知识产权保护对企业跨国经营的影响效应研究
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摘要
二战后,科技的发展超乎想象,人类知识累积演进带来全球经济的迅速增长。知识累积作为经济增长的最终源泉,需要有利于知识生产和吸收的制度来充分实现,知识产权保护制度也就成了决定企业、国家和世界经济增长的重要制度安排。由于知识产权领域存在巨大的南北差距,欧美发达国家的技术创新能力一直处于前列,广大发展中国家往往处于技术模仿的状态。目前这种知识产权领域的不平衡,造成发达国家与发展中国家在知识产权保护上存在较大差异,发达国家知识产权保护水平较高,而发展中国家的知识产权保护程度普遍较低。从制度经济学角度来说,知识产权保护作为一种制度安排,在不同的经济发展水平下会体现不同的作用。知识产权保护不仅影响到某国国内的创新能力,而且直接影响跨国集团对外直接投资、跨国技术转移以及进出口贸易活动。
本研究立足于跨国经营知识产权保护的前沿与热点问题,对与之密切相关的企业经济效应的理论基础与作用机理进行了梳理。围绕着跨国经营知识产权保护这一主题,针对“外商独资企业”、“中外合资企业”与“本土企业国际化”三个层面从投资、贸易的角度设立人力资本、研发强度、市场竞争和法律制度环境四个变量构建模型、案例分析,分三个专题对跨国经营知识产权保护影响企业经济效应、不同跨国经营模式下知识产权保护的作用机理进行了实证检验,具体案例分析。并试图回答以下问题：跨国经营知识产权保护水平的高低究竟是如何影响跨国公司的经济效应?企业跨国经营受知识产权保护的影响,其经营模式和经济效应的关系如何?在不同的经营模式(对外直接投资、出口贸易、技术许可等国际技术转让或者合同管理)下企业跨国经营中的知识产权保护又是怎样的状况?
专题一构建了经验知识作用于外商独资企业跨国经营知识产权保护的分析框架,突出了市场竞争优势和法律制度环境对企业经济效应的影响。实证结果表明,投资国对东道国知识产权保护的制度强弱认定经验和投资国知识产权所有在东道国的市场竞争能力分析决策经验作为对外直接投资的两种传导途径,对外商独资企业经济效应增长都具有正相关作用,但相对而言,外商独资企业在人力资本和创新能力维度上知识产权保护的程度对其直接投资的促进效应作用不很明显。这也许与外商独资企业人力资本、创新能力知识产权保护的寡占垄断效应、投资国的专利技术、版权、商标、商业秘密在东道国的学习传导效应尚未得到充分释放这一因素有关。
专题二重点研究了中外合资企业基于交易费用的跨国经营知识产权保护的状况,从市场保护合约的主体投资双方出发,针对汽车行业从市场主体交易费用加减的角度,在以上四个维度对企业经济效应的影响予以分析。基于行业的案例分析表明,在四个解释变量中,法律制度环境满足生产者层面对合资选择的作用最显著。
专题三基于本土企业国际化跨国经营知识产权保护视角重点研究国际贸易型知识产权保护状况,进一步探讨了本土企业国际化中的知识产权保护学习借鉴路径。在跨国知识产权纠纷或者保护的经典案例基础上,采用专利保护覆盖率、知识产权保护与国际贸易的相关检验与回归分析,论证了市场竞争维度的突出作用。
基于三个专题研究的结果,针对跨国经营中的知识产权保护给出如下政策建议：①鼓励中国企业“引进来”与“走出去”实行跨国经营的战略决策应长期坚持贯彻下去；发达国家和发展中国家在华外商独资企业在知识产权保护制度下受经验因素影响决定跨国经营模式的选定和经济效应的利益最大化,我国政府应维系知识产权保护法制环境应对在华跨国公司独资化。②在中外合资企业经营活动中,基于交易费用理论的作用,预防跨国公司在了解我政策制度现状,市场扩张模式,深挖我国自己培养的人力资源后而最终选择独资完全控制,造成独资企业技术、品牌的垄断,主导市场走向的风险；同时我企业在跨国经营过程中也可借鉴采纳签署补偿性协议保护知识产权的办法。③在我国企业对外贸易经营活动中关注知识产权专利技术的市场竞争优势,加强自主研发,加强科技创新培育战略性新兴产业。④拓展知识产权保护制度的企业经济效应维度,有针对性地完善知识产权保护制度体系,凸显对企业跨国经营模式选择和经济效应的作用。
After World War Ⅱ, with the fast development of scientific technology, the culmulation of the knowledge of human beings brings rapid development of the global economy. Being the ultimate source of the economic increase, the culmilation of knowledge needs some system that is beneficial to the intellectual production and knowledge absorption to realize its social and economic effect. Thus the Intellectual Property Rights Protection (IPRP) System becomes one of the important institutional arrangements that decide the enterprises, national and global economy increase. Intellectual property protection not only affects the country's domestic innovation ability, but also directly influence foreign direct investment, international technology transfer and import and export trade activities of multinational groups.
