近200年泸沽湖藻类沉积记录及其对气候变化的响应
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摘要
全球气候变化是当前全世界面临的重要环境问题之一。据IPCC(2007)报道,在1906～2005年的100年内全球年均气温已升高约0.74℃。在全球变暖大背景下,我国在1951～2009年期间,内陆地表年均气温上升了1.38℃,预计到本世纪末年均气温将升高2.5～4.6℃。气候变化不仅影响气温影响光照和降雨量等,同时导致极端气候增多。因此,全球气候变化对生态系统的影响已成为生态学和环境科学领域的重要研究问题。淡水生态系统是全球生态系统重要组成部分,与人类生存密切相关,然而目前我国在水生态系统对气候变化响应研究方面仍非常缺乏。
云贵高原湖泊群为我国五大湖区之一,是该区域重要的水资源。云贵高原湖泊多为断裂构造湖泊,其水生态系统具有独特性,并有较高的生物多样性研究价值。云贵高原受季风影响显著,近60年来云贵高原增温趋势明显。因此,该区域那些受人为干扰较少湖泊成为研究气候变化对湖泊生态系统影响的理想对象。然而由于缺乏长期、连续、系统的水生态监测数据,近百年来气候变化对云贵高原湖泊水生态系统的影响及其响应尚未得到阐释。
泸沽湖作为目前云贵高原湖泊中人为干扰相对较小的半封闭深水贫营养湖泊,其湖泊沉积物连续完整,因此是研究水生态系统对气候变化响应的理想场所。本研究选择泸沽湖作为调查研究对象,通过古湖沼学方法分析泸沽湖柱状沉积物的地化指标：总有机碳(TOC:Total Organic Carbon)、烧失率(LOI550:Loss on Ignition)、总氮(TN:Total Nitrogen)、总磷(TP:Total Phosphorus)、C/N (TOC/TN)和粒度；以及生物记录：沉积色素、生物硅(BSi: Biogenic Silica)和化石硅藻。在以210pb/137Cs测年方法建立的沉积深度—年代时间序列框架下,结合近60年来区域气温与降雨量气象数据,利用相关性分析与多元统计分析等方法,研究泸沽湖藻类演化(以硅藻群落为主)对近100年来区域气候变化和人类活动的响应。主要研究结果如下：
1、根据210pb测年CRS模式计算结果,泸沽湖沉积柱的平均干物质沉积速率为0.14～0.15g/cm2·yr,但不同深度层位其沉积速率并不一致,由柱顶至下部物质沉积速率略升高后又逐渐降低。根据沉积柱LGH-6和LGH-7沉积结果可以看出两沉积柱下部有一定的压实作用。27.5～32.5cm的沉积深度代表了近200～250年来的沉积结果。
2、沉积柱LGH-7沉积物平均粒度范围在15.73～32.10μm,中值粒径在12.85～17.82μm范围内波动,属粉砂质黏土；沉积物颗粒度分选极好,粗细分布的对称性良好,并偏向细粉砂。泸沽湖沉积物粒度的“细—粗—细”变化模式是对不同时期降雨量变化和区域内土地利用情况变化综合影响结果的响应。
3、沉积柱LGH-7化石硅藻分析表明,硅藻在沉积物中保存完好。在所有样品中共鉴定3纲11目16科24属145种硅藻。其中,硅藻相对丰度≥2%的物种16个,相对丰度≥1%的物种28个；这28个硅藻物种相对丰度之和占各样品硅藻总数的90.69～98.04%。28个硅藻物种丰度数据的DCCA第一排序轴样品积分为1.54SD(>1SD: Standard Deviation)表明,近250年来泸沽湖硅藻群落物种发生了较大的物种转变,对区域气候变化响应敏感；进一步对28个硅藻优势物种丰度数据的约束聚类分析表明,期间硅藻种属组合变化可划分为3个主带(约1760～1934AD,1934～1991AD和1991～2010AD),分别代表了3次规模大小不等的物种组合变化,物种组合变化表现为由浮游类硅藻优势物种向非浮游类转变,之后再次向浮游类硅藻转变过程。硅藻组合特征表现为：(1)浮游类硅藻为优势种主要有Cyclostephanos dubius、Cyclotella rhomboideo-elliptica、Cyclotella ocellata和Asterionella formosa;(2)非浮游类优势种以Fragilaria属为主,如Fragilaria brevistriata、Fragilaria elliptica和Fragilaria construens f. venter等。在约1990's以前,云贵高原地方性物种硅藻C. rhomboideo-elliptica一直为优势种,但在约1995年后这一本地物种基本消失。
4、湖泊沉积物中BSi、LOI550和TOC含量常作为湖泊及流域内初级生产力的代用指标。从约1991年起,泸沽湖沉积物中BSi、LOI550和TOC含量呈增加趋势,这揭示了泸沽湖及区域内初级生产力的增加。而1991～2010年间沉积物C/N比值逐渐减小并保持相对低值范围(C/N比平均值为11.21),接近藻类C/N比值4～10范围,这进一步指示了沉积物有机质来源以湖泊内源有机质为主。根据化石硅藻物种数据与沉积物中的环境代用指标(TOC、TN、TP、LOI550和粒度)和泸沽湖区域气候数据(年平均气温、四季气温和降雨量)相关性分析表明,1951～2010年60年间年均气温与TOC、硅藻沉积通量、硅藻浓度和浮游类与非浮游类比值(P/nP ratios: Planktonic/no-planktonic taxa ratios)间存在极显著正相关性(p<0.01)。区域年平均气温和冬季气温与TN、TP和BSi之间存在显著相关性(p<0.05)。冗余序分析(RDA:Redundancy Analysis)进一步表明,TN、年平均气温(ATmean: Annual Temperature mean)、冬季气温(WITmean: Winter Temperature mean)、春季气温(SPTmean: Spring Temperature mean)和TP是引起硅藻群落物种变化的5个显著相关的环境变量(p<0.05,n=36),推测气候变暖是近100年来驱动泸沽湖硅藻群落变化的主要因子,结合泸沽湖水质变化趋势显示人为干扰也起了一定的叠加效应。
