利用纵波AVAZ方法反演小尺度垂直裂缝密度
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摘要
裂缝性储层已经成为当今油气勘探的重点，与此同时，利用地球物理探测方法描述储层裂缝性质也越来越受到人们的关注。实际上，地层上覆载荷的压实等作用使得高角度和近于垂直的裂缝易被保存下来。垂直裂缝发育带的存在会引起地震波传播特征的方位各向异性，即波在传播时由于方向或偏振的变化而引起物理性质测量值的变化。另外，纵波勘探是目前最经济和实用的勘探技术，因此可以通过提取纵波速度、振幅和衰减等地震波特征的方位各向异性来研究垂直裂缝发育带。然而，目前对裂缝发育带的描述多为定性描述，对裂缝发育带裂缝密度的定量描述方法很少。在前人工作基础之上，本文重点研究利用相交测线上纵波反射振幅差信息反演裂缝密度。主要研究对象是HTI介质和含有两组不同尺度的垂直裂缝介质。
首先，本文基于各向异性介质的本构关系，利用求解横向各向同性介质的Christoffel方程得到相速度与群速度表达式，进而分析地震波传播规律。介绍并比较了三种等效HTI介质理论即Hudson理论、线性滑动理论和Thomsen裂缝理论。因为裂缝性质的变化会对弹性参数的影响进而对Thomsen参数产生影响，所以三个Thomsen参数值以及它们之间的关系可以揭示HTI介质裂缝密度与裂缝类型。另外，根据各向异性程度不同的HTI介质的纵波反射系数随入射角和方位角变化特征分析，可选取出对反射振幅最敏感的Thomsen参数。
其次，虽然在理论上AVAZ特征可以很好的揭示裂缝走向，但是在实际应用中仍面临观测系统和工区地质情况等方面的限制。本文针对Emilio地区，合理选取面元并利用该面元上纵波AVAZ响应估计裂缝走向。利用AVAZ响应分析裂缝走向结果与Emilio地区测井数据得到的裂缝走向基本相符，验证了本文利用纵波AVAZ响应估计裂缝走向的方法在Emilio地区中应用的可行性。
再次，本文分析了HTI介质的三分量地震记录中的反射特征。提出了对多组相交测线上纵波AVAZ响应差运用遗传算法反演HTI介质裂缝密度方法。另外，该方法在反演前运用利用SVD对多组相交测线上纵波AVAZ响应差去噪。通过直接对AVAZ响应与AVAZ响应差运用SVD去噪结果的对比，验证了基于AVAZ响应差研究裂缝性质的优越性。基于数值模拟的AVAZ响应运用该方法反演得到的裂缝密度值接近模型值，验证了算法的可行性。
最后，本文假设介质背景是均匀各向同性且包含两组不同尺度的垂直裂缝。分析当大尺度垂直裂缝裂隙屈服度变化或小尺度裂缝包含物状态变化时，大尺度裂缝的存在对利用新算法反演小尺度裂缝密度结果的影响。利用本文提出的反演方法得到的结果与模型裂缝密度值误差分析揭示了新的算法在多尺度裂缝模型中的适用范围。
Nowadays, fractured reservoir has already been a big picture of oil and gasexploration, at the same time, description of fractured reservoir by using geophysicalexploration method is getting more and more attention. In fact, the overlying stratapressure may cause high-angle fracture and vertical fracture can be easily kept. Theexisting development zone of vertical fracture may cause azimuthal anisotropy ofseismic wave propagation characteristics which means measured value of physicalfeatures varies with the direction or polarization of wave propagation. What’s more Pwave exploration is the most economical and practical exploration technology atpresent, so we can research on the development zone of vertical fracture by gettingazimuthal anisotropy of seismic characterizations, such as P wave velocity, amplitudeand attenuation. However, descriptions of fracture development zone is qualitative sofar and there is only a few methods for quantitative description of fracture density. Onthe basis of predecessors’ work, the research in this paper focus on inversion offracture density by using the difference information of P wave reflection amplitudebetween two crossing line. The main study objects are HTI media and the media withtwo vertical scale fractures.
Firstly，based on constitutive relationship of anisotropic media, we can getexpressions of phase velocity and group velocity by solving Christoffel equation fortransversely isotropic media and study on seismic wave propagation law. Thenintroduce and compare three theories of equivalent transversely isotropic media with ahorizontal symmetry axis including Hudson theory, linear slip deformation theory andThomsen fracture theory. The changes of fracture characteristics will play influenceon elastic parameters, then Thomsen parameters will be also influenced. What’s more, according to the analysis on P wave reflection coefficient variation with incident angleand azimuth for HTI media with different anisotropy, we can choose the mosesensitive Thomsen parameter to reflection amplitude.
Secondly, AVAZ response can reveal fracture strike very well in theory, but westill need face the limitation of observing system，geological conditions and so on.Aiming at Emilio area, we reasonably choose a bin and use P wave AVAZ responsegetting from it to estimate fracture strike in this paper. The fracture strike got by usingAVAZ response and from well log result are coincide and that verifies the feasibilityof estimating fracture strike by using P wave AVAZ response in Emilio area.
Thirdly, we analysis reflection characteristics form three component seismicrecord for HTI media in this paper. Then come up with a fracture density inversionmethod based on multiple group difference of AVAZ response from crossing lines.What’s more, we use SVD on the multiple group difference of AVAZ response fromcrossing lines to reduce noise before inversion using this method. Through comparethe results of reducing noise between directly using SVD on AVAZ response andusing SVD on AVAZ response difference, we testify the advantage of studying onfracture characteristics based on AVAZ response difference. The inversion value offracture density based on AVAZ response from numerical simulation approaches themodel value which testify the feasibility of this algorithm.
