中国海外人才回流的国际知识溢出与技术进步研究
|
摘要
近年来,随着经济全球化的发展,人力资本,尤其是高能力、高素质的人力资本,作为一国经济发展与技术进步不可或缺的重要要素,正成为各国竞相争夺的宝贵资源。据中国教育部公布的最新数据显示,伴随着中国经济的腾飞和政府的努力,中国已成为世界上最主要的“人才回流”和“人才环流”的接纳国。同时据中国留学基金委数据显示,1996年至2009年间,国家公派留学人员的回国率高达97%;很多海外名校毕业的留学生,即使能在美国找到高薪工作,也都纷纷回国效力,该现象也发生在印度和台湾。可以看出当前海外人才回流正成为地区经济发展以及技术进步的主力,并且作为国际人力资本流动的海归回流以及其对地区技术进步效应问题日益引起理论界的广泛关注,结合近期中国十八大提出的“创新驱动发展战略”发展要求,本研究认为考察我国海归回流的国际知识溢出效应及对中国技术进步的影响显得颇有必要,能够为政府吸引海外人才归国的政策提供一些参考价值。
本文通过文献研究、比较分析、归纳演绎、数理分析等方法对海归回流的知识溢出效应与技术进步研究展开了较为系统的研究。理论部分,将人才回流、知识溢出与技术进步相关理论进行了归纳,力求丰富海归人才回流的知识溢出与技术进步的基础理论研究。与此同时,对海归是否选择回流进行一般性原理的分析,在此基础上分析海归回流引致的知识溢出产生机理,分别从海归回流知识溢出产生的渠道、海归回流引致知识溢出效应的逻辑关系两方面展开,最后分析海归引致的知识溢出效应的影响因素,为后文经验分析部分打下了坚实的理论基础。实证方面,一方面对海归人才回流的基本状况及特征进行了调研,摸清了海归在所属行业、受教育年限、留学深造国分布、就业单位等方面存在的差异；另一方面估算了海归回流引致的知识溢出效应以及对各地区技术进步的影响；在此基础上,进一步分析海归人力资本水平、技术差距对中国技术进步的影响等问题。
本研究通过对前期文献的整理和评价,得出海归回流知识溢出与技术进步这一论题需进一步展开研究的五个方面。理论方面：1、海归回流知识溢出产生的理论机理需要进一步深入探究；2、对海归回流引致的知识溢出效应影响因素需要进一步深度挖掘；3、对海归人才回流需进行一般性原理归纳；实证方面：1、需运用合理的计量方法估算海归回流引致的知识溢出效应；2、海归回流这一渠道的国际知识溢出与其他三大渠道FDI、国际贸易、专利技术引致的国际知识溢出需进行比较；3、需进一步研究海归人力资本水平对海归知识溢出影响效应方面以及在技术差距与海归引致的知识溢出效应关系方面的研究,前期学者对此领域研究甚少。
针对以上理论部分、实证部分关于海归回流知识溢出与技术进步研究的薄弱点和空白点,展开本文主体部分的研究。本文的研究结论如下：理论部分,通过对海归人才回流对中国技术进步的影响等方面进行了系统的理论分析,获得了一些重要的理论判断。
(1)并不是所有留学人员最终都选择回国,只有当海归个体能力处于中等水平时,海归选择获得中等教育水平,且选择留学海外并在一定时期后回流母国；说明目前回流的海归总体上看并非能力水平相当高的顶尖科技创新人才。
(2)海归回流知识溢出实现机理主要通过人力资本效应、网络效应、企业间技术知识的直接学习、竞争效应、空间集聚效应的渠道实现。
(3)海归回流的这种溢出效应并不是随海归回流的发生而白动产生的,受诸多因素的制约。本文认为影响海归知识溢出效应的因素来自知识自身的特性、微观主体因素、宏观环境因素三个方面。
实证部分,首先进行海归知识溢出效应对中国技术进步的研究,在此基础上,分别从“海归人力资本水平与其知识溢出效应”以及“国内外技术差距对海归知识溢出效应的影响”这两方面推进,展开经验研究,讨论了海归回流对中国技术进步的影响,得到了一些有价值的研究结论。
(1)海归回流对中国技术进步的影响效应显著,并存在滞后效应,即海归回流对各省市技术进步的促进作用需要经过一定周期、与各省市相应配套的人力资本相结合才能发挥作用。并且发现海归回流知识溢出呈现非均衡性。实证表明各省市经济发展水平越高、科研投入越大、金融市场环境越良好,其海归回流的知识溢出效应也越大。
(2)发现在国际知识溢出领域,海归回流是与对外直接投资和进口、专利技术等同等重要的渠道,通过在全球人才战争中合理引进以往流失海外的高级人才,通过吸收海归人才的知识溢出效应实现技术创新无疑是技术后发的中国实现“经济赶超”的佳径。
(3)得出中国各地区本土人力资本吸收能力对海归回流引致的知识溢出效应具有差异性。表明海归回流只有与高水平的人力资本结合才能对技术水平发挥更大的提升作用。进一步得出一省市本土人力资本吸收能力与海归的知识溢出效应之间的关系呈非单调性的单门槛特征。
(4)一省市的海归人力资本水平对其知识溢出效应影响较大,当一个地区的海归人力资本水平达到一定水平时,海归的知识溢出效应会呈现出显著的跃升和加速现象,且目前的总体情况是我国海归人力资本水平在逐步提高。
(5)国内外技术差距对海归技术进步的影响存在倒U型关系,当初始阶段技术差距较大时,海归所引致的知识溢出效应呈上升趋势,在达到特定临界值后,呈现递减趋势,并随着技术差距的进一步缩小,对海归技术进步负相关。同时就中国目前而言,绝大多数省份与国内外的技术差距和海归知识溢出效应之间的对应关系仍然位于倒U型曲线的正相关段。进一步得出海归回流的知识溢出效应受国内外技术差距的内生约束而呈现出由弱变强再减弱的非线性动态演进规律。存在技术差距的特定门槛值,使得海归回流的知识溢出效应呈现出非线性特征。同时拥有相匹配的吸收能力是本土企业获得海归释放的知识溢出效应的前提条件,较大的技术差距并不利于本土企业吸收和模仿海归带来的先进技术。
本文的研究贡献及创新体现在以下几个方面：
第一,与以往研究不同,本文首次将海归人才回流这一渠道对一国技术进步的影响与国际知识溢出其他三大渠道进行比较,发现在国际知识溢出领域,海归回流是与对外直接投资和进口、专利技术等同等重要的渠道,通过在全球人才战争中合理引进以往流失海外的高级人才,吸收海归人才的知识溢出效应实现技术创新无疑是技术后发的中国实现“经济赶超”的佳径。
第二,本文结合“知识溢出、技术进步与经济增长的关系”的理论分析,讨论了海归人力资本水平与海归知识溢出的关系,进一步讨论了中国各省市和发达国家的技术差距对海归知识溢出的影响,目前相关研究仍存在争议。本文将对此提供进一步的经验证据。
第三,本文融合劳动经济学的人力资本流动、人才学领域以及宏观经济的技术进步领域知识,瞄准三大交叉前沿领域,拓展了以往研究海归人才主要从人才学领域或劳动经济学领域研究的视角。
第四,本文在前期文献基础上,实证部分采用计量领域较新的门槛面板模型分析海归人力资本水平对海归回流的技术进步的影响以及技术差距对海归回流的技术进步影响,对于海归人力资本水平对引致的知识溢出效应关系以及技术差距对中国海归回流的技术进步影响等的相关研究目前尚处于空白,因此,本文将这一较新的计量方法应用于新的研究领域且进一步关注了前期学者尚未涉及的领域。
