(1)：232-236.
[51]吴启航,麦碧娴,陈永亨,等.珠江(广州段)沉积物中多环芳烃分布及富集研究[J].广州大学学报(自然科学版),2004,3(4)：351-356.
[52]Hong, H., Xu, L., Zhang, L., et al. Environmental fate and chemistry of organic pollutants in the sediment of Xiamen and Victoria Harbors[J]. Marine Pollution Bulletin,1995,31(4-12):229-236.
[53]Wu, Y., Zhang, J., Zhou, Q. Persistent organochlorine residues in sediments from Chinese river/estuary [J]. Environmental Pollution,1999, 105(1):143-150.
[54]李洪,付宇众,周传光,徐恒振.大连湾和锦州湾表层沉积物中有机氯农药和多氯联苯的分布特征[J].海洋环境科学,1998,17(2)：74-76.
[55]胡雄星,韩中豪,周亚康,程金平,王文华.黄浦江表层沉积物中有机氯农药的分布特征及风险评价[J].环境科学,2005,26(3)：45-48.
[56]康跃惠,盛国英,傅家谟,等.珠江澳门河口沉积物柱样中有机氯农药的垂直分布特征[J].环境科学,2001,22(1)：81-85.
[57]施震,张大文,黄小平,汪飞.有机氯农药在粤西海域沉积物和生物体中的累积研究[J].热带海洋学报,2010,29(3)：114-119.
[58]袁旭音,王禹,陈骏,孙成,许乃政.太湖沉积物中有机氯农药的残留特征及风险评估[J].环境科学,2003,24(1)：121-125.
[59]刘楠楠,陈鹏,朱淑贞,祝凌燕.辽河和太湖沉积物中PAHs和OCPs的分布特征及风险评估[J].中国环境科学,2011,31(2)：293-300.
[60]林秀梅,刘文新,陈江麟,等.渤海表层沉积物中多环芳烃的分布与生态风险评价[J].环境科学学报,2005,25(1)：70-75.
[61]Chen,Y.Y., Zhu,L.Z., Zhou,R.B. Characterization and distribution of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon in surface water and sediment from Qiantang River, China[J]. Journal of Hazardous Materials,2007,141:148-155.
[62]Li,B.H., Feng,C.H.,Li,X., Chen,Y.X., Niu,J.F., She,Z.Y.Spatial distribution and source apportionment of PAHs in surficial sediments of the Yangtze Estuary, China[J]. Marine Pollution Bulletin,2012,64:636-643.
[63]Zhang,Y., Guo,C.S., Xu,J., Tian, Y.Z., Shi,G.L., Feng,Y.C. Potential source contributions and risk assessment of PAHs in sediments from Taihu Lake, China:Comparison of three receptor models[J]. Water Research,2012, 46:3065-3073.
[64]Kennicutt,I.I.,Wade,T.L., Presley, B.J., Requejo, A.G., Brooks, J.M., Denoux,G.J. Sediment contaminants in Casco Bay, Maine:inventories, sources, and potential for biological impact[J]. Environmental Science and Technology,1994,28:1-15.
[65]Simpson, C.D., Mosi, A.A., Cullen, W.R., Reimer, K.J. Composition and distribution of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon contamination in surficial marine sediments from Kitimat Harbor, Canada[J]. Science of the Total Environment,1996,181:265-278.
[66]Kim,G.B., Maruya, K.A., Lee, R.F., Lee, J.H., Koh, C.H., Tanabe,S. Distribution and sources of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in sediments from Kyeonggi Bay, Korea[J]. Marine Pollution Bulletin,1999,38:7-15.
[67]Baumard, P., Budzinski, H., Garrigues, P., Dizer, H., Hansen, P.D. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in recent sediments and mussels (Mytilus edulis) from the Western Baltic Sea:occurrence, bioavailability and seasonal variations[J]. Marine Environmental Research,1999,47:17-47.
[68]Maldonado, C., Bayona, J.M., Bodineau, L. Sources, distribution, and water column processes of aliphatic and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the Northwestern Black Sea water[J]. Environmental Science and Technology, 1999,33:2693-2702.
[69]Mai, B.X., Fu, J.M., Sheng, G.Y., Kang, Y.H., Lin, Z., Zhang, G., Min, Y.S., Zeng, E.Y. Chlorinated and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in riverine and estuarinesediments from Pearl River delta, China[J]. Environmental Pollution, 2002,117:457-474.
[70]Kang, Y.H., Sheng, G.Y., Fu, J.M., Mai, B.X., Zhang, G., Lin, Z., Min, Y.S. Polychlorinated biphenyls in surface sediments from the Pearl River delta and Macau [J]. Marine Pollution Bulletin,2000,40:794-797.
[71]Hong, H., Chen, W., Xu, L., Wang, X., Zhang, L. Distribution and fate of organochlorine pollutants in the Pearl River Estuary [J].Marine Pollution Bulletin,1999,39(1-12):376-382.
[72]Fu,J.M., Mai,B.X., Sheng, G.Y., Zhang, G., Wang, X.M., Peng, P.,et al. Persistent organic pollutants in environment of the Pearl River Delta, China: an overview [J]. Chemosphere,2003,52:1411-1422.
[73]王小萍,龚平,姚檀栋.偏远地区大气中持久性有机污染物研究进展[J].环境科学,2008,29(2)：272-282.
