太阳风扰动的地磁响应与空间环境应用模式集成
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摘要
太阳风扰动会引起地球磁场和电流体系的剧烈变化,进而触发磁暴、亚暴等扰动现象,能够诱发多种灾害性空间环境事件,是空间环境预报的重要内容和观测要素。本论文在此领域开展了两方面的工作,一方面,利用卫星观测数据分析研究了不同性质的太阳风扰动对极光电急流和环电流指数的影响以及极光电急流爆发事件与磁层亚暴活动的相关性,对由于太阳风与地球磁层的相互作用而引发的典型磁层亚暴事件进行了深入探讨；另一方面,对空间环境模式集成进行了研究,提出了一套满足空间环境预报业务需求的模式计算框架,并选择与地磁活动相关的若干模式进行了应用验证。
首先,论文介绍了太阳风的基本概念及其观测特性,对可能引发地球磁层扰动的源如太阳耀斑、日冕物质抛射(CME)和各类行星际扰动如ICME、共转相互作用区及行星际激波等空间物理过程的特征进行了总结,对受太阳风控制的地球磁层结构、磁层电流系的基本结构和太阳风扰动触发的各类地磁扰动及其表征指数(磁情指数Kp、磁暴环电流指数Dst、极光电急流指数AU/AL/和磁暴指数SYM-H)的计算方法进行了归纳。
其次,作者利用WIND卫星的观测数据和地磁活动指数,分析研究了西向极光电急流AL指数和东向极光电急流AU指数以及环电流指数SYM-H对不同性质的太阳风动压变化的关联响应,发现太阳风动压脉冲的地磁效应不仅与太阳风动压脉冲大小和持续时间有关,还与磁层本身储能状态有关。太阳风动压增长和减少能够同步或延迟地引起AL,AU和SYM-H指数的变化,而指数变化方向和缓急却随着太阳风性质的不同而有所不同。
进而作者利用LANL卫星的观测数据、极光电急流指数和地磁台站观测数据,分析研究了不同性质的极光电急流爆发事件与亚暴之间的关系。发现虽然大部分极光电急流爆发都对应着亚暴,但也有极光电急流爆发与亚暴无关,对其相关性进行了分类归纳。认为极光电急流爆发事件可以分为三种类型：第一类是东向电急流和西向电急流事件同时爆发同时消失,这类极光电急流爆发事件一般都伴随着同步轨道能量粒子注入和地面Pi2地磁脉动,是典型的亚暴过程；第二类是西向电急流爆发,东向电急流不变,这类极光电急流爆发事件也都伴随着同步轨道能量粒子注入和地面Pi2地磁脉动,可以认为是亚暴过程；第三类是东向电急流爆发,西向电急流不变,这类极光电急流爆发事件有的伴随着同步轨道能量粒子注入和地面Pi2地磁脉动,可能也是亚暴过程,而有的却没有伴随着同步轨道能量粒子注入和地面Pi2地磁脉动,则可认为没有伴随亚暴过程。本论文的研究结果对于利用极光电急流指数的变化特征研究和监测亚暴具有重要参考意义。
最后,作者对空间环境模式集成进行了研究与探索,形成了一套合理、高效的空间环境模式集成框架,在云计算环境下开展了模式计算与空间环境预报业务的应用验证,具体实现了包括预报太阳风暴到达地球时间和强度的智能化业务预报模式,预报CME在日地空间传播时间的CME冰激凌-锥模式,预报地球轨道附近的太阳风和磁场值预报的运动学模式,预报未来1-3天的F107指数的定量预报模式,预报磁层的等离子体和电磁场特性的磁层状态模式,预报地球弓激波和磁层顶位置和形状的弓激波／磁层顶模式,预报外磁层等离子体和电磁场特性的太阳风传输模式,预报辐射带南大西洋异常区等离子体(高能粒子通量)分布特性的通量模式,预报辐射带边界变化以及内外辐射带最大辐射通量的L值位置的辐射带边界演化模式,预报地球辐射带槽区高能粒子环境参数的地球中低轨道航天器高能带电粒子环境诊断和预警模式,预报地磁扰动的模式等多个模式的集成计算,范围覆盖日地系统五大空间区域——太阳／行星际、太阳风／磁层、内磁层、电离层、中高层大气区域,是国内在空间环境模式集成研究方面的一例有益探索。
This thesis describes a study about the effect of solar wind disturbances on auroral electrojet and ring current indices, the correlation between auroral electrojet bursts and magnetospheric substorms, and a framework of forecast model computing to meet the demand of space environment forecasting operation.
