中非农业合作的模式、绩效和对策研究
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摘要
在世界经济全球化的背景下,中非关系在中国对外关系中占有越来越重要的地位。中非经济的特点使中非农业合作成为了中非经济合作中的重要组成部分。中非农业合作的前提和基础是中非间互补的农业资源,非洲国家拥有广袤的未开发的土地而中国拥有丰富的实用农业技术。中非农业合作的目的是提高非洲国家的农业生产技术水平以及合作开发非洲国家的农业资源,从而中非双方都能从农业合作中获益。经过半个世纪的发展,中非农业合作已形成了多层次、多渠道、多形式的合作与交流,不过中非农业合作过程中也产生了诸多的问题和困难。为了使研究更有效率和成果,找准研究的重点和难点,结合中非农业合作的潜力和发展趋势,本文研究主要集中于对中非农业合作的三个主要模式(中国对非洲的农业技术传递、中国对非洲农业的直接投资和中非农产品贸易)的重要性、发展历史、面临的机遇和困难以及相互的内在联系进行了系统的梳理和分析,分析力求从中非双方的角度审视中非农业合作的成效和困难,以期为中非农业合作的进一步深化提供有益的建议。
中国对非洲的农业技术传递是中非农业合作的重要组成部分,是其他模式的农业合作深入发展的重要基础。根据中非双方互补的农业资源,利用中国的农业技术提高非洲国家的农业生产水平,是非洲国家对中非农业合作的期望所在,也是非洲国家从中非农业合作中获益的主要方式。中国对非洲的农业技术传递历史上发展出了多种形式,目前中方农业技术援助项目主要是农业技术示范中心。不过中国援助的农业技术项目都存在可持续性差,技术传递效果有限的问题,主要原因在于中国的技术援助项目主要是基于自身的经验,而没有考虑到非洲国家相应的接受能力。为此,本文通过对埃塞俄比亚奥罗莫州津奇地区的调研,分析了当地农户采纳中国农业技术的局限所在。主要发现有：(1)当地农业技术与当地农民的传统文化和生活习惯密切联系,采用中国的农业技术也需要当地农户逐渐改变其生活习惯,这会是一个长期的过程,中国的援助项目要注意自身的可持续发展,短期项目的效果有限。(2)农业生产是一个包含多环节的体系,改变其中一个环节的农业生产技术,会带来其他环节的不适应,所以中国对非洲的农业技术传递需注意对当地农业整个生产链条上技术的提高。(3)信息和知识传播对当地农户采纳中国的农业技术有显著的促进作用,中国的农业技术援助项目需要加强中国农业技术的宣传和教育。本文还对中国目前援助的农业技术示范中心的可持续发展提出了建议。
中国对非洲农业的直接投资是中非合作开发非洲农业资源的重要模式。中国农业企业在非洲的投资开始于承包中国在非洲援助的农场,后来逐渐发展成合资合作和独资等多种形式。本文分析了中国在非洲投资的农业企业在非洲国家间的分布特点,开办农业企业的动因,并以A公司集团在莫桑比克的投资为例分析了中国投资企业如何根据投资对象国的特征而采用相应的经营模式。主要发现有：(1)中国在非洲投资的农业企业集中在处于转型期和未转型的非洲国家,这些国家主要是农业为主的国家,经济欠发达,说明中国的农业投资是资源寻求型的。(2)中国开办农业企业的影响因素分析显示中国倾向于在国外投资存量不高的国家开办农业企业,国外投资存量不高说明这些国家的国际竞争较小,这与中国对外投资企业相对缺乏国际竞争力相适应,不过这些国家的基础设施一般较落后。(3)莫桑比克国家资源丰富,不过其市场体系极不健全,所以A公司集团的投资采用了全产业链控制的经营模式,对于产业链中不熟悉的环节,A公司引入了中国其他农业企业实施了承包合作。通过以上分析,中国在非洲农业投资的同时也面临着隐含的诸多风险,本文从信息收集和风险规避,投资模式的选择,当地员工的管理,农产品市场的开拓和加强国际交流和合作等方面给出了相应的建议。
中非农产品贸易是中非农业合作的有机组成部分。中非农产品贸易在近十年获得快速的发展,不过中非农产品贸易额在中非贸易中的比重很小,并且有不断下降的趋势。本文分析了中非农产品贸易额增长的源泉,中非农产品贸易在各自市场上的比较优势,并且分析了中国对非洲最不发达国家实施的免关税政策的效果。主要发现有：(1)中非农产品贸易额的增长(包括出口和进口)的来源国家数量和来源农产品种类都非常有限,中非农产品贸易额增长的基础薄弱。(2)中非农产品贸易在各自的市场的比较优势是负值,并且有不断扩大的趋势,说明中非农产品在各自市场上并不具有比较优势,并且中非农产品贸易逐渐落后于中非其他领域的贸易,也逐渐落后于与其他国家间的农产品贸易。(3)免关税政策的实施提高了非洲国家对中国的农产品出口能力,不过免关税政策只对非洲最不发达国家对中国出口的已有相当规模的商品的出口额的增长具有明显的促进作用。中非农产品贸易问题的解决主要还是要依靠以上两种中非农业合作模式的发展,通过技术传递和直接投资,提高非洲国家的农产品出口能力和非洲农民的生活水平,这样中非农产品贸易才能获得切实的提高。
中非农业合作的以上三个模式是是相互促进,密切联系的,共同构成中非农业合作的有机整体。由于研究时间和空间的限制,本文的分析并没有包含所有的中非农业合作的模式和实现形式,比如中国参与的援助非洲的南南合作和中国对非洲农业技术传递的其他形式,这些都是值得进一步研究的方向。
In the context of economic globalization, China-Africa relations play an increasingly important role in China's foreign relations. Respective economic characteristics make China-Africa agricultural cooperation has become an important part of China-Africa relations. The premise and foundation of China-Africa agricultural cooperation are complementary agricultural resources; African countries have vast undeveloped land while China has a wealth of practical agricultural technology. The purpose is to improve the technical level of agricultural production in African countries and to exploit agricultural resources cooperatively, thus both sides can benefit from the