[74]Dickhut, R.,Cincinelli, A.,Cochran, M., et al. Atmospheric concentration and air water flux of organic hlorine pesticides along the Western Antarctic Peninsula[J]. Environmental Science and Technology,2005,39(2):465-470.
[75]Murayama, H., Takase, Y., Mitobe, H., et al. Seasonal change of pesticide organic pollutant concentration on sinair at Niigata Area Japan[J]. Chemosphere,2003,52(4):683-694.
[76]梁越,唐星华,刘小真.大气中持久性有机污染物研究进展[J].江西科学,2009,27(4)：634-638.
[77]龚钟明,曹军,李本纲,等.天津地区土壤中六六六(HcH)的残留及分布特征[J].中国环境科学,2003,23(3)：311-314.
[78]王京文,陆宏,厉仁安.慈溪市蔬菜地有机氯农药残留调查[J].浙江农业科学,2003,(1)：40-41.
[79]方玲.有机氯农药在茶叶及其环境中的残留状况与评价[J].福建农业大学学报,1998,27(2)：211-215.
[80]赵玲,马永军.有机氯农药在农业环境中残留现状分析[J].农业环境与发展,2001,(1)：37-39.
[81]Choy,M.S., Kimpe, L.E., Mallory, M.L., Smol,J.P., Blais, J.M. Contamination of an arctic terrestrial food web with marine-derived persistent organic pollutants transported by breeding seabirds[J]. Environmental Pollution,2010, 158:3431-3438.
[82]Braune, B.M.,Muir, D.C.G., Stern, G., Hoekstra, P.F., Dietz, R., Kwan,M., et al. Spatial and temporal trends of mercury and POPs in Canadian arctic biota[J]. Science of the Total Environment,2005,351-352:4-56.
[83]Robert, J., Letcher, J.O.B., Rune, D., Bjorn, M., Jenssen, E.H., Jorgensen, C.S., Jonathan, V., Mathilakath, M., Vijayan, G.W.G. Exposure and effects assessment of persistent organohalogen contaminants in arctic wildlife and fish[J].Science of the Total Environment,2010,408:2995-3043.
[84]Helmut,G., Kurt, W., Horst, B., Sven, R., Joachim, P. Increasing levels and biomagnification of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) in Antarctic biota [J]. Marine Pollution Bulletin,2004,48:295-302.
[85]Tokutaka, I., Nguyen, P. C.T., Michio, X.W., Noboru, O., Koji Omori, S.T. Bui, C.T., Ichiro, T. Analysis of biomagnification of persistent organic pollutants in the aquatic food web of the Mekong Delta, South Vietnam using stable carbon and nitrogen isotopes [J]. Chemosphere,2008,72:104-114.
[86]Kong, K.Y., Cheung,K.C., Wong,C.K.C., Wong, M.H. The residual dynamic of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and organochlorine pesticides in fishponds of the Pearl River delta, South China [J]. Water Research,2005, 39:1831-1843.
[87]丘耀文,张干,郭玲利,李向东,李军.大亚湾海域典型有机氯农药生物累积特征及变化因素研究[J].海洋学报,2007,3(29)：51-57.
[88]Zhou,R.B., Zhu, L.Z., Kong, Q.X. Persistent chlorinated pesticides in fish specie from Qiantang River in East China [J].Chemosphere,2007,68:838-847.
[89]李荣,甘金华,徐进,危起伟.长江宜昌江段铜鱼和中华鲟体内HCH DDT的残留水平[J].农业环境科学学报,2008,27(6)：2434-2439.
[90]Hu,G.C, Dai, J.Y., Mai, B.X., Luo, X.J., Cao H., et al. Concentrations and Accumulation Features of Organochlorine Pesticides in the Baiyangdian Lake Freshwater Food Web of North China[J]. Arch Environ Contam Toxicol,2010, 58:700-710.
[91]窦薇,赵忠宪.白洋淀水体、表层沉积物及鲫鱼体内DDT、BHC污染状况研究[J].环境科学学报,1998,18(3)：308-312.
[92]Yang, R.Q., Yao, T.D., Xu. B.Q., Jiang, G.B., Xin,X.D. Accumulation features of organochlorine pesticides and heavy metals in fish from high mountain lakes and Lhasa River in the Tibetan Plateau[J].Environment International,2007,33:51-156.
[93]Xu, F.L., Wu, W.J., Wang, J.J., Qin, N., Wang, Y., He, Q.S., Tao, S. Residual levels and health risk of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in freshwater fishes from Lake Small Bai-Yang-Dian, Northern China[J]. Ecological Modelling, 2011,222:275-286.
[94]Wang, D.Q., Yu, Y.X., Zhang, X.Y., Zhang, S.H., Pang, X.L., Yu, Z.Q., Wu, M.H., Fu, J.M. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and organochlorine pesticides in fish from Taihu Lake:Their levels, sources, and biomagnification[J].Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety,2012,82: 63-70.
[95]Eunate, P.A., Asuncion, N., Alba, O., Denise, F., Elena,M., Miren, L.A.,et al. Origin and distribution of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon pollution in sediment and fish from the biosphere reserve of Urdaibai (Bay of Biscay, Basque country, Spain)[J]. Marine Environmental Research,2010, 70:142-149.
