木质素炭载体的制备及其在生物柴油合成中的应用
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摘要
随着国际原油价格剧烈而频繁地波动以及由于化石燃料的使用引起的环境恶化,重新激发起人类寻找新的可替代燃料的动力。从植物油或动物脂肪通过酯交换反应合成生物柴油被认为是可部分替代化石燃料的可再生燃料来源。生物柴油由于具有生产方法简单、可生物降解、非毒性、不含硫、低的温室气体排放等特点,是目前世界上最广泛应用的生物燃料之一。现阶段生物柴油的生产主要通过均相碱(KOH或NaOH)催化的酯交换反应合成,现在的生产技术主要存在以下问题：需要高精炼的原料油；均相催化剂不能回收和再利用；产品分离纯化等生产工艺复杂；均相催化剂具有腐蚀性,对设备材料要求高；生产成本高以及废水排放量大等缺点。固体催化剂能够解决均相法生物柴油生产的以上问题。
针对以上问题,我们发展了一种从碱木质素出发基于绿色化学理念的生产活性炭载体用于负载催化剂合成生物柴油的新方法。其主要研究内容如下：
利用从造纸废水中提取的低成本、可再生的碱木质素分别经过磷酸、氢氧化钾或碳酸钾化学活化制备得到了不同结构与理化性能的活性炭载体。通过改变活化剂种类、活化方法及活化条件可以调控活性炭的表面积、孔体积、孔结构以及活性炭表面功能基团的含量。制备的活性炭用深冷N2吸附等温、X-射线衍射(XRD)、傅里叶变换红外光谱(FTIR)、扫描电镜(SEM)及表面分形维数等表征。
采用磷酸活化得到的木质素介孔活性炭经浓硫酸磺化制备得到了含有-SO3H、-COOH及酚羟基的炭磺酸固体催化剂,用于油酸与甲醇的酯化反应合成油酸甲酯。制备的炭磺酸催化剂用SEM、BET、XRD、TGA以及FTIR表征。
由于木质素炭磺酸固体催化剂酸强度较低,难于直接用于植物油与甲醇的酯交换反应合成生物柴油。我们采用直接共混方法,用碳酸钾为活化剂和催化剂原位一步活化碱木质素制备活性炭负载碳酸钾固体碱催化剂(K2CO3/KLC),对制备的催化剂进行了全面的表征。制备的固体碱催化剂用于菜籽油与甲醇在温和条件下催化酯交换反应合成生物柴油。考查了催化剂的制备条件、酯交换反应条件对菜籽油合成生物柴油产率的影响。结果表明K2CO3/KLC催化剂能够重复利用4次。制备的固体碱催化剂也被用于催化非可食性的麻疯果油合成生物柴油。由于麻疯果油含有较高的游离脂肪酸,需要两步转化合成生物柴油。我们首先采用制备的木质素炭磺酸固体催化剂用于麻疯果油的预处理(酯化反应),分离出固体酸催化剂后,进一步用K2CO3/KLC固体碱催化剂催化麻疯果油合成生物柴油。
为了进一步拓展木质素炭载体的应用范围,我们采用磷酸活化的木质素介孔活性炭通过浸渍法制备得到了炭负载Ni、Pd催化剂用于硬脂酸、菜籽油、麻疯果油以及相应的生物柴油的脱氧制备绿色烷烃。进一步的研究将集中于提高催化剂的活性与稳定性以及发展复合或双功能的催化剂,用于高效、一步催化由生物质得到的长链脂肪酸及甘油三脂原料的脱氧及烷烃异构化合成与化石柴油结构完全相同的绿色柴油燃料。
The accelerating and frequently fluctuating price of conventional diesel, together with growing environmental concerns has sparked renewed attention on the search for an alternative fuel. Biodiesel (alkyl esters) from vegetable oil or animal fats via transesterification is potential substitutes for petroleum-based diesel fuel. Biodiesel is one of the most widely used biofuels in the world, due to its simplicity of production, biodegradability, non-toxicity, sulfur-free and reduction of green house gas emissions. The most widely used industrial method for the commercial production of biodiesel from vegetable oils/fats is a base catalyzed transesterification process using KOH or NaOH as the homogeneous catalysts. The major drawbacks of homogeneous catalytic reaction are as follows:the refined vegetable oils are required. These homogeneous base catalysts are corrosive and cannot be regenerated or reused, and separation of catalyst from products is difficult and requires more equipment which could result in higher production costs. In addition, the homogeneous catalysts have to be removed from the biodiesel and a large amount of waste water is generated which the process is not environmentally friendly. The heterogeneous catalysts can solve these problems encountered in homogeneous catalysts.