In recent years,with the development of economic globalization,human capital, especially the high-capacity,high-quality human capital as an important factor in the country's economic development and technological progress is becoming a valuable resource for all countries'competion.The latest data released by the Chinese Ministry of Education show that along with China's economic take-off and the government's efforts,China has become the world's leading receiving country of "return"and "brain circulation". Meanwhile,the data from the China Scholarship Council shows that from1996to2009the return rate of the state's public school students are97%,many students graduated from overseas well-known university,even if they can find high-paying jobs in the United States, also return. The phenomenon occurred in India and Taiwan as well. It can be seen that the current returnees back is becoming the main force of regional economic development and technological progress. And the issues of returnees reflux as an international human capital flow as well as returnees back making effect on regional technological progress has caused widespread concern in theoretical circles.
Combined with the recent Chinese eighteen's "innovation-driven development strategy"requirements, this study suggest that it seems quite necessary to analyze the international knowledge spillovers of returnees reflux and its impact to China's technogical progress. It is helpful to provide some valuable information for the government's policy to attract foreign talents to back.
This paper launched a more systematic study for returnee's knowledge spillovers and technological progress by literature research methods,comparative analysis methods,induction methods, deduction methods and mathematical analysis methods. In theoretical part, the paper has summarized related theories of brain return, knowledge spillovers and technological progress, and strives to enrich fundamental research of the knowledge of returnees and technological progress. Meanwhile, the paper make a general principal analysis of whether returnee choose to return, on this basis analyze theoretical mechanism of knowledge spillovers arising from returnees back. First, conducting research from analyzing the knowledge spillovers channel of returnees back and analyzing the logical relationship of between returnees back and its knowledge spillovers respectively. Then analyzing influencing factors of returnees'knowledge spillovers, and laiding a solid theoretical foundation for the later empirical analysis section.On the one hand, in the empirical part, the paper conducted an investigation of returnees'basic situation and characteristics, with the purpose to find out the differences existed in returnees'respective fields, years of education, studying abroad country distribution, employment units and other areas.On the other hand,estimate returnees' knowledge spillovers and the impact to the regional technological progress.On this basis analyzing of returnees'human capital level and the impact of technology gap to china's the technological progress furtherly.
