螺旋Blumlein线型强流电子加速器特性及其相关技术研究
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摘要
强流电子束加速器是进行核爆模拟、惯性约束核聚变、高功率微波、电子束泵浦高功率激光、Z箍缩、X射线和离子源等研究的重要试验平台，在民用和军事领域具有重要的应用价值。目前，强流电子束加速器除向高功率、重复频率和长脉冲方向发展外，改善输出特性，提高电子束质量是一个重要的研究方向。本文对螺旋Blumlein线型强流电子加速器的特性及相关技术进行了研究。具体研究内容包括以下四个部分：
1.螺旋Blumlein线型强流电子加速器的输出特性研究。
通过求解螺旋Blumlein线放电过程的电报方程，得到螺旋Blumlein线型加速器的输出特性。同时分析了加速器开关处过渡段以及负载处过渡段对加速器输出电压波形平顶度的影响。研究结果表明：加速器输出电压波形的上升时间和下降时间随着开关处过渡段传输时间的上升而上升，波形平顶宽度随着过渡段时间的上升而减小；负载处过渡段会使加速器输出主脉冲平顶的前端形成台阶，主脉冲的后端形成过冲脉冲，且台阶和过冲脉冲的幅度主要由过渡段的阻抗所决定，当过渡段阻抗与内线的阻抗相等时，台阶和过冲脉冲都消失。因此，为了提高加速器输出波形的质量，应合理设计开关和负载处过渡段。
2.负载异常时Blumlein线型强流电子加速器的工作特性研究。
在负载短路、负载开路、负载表面闪络和阴极座放电四种负载异常情况下，从理论和实验两方面，分析了加速器输出电压和变压器输出端电压的特性。研究结果表明：当负载短路时，一个高压振荡脉冲反馈到给Blumlein线充电的脉冲变压器的高压输出端，其振荡周期为8倍脉冲形成线传输时间，该振荡是造成变压器绝缘击穿的主要原因之一；当负载开路时，加速器输出主脉冲幅度是脉冲形成线充电电压的两倍，变压器输出端产生一个振荡高压脉冲，其振荡频率主要由外线电容、接地电感及电阻分压器电阻决定；当负载发生表面闪络时，加速器输出脉冲宽度变窄，输出性能受到影响，同时变压器输出端产生一个高电压振荡脉冲；当加速器运行在较高的电压时，阴极座边沿产生电子发射，实验对比分析表明：阴极座边沿的电子发射是导致加速器输出电压波形平顶度变差的主要原因之一。
3.长间隙、百纳秒脉冲真空表面闪络特性研究。
绝缘子是加速器二极管区域必不可少的部件之一。通过对实验室现有强流电子加速器的真空室进行改进，建立了真空表面闪络实验平台。对高密度聚乙烯(HDPE)、聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯(PMMA)和聚酰胺(PA)，在长绝缘间隙(>100mm)、180ns准方波脉冲作用下的真空表面闪络电压、电流波形进行了测量，并利用高速相机，对其过程进行了光学诊断。实验结果分析表明：同HDPE和PMMA相比，PA绝缘性能较好；三种绝缘样品在真空中的表面闪络时延随着场强的增大迅速减小，但是时延下降的梯度各不相同，PA的表面闪络时延大于PMMA和HDPE的闪络时延；如果闪络发生在主脉冲的平顶部分，闪络峰值电流较高。通过分析闪络通道阻抗的变化，可以发现表面闪络分为三个阶段，第一个阶段是电子发射和传输，此阶段通道阻抗较大；第二阶段是通道开始形成，阻抗从几百千欧姆下降至几十欧姆；最后是通道形成阶段，通道阻抗小于1欧姆。而在闪络通道形成之后，通道是电感性的，并且外加电压的波形由闪络通道的电感决定。此外，在不同放电电压和放电次数下，对高密度聚乙烯放电预处理后的表面闪络性能进行了实验研究。结果表明：当放电预处理过程的电压从低电压至高电压逐渐变化时，可以有效提高材料的表面绝缘能力。
4.高速相机与加速器的同步技术及运用研究。
高速相机与加速器的同步技术，是利用高速相机诊断加速器真空二极管纳秒量级物理过程的关键技术。本课题提出了一种实现高速相机与加速器同步的新方法。该方法采用光电雪崩管将加速器主开关闭合时产生的光信号转变为脉冲电压信号，再经信号处理，产生前沿为17ns、幅值为5V的触发信号。且触发信号高电平(3V)开始时刻与加速器负载电压平顶开始时刻的时延约为60ns(大于高速相机本身的固有延时时间48ns)，实现了高速相机与加速器的同步。利用该方法和加速器实验平台，对绝缘样品在长绝缘间隙(170mm)、180ns准方波作用下的真空表面闪络发展过程以及真空二极管等离子体产生、发展至湮灭的全过程进行了光学诊断，并根据光学图像，对其物理机制进行了初步分析。
Intense electron beam accelerators (IEBA) have been widely used in the field ofnational denfense and industrial applications, such as nuclear explosion simulators,inertial confinement fusion, high power microwave generation, electron beam pumpedhigh power laser, Z-Pinch, X-ray generation, ion sources et al. At present, increasingpower, repetitive rate and the duration of the output pulse are the importantdevelopment trend for an accelerator. However, improving quality of the output voltagewaveform and the electron-beam is also very important for the requirement ofapplications. Therefore, to improve the quality of the output pulse of IEBA, theoperating characteristic of IEBA based on spiral Blumlein line (SBL) and correlativetechnologies are investigated. The main contributions of this dissertation are listed asfollows.