Thinking of presenting problems, in this work, a new method has been developed to produce activated carbons (ACs) and biodiesel from kraft lignin based on the concept of green chemistry. The main research contents are as follows:
First, the ACs support with various structure and physicochemical properties were prepared from low-cost, renewable kraft lignin (KL) which was obtained from paper effluent by H3PO4, KOH and K2CO3chemical activation, respectively. The BET surface area, pore volume, pore structure, morphology and the type and content of surface functional groups of ACs can be tailored by the change of the types of activating agent, activation methods and activation conditions. The prepared ACs were characterized by XRD, SEM, FTIR, cryogenic N2adsorption at77K and fractal dimensions.
Then, the mesoporous ACs from KL by H3PO4activation were used to prepared carbon-based solid acid (KLC-SO3H) with SO3H, COOH and phenolic OH groups by the sulfonation of concentrated sulphuric acid. The prepared catalyst was characterized using SEM, XRD, BET, TGA and FTIR. The KLC-SO3H was found to be eco-friendly and recyclable heterogeneous catalyst for the esterification reaction of oleic acid with methanol.
Due to the relative low acid strength of KLC-SO3H solid acid catalyst, we found that it is difficult to be used to catalyze transesterification reaction of rapeseed oil with methanol. So, a novel solid base catalyst K2CO3/KLC was prepared in situ by simply blending K2CO3with KL and subsequently activating at800℃for2h. The catalysts were characterized by TGA, DTA, FTIR, XRD, XPS and BET methods. The catalytic performance of prepared catalysts were evaluated by transesterification of rapeseed oil with methanol under mild reaction condition. The effect of preparation conditions of catalysts and reaction conditions on biodiesel yield of transesterification were investigated. The solid base catalyst can be reused for4times. In this work, the biodiesel from jatropha oil was also produced by a two-step process. The first-pretreatment of jatropha oil was completed by KLC-SO3H catalytic esterification, and then the second step K2CO3/KLC solid base catalytic transesterification was achieved after the KLC-SO3H was removed from the reaction mixture via centrifuge.
For further development of application domain of kraft lignin activated carbons, the Ni/MAC, Pd/MAC catalysts were prepared using mesoporous activated carbons (MAC) from kraft lignin by H3PO4activation, and the catalysts were employed to catalyze the deoxygenation reaction of stearic acid, rapeseed oil, jatropha oil and correspording biodiesel. The further study is needed both for improving the activity and stabliity of catalysts and developing the difunctional or multifunctional catalyst to catalyze both deoxygenation and isomerization of biomass-derived triglycerides feeds in one step, production of green transportation fuels.
针对以上问题,我们发展了一种从碱木质素出发基于绿色化学理念的生产活性炭载体用于负载催化剂合成生物柴油的新方法。其主要研究内容如下：
利用从造纸废水中提取的低成本、可再生的碱木质素分别经过磷酸、氢氧化钾或碳酸钾化学活化制备得到了不同结构与理化性能的活性炭载体。通过改变活化剂种类、活化方法及活化条件可以调控活性炭的表面积、孔体积、孔结构以及活性炭表面功能基团的含量。制备的活性炭用深冷N2吸附等温、X-射线衍射(XRD)、傅里叶变换红外光谱(FTIR)、扫描电镜(SEM)及表面分形维数等表征。
采用磷酸活化得到的木质素介孔活性炭经浓硫酸磺化制备得到了含有-SO3H、-COOH及酚羟基的炭磺酸固体催化剂,用于油酸与甲醇的酯化反应合成油酸甲酯。制备的炭磺酸催化剂用SEM、BET、XRD、TGA以及FTIR表征。
由于木质素炭磺酸固体催化剂酸强度较低,难于直接用于植物油与甲醇的酯交换反应合成生物柴油。我们采用直接共混方法,用碳酸钾为活化剂和催化剂原位一步活化碱木质素制备活性炭负载碳酸钾固体碱催化剂(K2CO3/KLC),对制备的催化剂进行了全面的表征。制备的固体碱催化剂用于菜籽油与甲醇在温和条件下催化酯交换反应合成生物柴油。考查了催化剂的制备条件、酯交换反应条件对菜籽油合成生物柴油产率的影响。结果表明K2CO3/KLC催化剂能够重复利用4次。制备的固体碱催化剂也被用于催化非可食性的麻疯果油合成生物柴油。由于麻疯果油含有较高的游离脂肪酸,需要两步转化合成生物柴油。我们首先采用制备的木质素炭磺酸固体催化剂用于麻疯果油的预处理(酯化反应),分离出固体酸催化剂后,进一步用K2CO3/KLC固体碱催化剂催化麻疯果油合成生物柴油。
为了进一步拓展木质素炭载体的应用范围,我们采用磷酸活化的木质素介孔活性炭通过浸渍法制备得到了炭负载Ni、Pd催化剂用于硬脂酸、菜籽油、麻疯果油以及相应的生物柴油的脱氧制备绿色烷烃。进一步的研究将集中于提高催化剂的活性与稳定性以及发展复合或双功能的催化剂,用于高效、一步催化由生物质得到的长链脂肪酸及甘油三脂原料的脱氧及烷烃异构化合成与化石柴油结构完全相同的绿色柴油燃料。