By collecting and evaluation of the previous literature,this topic of returnees back knowledge spillovers and technological progress needed to be further expanded in four areas.In theoretical aspects:the theoretical mechanism of returnees reflux generates knowledge spillovers needed explore furtherly;the influence factors of returnees' knowledge spillovers needed deeper excavation.And needed returnee's general principles induction. In the Empirical aspects, it is required to use reasonable measurement methods to estimate returnee's knowledge spillovers; we need to make a comparison between returnee's international knowledge spillovers and the other three channels of FDI, international trade, patent; Further research is needed on the relationship between returnees'human capital level and its knowledge spillovers and between technology gap and returnees's knowledge spillovers. Early scholars have few studies in this field.
Based on the weakness or blank in theoretical part as well as the analytical part related to returnees with overflow of knowledge and analysis of its technical progress, the study is expanded the main part of this article.With the conclusion of essential theoretical judgments after the systematic analysis of the impact that returnees exert upon technology in China.
(1) Not all students studying abroad eventually return their homeland. Only when they are at the median level in terms of capability, they would choose to acquire median educational level and return after a period overseas.It shows that current returnees aren't the top technological innovation talent with a very high level of competence on the whole.
(2) The mechanism of returnees with overflow of knowledge is carried out through human capital effect, network effects, technology simulating among enterprises, competitive effects and spatial agglomeration effects.
(3) Spillovers from returnees are affected by a wide range of factors,not only restricted in the origin. This essay figures that the factors consist of three main aspects, character of knowledge, micro subjective factor and macro environmental factor.
In the empirical part, we first studied the influence of returnee's knowledge spillover effects on Chinese technology progress.On this basis, we conducted an empirical research on the returnees'human capital level with its knowledge spillover effect and the influence of technology gap at home and abroad for returnees'knowledge spillover effect. Then we discussed the effect of returnees returning back on Chinese technology progress, some valuable conclusions are obtained.
(1) Returnees'reflux effects on Chinese technology progress is significant,and it has lagged effect,that is,returnees'reflux to various provinces and cities with corresponding combination of human capital can promote the technological progress within a certain period. We found that returnees'knowledge spillover present unbalanced. Empirical study shows that the higher the level of economic development,the scientific research of provinces and cities,investment, financial market environment,the greater effect of returnee's knowledge spillover.
(2) We found that in the field of international knowledge spillovers, returnees'back is an important way equal to the foreign direct investment and imports and patent technology. It is undoubtedly that the technology innovation is a great path of "economic catch-up" by importing high-level talents in the global talent wars and absorbing overseas talents knowledge spillover effect.
(3) We concluded that human capital absorption capacity for returnees reflux's knowledge spillover effect is different in different regions. It shows that returnees'reflux combined with high levels of human capital improve the level of technology. We further found that the relationship between a province's ability of absorbing human capital and the knowledge spillover effect shows the characteristic of the monotonicity of the single threshold.
(4) The provinces and cities'returnees human capital has a greater influence on knowledge spillover effect. When the level of one area's returnee's human capital reaches a certain level, the knowledge spillover effect of returnees presents a significant jump and acceleration phenomena, and the Chinese returnees'overall human capital levels gradually raised.
(5)There is an u-shaped relationship between the technology gap at home and abroad and returnees'influence of technological progress. When the technology gap is larger at the initial stage,the knowledge spillover effect caused by returnee is on the rise,after reaching a certain critical level,it showed a trend of decline, and as the technology gap narrowed,returnees to the technology progress effects show the negative correlattion.In terms of China's current situation, the corresponding relations between the knowledge spillover effect of most of the provinces with the domestic and foreign technology gap and returnees is still located in the inverted u-shaped curve segments. Furthermore, we concluded that knowledge spillover effect of returnees'backflow is governed by endogenous technology gap at home and abroad and it presents the nonlinear dynamic evolution law from weak to strenth and back to weak again. Because of the certain threshold value of the technology gap, the knowledge spillover effect of returnees'reflux shows the characteristics of nonlinear. At the same time, having the absorption capacity is the precondition of matching the local enterprises to obtain knowledge spillover effect of the returnees. We found that the great technology gap is not conducive to domestic enterprises to absorb and imitate advanced technology which returnees bringing back.
The contribution and innovation of the research is reflected in the following aspects: First, unlike the previous studies, this paper will be the first to compare the channel of returnees on impacts of country's technological progress with the other three international knowledge spillovers channels. And it was first discovered that in the field of international knowledge spillovers, returnees'reflux is an important way equal to the foreign direct investment and imports and patent technology.lt is undoubtedly that the technology innovation is a great path of "economic catch-up"by importing high-level talents in the global talent wars and absorbing overseas talents knowledge spillover effect.
Second,the paper combine the theoretical analysis of the relationship between knowledge spillovers、progress and Economic growth,and discuss the relationship between returnees' human capital level with returnees'knowledge spillovers,and furtherly discussed the impact of the technological gap betweenn the Chinese provinces with the developed countries.Currently, there are still some controversies in these areas. This study will provide further empirical evidences for this.
Third, the study integrated the areas of human capital flows in labor economics, the field of talent as well as the field of technological progress in macroeconomics, targeting the three cross-frontier areas, and expanding the previous studies which was mainly in the single perspective of talents or labor economics.