Because of the huge gap in the international intellectual property field between the north and south, the U.S.-led developed countries have been in the front row in the global technological innovation ability, while the developing countries tend to be in the state of technical imitation. The present unbalance between the north and south in the field of intellectual property rights, results in bigger difference between the developed countries and the developing countries in the protection of intellectual property:the developed countries'intellectual property protection level is higher, and developing countries'intellectual property protection level is generally low. And in the way of global high and new technology transfer, multinational companies often take foreign direct investment, export trade, technology licensing and other international technology transfer contract management mode to realize technology transfer so as to promote technology progress and influence the spread of the core technology. Being the important system arrangement and the main factors of affecting spread of the core technology, how IPRP influence multinational enterprise's economic effect based on the different level of IPRP? How does the economic effect lead to change the management mode of the multinational enterprises? And what is the selection route of IPRP action separately with different multinational running and operation mode?
Based on the front and hot issue of international protection of intellectual property rights, this study discusses the theoretical basis and acting mechanism of the enterprises'economic effect closely related to IPRP; Surrounded the theme of multinational IPRP, this research chooses "wholly foreign owned enterprises","Sino-foreign joint ventures" and "native enterprises internationalization" from two aspects of investment and trade to set up four variables--human capital, research and development strength/intensity, market competition, legal (treated) environment and constructs model and case study with the above three projects, aims at study on the acting mechanism of how transnational intellectual property protection influencing enterprises'economic effect and business model selection.
Project A constructs IPRP analysis framework based on wholly foreign owned enterprises'international activities influenced by enterprises'experiences, highlighting the economic effect of enterprises'market competitive advantage and legal environment on IPRP. The results show that the experience of idendifying investors for the host country's IPRP strength and the experience of decisive analysis on investor intellectual property's market competitive capability at the host market-----the two FDI pathways have positive correlation function to the wholly foreign owned enterprises economic growth effect. The promotion effect of wholly foreign owned enterprises IPRP in the dimensions of human capital and innovation ability is relatively not very obvious. This maybe relates to IPRP oligopoly monopoly effect on human capital, innovation ability of foreign owned enterprises, and study conduction effect of investor patent technology, copyright, trademark, trade secret in the host country which have not been completely released.
Project B focuses on a transnational IPRP behavior selection based on Sino-foreign joint ventures'compensatory contract. It chooses auto industry to analyze the above four dimensions influence on enterprises economic effect based on market main body transaction costs from the perspectives body of market protection investment contract. The case study results show that the legal environment meeting the consumer level has more prominent effect on choosing joint venture.
Based on transnational IPRP viewpoint/perspective of local enterprises internationalization, Project C explains IPRP behavior of international trade, further discusses the local enterprises study path in the IPRP of Multinational Operation. This chapter provides some classical cases of transnational intellectual property rights disputes or protection, adopts the patent protection coverage rate, the correlation test and regression analysis of IPRP and international trade to demonstrate the prominent role of market competition dimension.
The realistic enlightenment of this study lies as following:
Firstly, It justifies that both the" bringing in" and " going out" strategic policy have positive effect on Chinese companies international process and should be adhered to. The wholly foreign owned enterprises of developed countries and developing countries in China are influenced by the experience factors of IPRP to decide the selection of multinational business model and economic effect--benefit maximization. Chinese government should make some measures to maintain legal environment of IPRP so as to deal with the tendency of FDI being single capital.
Secondly, in management activity of Sino-foreign joint ventures, based on the transaction cost theory, the risk should be early-warned or prevented that the multinational enterprises deeply acquire self trained human resources and eventually choose sole foreign owned mode to fully control and mislead the market direction after grasping the current policy situation and market expansion mode in China. The way of signing contract to make up for the economic decrease caused by policy management and control can be adopted in the multinational management of Chinese enterprises.