The accelerating and frequently fluctuating price of conventional diesel, together with growing environmental concerns has sparked renewed attention on the search for an alternative fuel. Biodiesel (alkyl esters) from vegetable oil or animal fats via transesterification is potential substitutes for petroleum-based diesel fuel. Biodiesel is one of the most widely used biofuels in the world, due to its simplicity of production, biodegradability, non-toxicity, sulfur-free and reduction of green house gas emissions. The most widely used industrial method for the commercial production of biodiesel from vegetable oils/fats is a base catalyzed transesterification process using KOH or NaOH as the homogeneous catalysts. The major drawbacks of homogeneous catalytic reaction are as follows:the refined vegetable oils are required. These homogeneous base catalysts are corrosive and cannot be regenerated or reused, and separation of catalyst from products is difficult and requires more equipment which could result in higher production costs. In addition, the homogeneous catalysts have to be removed from the biodiesel and a large amount of waste water is generated which the process is not environmentally friendly. The heterogeneous catalysts can solve these problems encountered in homogeneous catalysts.
Thinking of presenting problems, in this work, a new method has been developed to produce activated carbons (ACs) and biodiesel from kraft lignin based on the concept of green chemistry. The main research contents are as follows:
First, the ACs support with various structure and physicochemical properties were prepared from low-cost, renewable kraft lignin (KL) which was obtained from paper effluent by H3PO4, KOH and K2CO3chemical activation, respectively. The BET surface area, pore volume, pore structure, morphology and the type and content of surface functional groups of ACs can be tailored by the change of the types of activating agent, activation methods and activation conditions. The prepared ACs were characterized by XRD, SEM, FTIR, cryogenic N2adsorption at77K and fractal dimensions.
Then, the mesoporous ACs from KL by H3PO4activation were used to prepared carbon-based solid acid (KLC-SO3H) with SO3H, COOH and phenolic OH groups by the sulfonation of concentrated sulphuric acid. The prepared catalyst was characterized using SEM, XRD, BET, TGA and FTIR. The KLC-SO3H was found to be eco-friendly and recyclable heterogeneous catalyst for the esterification reaction of oleic acid with methanol.
Due to the relative low acid strength of KLC-SO3H solid acid catalyst, we found that it is difficult to be used to catalyze transesterification reaction of rapeseed oil with methanol. So, a novel solid base catalyst K2CO3/KLC was prepared in situ by simply blending K2CO3with KL and subsequently activating at800℃for2h. The catalysts were characterized by TGA, DTA, FTIR, XRD, XPS and BET methods. The catalytic performance of prepared catalysts were evaluated by transesterification of rapeseed oil with methanol under mild reaction condition. The effect of preparation conditions of catalysts and reaction conditions on biodiesel yield of transesterification were investigated. The solid base catalyst can be reused for4times. In this work, the biodiesel from jatropha oil was also produced by a two-step process. The first-pretreatment of jatropha oil was completed by KLC-SO3H catalytic esterification, and then the second step K2CO3/KLC solid base catalytic transesterification was achieved after the KLC-SO3H was removed from the reaction mixture via centrifuge.
For further development of application domain of kraft lignin activated carbons, the Ni/MAC, Pd/MAC catalysts were prepared using mesoporous activated carbons (MAC) from kraft lignin by H3PO4activation, and the catalysts were employed to catalyze the deoxygenation reaction of stearic acid, rapeseed oil, jatropha oil and correspording biodiesel. The further study is needed both for improving the activity and stabliity of catalysts and developing the difunctional or multifunctional catalyst to catalyze both deoxygenation and isomerization of biomass-derived triglycerides feeds in one step, production of green transportation fuels.
引文
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