China-Africa agricultural cooperation. After half a century of development, China-Africa agricultural cooperation has formed a multi-level, multi-channel, multi-form cooperation and exchanges; however, the process of China-Africa cooperation in agriculture also has a lot of problems and difficulties. Combining with the potential and trends of agricultural development in Africa and China, to identify research priorities and difficulties, and to make research more efficient, this study focuses on such three patterns as agricultural technology transfer from China to Africa, China's direct investment in agriculture in Africa and Sino-African trade in agricultural products.
Chinese agricultural technology transfer to Africa is an important part of China-Africa agricultural cooperation and it is an important basis for the further development of other modes of agricultural cooperation. Based on complementary agricultural resources, the use of China's agricultural technology to improve the level of agricultural production in African countries, is the expectation of African countries for agricultural cooperation, and also is the main way of benefiting from agricultural cooperation for African countries. Chinese agricultural technology transfer to Africa has developed various forms; the main technical assistance project currently is agricultural technology demonstration centers. However, China Agricultural Technology Assistance Projects lack sustainability, limits the effect of technical transfer, the main reason is that technical assistance projects is mainly based on Chinese experience, without taking into account the ability of acceptance of African countries. For this reason, based on the research of Oromia region in Ethiopia, this paper analyzes the limitations of local farmers adopting Chinese Agricultural Technology. The main findings are:(1)Local agricultural technology is in close contact with the local farmer's traditional culture and lifestyle, and the use of Chinese agricultural technology needs local farmers gradually change their habits, so it would be a long process; Chinese aid projects should pay attention to its own sustainable development for better results.(2) As agricultural production is a multi-link system, changes in one link of the agricultural production will bring other links inappropriate, so Chinese agricultural technology transfer to Africa should pay attention to improve the whole links of local agricultural production technology.(3) Dissemination of information and knowledge have a significant role in promoting local farmers to adopt Chinese agricultural technology. Chinese agricultural technical assistance projects need to strengthen the promotion and education of China's agricultural technology. This paper also proposed the suggestions for sustainable development of China's agricultural technology demonstration centers.