[96]Liang, Y., Tse, M.F., Young, L., Wong, M.H. Distribution patterns of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in the sediments and fish at Mai Po Marshes Nature Reserve, Hong Kong [J]. Water research,2007, 41:1303-1311.
[97]Lydia, G., John, F., Mdachi, S.J.M., Georg, S., Werner, B. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) contamination of surface sediments and oysters from the inter-tidal areas of Dar es Salaam, Tanzania [J]. Environmental Pollution, 2009,157:24-34
[98]Kumar, K.S., Sajwan, K.S., Richardson, J.P., Kannan, K. Contamination profiles of heavy metals, organochlorine pesticides, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and alkylphenols in sediment and oyster collected from marsh/estuarine Savannah GA, USA[J]. Marine Pollution Bulletin,2008,56: 136-162.
[99]Ramdine, G., Fichet, D., Louis, M., Lemoine, S. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in surface sediment and oysters (Crassostrea rhizophorae) from mangrove of Guadeloupe:Levels, bioavailability, and effects [J]. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety,2012,79:80-89.
[100]李敬光,赵云峰,吴永宁.我国母乳中持久性有机污染暴露水平及主要来源研究[J].环境化学,2011,30(1)：5-19.
[101]于慧芳,赵旭东,张晓鸣,等.1982年至2002年北京地区人乳中有机氯农药水平监测[J].中华预防医学杂志,2005,39(1)：22-25.
[102]李延红,郭常义,汪国权,等.上海地区人乳中六六六、 滴滴涕蓄积水平的动态研究[J].环境与职业医学,2003,20(3)：181-185.
[103]曹华娟,曹朝晖,胡小湖,等.湖南省长沙地区人乳中有机氯化合物蓄积水平的动态研究[J].实用预防医学,2007,(3)：172-174.
[104]Tsydenovva,O.V., Sudaryanto,A., Kajiwara,N., et al. Organohalogen compounds in human breast milk from Republic of Buryatia, Russia[J]. Environmental Pollution,2007,146(1):225-232.
[105]Zietz, B.P., Hoopmann, M., Funcke, M., et al. Long-term biomonitoring of polychlorinated biphenyls and organochlorine pesticides in human milk from mothers living in northern Germany[J]. Int J Hyg Environ Health,2008, 211(5/6):624-638.
[106]Mueller,J.F., Harden,F., Toms,L.M., et al. Persistent organochlorine pesticides in human milk samples from Australia [J]. Chemosphere,2008, 70(4):712-720.
[107]Szyrwinska,K., Lulek,J. Exposure to specific polychlorinated biphenyls and some chlorinated pesticides via breast milk in Poland [J]. Chemosphere,2007, 66(10):1895-1903.
[108]Behrooz,R.D., Sari,A.E., Bahramifar,N., et al. Organochlorine pesticide and polychlorinated biphenyl in human milk from the Southern Coast of Caspian Sea, Iran[J]. Chemosphere,2009,74(7):931-937.
[109]Ennaceur S, Gandoura N, Driss M R. Organochlorine pesticide residues in human milk of mothers in northern Tunisia[J]. Bull Environ Contam Toxicol, 2007,78(5):325-39
[110]王文雄.微量金属生态毒理学和生物地球化学[M].北京：科学出版社,2010.
[111]Akin, H., Karadede, U.E. Heavy metal concentrations in water, sediment, fish and some benthic organisms from Tigris River, Turkey [J]. Environ Monit Assess,2007,131:323-337.
[112]Amundsen, P.A., Staldvik, F.J., Lukin, A.A. Heavy metal contamination in freshwater fish from the border region between Norway and Russia[J]. Science of the Total Environment,1997,201:211-224.
[113]Biney, C.A., Ameyibor, E. Trace metal concentration in the pink shrimp penaeus notialis from the coast of Ghana[J]. Water, Air, and Soil Pollution, 1992,63:273-279.
[114]Candy,C.A., Angel, J., Maria, C., Ramon, F. Accumulation and distribution of heavy metals in scirpus americanus and typha latifolia from an Artificial Lagoon in San Luis Potosi, Mexico[J]. Water, Air, and Soil Pollution,2008, 188:297-309.
[115]Karadede, H., Oymak, S.A., Unlu, E. Heavy metals in mullet, Liza abu, and catfish, Silurus triostegus, from the Ataturk Dam Lake (Euphrates), Turkey[J]. Environment International,2004,30:183-188.
[116]Ikem, A., Egiebor, N.O., Nyavor, K. Trace elements on water, fish and sediment from Tuskegee Lake, southeastern USA[J]. Water, Air, and Soil Pollution,2003,149:51-75.
[117]丘耀文,颜文,王肇鼎,张干.大亚湾海水、沉积物和生物体中重金属分布及其生态危害[J].热带海洋学报,2005,24(5)：69-76.
[118]Chi,Q.Q., Zhu,G.W., Alan, L. Bioaccumulation of heavy metals in fishes from Taihu Lake, China [J]. Journal of Environmental Sciences,2007, 19:1500-1504.
[119]Tang, C.W.Y., Ip, C.C.M., Zhang,G., Shin,P.K.S., Qian, P.Y., Li, X.D. The spatial and temporal distribution of heavy metals in sediments of Victoria Harbour, Hong Kong[J]. Marine Pollution Bulletin,2008,57:816-825.