1. Investigation of output characteristics of IEBA based on SBL.
The analytic expression of output voltage, describing exactly the transienttransmission process of the SBL with a purely resistive load, has been derived bysolving the telegraph equations with Laplace transform, and the output characteristics ofIEBA based on SBL are analyzed. Meanwhile, the effects of the switch transitionsection (STS) between main switch and middle cylinder of the SBL on the outputvoltage are discussed by wave propagation method, and the effects of the outputtransition section (OTS) between SBL and the load on the output voltage are analyzedby solving the telegraph equations. It is obtained that the wave traveling time of STSinfluences considerably the rise-time, plateau-time, and fall-time of the voltagewaveform at the matching load. The wave impedance and transmission time of OTSinfluence considerably the fluctuation of the main pulse voltage waveform at the load.So to improve the quality of the output pulse of IEBA, the transition sections should bedesigned properly.
2. Investigation of operating characteristics of IEBA at Load anomaly
The characteristics of output voltage of IEBA and voltage at the output terminal ofhigh voltage pulsed transformer (HVPT) are analyzed at four kinds of load anomaly.They are: load short, load open, surface flashover on the load surface and electronemission of cathode holder. It is found that load short, load open, and surface flashoveron the load surface will affect the voltage at the output terminal of HVPT, and anoscillation wave will be formed, which affect the electrical insulation of HVPT anddecrease the lifetime of HVPT. Meanwhile, the waveform of the load voltage is alsomodified, especially at the conditions of load open and surface flashover on the loadsurface. When the load is open, the amplitude of the output main pulse of IEBA is twicethe charging voltage of SBL. However, the amplitude of the output pulse of IEBA is modified by the voltage at the output terminal of HVPT, and the resistance of mainswitch channel has a great effect on the amplitude of the load voltage. When surfaceflashover occurs on the load surface, the pulse duration of the output voltage will bedecreased. So, during the operation of IEBA, load short, load open and surfaceflashover in vacuum chamber should be avoided. Also, the electron emission of cathodeholde is one of the main factors which affect the flatness of the output voltage of IEBA.