China's direct investment in agriculture in Africa is an important mode of exploiting African agricultural resources cooperatively. Chinese enterprises to invest in Africa's agriculture began from contracting Chinese aid farms, later evolved into other forms of joint venture and wholly owned. This paper analyzes the distribution of the Chinese agricultural enterprises to invest in Africa among African countries, the motives to open agricultural enterprises in Africa, and using Wanbao Group to invest in Mozambique as an example analyze the Chinese-invested enterprises how to choose the appropriate business model in accordance with the investment characteristics of the target country. The main findings are (1) Chinese Agribusinesses in Africa concentrate on transition and pre-transition countries, which are mainly agriculture-based countries, underdeveloped, indicating that China's agricultural investment is resource-seeking.(2) The Factors Analysis of Chinese agribusinesses contribution shows that Chinese agricultural enterprises tend to invest in countries without high foreign stocks, which is in accordance with the relative lack of international competitiveness of Chinese foreign investment enterprises. However, the infrastructures in these countries are generally more backward.(3) Mozambique is rich in national resources, but its market system is far from perfect, So Wanbao Group's investment employs the business model with control of the full industrial chain. For the unfamiliar industrial chain links, Wanbao introduces other Chinese agricultural enterprises to implement a cooperation contract. Through the above analysis, Chinese investment in African agriculture while face many implied risks. The paper gives appropriate advice on following five aspects as the collection of information and risk aversion, investment mode selection, local staff management, agricultural market development and strengthens international exchanges and cooperation.
China-Africa agricultural trade is an integral part of the African agricultural cooperation. China-Africa trades of agricultural products get fast development in recent years, but the proportion of agricultural trade between China and Africa in the Sino-African trade is very small, and the proportion has a downward trend. This paper analyzes the sources of growth in agricultural trade between China and Africa, the African trade in agricultural comparative advantage in their respective markets, and analyzes the effect of China tariff-free policy on the implementation of the African LDCs. Main findings are:(1)The growth of Sino-African agricultural trade (including exports and imports) mainly origins from very few African countries and very few agricultural goods, so the base for the growth of Sino-African agricultural trade is weak.(2) The comparative advantage of Sino-African agricultural trade in their respective markets is negative, and the negative value has a growing trend, which indicating that Sino-Africa agricultural products in their respective market do not have the comparative advantage, and Sino-African trade in agricultural products gradually lags behind Sino-African trade in products of other area, meanwhile gradually lags behind the agricultural products trade between other countries.(3) implementation of Tariff-free policy has a positive impact to improve the capacity of African countries to China's agricultural exports,however, tariff-free policy merely has the positive effect on the increase of limited sorts of products exported from the least developed African countries to China. These products are the primary agricultural products where the African countries have the comparative advantage and already exported a large scale to China before. To solve the problem of Sino-African trade in agricultural products relies on the developments of these two major China-Africa agricultural cooperation models. Through technology transfer and direct investment, China-Africa agricultural cooperation improves the capacity of African countries in agricultural products exports, and improves living standards of farmers in Africa, then China-Africa trade in agricultural products obtain tangible improvement.