5、通过化石硅藻物种多样性与硅藻物种个体大小尺寸变化分析表明,近250年来泸沽湖硅藻多样性指数一般或偏低,硅藻物种Shannon-wiener指数(H')在1.59～2.89之间波动,平均值为2.23；而Hill's N2指数在2.1～11.78之间波动,平均值为5.791从1970's初以来硅藻多样性呈下降趋势。此外,期间泸沽湖硅藻物种个体有向中小型化演化的趋势：中型个体硅藻物种(7～15μm)的总丰度在近200年来呈增加趋势,特别是约1990年后,最高丰度达到70.88%,小型个体物种(≤7μm)也有一定的增加趋势;但大型个体物种(≥15μm)总丰度则呈显著减少趋势,在1990AD以后总丰度一直维持在低水平。
6、沉积柱LGH-6沉积色素分析表明,近200年来泸沽湖沉积色素保存条件较好,可作为湖泊初级生产力的代用指标。从1990's初开始,沉积物中叶绿素及其衍生物(CD: Chlorophyll Derivatives)、总胡萝卜素(TC: Total Carotenoid)、颤藻黄素(Osc: Oscillaxanthin)和蓝藻叶黄素(Myx: Myxanthophyll)的含量明显增加,以及1997～2010AD的LOl550和BSi含量均明显增加,反映了近20年来泸沽湖区域湖泊初级生产力的增强；结合C/N比值呈下降趋势,表明湖泊沉积中来自湖泊内源有机质比例增加。泸沽湖沉积物中以上4类色素含量及其比值(CD/TC和Osc/Myx)对区域气候变化较为敏感,近60年来年平均温度与CD、TC和LOl550含量呈极显著正相关(p<0.01),而与Osc、Myx、和BSi含量呈显著正相关(p<0.05)；而四类色素、LOl550和BSi含量与年降雨量均无直接相关性(p>0.05)。说明近60年来气温升高是驱动沉积色素含量和初级生产力升高的主要因素。此外,1990's初开始,沉积物中Osc和Myx色素含量及其比值较高,反映蓝藻类生产力增长显著,且其中颤藻类比重呈增大趋势,表明近20年来丽江地区气候变化不仅导致了湖泊初级生产力增加,且导致浮游植物群落组成的变化。
综上所述,泸沽湖水生生态系统对区域气候变化响应敏感,近60年来泸沽湖藻类生产力呈增长趋势,且浮游植物群落中丝状蓝藻比重有增大趋势；硅藻群落物种多样性指数下降,硅藻物种个体趋向小型化。泸沽湖藻类群落变化主要受该区域内近100年来气候变暖因子所驱动,而人类活动干扰则起到了进一步加强作用。本研究结果揭示了未来气候变化可能会对云贵高原湖泊生态系统产生较大的生态学问题。
Global climate change is one of the important environmental problems in the world currently. According to the IPCC (2007) report, the mean global annual temperature has risen about0.74℃during the past100years, from1906to2005AD. The annual mean temperature of inland surfaces in China increased by1.38℃from1951AD to2009AD, and has been predicted to rise by2.5～4.6℃by the end of this century. Global climate change affects not only the air temperature, but also the rainfall and sunlight intensity, and results in increase of extreme weather. The effect of global climate change on ecosystems has become an important research topic in ecology and environmental science. Lake ecosystem is an important part of the biosphere, which is directly related to human life. However, it is still scarce to study response of aquatic ecosystem to climate change in China currently.
Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau is one of the five lacustrine districts in China. The lakes in this area act as important water resource to the region. The lakes are mostly fault lakes geologically. The every aquatic ecosystem shows unique features, and with high value of biodiversity preservation. The climate in this region is significantly affected by the monsoon, and the significant trend of climate warming in the rejoin over the past60years has been reported. Some lakes with little anthropogenic disturbance in this region became ideal targets for studying the impact of climate change on lake ecosystems. But due to the lack of long-term, regular ecological monitoring data of the lake ecosystems, it is not possible to understand the impact of regional climate change on the lake ecosystems.
Lugu Lake is a remote, alpines, semi-closed, deep and oligotrophic freshwater lake. Due to the low population density there is relatively low anthropogenic disturbance on the lake ecosystem. Together with high forest coverage and small, closed watershed, it is an ideal study location for ecosystem responses to recent climate change. In this study the geochemical index such as TOC (Total Organic Carbon), LOI550(Loss on Ignition at550℃), TN (Total Nitrogen), TP (Total Phosphorus), C/N (TOC/TN) and sediment grain size and biological records such as sediment pigments, biogenic silica (BSi) and diatoms fossil were extracted by paleolimnology methods from sediment cores collected from Lugu Lake. Under the age-depth model of210Pb/137Cs dating, we studied the responses of algal community evolution (diatom community as important representative) in Lugu Lake over the past200years, by using correlation analysis and multivariate ordination analysis related to regional meteorological data during1951～2010AD. The main results of this study are summarized as following:
1. According to the CRS model of210Pb dating, the average sediment accumulation rate of dry matter in Lugu Lake is0.14～0.15g/cm2· yr. The sediment accumulation rate (SAR) of every deposition depth was different, and SAR slightly increased firstly, and then decreased gradually from top to down of the core. The results of deposition show compaction phenomenon in bottom of the cores. The age-depth model suggests that LGH-7core (27.5cm) spans a period of approximately250years, dating back to ca.1760AD, and LGH-6core (32.5cm) spans a period of approximately210years, dating back to ca.1800AD.
2. The average sediment grain size in the sediment LGH-7core ranges in15.73～32.10μm, and the median grain size was about12.85～17.82μm. The sediment was silty clay. The sediment particle show excellent sorting and good distribution of the symmetry, and bias to fine silt. The "fine-coarse-fine" pattern of sediment grain size in Lugu Lake was a response to the results of the combined effects of the different periods of rainfall change and land use in the region.
3. The diatoms valves in the sediment were well preserved in sediment LGH-7core by diatom fossil analysis. In whole55sediment subsamples, we identified diatoms including classes3, orders11, families16, genera24and diatom taxa145,28of which reached a maximum abundance of>1%, and16of which had≥2%in at least one sample. The sum relative abundance of28diatom species is about90.69～98.04%of the total abundance of all diatoms. By detrended canonical correspondence analysis (DCCA) of28diatom species data, the DCCA axis1scores is1.54SD units (>1SD: Standard Deviation), and the results implied that Lugu Lake was a very sensitive system that has had substantial ecological response to recent environmental change over the last200years, and also showed that the diatom community in Lugu Lake occurred the median species changes in the past250years. And the significance of diatom-based biostratigraphic zones was calculated by using the constrained incremental sum of squares (CONISS) of16diatom species data by constrained cluster analysis, three diatom zones (ca.1760～1934AD,1934-1991AD and1991～2010AD) and five sub-zones were identified based on changes in major species abundance. Three diatom zones revealed three diatom species composition shifts in different scale. And the species shifts were characterized as planktonic—no-planktonic—planktonic taxa diatoms. Diatom assemblages were characterized as (1) planktonic diatoms were dominated by Cst. dubius and C. rhomboideo-elliptica or C. ocellata, Asterionella formosaand.(2) no-planktonic (including epiphytic and benthic) diatoms were dominated by Fragilaria taxa, such as F. brevistriata and F. elliptica and Fragilaria construens f. venter. C. rhomboideo-elliptica was the dominant species before ca.1990AD, but the endemic species on the Yunnan Plateau virtually disappeared after ca.1995AD.