Fourth, based on the previous literature on the empirical part, the study used a relatively new model of panel threshold model in econometrics. Analyzed the impact of the human capital level of returnees and the technology gap on the technological progress, for this part of some related research are still in the blank. Therefore, this study applied this relatively new measurement method to new areas, and further attention to the previous literature yet covered.
本文通过文献研究、比较分析、归纳演绎、数理分析等方法对海归回流的知识溢出效应与技术进步研究展开了较为系统的研究。理论部分,将人才回流、知识溢出与技术进步相关理论进行了归纳,力求丰富海归人才回流的知识溢出与技术进步的基础理论研究。与此同时,对海归是否选择回流进行一般性原理的分析,在此基础上分析海归回流引致的知识溢出产生机理,分别从海归回流知识溢出产生的渠道、海归回流引致知识溢出效应的逻辑关系两方面展开,最后分析海归引致的知识溢出效应的影响因素,为后文经验分析部分打下了坚实的理论基础。实证方面,一方面对海归人才回流的基本状况及特征进行了调研,摸清了海归在所属行业、受教育年限、留学深造国分布、就业单位等方面存在的差异；另一方面估算了海归回流引致的知识溢出效应以及对各地区技术进步的影响；在此基础上,进一步分析海归人力资本水平、技术差距对中国技术进步的影响等问题。
本研究通过对前期文献的整理和评价,得出海归回流知识溢出与技术进步这一论题需进一步展开研究的五个方面。理论方面：1、海归回流知识溢出产生的理论机理需要进一步深入探究；2、对海归回流引致的知识溢出效应影响因素需要进一步深度挖掘；3、对海归人才回流需进行一般性原理归纳；实证方面：1、需运用合理的计量方法估算海归回流引致的知识溢出效应；2、海归回流这一渠道的国际知识溢出与其他三大渠道FDI、国际贸易、专利技术引致的国际知识溢出需进行比较；3、需进一步研究海归人力资本水平对海归知识溢出影响效应方面以及在技术差距与海归引致的知识溢出效应关系方面的研究,前期学者对此领域研究甚少。
针对以上理论部分、实证部分关于海归回流知识溢出与技术进步研究的薄弱点和空白点,展开本文主体部分的研究。本文的研究结论如下：理论部分,通过对海归人才回流对中国技术进步的影响等方面进行了系统的理论分析,获得了一些重要的理论判断。
(1)并不是所有留学人员最终都选择回国,只有当海归个体能力处于中等水平时,海归选择获得中等教育水平,且选择留学海外并在一定时期后回流母国；说明目前回流的海归总体上看并非能力水平相当高的顶尖科技创新人才。
(2)海归回流知识溢出实现机理主要通过人力资本效应、网络效应、企业间技术知识的直接学习、竞争效应、空间集聚效应的渠道实现。
(3)海归回流的这种溢出效应并不是随海归回流的发生而白动产生的,受诸多因素的制约。本文认为影响海归知识溢出效应的因素来自知识自身的特性、微观主体因素、宏观环境因素三个方面。
实证部分,首先进行海归知识溢出效应对中国技术进步的研究,在此基础上,分别从“海归人力资本水平与其知识溢出效应”以及“国内外技术差距对海归知识溢出效应的影响”这两方面推进,展开经验研究,讨论了海归回流对中国技术进步的影响,得到了一些有价值的研究结论。
(1)海归回流对中国技术进步的影响效应显著,并存在滞后效应,即海归回流对各省市技术进步的促进作用需要经过一定周期、与各省市相应配套的人力资本相结合才能发挥作用。并且发现海归回流知识溢出呈现非均衡性。实证表明各省市经济发展水平越高、科研投入越大、金融市场环境越良好,其海归回流的知识溢出效应也越大。
(2)发现在国际知识溢出领域,海归回流是与对外直接投资和进口、专利技术等同等重要的渠道,通过在全球人才战争中合理引进以往流失海外的高级人才,通过吸收海归人才的知识溢出效应实现技术创新无疑是技术后发的中国实现“经济赶超”的佳径。
(3)得出中国各地区本土人力资本吸收能力对海归回流引致的知识溢出效应具有差异性。表明海归回流只有与高水平的人力资本结合才能对技术水平发挥更大的提升作用。进一步得出一省市本土人力资本吸收能力与海归的知识溢出效应之间的关系呈非单调性的单门槛特征。
(4)一省市的海归人力资本水平对其知识溢出效应影响较大,当一个地区的海归人力资本水平达到一定水平时,海归的知识溢出效应会呈现出显著的跃升和加速现象,且目前的总体情况是我国海归人力资本水平在逐步提高。
(5)国内外技术差距对海归技术进步的影响存在倒U型关系,当初始阶段技术差距较大时,海归所引致的知识溢出效应呈上升趋势,在达到特定临界值后,呈现递减趋势,并随着技术差距的进一步缩小,对海归技术进步负相关。同时就中国目前而言,绝大多数省份与国内外的技术差距和海归知识溢出效应之间的对应关系仍然位于倒U型曲线的正相关段。进一步得出海归回流的知识溢出效应受国内外技术差距的内生约束而呈现出由弱变强再减弱的非线性动态演进规律。存在技术差距的特定门槛值,使得海归回流的知识溢出效应呈现出非线性特征。同时拥有相匹配的吸收能力是本土企业获得海归释放的知识溢出效应的前提条件,较大的技术差距并不利于本土企业吸收和模仿海归带来的先进技术。
本文的研究贡献及创新体现在以下几个方面：
第一,与以往研究不同,本文首次将海归人才回流这一渠道对一国技术进步的影响与国际知识溢出其他三大渠道进行比较,发现在国际知识溢出领域,海归回流是与对外直接投资和进口、专利技术等同等重要的渠道,通过在全球人才战争中合理引进以往流失海外的高级人才,吸收海归人才的知识溢出效应实现技术创新无疑是技术后发的中国实现“经济赶超”的佳径。
第二,本文结合“知识溢出、技术进步与经济增长的关系”的理论分析,讨论了海归人力资本水平与海归知识溢出的关系,进一步讨论了中国各省市和发达国家的技术差距对海归知识溢出的影响,目前相关研究仍存在争议。本文将对此提供进一步的经验证据。
第三,本文融合劳动经济学的人力资本流动、人才学领域以及宏观经济的技术进步领域知识,瞄准三大交叉前沿领域,拓展了以往研究海归人才主要从人才学领域或劳动经济学领域研究的视角。
第四,本文在前期文献基础上,实证部分采用计量领域较新的门槛面板模型分析海归人力资本水平对海归回流的技术进步的影响以及技术差距对海归回流的技术进步影响,对于海归人力资本水平对引致的知识溢出效应关系以及技术差距对中国海归回流的技术进步影响等的相关研究目前尚处于空白,因此,本文将这一较新的计量方法应用于新的研究领域且进一步关注了前期学者尚未涉及的领域。
In recent years,with the development of economic globalization,human capital, especially the high-capacity,high-quality human capital as an important factor in the country's economic development and technological progress is becoming a valuable resource for all countries'competion.The latest data released by the Chinese Ministry of Education show that along with China's economic take-off and the government's efforts,China has become the world's leading receiving country of "return"and "brain circulation". Meanwhile,the data from the China Scholarship Council shows that from1996to2009the return rate of the state's public school students are97%,many students graduated from overseas well-known university,even if they can find high-paying jobs in the United States, also return. The phenomenon occurred in India and Taiwan as well. It can be seen that the current returnees back is becoming the main force of regional economic development and technological progress. And the issues of returnees reflux as an international human capital flow as well as returnees back making effect on regional technological progress has caused widespread concern in theoretical circles.