[120]Yang, R.Q., Yao, T.D., Xu, B.Q., Jiang, G.B., Xin, X.D. Accumulation features of organochlorine pesticides and heavy metals in fish from high mountain lakes and Lhasa River in the Tibetan Plateau[J]. Environment International,2007,33:151-156.
[121]廉雪琼,王运芳,陈群英.广西近岸海域海水和沉积物及生物体中的重金属[J].海洋环境科学,2001,20(2)：59-62.
[122]李红莉,李国刚,高虹,宫正宇,朱晨,连军.南四湖表层沉积物中有机氯农药的含量及分布特征[J].中国环境监测,2005,21(6)：11-14.
[123]李红莉,李国刚,高虹,宫正宇,朱晨,连军.南四湖表层沉积物中多氯联苯的空 间分布特征[J].中国环境监测,2007,23(6)：61-64.
[124]朱晨,李红莉,高虹,岳太星.南四湖上级湖表层沉积物中多环芳烃的含量及分布特征[J].中国环境监测,2009,25(2)：75-78.
[125]杨永亮,史双昕,潘静,李红莉,李国刚,高虹,周成,李悦,石磊,Kevin Jones.南四湖沉积物中二嗯英类化合物的分布[J].环境化学,2004,23(5)：449-554.
[126]史双听,杨永亮,石磊,南四湖表层沉积物中多环芳烃的分布及其来源[J].青岛大学学报,2005,20(4)：95-99.
[127]杨永亮,潘静,李红莉,高虹,史双听,石磊.烟台、日照近海及南四湖沉积物中的多氯联苯[J].矿物岩石地球化学通报,2003,22(2)：108-112.
[128]An, W.C., Li,X.M. Phosphate adsorption characteristics at the sediment-water interface and phosphorus fractions in Nansi Lake, China, and its main inflow rivers[J]. Environ Monit Assess,2009,148:173-184.
[129]杨洪美,张桂斋,李小明.南四湖表层沉积物中N的形态及其分布特征[J].山东大学学报(理学版),2012,47(3)：14-20.
[130]Wang,X.J., Pan, H.J., Yang, L.Y., Shen, J., Sun, Q.Y., Zhang, Z.L. Analysis of heavy metal concentrations in surfaces sediments of Nansihu Lake[J]. Transactions of Oceanology and Limnology,2005,2:22-27.
[131]Liu,E.F., Shen,J., Yang,L.Y.,Zhang,E.L.,Meng,X.H., Wang.J.J. Assessment of heavy metal contamination in the sediments of Nansihu Lake Catchment, China[J]. Environ Monit Assess,2010,161:217-227.
[132]沈吉,张祖陆,杨丽原,孙庆义,等.南四湖—环境与资源研究[M].北京：地震出版社,2007.
[133]杨东海,张晴,潘勇伟,李晓敏.山东省南四湖及其流域环境特征川[J].江苏环境科技,2004,17：120-123.
[134]谭培功,赵仕兰,曾宪杰,李静.莱州湾海域水体中有机氯农药和多氯联苯的浓度水平和分布特征[J].中国海洋大学学报,2006,(3)：439-446.
[135]Vagi,M.C.,Petsas,A.S.,Kostopoulou,M.N.,Karamanoli,M.K., Lekkas,T.D. Determination of organochlorine pesticides in marine sediments samples using ultrasonic solvent extraction followed byGC/ECD[J]. Desalination,2007, 210:146-156.
[136]Annette,S.M., Qi,S., Wang,Y.h., Kong,X.S., Odhiambo,J.S.O., Zhang,J.P. Distribution and sources of organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) in Karst Cave, Guilin, China[J]. Academia Arena,2009, 1(1):47-56.
[137]Eqani, S. A. M. A., Malik, R. N., Cincinelli, A., Zhang, G., Mohammad, A., Qadir, A., et al. Uptake of organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) by river water fish:The case of River Chenab[J]. Science of the Total Environment,2013,450-451:83-91.
[138]Guzzella, L., Roscioli, C., Vigano, L., Saha, M., Sarkar, S. K., Bhattacharya, A. Evaluation of the concentration of HCH, DDT, HCB, PCB and PAH in the sediments along the lower stretch of Hugli estuary,West Bengal, northeast India[J]. Environment International,2005,31:523-534.
[139]Chen, C. Y., Tien, C. J., Sun, Y. M., Hsieh, C. Y., Lee, C. C. Influence of water quality parameters on occurrence of polybrominated diphenyl ether in sediment and sediment to biota accumulation[J]. Chemosphere,2013, 90:2420-2427.
[140]Hernandez, L. M., Fernandez, M. A., & Gonzalez, M. J. Organochlorine pollutants in water, soils, and earthworms in the Guadalquivir River, Spain[J]. Bull Environ Contam Toxicol,1992,49:192-198.
[141]Lie, E., Bernhoft, A., Riget, F., Belikov, S. E., Boltunov, A. N., Derocher, A. E., et al. Geographical distribution of organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) in polar bears (Ursus maritimus) in the Norwegian and Russian, Arctic[J]. Science of the Total Environment,2003,306:159-170.
[142]Thomas, M., Lazartigues, A., Banas, D., Bellut, J. B., & Feidt, C. Organochlorine pesticides and polychlorinated biphenyls in sediments and fish from freshwater cultured fish ponds in different agricultural contexts in north-eastern France[J]. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety,2012, 77:35-44.