4. The content of BSi, LOI550and TOC in lake sediments are often as proxies of primary productivity in lakes and its basin. Since ca.1991AD, the contents of BSi, LOI550and TOC sediment show increasing trends in Lugu Lake, which may indicate an increase in primary productivity in the lake and its basin. C/N ratios gradually declined to a relatively low value (C/N ratios mean11.21) during the last two decades (f ca.1991～2010AD), and the C/N ratios are around the alga C/N ratios range4～10, which further indicated that the sedimentary organic matter was mainly a product of autochthonous production. By the correlation analysis between diatom species data and environment proxies indicators (TOC, TN, TP, LOI and grain size) in sediment and the meteorological data (annual mean temperature, seasonal mean temperature and precipitation) during1951-2010AD, it showed that statistically significant positive correlations were found between annual mean temperature (ATmean) and TOC and diatom concentration and P/nP ratios (Planktonic/no-planktonic taxa ratios)(p<0.01), and significant correlations were found between annual mean temperature and winter mean temperature (WITmean) and TN-. TP and BSi (p<0.05). In addition, the results of Redundancy Analysis (RDA) revealed a relation between shifts in diatom assemblages and climate changes from1951AD to2010AD. The ATmean, WITmean, spring mean temperature (SPTmean) and the sediment TN and TP resulting from human activities have played a vital role in diatom compositional species turnover in recent years (p<0.05, n=36). In conclusion, ATmean, WITmean and SPTmean were the important variables explaining diatom variances in Lugu Lake over the past century, and the anthropogenic interference may pose reinforced effect in recent decade.
5. Diatom species diversity index and diatom species individual size change were analyzed in this study. Results showed that the diatom species diversity index were relatively low in Lugu Lake over the past250years, Shannon-wiener index (H') fluctuated in the range of1.59to2.89(average of2.23), and Hill's N2fluctuated in the range of2.1to11.78(average of5.79). Diatom species diversity gradually decreased since the early1970's. In addition, there was a medium-sized and miniaturization trend in the diatom species individual size. Total abundance of medium-size (7～15μm) diatom species showed an increased trendce over the past two centuries, and the maximum abundance was70.88%especially after ca.1990AD. Total abundance of small-size diatom species (≥15μm) also increased in some scale. But, Total abundance of medium-size diatom species (7-15μm) markedly decreased, and the abundance always maintained at a low level after ca.1990AD.
6. The analysis of pigment in sediment core LGH-6showed that the conditions of pigment preservation was acceptable over the past200years, and the sediment pigments can be used as proxy indicators of primary productivity in Lugu Lake. The content of chlorophyll derivatives (CD), total carotenoids (TC), Oscillaxanthin (Osc) and Myxanthophyll (Myx) pigment in sediment core increased significantly from the early1990's, and LOI550and BSi contents were significantly increased during1997to2010AD. The results revealed that the primary productivity in the Lugu Lake increased in the last20years, and the proportion of lakes endogenous organic matter increased in sediments. The four kinds of pigments and their ratio were sensitive to regional temperature changes. CD, TC and LOI550in sediments showed a significant positive correlation with annual mean temperature in the last60years (p<0.01), and Osc, Myx, and BSi content showed a positive correlation with annual mean temperature (p<0.05). There is no direct correlation between annual precipitation with the content of four types of pigments above, and LOI550and BSi (p>0.05). The results indicated that warming was possibly one of the main factors driving the increasing of primary productivity of the lake over the past60years. The increasing of Osc and Myx contents and Osc/Myx ratios in the lake sediments reflected the increase of productivity of Cyanophyceae, and the proportion of amount of Oscillatoria in Cyanophyceae since the early1990's. These results indicated that the regional climate change over the last20years not only lead to the increase of lake primary productivity in lake Lugu, and also the change of composition of phytoplankton community.