Combined with the recent Chinese eighteen's "innovation-driven development strategy"requirements, this study suggest that it seems quite necessary to analyze the international knowledge spillovers of returnees reflux and its impact to China's technogical progress. It is helpful to provide some valuable information for the government's policy to attract foreign talents to back.
This paper launched a more systematic study for returnee's knowledge spillovers and technological progress by literature research methods,comparative analysis methods,induction methods, deduction methods and mathematical analysis methods. In theoretical part, the paper has summarized related theories of brain return, knowledge spillovers and technological progress, and strives to enrich fundamental research of the knowledge of returnees and technological progress. Meanwhile, the paper make a general principal analysis of whether returnee choose to return, on this basis analyze theoretical mechanism of knowledge spillovers arising from returnees back. First, conducting research from analyzing the knowledge spillovers channel of returnees back and analyzing the logical relationship of between returnees back and its knowledge spillovers respectively. Then analyzing influencing factors of returnees'knowledge spillovers, and laiding a solid theoretical foundation for the later empirical analysis section.On the one hand, in the empirical part, the paper conducted an investigation of returnees'basic situation and characteristics, with the purpose to find out the differences existed in returnees'respective fields, years of education, studying abroad country distribution, employment units and other areas.On the other hand,estimate returnees' knowledge spillovers and the impact to the regional technological progress.On this basis analyzing of returnees'human capital level and the impact of technology gap to china's the technological progress furtherly.
By collecting and evaluation of the previous literature,this topic of returnees back knowledge spillovers and technological progress needed to be further expanded in four areas.In theoretical aspects:the theoretical mechanism of returnees reflux generates knowledge spillovers needed explore furtherly;the influence factors of returnees' knowledge spillovers needed deeper excavation.And needed returnee's general principles induction. In the Empirical aspects, it is required to use reasonable measurement methods to estimate returnee's knowledge spillovers; we need to make a comparison between returnee's international knowledge spillovers and the other three channels of FDI, international trade, patent; Further research is needed on the relationship between returnees'human capital level and its knowledge spillovers and between technology gap and returnees's knowledge spillovers. Early scholars have few studies in this field.
Based on the weakness or blank in theoretical part as well as the analytical part related to returnees with overflow of knowledge and analysis of its technical progress, the study is expanded the main part of this article.With the conclusion of essential theoretical judgments after the systematic analysis of the impact that returnees exert upon technology in China.
(1) Not all students studying abroad eventually return their homeland. Only when they are at the median level in terms of capability, they would choose to acquire median educational level and return after a period overseas.It shows that current returnees aren't the top technological innovation talent with a very high level of competence on the whole.