[143]Hua, X. M., & Shen, Z. J. The production and application of pestidices and factor analysis of their pllution in environment in China[J]. Advances in Environmental Science,1996,4(2):33-45.
[144]Qiu, X., Zhu, T., Jing, L., Pan, H., Li, Q., Miao, G., et al. Organochlorine pesticides in the air around the Taihu Lake, China[J]. Environmental Science and Technology,2004,38:1368-1374.
[145]Hu, G. C., Dai, J. Y., Mai, B. X., Luo, X. J., Cao, H., Wang, J.S., et al. Concentrations and accumulation features of organochlorine pesticides in the Baiyangdian Lake freshwater food web of North China[J]. Arch Environ Contam Toxicol,2010,58:700-710.
[146]Zhou, R. B., Zhu, L. Z., Yang, K., Chen, Y. Y. Distribution of organochlorine pesticides in surface water and sediments from Qiantang River, East China[J]. Journal of Hazardous Materials,2006,137:68-75.
[147]Chau, K. W. Characterization of transboundary POP contamination in aquatic ecosystems of Pearl River delta[J]. Marine Pollution Bulletin,2005, 51:960-965.
[148]Doong, R. A., Peng, C. K., Sun, Y. C., & Liao, P. L. Composition and distribution of organochlorine pesticide residues in surface sediments from the Wu-Shi River estuary, Taiwan[J]. Marine Pollution Bulletin,2002, 45:246-253.
[149]Sun, J. H., Feng, J. L., Liu, Q., Li, Q. Distribution and sources of organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) in sediments from upper reach of Huaihe River, East China[J]. Journal of Hazardous Materials,2010,184:141-146.
[150]Xue, N. D., Zhang, D. R., Xu, X. B. Organochlorinated pesticide multiresidues in surface sediments from Beijing Guanting reservoir[J]. Water Research, 2006,40:183-194.
[151]Jiang, Q. T., Lee, T. K. M., Chen, K., Wong, H. L., Zheng, J. S., Giesy J. P., et al. Human health risk assessment of organochlorines associated with fish consumption in a coastal city in China[J]. Environmental Pollution,2005, 136:155-165.
[152]Guo, L., Qiu, Y., Zhang, G.., Zheng, G., Lam, P., Li, X. Levels and bioaccumulation of organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) and polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in fishes from the Pearl River estuary and Daya Bay, South China[J]. Environmental Pollution,2008,152:604-611.
[153]Yang, N. Q., Muneaki, M., Kawano, M., Wakimoto, T. PCBs and organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) in edible fish and shellfish from China[J]. Chemosphere,2006,63:1342-1352.
[154]Zhou, R. B., Zhu, L. Z., Kong, Q. X. Persistent chlorinated pesticides in fish species from Qiantang River in East China[J]. Chemosphere,2007, 68:838-847.
[155]Guinan, J., Charlesworth, M., Service, M., Oliver, T. Sources and geochemical constituents of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in sediments and mussels of two Northern Irish Sea-loughs[J]. Marine Pollution Bulletin,2001, 42(11):1073-81.
[156]Okay, O. S., Karacik, B., Henkelmann, B., Schramm, K. W. Distribution of organochlorine pesticides in sediments and mussels from the Istanbul Strait[J]. Environ Monit Assess,2011,176:51-65.
[157]Pandit, G. G., Sahu, S. K., Sharma, S., Puranik, V. D. Distributionand fate of persistent organochlorine pesticides in coastal marine environment of Mumbai[J]. Environment International,2006,32:240-243.
[158]Tanabe, S., Iwata, H., Tatsukawa, R. Global contamination by persistent organochlorine and their ecotoxiological impact on marine mammals[J]. Science of the Total Environment,1994,154:163-177.
[159]张明,花日茂,李学德,周婷婷,汤锋,等.巢湖表层水体中有机氯农药的分布及组成[J].应用生态学报,2010,21(1)：209-214.
[160]Chen,J.W.,Liu,C.,Yang,Z.F.,Wang,J.Y. Residues and Characteristics of Organochlorine Pesticides in the Surface Water in the Suburb of Beijing[J]. Earth Science Frontiers,2008,15(5):242-247.
[161]康跃惠,刘培斌,王子健,吕怡兵,李其军.北京官厅水库-永定河水系水体中持久性有机氯农药污染[J].湖泊科学,2003,15(2)：125-131.
[162]Sun,J.H., Feng,J.L., Liu, Q., Li, Q.I. Distribution and sources of organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) in sediments from upper reach of Huaihe River, East China[J]. Journal of Hazardous Materials,2010,184:141-146.
[163]Xue,N.D.,Zhang,D.R.,Xu,X,B. Organochlorinated pesticide multiresidues in surface sediments from Beijing Guanting reservoir[J]. Water Research,2006, 40:183-194.
[164]Liu,Y.,Song, C.W.,Li,Y., Liu,Y., Song,J.M. The distribution of organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) in surface sediments of Bohai Sea Bay, China[J]..Environ Monit Assess,2012,184:1921-1927.
[165]Wang,Z.,Yan,W.,Chi,J.,Zhang, G. Spatial and vertical distribution of organochlorine pesticides in sediments from Daya Bay, South China[J]. Marine Pollution Bulletin,2008,56:1578-1585.