3. Long gap surface flashover using180nanosecond quasi-square pulses
Insulator is one of the absolutely necessary devices in the output terminal of IEBA.The surface flashover characteristics with long gap spacing length of Polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA), High density polyethylene plastics (HDPE) and Polyamide (PA)under180ns quasi-square wave with voltage of several hundred kilovolts areinvestigated by using an IEBA. It is found that PA had better capability to hold-offvoltage than HDPE and PMMA. If the flashover occurs at the flat part of the main pulse,the value of the peak flashover current is very high, this is disadvantageous to the pulsedpower device. Meanwhile, if the flashover occurr after the main pulse, there is littleeffect on the pulsed power device. So, it must be avoided that the flashover occurs at theflat part of the main pulse. According to the impedance of the flashover channel, thedevelopment of the flashover channel would be divided into three stages. Firstly,electron emits from CTJ and transmits to the anode, the impedance is very high.Secondly, flashover channel starts to form, and the impedance is changed from veryhigh to dozens of ohms. At last, the flashover channel is formed, and the impedance ofthe flashover channel is decreased to less than1. However, after formation of theflashover channel, the impedance of the flashover channel is inductive and thewaveform of the applied voltage is determined by the inductance of the flashoverchannel directly. Meanwhile, a pretreatment method with different shots is used topre-treat the HDPE sample, it is obtained that the best way to improve the hold-offvoltage of the insulator is to increase the voltage step by step during the pretreatmentprocess.
4. Synchronization of high speed framing camera and IEBA
High speed framing camera (HSFC) is one of the important devices to visualize theevolution of discharging and plasma generation. However, to image the physics processexactly, the problem of the synchronism between the IEBA and HSFC should be takeninto account. A novel trigger program is proposed to realize the synchronization ofHSFC and IEBA. The trigger program which includes light signal acquisition radiatedfrom main switch of IEBA and signal processing circuit could provide a trigger signalwith rise time of17ns and amplitude of about5V, the delay time between the highlevel voltage (3V) of trigger signal and the start of the flat top of load voltage is about60ns, which is bigger than the intrinsic delay time of HSFC. So the trigger programcould realize the synchronization of HSFC and IEBA. At the same time, using the trigger module, HSFC and IEBA, the images of the developmental process of surfaceflashover channel of insulating material with gap spacing of170mm in vacuum undernanosecond quasi-square pulses is obtained in detail, and the change of luminosity isanalyzed during the surface flashover process. The emission images of a stainless steelcathode at short anode–cathode gap (5mm) are also obtained.
1.螺旋Blumlein线型强流电子加速器的输出特性研究。
通过求解螺旋Blumlein线放电过程的电报方程，得到螺旋Blumlein线型加速器的输出特性。同时分析了加速器开关处过渡段以及负载处过渡段对加速器输出电压波形平顶度的影响。研究结果表明：加速器输出电压波形的上升时间和下降时间随着开关处过渡段传输时间的上升而上升，波形平顶宽度随着过渡段时间的上升而减小；负载处过渡段会使加速器输出主脉冲平顶的前端形成台阶，主脉冲的后端形成过冲脉冲，且台阶和过冲脉冲的幅度主要由过渡段的阻抗所决定，当过渡段阻抗与内线的阻抗相等时，台阶和过冲脉冲都消失。因此，为了提高加速器输出波形的质量，应合理设计开关和负载处过渡段。