(2) The mechanism of returnees with overflow of knowledge is carried out through human capital effect, network effects, technology simulating among enterprises, competitive effects and spatial agglomeration effects.
(3) Spillovers from returnees are affected by a wide range of factors,not only restricted in the origin. This essay figures that the factors consist of three main aspects, character of knowledge, micro subjective factor and macro environmental factor.
In the empirical part, we first studied the influence of returnee's knowledge spillover effects on Chinese technology progress.On this basis, we conducted an empirical research on the returnees'human capital level with its knowledge spillover effect and the influence of technology gap at home and abroad for returnees'knowledge spillover effect. Then we discussed the effect of returnees returning back on Chinese technology progress, some valuable conclusions are obtained.
(1) Returnees'reflux effects on Chinese technology progress is significant,and it has lagged effect,that is,returnees'reflux to various provinces and cities with corresponding combination of human capital can promote the technological progress within a certain period. We found that returnees'knowledge spillover present unbalanced. Empirical study shows that the higher the level of economic development,the scientific research of provinces and cities,investment, financial market environment,the greater effect of returnee's knowledge spillover.
(2) We found that in the field of international knowledge spillovers, returnees'back is an important way equal to the foreign direct investment and imports and patent technology. It is undoubtedly that the technology innovation is a great path of "economic catch-up" by importing high-level talents in the global talent wars and absorbing overseas talents knowledge spillover effect.
(3) We concluded that human capital absorption capacity for returnees reflux's knowledge spillover effect is different in different regions. It shows that returnees'reflux combined with high levels of human capital improve the level of technology. We further found that the relationship between a province's ability of absorbing human capital and the knowledge spillover effect shows the characteristic of the monotonicity of the single threshold.
(4) The provinces and cities'returnees human capital has a greater influence on knowledge spillover effect. When the level of one area's returnee's human capital reaches a certain level, the knowledge spillover effect of returnees presents a significant jump and acceleration phenomena, and the Chinese returnees'overall human capital levels gradually raised.
(5)There is an u-shaped relationship between the technology gap at home and abroad and returnees'influence of technological progress. When the technology gap is larger at the initial stage,the knowledge spillover effect caused by returnee is on the rise,after reaching a certain critical level,it showed a trend of decline, and as the technology gap narrowed,returnees to the technology progress effects show the negative correlattion.In terms of China's current situation, the corresponding relations between the knowledge spillover effect of most of the provinces with the domestic and foreign technology gap and returnees is still located in the inverted u-shaped curve segments. Furthermore, we concluded that knowledge spillover effect of returnees'backflow is governed by endogenous technology gap at home and abroad and it presents the nonlinear dynamic evolution law from weak to strenth and back to weak again. Because of the certain threshold value of the technology gap, the knowledge spillover effect of returnees'reflux shows the characteristics of nonlinear. At the same time, having the absorption capacity is the precondition of matching the local enterprises to obtain knowledge spillover effect of the returnees. We found that the great technology gap is not conducive to domestic enterprises to absorb and imitate advanced technology which returnees bringing back.
The contribution and innovation of the research is reflected in the following aspects: First, unlike the previous studies, this paper will be the first to compare the channel of returnees on impacts of country's technological progress with the other three international knowledge spillovers channels. And it was first discovered that in the field of international knowledge spillovers, returnees'reflux is an important way equal to the foreign direct investment and imports and patent technology.lt is undoubtedly that the technology innovation is a great path of "economic catch-up"by importing high-level talents in the global talent wars and absorbing overseas talents knowledge spillover effect.
Second,the paper combine the theoretical analysis of the relationship between knowledge spillovers、progress and Economic growth,and discuss the relationship between returnees' human capital level with returnees'knowledge spillovers,and furtherly discussed the impact of the technological gap betweenn the Chinese provinces with the developed countries.Currently, there are still some controversies in these areas. This study will provide further empirical evidences for this.
Third, the study integrated the areas of human capital flows in labor economics, the field of talent as well as the field of technological progress in macroeconomics, targeting the three cross-frontier areas, and expanding the previous studies which was mainly in the single perspective of talents or labor economics.
Fourth, based on the previous literature on the empirical part, the study used a relatively new model of panel threshold model in econometrics. Analyzed the impact of the human capital level of returnees and the technology gap on the technological progress, for this part of some related research are still in the blank. Therefore, this study applied this relatively new measurement method to new areas, and further attention to the previous literature yet covered.
引文
1 网易财经.回国的诱惑：揭秘中国最高级别的人才计划[EB/OL].(2011-11-21)http://money.163.com/11/1122/08/7JEV60Q300253G87.html
2 中国经济周刊.回国的诱惑.[EB/OL].(2011-11-21)http://paper.people.com.cn/zgjjzk/html/2011-11/21/content_964274.htm?