At last, assume that background of the media is isotropic homogeneous and themedia contain two sets of vertical fractures with different scales. Then analysis theinfluence of small-scale fracture density which is inversion result estimated by usingthe new algorithm cased by large-scale fracture when fracture compliance of verticallarge-scale fracture or what filled in small-scale fracture is changing. The erroranalysis of inversion result got by applying the new algorithm and the value offracture density reveals the range of application for multi-scale fracture model by using the new algorithm.
首先，本文基于各向异性介质的本构关系，利用求解横向各向同性介质的Christoffel方程得到相速度与群速度表达式，进而分析地震波传播规律。介绍并比较了三种等效HTI介质理论即Hudson理论、线性滑动理论和Thomsen裂缝理论。因为裂缝性质的变化会对弹性参数的影响进而对Thomsen参数产生影响，所以三个Thomsen参数值以及它们之间的关系可以揭示HTI介质裂缝密度与裂缝类型。另外，根据各向异性程度不同的HTI介质的纵波反射系数随入射角和方位角变化特征分析，可选取出对反射振幅最敏感的Thomsen参数。
其次，虽然在理论上AVAZ特征可以很好的揭示裂缝走向，但是在实际应用中仍面临观测系统和工区地质情况等方面的限制。本文针对Emilio地区，合理选取面元并利用该面元上纵波AVAZ响应估计裂缝走向。利用AVAZ响应分析裂缝走向结果与Emilio地区测井数据得到的裂缝走向基本相符，验证了本文利用纵波AVAZ响应估计裂缝走向的方法在Emilio地区中应用的可行性。
再次，本文分析了HTI介质的三分量地震记录中的反射特征。提出了对多组相交测线上纵波AVAZ响应差运用遗传算法反演HTI介质裂缝密度方法。另外，该方法在反演前运用利用SVD对多组相交测线上纵波AVAZ响应差去噪。通过直接对AVAZ响应与AVAZ响应差运用SVD去噪结果的对比，验证了基于AVAZ响应差研究裂缝性质的优越性。基于数值模拟的AVAZ响应运用该方法反演得到的裂缝密度值接近模型值，验证了算法的可行性。
最后，本文假设介质背景是均匀各向同性且包含两组不同尺度的垂直裂缝。分析当大尺度垂直裂缝裂隙屈服度变化或小尺度裂缝包含物状态变化时，大尺度裂缝的存在对利用新算法反演小尺度裂缝密度结果的影响。利用本文提出的反演方法得到的结果与模型裂缝密度值误差分析揭示了新的算法在多尺度裂缝模型中的适用范围。
Nowadays, fractured reservoir has already been a big picture of oil and gasexploration, at the same time, description of fractured reservoir by using geophysicalexploration method is getting more and more attention. In fact, the overlying stratapressure may cause high-angle fracture and vertical fracture can be easily kept. Theexisting development zone of vertical fracture may cause azimuthal anisotropy ofseismic wave propagation characteristics which means measured value of physicalfeatures varies with the direction or polarization of wave propagation. What’s more Pwave exploration is the most economical and practical exploration technology atpresent, so we can research on the development zone of vertical fracture by gettingazimuthal anisotropy of seismic characterizations, such as P wave velocity, amplitudeand attenuation. However, descriptions of fracture development zone is qualitative sofar and there is only a few methods for quantitative description of fracture density. Onthe basis of predecessors’ work, the research in this paper focus on inversion offracture density by using the difference information of P wave reflection amplitudebetween two crossing line. The main study objects are HTI media and the media withtwo vertical scale fractures.
Firstly，based on constitutive relationship of anisotropic media, we can getexpressions of phase velocity and group velocity by solving Christoffel equation fortransversely isotropic media and study on seismic wave propagation law. Thenintroduce and compare three theories of equivalent transversely isotropic media with ahorizontal symmetry axis including Hudson theory, linear slip deformation theory andThomsen fracture theory. The changes of fracture characteristics will play influenceon elastic parameters, then Thomsen parameters will be also influenced. What’s more, according to the analysis on P wave reflection coefficient variation with incident angleand azimuth for HTI media with different anisotropy, we can choose the mosesensitive Thomsen parameter to reflection amplitude.
Secondly, AVAZ response can reveal fracture strike very well in theory, but westill need face the limitation of observing system，geological conditions and so on.Aiming at Emilio area, we reasonably choose a bin and use P wave AVAZ responsegetting from it to estimate fracture strike in this paper. The fracture strike got by usingAVAZ response and from well log result are coincide and that verifies the feasibilityof estimating fracture strike by using P wave AVAZ response in Emilio area.
Thirdly, we analysis reflection characteristics form three component seismicrecord for HTI media in this paper. Then come up with a fracture density inversionmethod based on multiple group difference of AVAZ response from crossing lines.What’s more, we use SVD on the multiple group difference of AVAZ response fromcrossing lines to reduce noise before inversion using this method. Through comparethe results of reducing noise between directly using SVD on AVAZ response andusing SVD on AVAZ response difference, we testify the advantage of studying onfracture characteristics based on AVAZ response difference. The inversion value offracture density based on AVAZ response from numerical simulation approaches themodel value which testify the feasibility of this algorithm.
At last, assume that background of the media is isotropic homogeneous and themedia contain two sets of vertical fractures with different scales. Then analysis theinfluence of small-scale fracture density which is inversion result estimated by usingthe new algorithm cased by large-scale fracture when fracture compliance of verticallarge-scale fracture or what filled in small-scale fracture is changing. The erroranalysis of inversion result got by applying the new algorithm and the value offracture density reveals the range of application for multi-scale fracture model by using the new algorithm.
引文
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