These three modes of China-Africa agricultural cooperation is mutually reinforcing, closely linked, together constitute an organic whole of Africa agricultural cooperation. Due to limitations of time and space, the paper does not include all of the China-Africa agricultural cooperation mode and format, such as China's participation in the South-South cooperation to benefit Africa and Other Chinese forms of technology transfer in agriculture in Africa, which are worthy of further research directions.
中国对非洲的农业技术传递是中非农业合作的重要组成部分,是其他模式的农业合作深入发展的重要基础。根据中非双方互补的农业资源,利用中国的农业技术提高非洲国家的农业生产水平,是非洲国家对中非农业合作的期望所在,也是非洲国家从中非农业合作中获益的主要方式。中国对非洲的农业技术传递历史上发展出了多种形式,目前中方农业技术援助项目主要是农业技术示范中心。不过中国援助的农业技术项目都存在可持续性差,技术传递效果有限的问题,主要原因在于中国的技术援助项目主要是基于自身的经验,而没有考虑到非洲国家相应的接受能力。为此,本文通过对埃塞俄比亚奥罗莫州津奇地区的调研,分析了当地农户采纳中国农业技术的局限所在。主要发现有：(1)当地农业技术与当地农民的传统文化和生活习惯密切联系,采用中国的农业技术也需要当地农户逐渐改变其生活习惯,这会是一个长期的过程,中国的援助项目要注意自身的可持续发展,短期项目的效果有限。(2)农业生产是一个包含多环节的体系,改变其中一个环节的农业生产技术,会带来其他环节的不适应,所以中国对非洲的农业技术传递需注意对当地农业整个生产链条上技术的提高。(3)信息和知识传播对当地农户采纳中国的农业技术有显著的促进作用,中国的农业技术援助项目需要加强中国农业技术的宣传和教育。本文还对中国目前援助的农业技术示范中心的可持续发展提出了建议。
中国对非洲农业的直接投资是中非合作开发非洲农业资源的重要模式。中国农业企业在非洲的投资开始于承包中国在非洲援助的农场,后来逐渐发展成合资合作和独资等多种形式。本文分析了中国在非洲投资的农业企业在非洲国家间的分布特点,开办农业企业的动因,并以A公司集团在莫桑比克的投资为例分析了中国投资企业如何根据投资对象国的特征而采用相应的经营模式。主要发现有：(1)中国在非洲投资的农业企业集中在处于转型期和未转型的非洲国家,这些国家主要是农业为主的国家,经济欠发达,说明中国的农业投资是资源寻求型的。(2)中国开办农业企业的影响因素分析显示中国倾向于在国外投资存量不高的国家开办农业企业,国外投资存量不高说明这些国家的国际竞争较小,这与中国对外投资企业相对缺乏国际竞争力相适应,不过这些国家的基础设施一般较落后。(3)莫桑比克国家资源丰富,不过其市场体系极不健全,所以A公司集团的投资采用了全产业链控制的经营模式,对于产业链中不熟悉的环节,A公司引入了中国其他农业企业实施了承包合作。通过以上分析,中国在非洲农业投资的同时也面临着隐含的诸多风险,本文从信息收集和风险规避,投资模式的选择,当地员工的管理,农产品市场的开拓和加强国际交流和合作等方面给出了相应的建议。
中非农产品贸易是中非农业合作的有机组成部分。中非农产品贸易在近十年获得快速的发展,不过中非农产品贸易额在中非贸易中的比重很小,并且有不断下降的趋势。本文分析了中非农产品贸易额增长的源泉,中非农产品贸易在各自市场上的比较优势,并且分析了中国对非洲最不发达国家实施的免关税政策的效果。主要发现有：(1)中非农产品贸易额的增长(包括出口和进口)的来源国家数量和来源农产品种类都非常有限,中非农产品贸易额增长的基础薄弱。(2)中非农产品贸易在各自的市场的比较优势是负值,并且有不断扩大的趋势,说明中非农产品在各自市场上并不具有比较优势,并且中非农产品贸易逐渐落后于中非其他领域的贸易,也逐渐落后于与其他国家间的农产品贸易。(3)免关税政策的实施提高了非洲国家对中国的农产品出口能力,不过免关税政策只对非洲最不发达国家对中国出口的已有相当规模的商品的出口额的增长具有明显的促进作用。中非农产品贸易问题的解决主要还是要依靠以上两种中非农业合作模式的发展,通过技术传递和直接投资,提高非洲国家的农产品出口能力和非洲农民的生活水平,这样中非农产品贸易才能获得切实的提高。
中非农业合作的以上三个模式是是相互促进,密切联系的,共同构成中非农业合作的有机整体。由于研究时间和空间的限制,本文的分析并没有包含所有的中非农业合作的模式和实现形式,比如中国参与的援助非洲的南南合作和中国对非洲农业技术传递的其他形式,这些都是值得进一步研究的方向。
In the context of economic globalization, China-Africa relations play an increasingly important role in China's foreign relations. Respective economic characteristics make China-Africa agricultural cooperation has become an important part of China-Africa relations. The premise and foundation of China-Africa agricultural cooperation are complementary agricultural resources; African countries have vast undeveloped land while China has a wealth of practical agricultural technology. The purpose is to improve the technical level of agricultural production in African countries and to exploit agricultural resources cooperatively, thus both sides can benefit from the China-Africa agricultural cooperation. After half a century of development, China-Africa agricultural cooperation has formed a multi-level, multi-channel, multi-form cooperation and exchanges; however, the process of China-Africa cooperation in agriculture also has a lot of problems and difficulties. Combining with the potential and trends of agricultural development in Africa and China, to identify research priorities and difficulties, and to make research more efficient, this study focuses on such three patterns as agricultural technology transfer from China to Africa, China's direct investment in agriculture in Africa and Sino-African trade in agricultural products.