2.负载异常时Blumlein线型强流电子加速器的工作特性研究。
在负载短路、负载开路、负载表面闪络和阴极座放电四种负载异常情况下，从理论和实验两方面，分析了加速器输出电压和变压器输出端电压的特性。研究结果表明：当负载短路时，一个高压振荡脉冲反馈到给Blumlein线充电的脉冲变压器的高压输出端，其振荡周期为8倍脉冲形成线传输时间，该振荡是造成变压器绝缘击穿的主要原因之一；当负载开路时，加速器输出主脉冲幅度是脉冲形成线充电电压的两倍，变压器输出端产生一个振荡高压脉冲，其振荡频率主要由外线电容、接地电感及电阻分压器电阻决定；当负载发生表面闪络时，加速器输出脉冲宽度变窄，输出性能受到影响，同时变压器输出端产生一个高电压振荡脉冲；当加速器运行在较高的电压时，阴极座边沿产生电子发射，实验对比分析表明：阴极座边沿的电子发射是导致加速器输出电压波形平顶度变差的主要原因之一。
3.长间隙、百纳秒脉冲真空表面闪络特性研究。
绝缘子是加速器二极管区域必不可少的部件之一。通过对实验室现有强流电子加速器的真空室进行改进，建立了真空表面闪络实验平台。对高密度聚乙烯(HDPE)、聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯(PMMA)和聚酰胺(PA)，在长绝缘间隙(>100mm)、180ns准方波脉冲作用下的真空表面闪络电压、电流波形进行了测量，并利用高速相机，对其过程进行了光学诊断。实验结果分析表明：同HDPE和PMMA相比，PA绝缘性能较好；三种绝缘样品在真空中的表面闪络时延随着场强的增大迅速减小，但是时延下降的梯度各不相同，PA的表面闪络时延大于PMMA和HDPE的闪络时延；如果闪络发生在主脉冲的平顶部分，闪络峰值电流较高。通过分析闪络通道阻抗的变化，可以发现表面闪络分为三个阶段，第一个阶段是电子发射和传输，此阶段通道阻抗较大；第二阶段是通道开始形成，阻抗从几百千欧姆下降至几十欧姆；最后是通道形成阶段，通道阻抗小于1欧姆。而在闪络通道形成之后，通道是电感性的，并且外加电压的波形由闪络通道的电感决定。此外，在不同放电电压和放电次数下，对高密度聚乙烯放电预处理后的表面闪络性能进行了实验研究。结果表明：当放电预处理过程的电压从低电压至高电压逐渐变化时，可以有效提高材料的表面绝缘能力。
4.高速相机与加速器的同步技术及运用研究。
高速相机与加速器的同步技术，是利用高速相机诊断加速器真空二极管纳秒量级物理过程的关键技术。本课题提出了一种实现高速相机与加速器同步的新方法。该方法采用光电雪崩管将加速器主开关闭合时产生的光信号转变为脉冲电压信号，再经信号处理，产生前沿为17ns、幅值为5V的触发信号。且触发信号高电平(3V)开始时刻与加速器负载电压平顶开始时刻的时延约为60ns(大于高速相机本身的固有延时时间48ns)，实现了高速相机与加速器的同步。利用该方法和加速器实验平台，对绝缘样品在长绝缘间隙(170mm)、180ns准方波作用下的真空表面闪络发展过程以及真空二极管等离子体产生、发展至湮灭的全过程进行了光学诊断，并根据光学图像，对其物理机制进行了初步分析。
Intense electron beam accelerators (IEBA) have been widely used in the field ofnational denfense and industrial applications, such as nuclear explosion simulators,inertial confinement fusion, high power microwave generation, electron beam pumpedhigh power laser, Z-Pinch, X-ray generation, ion sources et al. At present, increasingpower, repetitive rate and the duration of the output pulse are the importantdevelopment trend for an accelerator. However, improving quality of the output voltagewaveform and the electron-beam is also very important for the requirement ofapplications. Therefore, to improve the quality of the output pulse of IEBA, theoperating characteristic of IEBA based on spiral Blumlein line (SBL) and correlativetechnologies are investigated. The main contributions of this dissertation are listed asfollows.
1. Investigation of output characteristics of IEBA based on SBL.
The analytic expression of output voltage, describing exactly the transienttransmission process of the SBL with a purely resistive load, has been derived bysolving the telegraph equations with Laplace transform, and the output characteristics ofIEBA based on SBL are analyzed. Meanwhile, the effects of the switch transitionsection (STS) between main switch and middle cylinder of the SBL on the outputvoltage are discussed by wave propagation method, and the effects of the outputtransition section (OTS) between SBL and the load on the output voltage are analyzedby solving the telegraph equations. It is obtained that the wave traveling time of STSinfluences considerably the rise-time, plateau-time, and fall-time of the voltagewaveform at the matching load. The wave impedance and transmission time of OTSinfluence considerably the fluctuation of the main pulse voltage waveform at the load.So to improve the quality of the output pulse of IEBA, the transition sections should bedesigned properly.