3 同2。
4 海归数量激增,智力回流期到来[EB/OL].(2013-10-15)http://www.chinatradenews.com.cn/html/shangwushouce/2013/1015/2550.html
5 人民网-人民日报.海归为何大量回流.[EB/OL].(2013-10-10)http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/hqgj/jryw/2013-10-10/content_10281357.html
6 光明网.当代中国海归潮[EB/OL].(2012-11-03)http://difang.gmw.cn/cq/2012-11/03/content 5580217.htm
7 人民日报海外版.人民日报海外版：海归人才红利多方面凸显[EB/OL].(2013-03-14)http://news.xinhuanet.coin/fortune/2013-03/14/c_124457461.htm
8 中国新闻网.“十二五”国家自主创新能力建设规划(全文)[EB/OL].(2013-5-29)http://www.chinanews.com/gn/2013/05-29/4871462.shtml
9 中新网.创新也得找市场海归专家成创新项目主力军[EB/OL].(2013-3-1)http://www.zsr.ce/Returnee/PolicyManual/201303/767232.html
10 王辉耀主编.当代中国海归[M].北京：中国发展出版社,2007：15
11 吴晨阳,《“海归”系列称谓来源及发展》,文教资料[J],2008(25)：48
12 人民网.为鼓励引进留学人才深圳首次立法定义“海归”[EB/OL].(2004-09-02)http://www.people.com.cn/GB/jiaoyu/22224/2756520.html
13 王辉耀主编.当代中国海归[M].北京：中国发展出版社,2007：15
14 随着“海归”群体日渐增大,并呈现出多元化的发展趋势,并且一系列与之相关的名称出现,例如“海带(海待)”、“海鸥”、“海草“海泡”、“海藻(海找)”、“海根”等(王辉耀,2007)。
15 王辉耀博客.海归一词的起源[EB/OL].(2011-09-28)http://blog.sina.com.cn/s/blog_87c18f400100xehl.html
16 中国新闻网.海外传真：海归潮拍岸海龟浪抬头[EB/OL].(2002-10-18)http://www.chinanews.com/2002-10-18/26/233463.html
17 《瞭望》新闻周刊.中国从人才流失国转为世界最主要海归回流接纳国[EB/OL].(2012-12-10)http://www.chinanews.com/gn/2012/12-10/4396354.shtml
18 马歇尔：《经济学原理》(上册),商务印书馆1964年版,第284页。
19 在有些文献中,将知识溢出与技术溢出、R&D溢出等同,事实上,知识溢出的内涵比后两者更丰富,外延更大。
20 Keller, W.International Technology Diffusion[J]. Journal of Economic Literature.2004 (42):752-782
21 陶锋著.国际知识溢出、吸收能力与创新绩效[M].北京：经济科学出版社,2011：83
22 Bhagwati,Jagdish N. Taxing the Brain Drain,Challenge, Vol.19, No.3,1976:34-38
23 Xiaonan Cao, "Debating 'Brain Drain' in the Context of Globalisation, "Compare, Vol.26, No.3, British Comparative and International Education Society,1996:269-284.
24 Saxenian, L.and Hsu. J-Y. The Silicon Valle-Hsinchu Connection:Technical Communities and Industrial Upgrading, Industrial and Corporate Change,10(4),2001:893-920.
26 海归30年扫描[J].晚霞.2009：37-38
27 王辉耀.海归时代[M].北京：中央编译出版社,2005.海外学子回国的八大理由部分。
28 王蓉蓉.海外人才回流与社会适应研究[D].上海：华东师范大学,2012：24-26.
29 斯蒂格勒：“信息经济学”,载《产业组织和政府管制》,上海人民出版社,上海三联书店1996年版,第74贞。
30 马歇尔：《经济学原理》(上册),商务印书馆1964年版,第157-158贞。
31 宁军明著.知识溢出与区域经济增长[M].北京：经济科学出版社,2008：53-62.
32 吴玉鸣.中国区域研发、知识溢出与创新的空间计量经济研究[J].人民出版社,2007：26-28
33 张晴著.我国外商直接投资技术溢出效应研究[M].杭州：浙江大学出版社,2010：18-19.
34 王庆年著.基于中国东部地区的知识溢出决定因素实证研究[M].广州：华南理工大学出版社,2011：50.
35 IT时代周刊.中国专利数量稳夺魁首 质量差难转化成经济效益[EB/OL].(2007-01-10)http://tech.163.com/07/0110/10/34FHCED7000915BD.html
36 王立平著.知识溢出及其对我国区域经济增长作用的实证研究[M].安徽：合肥工业大学出版社,2008：126-130.
37 王立平著.知识溢出及其对我国区域经济增长作用的实证研究[M].安徽：合肥工业大学出版社,2008：140-142.
38 宁明军著.知识溢出与区域经济增长[M].北京：经济科学出版社,2008：90-91
39 韩晓蓉.教育部透露30年来逾百万留学生留在国外[EB/OL].新华网(2009-4-2)http://www.xj.xinhuanet.com/bt/2009-04/02/content_16140700.htm,2009-4-2.