[166]Tan,L.,He,M.,Men,B.,Lin,C. Distribution and sources of organochlorine pesticides in water and sediments from Daliao River estuary of Liaodong Bay,Bohai Sea (China) [J]. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science,2009, 84:119-127.
[167]Liu, Y., Song, C. W., Li, Y., Liu, Y., Song, J. M. The distribution of organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) in surface sediments of Bohai Sea Bay, China[J]. Environ Monit Assess,2012,184:1921-1927.
[168]Li, X. M. Gan, Y. P., Yang, X. P., Zhou, J., Dai, J. Y., Xu, M. Q. Human health risk of organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in edible fish from Huairou Reservoir and Gaobeidian Lake in Beijing, China[J]. Food Chemistry,2008,109:348-354.
[169]Zhou, R. B., Zhu, L. Z., Chen, Y. Y., Kong, Q. X. Concentrations and characteristics of organochlorine pesticides in aquatic biota from Qiantang River in China[J]. Environmental Pollution,2008,151:190-199.
[170]Wu, C., Zhang, A., Liu, W. P. Risks from sediments contaminated with organochlorine pesticides in Hangzhou, China[J]. Chemosphere,2013, 90:2341-2346.
[171]Li, Y. F., Cai, D. J., Shan, Z. J., Zhu, L. Z. Gridded usage inventories of technical hexachlorocyclohexane and lindane for China with 1/6° latitude by 1/4° longitude resolution[J]. Arch Environ Contam Toxicol,2001,41:261-266.
[172]Doong, R.A.; Peng, C.K., Sun, Y.C., Liao, P.L. Composition and distribution of organochlorine pesticide residues in surface sediments from the Wu-Shi River estuary, Taiwan [J]. Marine Pollution Bulletin,2002,45:246-53.
[173]吴启航,麦碧霞,彭平安,傅家谟.不同粒径沉积物中多环芳烃和有机氯农药分布特征[J].中国环境检测,2004,20(5)：1-6.
[174]孙剑辉,王国良,张干,等.黄河表层沉积物中有机氯农药的相关性分析与风险评价[J].环境科学学报,2008,28(2)：342-348.
[175]Guzzella, L., Roscioli, C., Vigano, L., Saha, M., Sarkar, S.K. Bhattacharya, A. Evaluation of the concentration of HCH, DDT, HCB, PCB and PAH in the sediments along the lower stretch of Hugli estuary, West Bengal, northeast India[J]. Environment International,2005,31:523-534.
[176]杨毅,刘敏,侯立军.长江口潮滩含氯有机物的分布及与TOC、粒度的相关性[J].上海环境科学,2002,21(9)：530-532.
[177]De Mora, S.J., Villeneuve, J.P., Sheikholeslami, M.R., Cattini, C., Tolosa, I. Organochlorinated compounds in Caspian Sea sediments [J]. Marine Pollution Bulletin,2004,48:30-43.
[178]Guinan, J., Charlesworth, M., Service, M., Oliver, T. Sources and geochemical constituents of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in sediments and mussels of two Northern Irish Sea-loughs[J]. Marine Pollution Bulletin,2001, 42(11):1073-81.
[179]Oost, R. V. D., Opperhuizenb, A., Satumalay, K., Heida, H., & Vermeulen, N. P. E. Biomonitoring aquatic pollution with feral eel (Anguilla anguilla) I. Bioaccumulation biota-sediment ratios of PCBs, OCPs, PCDDs and PCDFs[J]. Aquatic Toxicology,1996,35:2146.
[180]Oost, R. V. D., Heida, H., Opperhuizen, A. Polychlorinated biphenyl congeners in sediments, plankton, molluscs, crustaceans, and eel in a freshwater lake:implications of using reference chemicals and indicator organisms in bioaccumulation studies[J]. Arch Environm Contam Toxicol, 1988,17:721-729.
[181]Qiu, Y. W., Guo, L. L., Zhang, G. Levels of organochlorine pesticides in organisms from deep bay and human health risk assessment[J]. Asian Journal of Eeotoxicology,2008,3(1):42-47.
[182]Long, E. R., MacDonald, D. D. Incidence of adverse biological effects within ranges of chemical concentration in marine and estuarine sediments[J]. J. Environ. Manage,1995,19:81-97.
[183]Chen, W. Q., Zhang, L. P., Xu, L., Wang, X. H., Hong, L. Y., Hong, H. S. Residue levels of HCHs, DDTs and PCBs in shellfish from coastal areas of east Xiamen Island and Minjiang Estuary, China[J]. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 2002,45:385-390.
[184]Xu, F.L., Wu, W.J., Wang, J.J., Qin, N., Wang, Y., He, Q.S., Tao, S. Residual levels and health risk of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in freshwater fishes from Lake Small Bai-Yang-Dian, Northern China[J]. Ecological Modelling, 2011,222:275-286.
[185]Menzie C.A., Potoki, B.B., Santodonato. Exposure to carcinogenic PAHs in the environment[J]. Environmental Science and Technology,1992, 26(7):1278-1284.
[186]王振刚.环境卫生学[M].人民卫生出版社,2000.
[187]Kumar, K.S., Sajwan, K.S., Richardson, J.P., Kannan, K. Contamination profiles of heavy metals, organochlorine pesticides, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and alkylphenols in sediment and oyster collected from marsh/estuarine Savannah GA, USA[J]. Marine Pollution Bulletin,2008, 56:136-162.