In summary, aquatic ecosystem in Lugu Lake showed sensitive response to regional climate changes. Algal productivity in Lugu Lake showed a rising trend over the past60years, and the proportion of filamentous cyanobacteria was increasing in phytoplankton community. Diatom community diversity index decreased, and the diatom size tends miniaturization. The algal community change in Lugu Lake mainly drived by climate warming and reinforced by human disturbance in the region over the past century. The results of this study imply that the climate change may cause seriouse ecological problem in lake ecosystems on the Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau in the future.
云贵高原湖泊群为我国五大湖区之一,是该区域重要的水资源。云贵高原湖泊多为断裂构造湖泊,其水生态系统具有独特性,并有较高的生物多样性研究价值。云贵高原受季风影响显著,近60年来云贵高原增温趋势明显。因此,该区域那些受人为干扰较少湖泊成为研究气候变化对湖泊生态系统影响的理想对象。然而由于缺乏长期、连续、系统的水生态监测数据,近百年来气候变化对云贵高原湖泊水生态系统的影响及其响应尚未得到阐释。
泸沽湖作为目前云贵高原湖泊中人为干扰相对较小的半封闭深水贫营养湖泊,其湖泊沉积物连续完整,因此是研究水生态系统对气候变化响应的理想场所。本研究选择泸沽湖作为调查研究对象,通过古湖沼学方法分析泸沽湖柱状沉积物的地化指标：总有机碳(TOC:Total Organic Carbon)、烧失率(LOI550:Loss on Ignition)、总氮(TN:Total Nitrogen)、总磷(TP:Total Phosphorus)、C/N (TOC/TN)和粒度；以及生物记录：沉积色素、生物硅(BSi: Biogenic Silica)和化石硅藻。在以210pb/137Cs测年方法建立的沉积深度—年代时间序列框架下,结合近60年来区域气温与降雨量气象数据,利用相关性分析与多元统计分析等方法,研究泸沽湖藻类演化(以硅藻群落为主)对近100年来区域气候变化和人类活动的响应。主要研究结果如下：
1、根据210pb测年CRS模式计算结果,泸沽湖沉积柱的平均干物质沉积速率为0.14～0.15g/cm2·yr,但不同深度层位其沉积速率并不一致,由柱顶至下部物质沉积速率略升高后又逐渐降低。根据沉积柱LGH-6和LGH-7沉积结果可以看出两沉积柱下部有一定的压实作用。27.5～32.5cm的沉积深度代表了近200～250年来的沉积结果。
2、沉积柱LGH-7沉积物平均粒度范围在15.73～32.10μm,中值粒径在12.85～17.82μm范围内波动,属粉砂质黏土；沉积物颗粒度分选极好,粗细分布的对称性良好,并偏向细粉砂。泸沽湖沉积物粒度的“细—粗—细”变化模式是对不同时期降雨量变化和区域内土地利用情况变化综合影响结果的响应。
3、沉积柱LGH-7化石硅藻分析表明,硅藻在沉积物中保存完好。在所有样品中共鉴定3纲11目16科24属145种硅藻。其中,硅藻相对丰度≥2%的物种16个,相对丰度≥1%的物种28个；这28个硅藻物种相对丰度之和占各样品硅藻总数的90.69～98.04%。28个硅藻物种丰度数据的DCCA第一排序轴样品积分为1.54SD(>1SD: Standard Deviation)表明,近250年来泸沽湖硅藻群落物种发生了较大的物种转变,对区域气候变化响应敏感；进一步对28个硅藻优势物种丰度数据的约束聚类分析表明,期间硅藻种属组合变化可划分为3个主带(约1760～1934AD,1934～1991AD和1991～2010AD),分别代表了3次规模大小不等的物种组合变化,物种组合变化表现为由浮游类硅藻优势物种向非浮游类转变,之后再次向浮游类硅藻转变过程。硅藻组合特征表现为：(1)浮游类硅藻为优势种主要有Cyclostephanos dubius、Cyclotella rhomboideo-elliptica、Cyclotella ocellata和Asterionella formosa;(2)非浮游类优势种以Fragilaria属为主,如Fragilaria brevistriata、Fragilaria elliptica和Fragilaria construens f. venter等。在约1990's以前,云贵高原地方性物种硅藻C. rhomboideo-elliptica一直为优势种,但在约1995年后这一本地物种基本消失。