Chinese agricultural technology transfer to Africa is an important part of China-Africa agricultural cooperation and it is an important basis for the further development of other modes of agricultural cooperation. Based on complementary agricultural resources, the use of China's agricultural technology to improve the level of agricultural production in African countries, is the expectation of African countries for agricultural cooperation, and also is the main way of benefiting from agricultural cooperation for African countries. Chinese agricultural technology transfer to Africa has developed various forms; the main technical assistance project currently is agricultural technology demonstration centers. However, China Agricultural Technology Assistance Projects lack sustainability, limits the effect of technical transfer, the main reason is that technical assistance projects is mainly based on Chinese experience, without taking into account the ability of acceptance of African countries. For this reason, based on the research of Oromia region in Ethiopia, this paper analyzes the limitations of local farmers adopting Chinese Agricultural Technology. The main findings are:(1)Local agricultural technology is in close contact with the local farmer's traditional culture and lifestyle, and the use of Chinese agricultural technology needs local farmers gradually change their habits, so it would be a long process; Chinese aid projects should pay attention to its own sustainable development for better results.(2) As agricultural production is a multi-link system, changes in one link of the agricultural production will bring other links inappropriate, so Chinese agricultural technology transfer to Africa should pay attention to improve the whole links of local agricultural production technology.(3) Dissemination of information and knowledge have a significant role in promoting local farmers to adopt Chinese agricultural technology. Chinese agricultural technical assistance projects need to strengthen the promotion and education of China's agricultural technology. This paper also proposed the suggestions for sustainable development of China's agricultural technology demonstration centers.
China's direct investment in agriculture in Africa is an important mode of exploiting African agricultural resources cooperatively. Chinese enterprises to invest in Africa's agriculture began from contracting Chinese aid farms, later evolved into other forms of joint venture and wholly owned. This paper analyzes the distribution of the Chinese agricultural enterprises to invest in Africa among African countries, the motives to open agricultural enterprises in Africa, and using Wanbao Group to invest in Mozambique as an example analyze the Chinese-invested enterprises how to choose the appropriate business model in accordance with the investment characteristics of the target country. The main findings are (1) Chinese Agribusinesses in Africa concentrate on transition and pre-transition countries, which are mainly agriculture-based countries, underdeveloped, indicating that China's agricultural investment is resource-seeking.(2) The Factors Analysis of Chinese agribusinesses contribution shows that Chinese agricultural enterprises tend to invest in countries without high foreign stocks, which is in accordance with the relative lack of international competitiveness of Chinese foreign investment enterprises. However, the infrastructures in these countries are generally more backward.(3) Mozambique is rich in national resources, but its market system is far from perfect, So Wanbao Group's investment employs the business model with control of the full industrial chain. For the unfamiliar industrial chain links, Wanbao introduces other Chinese agricultural enterprises to implement a cooperation contract. Through the above analysis, Chinese investment in African agriculture while face many implied risks. The paper gives appropriate advice on following five aspects as the collection of information and risk aversion, investment mode selection, local staff management, agricultural market development and strengthens international exchanges and cooperation.
China-Africa agricultural trade is an integral part of the African agricultural cooperation. China-Africa trades of agricultural products get fast development in recent years, but the proportion of agricultural trade between China and Africa in the Sino-African trade is very small, and the proportion has a downward trend. This paper analyzes the sources of growth in agricultural trade between China and Africa, the African trade in agricultural comparative advantage in their respective markets, and analyzes the effect of China tariff-free policy on the implementation of the African LDCs. Main findings are:(1)The growth of Sino-African agricultural trade (including exports and imports) mainly origins from very few African countries and very few agricultural goods, so the base for the growth of Sino-African agricultural trade is weak.(2) The comparative advantage of Sino-African agricultural trade in their respective markets is negative, and the negative value has a growing trend, which indicating that Sino-Africa agricultural products in their respective market do not have the comparative advantage, and Sino-African trade in agricultural products gradually lags behind Sino-African trade in products of other area, meanwhile gradually lags behind the agricultural products trade between other countries.(3) implementation of Tariff-free policy has a positive impact to improve the capacity of African countries to China's agricultural exports,however, tariff-free policy merely has the positive effect on the increase of limited sorts of products exported from the least developed African countries to China. These products are the primary agricultural products where the African countries have the comparative advantage and already exported a large scale to China before. To solve the problem of Sino-African trade in agricultural products relies on the developments of these two major China-Africa agricultural cooperation models. Through technology transfer and direct investment, China-Africa agricultural cooperation improves the capacity of African countries in agricultural products exports, and improves living standards of farmers in Africa, then China-Africa trade in agricultural products obtain tangible improvement.
These three modes of China-Africa agricultural cooperation is mutually reinforcing, closely linked, together constitute an organic whole of Africa agricultural cooperation. Due to limitations of time and space, the paper does not include all of the China-Africa agricultural cooperation mode and format, such as China's participation in the South-South cooperation to benefit Africa and Other Chinese forms of technology transfer in agriculture in Africa, which are worthy of further research directions.
引文
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