[188]Halek, F., Nabi, G.h., Kavousi, A. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons study and toxic equivalency factor (TEFs) in Tehran, IRAN[J]. Environ Monit Assess,2008,143:303-311.
[189]Cheung, K.C., Leung, H.M., Wong, M.H. Residual levels of DDTs and PAHs in freshwater and marine fish from Hong Kong markets and their health risk assessment[J]. Chemosphere,2007,66:460-468.
[190]李红莉,李国刚,高虹,宫正宇,朱晨,李伟,连军.南四湖水中多环芳烃的分析及分布研究[J].化学分析计量,2006,15(6)：32-34.
[191]Tang, L.L., Tang, X.Y., Zhu, Y.G., Zheng, M.H., Miao, Q.L. Contamination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in urban soils in Beijing, China[J]. Environment International,2005,31:822-828.
[192]Yang, B., Zhou, L.L., Xue, N.D., Li, F.S., Li, Y.W., Vogt, R.D., Cong, X., Yan, Y.Z., Liu B. Source apportionment of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in soils of Huanghuai Plain, China:Comparison of three receptor models[J]. Science of the Total Environment,2013,443:3-39.
[193]Fang, J.K.H., Wu, R.S.S., Zheng, G.J., Au, D.W.T., Lam, P.K.S., Shin, P.K.S. The use of muscle burden in rabbitfish Siganus oramin for monitoring polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and polychlorinated biphenyls in Victoria Harbour, Hong Kong and potential human health risk[J]. Science of the Total Environment,2009,407:4327-4332.
[194]Gaspare, L., Machiwa, J.F., Mdachi, S.J.M., Streck, G, Brack, W. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) contamination of surface sediments and oysters from the inter-tidal areas of Dar es Salaam, Tanzania[J]. Environmental Pollution,2009,157:24-34.
[195]Jiao, W.T., Wang, T.Y., Khim, J.S., Luo, W., Hu, W.Y., Naile, J.E., Giesy, J.P., Lu, Y.L. PAHs in surface sediments from coastal and estuarine areas of the northern Bohai and Yellow Seas, China[J]. Environ Geochem Health,2012, 34:445-456.
[196]Li, J.C., Liu, GG, Yin, L.L., Xue, J.L., Li, YF. Distribution characteristics of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in sediments and biota from the Zha Long Wetland, China[J]. Environ Monit Assess,2013,185:3163-3171.
[197]Zhang, Y, Guo. C.S., Xu,J., Tian.Y.Z., Shi, GL., Feng, Y.C. Potential source contributions and risk assessment of PAHs in sediments from Taihu Lake, China:Comparison of three receptor models[J]. Water Research,2012, 46:3065-3073.
[198]Wang, H.S., Cheng, Z., Liang, P., Shao, D.D., et al. Characterization of PAHs in surface sediments of aquaculture farms around the Pearl River Delta[J]. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety,2010,73:900-906.
[199]Ramdine, G, Fichet, D., Louis, M., Lemoine, S. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in surface sediment and oysters (Crassostrea rhizophorae) from mangrove of Guadeloupe:Levels, bioavailability, and effects[J]. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety,2012,79:80-89.
[200]Simcik, M.F., Eisenreich, S.J., Lioy, P.J.Source apportionment and source/sink relationships of PAHs in the coastal atmosphere of Chicago and Lake Michigan[J]. Atmospheric Environment,1999,33:5071-5079.
[201]朱晨,李红莉,高虹,岳太星.南四湖上级湖表层沉积物中多环芳烃的含量及分布特征[J].中国环境监测,2009,25(2)：75-78.
[202]Baumard, P., Budzinski, H., Garrigues, P., Sorbe, J.C., Bellocq, J. Concentrations of PAHs (Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons) in Various Marine Organisms in Relation to those in Sediments and to Trophic Level[J]. Marine Pollution Bulletin,1998,36(12):951-960.
[203]Mackintosh, C.E., Maldonado, J., Wu, J.H., Hoover, N., Chong, A., Ikonomou, M.G., Gobas, F.A.P.C. Distribution of phthalate esters in a marine aquatic food web:comparison to polychlorinated biphenyls[J]. Environmental Science and Technology,2004,38:2011-2020.
[204]Nakata, H., Sakal, Y, Miyawaki, T., Takemura, A. Bioaccumulation and Toxic Potencies of Polychlorinated Biphenyls and Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Tidal Flat and Coastal Ecosystems of the Ariake Sea, Japan[J]. Environmental Science and Technology,2003,37:3513-3521.
[205]Nfon E., Cousins I.T., Broman D. Biomagnification of organic pollutants in benthic and pelagic marine food chains from the Baltic Sea[J]. Science of the Total Environment,2008,397:190-204.
[206]Takeuchi, I., Miyoshi, N., Mizukawa, K., Takada, H., Ikemoto, T., Omori, K., Tsuchiya, K. Biomagnification profiles of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, alkylphenols and polychlorinated biphenyls in Tokyo Bay elucidated by δ13C and815N isotope ratios as guides to trophic web structure[J]. Marine Pollution Bulletin,2009,58:663-671.