First, we investigate the influence of solar wind dynamic pressure changes on the westward auroral electrojet index AL, the eastward auroral electrojet index AU and the ring current index SYM-H using WIND satellite data. It is found that the geomagnetic response to a solar wind pressure pulse is not only related to the strength and duration of the solar wind pressure pulse, but also depends on the energy storage state of the magnetosphere. An increase or decrease in the solar wind dynamic pressure may result in changes of AL, AU and SYM-H synchronously or with time delay. Moreover, the direction and response time of the changes may vary with the properties of the solar wind.
Second, we use LANL satellite data and ground magnetic field data to study the relationship between auroral electrojet bursts and substorms. By analyzing the correlation between auroral electrojet bursts and substorms, we divide the auroral electrojet bursts into three categories. In the first category of events, eastward and westward electrojets burst and disappear simultaneously. This kind of auroral electrojet bursts is certainly accompanied by injection of synchronous orbit energetic particles and Pi2magnetic pulsations, which are typical signatures of a substorm. In the second category of events, westward electrojet burst but eastward electrojet remain unchanged, also accompanied by above signatures of a substorm process. The last category of event is characterized by burst of eastward electrojet and unchanged westward electrojet. While some of these events are accompanied by substorms, some are not. These results are important to study and monitor substorms using auroral electrojet indices.
Finally, we propose a reasonable and efficient model computing framework on component-based architecture, and some geomagnetic activity related models covering five space regions in solar-terrestrial system are selected for application testing in a cloud computing environment. These models include an intelligent operation forecast model that can forecast the arriving time and strength of solar storm, a kinematic model that can forecast the values of solar wind and magnetic field near the Earth orbit, a magnetospheric state model that can forecast the characteristics of magnetospheric plasma and electromagnetic field, a bow shock/magnetopause configuration model, a solar wind transfer model that can forecast the characteristics of plasma and electromagnetic field in outer magnetosphere, a geomagnetic disturbance forecast model, etc. The framework has a great application value in the space environment forecasting operation in China.
首先,论文介绍了太阳风的基本概念及其观测特性,对可能引发地球磁层扰动的源如太阳耀斑、日冕物质抛射(CME)和各类行星际扰动如ICME、共转相互作用区及行星际激波等空间物理过程的特征进行了总结,对受太阳风控制的地球磁层结构、磁层电流系的基本结构和太阳风扰动触发的各类地磁扰动及其表征指数(磁情指数Kp、磁暴环电流指数Dst、极光电急流指数AU/AL/和磁暴指数SYM-H)的计算方法进行了归纳。
其次,作者利用WIND卫星的观测数据和地磁活动指数,分析研究了西向极光电急流AL指数和东向极光电急流AU指数以及环电流指数SYM-H对不同性质的太阳风动压变化的关联响应,发现太阳风动压脉冲的地磁效应不仅与太阳风动压脉冲大小和持续时间有关,还与磁层本身储能状态有关。太阳风动压增长和减少能够同步或延迟地引起AL,AU和SYM-H指数的变化,而指数变化方向和缓急却随着太阳风性质的不同而有所不同。
进而作者利用LANL卫星的观测数据、极光电急流指数和地磁台站观测数据,分析研究了不同性质的极光电急流爆发事件与亚暴之间的关系。发现虽然大部分极光电急流爆发都对应着亚暴,但也有极光电急流爆发与亚暴无关,对其相关性进行了分类归纳。认为极光电急流爆发事件可以分为三种类型：第一类是东向电急流和西向电急流事件同时爆发同时消失,这类极光电急流爆发事件一般都伴随着同步轨道能量粒子注入和地面Pi2地磁脉动,是典型的亚暴过程；第二类是西向电急流爆发,东向电急流不变,这类极光电急流爆发事件也都伴随着同步轨道能量粒子注入和地面Pi2地磁脉动,可以认为是亚暴过程；第三类是东向电急流爆发,西向电急流不变,这类极光电急流爆发事件有的伴随着同步轨道能量粒子注入和地面Pi2地磁脉动,可能也是亚暴过程,而有的却没有伴随着同步轨道能量粒子注入和地面Pi2地磁脉动,则可认为没有伴随亚暴过程。本论文的研究结果对于利用极光电急流指数的变化特征研究和监测亚暴具有重要参考意义。