Thirdly, in Chinese enterprises'international foreign trade activities, the market competition advantage of intellectual property patent technology should be focused on and independent research and development should be strengthened.
Fourthly, this study develops the enterprises'economic effect dimensions of IPRP, and perfects IPRP system in a targeted manner, and highlights the improved IPRP system's great influence on the enterprise multinational business model and economic effect.
本研究立足于跨国经营知识产权保护的前沿与热点问题,对与之密切相关的企业经济效应的理论基础与作用机理进行了梳理。围绕着跨国经营知识产权保护这一主题,针对“外商独资企业”、“中外合资企业”与“本土企业国际化”三个层面从投资、贸易的角度设立人力资本、研发强度、市场竞争和法律制度环境四个变量构建模型、案例分析,分三个专题对跨国经营知识产权保护影响企业经济效应、不同跨国经营模式下知识产权保护的作用机理进行了实证检验,具体案例分析。并试图回答以下问题：跨国经营知识产权保护水平的高低究竟是如何影响跨国公司的经济效应?企业跨国经营受知识产权保护的影响,其经营模式和经济效应的关系如何?在不同的经营模式(对外直接投资、出口贸易、技术许可等国际技术转让或者合同管理)下企业跨国经营中的知识产权保护又是怎样的状况?
专题一构建了经验知识作用于外商独资企业跨国经营知识产权保护的分析框架,突出了市场竞争优势和法律制度环境对企业经济效应的影响。实证结果表明,投资国对东道国知识产权保护的制度强弱认定经验和投资国知识产权所有在东道国的市场竞争能力分析决策经验作为对外直接投资的两种传导途径,对外商独资企业经济效应增长都具有正相关作用,但相对而言,外商独资企业在人力资本和创新能力维度上知识产权保护的程度对其直接投资的促进效应作用不很明显。这也许与外商独资企业人力资本、创新能力知识产权保护的寡占垄断效应、投资国的专利技术、版权、商标、商业秘密在东道国的学习传导效应尚未得到充分释放这一因素有关。
专题二重点研究了中外合资企业基于交易费用的跨国经营知识产权保护的状况,从市场保护合约的主体投资双方出发,针对汽车行业从市场主体交易费用加减的角度,在以上四个维度对企业经济效应的影响予以分析。基于行业的案例分析表明,在四个解释变量中,法律制度环境满足生产者层面对合资选择的作用最显著。
专题三基于本土企业国际化跨国经营知识产权保护视角重点研究国际贸易型知识产权保护状况,进一步探讨了本土企业国际化中的知识产权保护学习借鉴路径。在跨国知识产权纠纷或者保护的经典案例基础上,采用专利保护覆盖率、知识产权保护与国际贸易的相关检验与回归分析,论证了市场竞争维度的突出作用。
基于三个专题研究的结果,针对跨国经营中的知识产权保护给出如下政策建议：①鼓励中国企业“引进来”与“走出去”实行跨国经营的战略决策应长期坚持贯彻下去；发达国家和发展中国家在华外商独资企业在知识产权保护制度下受经验因素影响决定跨国经营模式的选定和经济效应的利益最大化,我国政府应维系知识产权保护法制环境应对在华跨国公司独资化。②在中外合资企业经营活动中,基于交易费用理论的作用,预防跨国公司在了解我政策制度现状,市场扩张模式,深挖我国自己培养的人力资源后而最终选择独资完全控制,造成独资企业技术、品牌的垄断,主导市场走向的风险；同时我企业在跨国经营过程中也可借鉴采纳签署补偿性协议保护知识产权的办法。③在我国企业对外贸易经营活动中关注知识产权专利技术的市场竞争优势,加强自主研发,加强科技创新培育战略性新兴产业。④拓展知识产权保护制度的企业经济效应维度,有针对性地完善知识产权保护制度体系,凸显对企业跨国经营模式选择和经济效应的作用。
After World War Ⅱ, with the fast development of scientific technology, the culmulation of the knowledge of human beings brings rapid development of the global economy. Being the ultimate source of the economic increase, the culmilation of knowledge needs some system that is beneficial to the intellectual production and knowledge absorption to realize its social and economic effect. Thus the Intellectual Property Rights Protection (IPRP) System becomes one of the important institutional arrangements that decide the enterprises, national and global economy increase. Intellectual property protection not only affects the country's domestic innovation ability, but also directly influence foreign direct investment, international technology transfer and import and export trade activities of multinational groups.