4、湖泊沉积物中BSi、LOI550和TOC含量常作为湖泊及流域内初级生产力的代用指标。从约1991年起,泸沽湖沉积物中BSi、LOI550和TOC含量呈增加趋势,这揭示了泸沽湖及区域内初级生产力的增加。而1991～2010年间沉积物C/N比值逐渐减小并保持相对低值范围(C/N比平均值为11.21),接近藻类C/N比值4～10范围,这进一步指示了沉积物有机质来源以湖泊内源有机质为主。根据化石硅藻物种数据与沉积物中的环境代用指标(TOC、TN、TP、LOI550和粒度)和泸沽湖区域气候数据(年平均气温、四季气温和降雨量)相关性分析表明,1951～2010年60年间年均气温与TOC、硅藻沉积通量、硅藻浓度和浮游类与非浮游类比值(P/nP ratios: Planktonic/no-planktonic taxa ratios)间存在极显著正相关性(p<0.01)。区域年平均气温和冬季气温与TN、TP和BSi之间存在显著相关性(p<0.05)。冗余序分析(RDA:Redundancy Analysis)进一步表明,TN、年平均气温(ATmean: Annual Temperature mean)、冬季气温(WITmean: Winter Temperature mean)、春季气温(SPTmean: Spring Temperature mean)和TP是引起硅藻群落物种变化的5个显著相关的环境变量(p<0.05,n=36),推测气候变暖是近100年来驱动泸沽湖硅藻群落变化的主要因子,结合泸沽湖水质变化趋势显示人为干扰也起了一定的叠加效应。
5、通过化石硅藻物种多样性与硅藻物种个体大小尺寸变化分析表明,近250年来泸沽湖硅藻多样性指数一般或偏低,硅藻物种Shannon-wiener指数(H')在1.59～2.89之间波动,平均值为2.23；而Hill's N2指数在2.1～11.78之间波动,平均值为5.791从1970's初以来硅藻多样性呈下降趋势。此外,期间泸沽湖硅藻物种个体有向中小型化演化的趋势：中型个体硅藻物种(7～15μm)的总丰度在近200年来呈增加趋势,特别是约1990年后,最高丰度达到70.88%,小型个体物种(≤7μm)也有一定的增加趋势;但大型个体物种(≥15μm)总丰度则呈显著减少趋势,在1990AD以后总丰度一直维持在低水平。
6、沉积柱LGH-6沉积色素分析表明,近200年来泸沽湖沉积色素保存条件较好,可作为湖泊初级生产力的代用指标。从1990's初开始,沉积物中叶绿素及其衍生物(CD: Chlorophyll Derivatives)、总胡萝卜素(TC: Total Carotenoid)、颤藻黄素(Osc: Oscillaxanthin)和蓝藻叶黄素(Myx: Myxanthophyll)的含量明显增加,以及1997～2010AD的LOl550和BSi含量均明显增加,反映了近20年来泸沽湖区域湖泊初级生产力的增强；结合C/N比值呈下降趋势,表明湖泊沉积中来自湖泊内源有机质比例增加。泸沽湖沉积物中以上4类色素含量及其比值(CD/TC和Osc/Myx)对区域气候变化较为敏感,近60年来年平均温度与CD、TC和LOl550含量呈极显著正相关(p<0.01),而与Osc、Myx、和BSi含量呈显著正相关(p<0.05)；而四类色素、LOl550和BSi含量与年降雨量均无直接相关性(p>0.05)。说明近60年来气温升高是驱动沉积色素含量和初级生产力升高的主要因素。此外,1990's初开始,沉积物中Osc和Myx色素含量及其比值较高,反映蓝藻类生产力增长显著,且其中颤藻类比重呈增大趋势,表明近20年来丽江地区气候变化不仅导致了湖泊初级生产力增加,且导致浮游植物群落组成的变化。
综上所述,泸沽湖水生生态系统对区域气候变化响应敏感,近60年来泸沽湖藻类生产力呈增长趋势,且浮游植物群落中丝状蓝藻比重有增大趋势；硅藻群落物种多样性指数下降,硅藻物种个体趋向小型化。泸沽湖藻类群落变化主要受该区域内近100年来气候变暖因子所驱动,而人类活动干扰则起到了进一步加强作用。本研究结果揭示了未来气候变化可能会对云贵高原湖泊生态系统产生较大的生态学问题。
Global climate change is one of the important environmental problems in the world currently. According to the IPCC (2007) report, the mean global annual temperature has risen about0.74℃during the past100years, from1906to2005AD. The annual mean temperature of inland surfaces in China increased by1.38℃from1951AD to2009AD, and has been predicted to rise by2.5～4.6℃by the end of this century. Global climate change affects not only the air temperature, but also the rainfall and sunlight intensity, and results in increase of extreme weather. The effect of global climate change on ecosystems has become an important research topic in ecology and environmental science. Lake ecosystem is an important part of the biosphere, which is directly related to human life. However, it is still scarce to study response of aquatic ecosystem to climate change in China currently.
Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau is one of the five lacustrine districts in China. The lakes in this area act as important water resource to the region. The lakes are mostly fault lakes geologically. The every aquatic ecosystem shows unique features, and with high value of biodiversity preservation. The climate in this region is significantly affected by the monsoon, and the significant trend of climate warming in the rejoin over the past60years has been reported. Some lakes with little anthropogenic disturbance in this region became ideal targets for studying the impact of climate change on lake ecosystems. But due to the lack of long-term, regular ecological monitoring data of the lake ecosystems, it is not possible to understand the impact of regional climate change on the lake ecosystems.
Lugu Lake is a remote, alpines, semi-closed, deep and oligotrophic freshwater lake. Due to the low population density there is relatively low anthropogenic disturbance on the lake ecosystem. Together with high forest coverage and small, closed watershed, it is an ideal study location for ecosystem responses to recent climate change. In this study the geochemical index such as TOC (Total Organic Carbon), LOI550(Loss on Ignition at550℃), TN (Total Nitrogen), TP (Total Phosphorus), C/N (TOC/TN) and sediment grain size and biological records such as sediment pigments, biogenic silica (BSi) and diatoms fossil were extracted by paleolimnology methods from sediment cores collected from Lugu Lake. Under the age-depth model of210Pb/137Cs dating, we studied the responses of algal community evolution (diatom community as important representative) in Lugu Lake over the past200years, by using correlation analysis and multivariate ordination analysis related to regional meteorological data during1951～2010AD. The main results of this study are summarized as following:
1. According to the CRS model of210Pb dating, the average sediment accumulation rate of dry matter in Lugu Lake is0.14～0.15g/cm2· yr. The sediment accumulation rate (SAR) of every deposition depth was different, and SAR slightly increased firstly, and then decreased gradually from top to down of the core. The results of deposition show compaction phenomenon in bottom of the cores. The age-depth model suggests that LGH-7core (27.5cm) spans a period of approximately250years, dating back to ca.1760AD, and LGH-6core (32.5cm) spans a period of approximately210years, dating back to ca.1800AD.
2. The average sediment grain size in the sediment LGH-7core ranges in15.73～32.10μm, and the median grain size was about12.85～17.82μm. The sediment was silty clay. The sediment particle show excellent sorting and good distribution of the symmetry, and bias to fine silt. The "fine-coarse-fine" pattern of sediment grain size in Lugu Lake was a response to the results of the combined effects of the different periods of rainfall change and land use in the region.
3. The diatoms valves in the sediment were well preserved in sediment LGH-7core by diatom fossil analysis. In whole55sediment subsamples, we identified diatoms including classes3, orders11, families16, genera24and diatom taxa145,28of which reached a maximum abundance of>1%, and16of which had≥2%in at least one sample. The sum relative abundance of28diatom species is about90.69～98.04%of the total abundance of all diatoms. By detrended canonical correspondence analysis (DCCA) of28diatom species data, the DCCA axis1scores is1.54SD units (>1SD: Standard Deviation), and the results implied that Lugu Lake was a very sensitive system that has had substantial ecological response to recent environmental change over the last200years, and also showed that the diatom community in Lugu Lake occurred the median species changes in the past250years. And the significance of diatom-based biostratigraphic zones was calculated by using the constrained incremental sum of squares (CONISS) of16diatom species data by constrained cluster analysis, three diatom zones (ca.1760～1934AD,1934-1991AD and1991～2010AD) and five sub-zones were identified based on changes in major species abundance. Three diatom zones revealed three diatom species composition shifts in different scale. And the species shifts were characterized as planktonic—no-planktonic—planktonic taxa diatoms. Diatom assemblages were characterized as (1) planktonic diatoms were dominated by Cst. dubius and C. rhomboideo-elliptica or C. ocellata, Asterionella formosaand.(2) no-planktonic (including epiphytic and benthic) diatoms were dominated by Fragilaria taxa, such as F. brevistriata and F. elliptica and Fragilaria construens f. venter. C. rhomboideo-elliptica was the dominant species before ca.1990AD, but the endemic species on the Yunnan Plateau virtually disappeared after ca.1995AD.