最后,作者对空间环境模式集成进行了研究与探索,形成了一套合理、高效的空间环境模式集成框架,在云计算环境下开展了模式计算与空间环境预报业务的应用验证,具体实现了包括预报太阳风暴到达地球时间和强度的智能化业务预报模式,预报CME在日地空间传播时间的CME冰激凌-锥模式,预报地球轨道附近的太阳风和磁场值预报的运动学模式,预报未来1-3天的F107指数的定量预报模式,预报磁层的等离子体和电磁场特性的磁层状态模式,预报地球弓激波和磁层顶位置和形状的弓激波／磁层顶模式,预报外磁层等离子体和电磁场特性的太阳风传输模式,预报辐射带南大西洋异常区等离子体(高能粒子通量)分布特性的通量模式,预报辐射带边界变化以及内外辐射带最大辐射通量的L值位置的辐射带边界演化模式,预报地球辐射带槽区高能粒子环境参数的地球中低轨道航天器高能带电粒子环境诊断和预警模式,预报地磁扰动的模式等多个模式的集成计算,范围覆盖日地系统五大空间区域——太阳／行星际、太阳风／磁层、内磁层、电离层、中高层大气区域,是国内在空间环境模式集成研究方面的一例有益探索。
This thesis describes a study about the effect of solar wind disturbances on auroral electrojet and ring current indices, the correlation between auroral electrojet bursts and magnetospheric substorms, and a framework of forecast model computing to meet the demand of space environment forecasting operation.
First, we investigate the influence of solar wind dynamic pressure changes on the westward auroral electrojet index AL, the eastward auroral electrojet index AU and the ring current index SYM-H using WIND satellite data. It is found that the geomagnetic response to a solar wind pressure pulse is not only related to the strength and duration of the solar wind pressure pulse, but also depends on the energy storage state of the magnetosphere. An increase or decrease in the solar wind dynamic pressure may result in changes of AL, AU and SYM-H synchronously or with time delay. Moreover, the direction and response time of the changes may vary with the properties of the solar wind.
Second, we use LANL satellite data and ground magnetic field data to study the relationship between auroral electrojet bursts and substorms. By analyzing the correlation between auroral electrojet bursts and substorms, we divide the auroral electrojet bursts into three categories. In the first category of events, eastward and westward electrojets burst and disappear simultaneously. This kind of auroral electrojet bursts is certainly accompanied by injection of synchronous orbit energetic particles and Pi2magnetic pulsations, which are typical signatures of a substorm. In the second category of events, westward electrojet burst but eastward electrojet remain unchanged, also accompanied by above signatures of a substorm process. The last category of event is characterized by burst of eastward electrojet and unchanged westward electrojet. While some of these events are accompanied by substorms, some are not. These results are important to study and monitor substorms using auroral electrojet indices.
Finally, we propose a reasonable and efficient model computing framework on component-based architecture, and some geomagnetic activity related models covering five space regions in solar-terrestrial system are selected for application testing in a cloud computing environment. These models include an intelligent operation forecast model that can forecast the arriving time and strength of solar storm, a kinematic model that can forecast the values of solar wind and magnetic field near the Earth orbit, a magnetospheric state model that can forecast the characteristics of magnetospheric plasma and electromagnetic field, a bow shock/magnetopause configuration model, a solar wind transfer model that can forecast the characteristics of plasma and electromagnetic field in outer magnetosphere, a geomagnetic disturbance forecast model, etc. The framework has a great application value in the space environment forecasting operation in China.
引文
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