Because of the huge gap in the international intellectual property field between the north and south, the U.S.-led developed countries have been in the front row in the global technological innovation ability, while the developing countries tend to be in the state of technical imitation. The present unbalance between the north and south in the field of intellectual property rights, results in bigger difference between the developed countries and the developing countries in the protection of intellectual property:the developed countries'intellectual property protection level is higher, and developing countries'intellectual property protection level is generally low. And in the way of global high and new technology transfer, multinational companies often take foreign direct investment, export trade, technology licensing and other international technology transfer contract management mode to realize technology transfer so as to promote technology progress and influence the spread of the core technology. Being the important system arrangement and the main factors of affecting spread of the core technology, how IPRP influence multinational enterprise's economic effect based on the different level of IPRP? How does the economic effect lead to change the management mode of the multinational enterprises? And what is the selection route of IPRP action separately with different multinational running and operation mode?
Based on the front and hot issue of international protection of intellectual property rights, this study discusses the theoretical basis and acting mechanism of the enterprises'economic effect closely related to IPRP; Surrounded the theme of multinational IPRP, this research chooses "wholly foreign owned enterprises","Sino-foreign joint ventures" and "native enterprises internationalization" from two aspects of investment and trade to set up four variables--human capital, research and development strength/intensity, market competition, legal (treated) environment and constructs model and case study with the above three projects, aims at study on the acting mechanism of how transnational intellectual property protection influencing enterprises'economic effect and business model selection.
Project A constructs IPRP analysis framework based on wholly foreign owned enterprises'international activities influenced by enterprises'experiences, highlighting the economic effect of enterprises'market competitive advantage and legal environment on IPRP. The results show that the experience of idendifying investors for the host country's IPRP strength and the experience of decisive analysis on investor intellectual property's market competitive capability at the host market-----the two FDI pathways have positive correlation function to the wholly foreign owned enterprises economic growth effect. The promotion effect of wholly foreign owned enterprises IPRP in the dimensions of human capital and innovation ability is relatively not very obvious. This maybe relates to IPRP oligopoly monopoly effect on human capital, innovation ability of foreign owned enterprises, and study conduction effect of investor patent technology, copyright, trademark, trade secret in the host country which have not been completely released.
Project B focuses on a transnational IPRP behavior selection based on Sino-foreign joint ventures'compensatory contract. It chooses auto industry to analyze the above four dimensions influence on enterprises economic effect based on market main body transaction costs from the perspectives body of market protection investment contract. The case study results show that the legal environment meeting the consumer level has more prominent effect on choosing joint venture.
Based on transnational IPRP viewpoint/perspective of local enterprises internationalization, Project C explains IPRP behavior of international trade, further discusses the local enterprises study path in the IPRP of Multinational Operation. This chapter provides some classical cases of transnational intellectual property rights disputes or protection, adopts the patent protection coverage rate, the correlation test and regression analysis of IPRP and international trade to demonstrate the prominent role of market competition dimension.
The realistic enlightenment of this study lies as following:
Firstly, It justifies that both the" bringing in" and " going out" strategic policy have positive effect on Chinese companies international process and should be adhered to. The wholly foreign owned enterprises of developed countries and developing countries in China are influenced by the experience factors of IPRP to decide the selection of multinational business model and economic effect--benefit maximization. Chinese government should make some measures to maintain legal environment of IPRP so as to deal with the tendency of FDI being single capital.
Secondly, in management activity of Sino-foreign joint ventures, based on the transaction cost theory, the risk should be early-warned or prevented that the multinational enterprises deeply acquire self trained human resources and eventually choose sole foreign owned mode to fully control and mislead the market direction after grasping the current policy situation and market expansion mode in China. The way of signing contract to make up for the economic decrease caused by policy management and control can be adopted in the multinational management of Chinese enterprises.
Thirdly, in Chinese enterprises'international foreign trade activities, the market competition advantage of intellectual property patent technology should be focused on and independent research and development should be strengthened.
Fourthly, this study develops the enterprises'economic effect dimensions of IPRP, and perfects IPRP system in a targeted manner, and highlights the improved IPRP system's great influence on the enterprise multinational business model and economic effect.
引文
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