2. Investigation of operating characteristics of IEBA at Load anomaly
The characteristics of output voltage of IEBA and voltage at the output terminal ofhigh voltage pulsed transformer (HVPT) are analyzed at four kinds of load anomaly.They are: load short, load open, surface flashover on the load surface and electronemission of cathode holder. It is found that load short, load open, and surface flashoveron the load surface will affect the voltage at the output terminal of HVPT, and anoscillation wave will be formed, which affect the electrical insulation of HVPT anddecrease the lifetime of HVPT. Meanwhile, the waveform of the load voltage is alsomodified, especially at the conditions of load open and surface flashover on the loadsurface. When the load is open, the amplitude of the output main pulse of IEBA is twicethe charging voltage of SBL. However, the amplitude of the output pulse of IEBA is modified by the voltage at the output terminal of HVPT, and the resistance of mainswitch channel has a great effect on the amplitude of the load voltage. When surfaceflashover occurs on the load surface, the pulse duration of the output voltage will bedecreased. So, during the operation of IEBA, load short, load open and surfaceflashover in vacuum chamber should be avoided. Also, the electron emission of cathodeholde is one of the main factors which affect the flatness of the output voltage of IEBA.
3. Long gap surface flashover using180nanosecond quasi-square pulses
Insulator is one of the absolutely necessary devices in the output terminal of IEBA.The surface flashover characteristics with long gap spacing length of Polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA), High density polyethylene plastics (HDPE) and Polyamide (PA)under180ns quasi-square wave with voltage of several hundred kilovolts areinvestigated by using an IEBA. It is found that PA had better capability to hold-offvoltage than HDPE and PMMA. If the flashover occurs at the flat part of the main pulse,the value of the peak flashover current is very high, this is disadvantageous to the pulsedpower device. Meanwhile, if the flashover occurr after the main pulse, there is littleeffect on the pulsed power device. So, it must be avoided that the flashover occurs at theflat part of the main pulse. According to the impedance of the flashover channel, thedevelopment of the flashover channel would be divided into three stages. Firstly,electron emits from CTJ and transmits to the anode, the impedance is very high.Secondly, flashover channel starts to form, and the impedance is changed from veryhigh to dozens of ohms. At last, the flashover channel is formed, and the impedance ofthe flashover channel is decreased to less than1. However, after formation of theflashover channel, the impedance of the flashover channel is inductive and thewaveform of the applied voltage is determined by the inductance of the flashoverchannel directly. Meanwhile, a pretreatment method with different shots is used topre-treat the HDPE sample, it is obtained that the best way to improve the hold-offvoltage of the insulator is to increase the voltage step by step during the pretreatmentprocess.
4. Synchronization of high speed framing camera and IEBA
High speed framing camera (HSFC) is one of the important devices to visualize theevolution of discharging and plasma generation. However, to image the physics processexactly, the problem of the synchronism between the IEBA and HSFC should be takeninto account. A novel trigger program is proposed to realize the synchronization ofHSFC and IEBA. The trigger program which includes light signal acquisition radiatedfrom main switch of IEBA and signal processing circuit could provide a trigger signalwith rise time of17ns and amplitude of about5V, the delay time between the highlevel voltage (3V) of trigger signal and the start of the flat top of load voltage is about60ns, which is bigger than the intrinsic delay time of HSFC. So the trigger programcould realize the synchronization of HSFC and IEBA. At the same time, using the trigger module, HSFC and IEBA, the images of the developmental process of surfaceflashover channel of insulating material with gap spacing of170mm in vacuum undernanosecond quasi-square pulses is obtained in detail, and the change of luminosity isanalyzed during the surface flashover process. The emission images of a stainless steelcathode at short anode–cathode gap (5mm) are also obtained.
引文
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