[207]Wan, Y., Jin, X., Hu, J., Jin, F. Trophic dilution of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in a marine food web from Bohai Bay, North China[J]. Environmental Science and Technology,2007,41:3109-3114.
[208]Llobet, J.M., Falco, G., Bocio, A., Domingo, J.L. Exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons through consumption of edible marine species in Catalonia, Spain[J]. Journal of Food Protection,2006,69:2493-2499.
[209]Marti-Cid, R., Bocio, A., Llobet, J.M., Domingo, J.L. Intake of chemical contaminants through fish and seafood consumption by children of Catalonia, Spain:Health risks[J]. Food and Chemical Toxicology,2007,45:1968-1974.
[210]Marti-Cid, R., Llobet, J.M., Castell, V, Domingo, J.L. Evolution of the dietary exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in Catalonia, Spain[J]. Food and Chemical Toxicology,2008,46:3163-3171.
[211]Ikem, A., Egiebor, N.O., Nyavor, K. Trace elements on water, fish and sediment from Tuskegee Lake, southeastern USA[J]. Water, Air, and Soil Pollution,2003,149:51-75.
[212]Chen, M.H., Chenchiee, Y. Bioaccumulation of Sediment-Bound Heavy Metals in Grey Mullet, Liza macrolepis[J]. Marine Pollution Bulletin,1999, 39:239-244.
[213]Turkmen, A., Turkmen, M., Tepe, Y, Akyurt, I. Heavy metals in three commercially valuable fish species from Iskenderun Bay, Northern East Mediterranean Sea, Turkey[J]. Food Chemistry,2005,91:167-172.
[214]Demirak, A., Yilmaz, F., Tuna, A., Levent, O;N. Heavy metals in water, sediment and tissues of Leuciscus cephalus from a stream in southwestern Turkey[J]. Chemosphere,2006,63:1451-1458.
[215]Kamala-Kannan, S., Batvari, B., Prabhu, D., Lee, K.J., Kannan, N., Krishnamoorthy, R., Shanthi, K., Jayaprakash, M. Assessment of heavy metals (Cd, Cr and Pb) in water, sediment and seaweed (Ulva lactuca) in the Pulicat Lake, South East India[J]. Chemosphere,2008,71:1233-1240.
[216]Yang, L.Y., Shen, J., Zhang, Z.L., Jin, Z.D., Zhu, Y.X. Human influence on heavy metal distribution in the upper Lake Nansi sediment, Shandong Province, China[J]. Chiense journal geochemistry,2004,23(2):177-185.
[217]Wang, X.J., Pan, H.J., Yang, L.Y., Shen, J., Sun, Q.Y. Zhang, Z.L. Analysis of heavy metal concentrations in surfaces sediments of Nansihu Lake[J. Transactions of Oceanology and Limnology,2005,2:22-27.
[218]Zou, X.D., Yuan, T., Zhu, Y, Zhang, X.D., Feng, S.P., Shen, Z.M., Wang, W.H. Heterogeneous distribution of copper in different grain size and density fractions of contaminated surface sediment from Nansi Lake (China) [J]. Environ Geol,2007,51:813-820.
[219]Wang, S.L., Lin, C.Y., Cao, X.Z., Zhong, X. Arsenic content, fractionation, and ecological risk in the surface sediments of lake[J]. Int. J. Environ. Sci. Technol,2012,9:31-40.
[220]Zhang, C.S., Zhang, S., Wang, L.J., Wang,L.Z. Geochemistry of metals in sediments from Changjiang River and Huanghe River and their comparision[J]. ACTA Geographica sinica,1998,53(4):314-321.
[221]Markert, B. Presence and significance of naturally occurring chemical elements of the periodic system in the plant organism and consequences for future investigations on inorganic environmental chemistry in ecosystems[J]. Vegetatio,1992,103:1-30.
[222]沈吉,张祖陆,杨丽原,孙庆义,等.南四湖环境与资源研究[M].北京： 地震出版社,2007.
[223]Reinhard, D., Hannes, K. The importance of contaminated food for the uptake of heavy metals by rainbow trout (SMmogMrdnen):a field study[J]. Oecologia (Berlin),1985,67:82-89.
[224]Chen, C.Y., Stemberger, R.S., Klaue, B., Blum, J.D., Pickhardt, P.C., Folt, C.L. Accumulation of heavy metals in food web components across a gradient of lakes[J]. Limnol Oceanogr,2000,45(7):1525-1536.
[225]Karadede, H., Unlu, E. Concentrations of some heavy metals in water, sediment and fish species from the Ataturk Dam Lake (Euphrates), Turkey[J]. Chemosphere,2000,41:1371-1376.
[226]Romeo, M., Siau, Y., Sidoumou, Z. Heavy metal distribution in different fish species from the Mauritania coast[J]. Science of the Total Environment,1999, 232:169-175.
[227]Mfiller,G. Index of geoaccumulation in sediments of the Rhine RiveT[J]. GeoJoumal,1969,2(3):108-118.
[228]Lars, H. An ecological risk index for aquatic pollution control a sedimentological approach[J]. Water Research,1980,14:975-986.
© 2004-2018 中国地质图书馆版权所有 京ICP备05064691号 京公网安备11010802017129号 地址：北京市海淀区学院路29号 邮编：100083 电话：办公室：(+86 10)66554848；文献借阅、咨询服务、科技查新：66554700 |