4. The content of BSi, LOI550and TOC in lake sediments are often as proxies of primary productivity in lakes and its basin. Since ca.1991AD, the contents of BSi, LOI550and TOC sediment show increasing trends in Lugu Lake, which may indicate an increase in primary productivity in the lake and its basin. C/N ratios gradually declined to a relatively low value (C/N ratios mean11.21) during the last two decades (f ca.1991～2010AD), and the C/N ratios are around the alga C/N ratios range4～10, which further indicated that the sedimentary organic matter was mainly a product of autochthonous production. By the correlation analysis between diatom species data and environment proxies indicators (TOC, TN, TP, LOI and grain size) in sediment and the meteorological data (annual mean temperature, seasonal mean temperature and precipitation) during1951-2010AD, it showed that statistically significant positive correlations were found between annual mean temperature (ATmean) and TOC and diatom concentration and P/nP ratios (Planktonic/no-planktonic taxa ratios)(p<0.01), and significant correlations were found between annual mean temperature and winter mean temperature (WITmean) and TN-. TP and BSi (p<0.05). In addition, the results of Redundancy Analysis (RDA) revealed a relation between shifts in diatom assemblages and climate changes from1951AD to2010AD. The ATmean, WITmean, spring mean temperature (SPTmean) and the sediment TN and TP resulting from human activities have played a vital role in diatom compositional species turnover in recent years (p<0.05, n=36). In conclusion, ATmean, WITmean and SPTmean were the important variables explaining diatom variances in Lugu Lake over the past century, and the anthropogenic interference may pose reinforced effect in recent decade.
5. Diatom species diversity index and diatom species individual size change were analyzed in this study. Results showed that the diatom species diversity index were relatively low in Lugu Lake over the past250years, Shannon-wiener index (H') fluctuated in the range of1.59to2.89(average of2.23), and Hill's N2fluctuated in the range of2.1to11.78(average of5.79). Diatom species diversity gradually decreased since the early1970's. In addition, there was a medium-sized and miniaturization trend in the diatom species individual size. Total abundance of medium-size (7～15μm) diatom species showed an increased trendce over the past two centuries, and the maximum abundance was70.88%especially after ca.1990AD. Total abundance of small-size diatom species (≥15μm) also increased in some scale. But, Total abundance of medium-size diatom species (7-15μm) markedly decreased, and the abundance always maintained at a low level after ca.1990AD.
6. The analysis of pigment in sediment core LGH-6showed that the conditions of pigment preservation was acceptable over the past200years, and the sediment pigments can be used as proxy indicators of primary productivity in Lugu Lake. The content of chlorophyll derivatives (CD), total carotenoids (TC), Oscillaxanthin (Osc) and Myxanthophyll (Myx) pigment in sediment core increased significantly from the early1990's, and LOI550and BSi contents were significantly increased during1997to2010AD. The results revealed that the primary productivity in the Lugu Lake increased in the last20years, and the proportion of lakes endogenous organic matter increased in sediments. The four kinds of pigments and their ratio were sensitive to regional temperature changes. CD, TC and LOI550in sediments showed a significant positive correlation with annual mean temperature in the last60years (p<0.01), and Osc, Myx, and BSi content showed a positive correlation with annual mean temperature (p<0.05). There is no direct correlation between annual precipitation with the content of four types of pigments above, and LOI550and BSi (p>0.05). The results indicated that warming was possibly one of the main factors driving the increasing of primary productivity of the lake over the past60years. The increasing of Osc and Myx contents and Osc/Myx ratios in the lake sediments reflected the increase of productivity of Cyanophyceae, and the proportion of amount of Oscillatoria in Cyanophyceae since the early1990's. These results indicated that the regional climate change over the last20years not only lead to the increase of lake primary productivity in lake Lugu, and also the change of composition of phytoplankton community.
In summary, aquatic ecosystem in Lugu Lake showed sensitive response to regional climate changes. Algal productivity in Lugu Lake showed a rising trend over the past60years, and the proportion of filamentous cyanobacteria was increasing in phytoplankton community. Diatom community diversity index decreased, and the diatom size tends miniaturization. The algal community change in Lugu Lake mainly drived by climate warming and reinforced by human disturbance in the region over the past century. The results of this study imply that the climate change may cause seriouse ecological problem in lake ecosystems on the Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau in the future.
引文
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