41 金羊网-羊城晚报.后奥运时代锁定中国,留学国家出新政吸引人才.[EB/OL](2008-9-12)http://m.sohu.com/n/259469643/
42 中国文化传媒网.中国引进海外人才步伐加快[EB/OL](2007-10-29)http://www.ccdy.cn/chanye/shichang/201109A2011092678390.htm
43 许家云.国际智力回流的技术扩散效应研究[D].山东：山东理工大学,2012：19
44 中国新闻网.美华媒：顶尖人才流失敲警钟,中国亟需补短板[EB/OL].(2013-06-07)http://www.chinanews.com/hb/2013/06-07/4905955.shtml
45 北青网.我国顶尖人才流失数量居世界首位[EB/OL].(2013-06-07)http://news.xinhuanet.com/fortune/2013-06/07/c_124826469.htm
46 北青网.我国顶尖人才流失数量居世界首位[EB/OL].(2013-06-07)http://news.xinhuanet.com/fortune/2013-06/07/c124826469.htm
48 嘉卓教育网.留学后的选择-嘉卓留学的日记[EB/OL].(2011-11-17)http://www.jiazhuoedu.com/
49 熊炜、汤向阳、王杰.社会各界认同海归价值[EB/OL].人民日报海外版(2007-8-30)http://paper.people.com.cn/rmrbhwb/html/2007-08/30/content_18312022.htm
50 王辉耀主编.当代中国海归[M].北京：中国发展出版社,2007：20
51 赵晓霞.海归：中国建设的生力军[EB/OL].人民网(2007-08-10)http://paper.people.com.cn/nmrbhwb/html/2007-08/10/content 15554917.htm
52 上海热线.CCG发布关于新时期中国海归的十大贡献[EB/OL].(2009-12-25)http://www.neworiental.org/publish/portal0/tab12907/info436465.htm
53 王辉耀.海归时代--留学人员对中国发展的作用与贡献(1).中国企业家贡纪论坛第197期.[EB/OL].(2005-10-17) http://scgti.org/wanghuiyao/a/jiangyan/2011/1028/756.html
54 Jinn-Yuh Hsu and AnnaLee Saxenian, "The limits of guanxi capitalism:Transnational collaboration between Taiwan and the USA, "Environment and Planning A, vol.32 (2000):1991-2005 and Bernard P. Wong, The Chinese in Silicon Valley:Globalization, Social Networks and Ethnic Identity (Toronto:Rowman and Littlefield,2006)
58 《瞭望》新闻周刊.中国从人才流失国转为世界最主要海归回流接纳国[EB/OL].(2012-12-10)http://www.chinanews.com/gn/2012/12-10/4396354_4.shtml
59 中国经济周刊.回国的诱惑：揭秘中国最高级别的人才计划[EB/OL].(2011-11-22)
60 环球网.许多海外高层次人才认为从制度上明确他们的特殊身份[EB/OL].[EB/OL].(2011-11-22)
61 战略网.最大海归潮返国寻梦：空客人才参战中国大飞机[EB/OL].(2012-12-19)http://mil.chinaiiss.com/html/201212/19/a5916a_l.htm
62 《瞭望》新闻周刊.中国从人才流失国转为世界最主要海归回流接纳国[EB/OL].(2012-12-10)http://www.chinanews.com/gn/2012/12-10/4396354.shtml
63 战略网.最大海归潮返国寻梦：空客人才参战中国大飞机[EB/OL].(2012-12-19)http://mil.chinaiiss.com/html/201212/19/a5916a_1.html
64 王辉耀.海归时代[M].北京：中央编译出版社,2005.海外学子回国的八大理由
65 战略网.最大海归潮返国寻梦：空客人才参战中国大飞机[EB/OL].(2012-12-19)http://mil.chinaiiss.com/html/201212/19/a5916a_1.html
66 《瞭望》新闻周刊.中国从人才流失国转为世界最主要海归回流接纳国[EB/OL].(2012-12-10)http://www.chinanews.com/gn/2012/12-10/4396354_4.shtml
67 王立平著.知识溢出及其对我国区域经济增长作用的实证研究[M].安徽：合肥工业大学出版社,2008：82.
68 王立平著.知识溢出及其对我国区域经济增长作用的实证研究[M].安徽：合肥工业大学出版社,2008：83.
72 Romer.P.Political Ecnomy.increasing Returns and Long Run Growth[J]Journal of Political Economv.1986,4:1002-1073
75 Lucas, R. E. On the Mechanics of Economic Development[J]. Journal of Monetary Economics.1988,22:3-42.
76 Williamsi A.M. International labour migration and tacit knowledge transactions:a multi-level perspective [J]. Global Networks.2007,7(1):29-50
77 南旭光.人才流动、知识溢出和区域发展：一个动态知识连接模型[J].科技与经济.2009,3：24-27
78 Hansen. B.E.Threshold effects in non-dynamic panels:Estimation, testing, and inference[J].Journal of Econometrics.1999,93(2):345-368
79 Chan, K. S. Consistency and Limiting Distribution of the Least Squares Estimator of a Threshold Autoregressive Model [J]. The annals of statistics.1993,21 (1):520-533.
81 Hansen. B.E. Approximate Asymptoticp Values for Structural-Change Tests. Journal of Business & Economic Statistics [J].1997,15,60-67
82 Hansen, B.E. Approximate Asymptoticp Values for Structural-Change Tests. Journal of Business & Economic Statistics [J].1997,15,60-67
83 Bai. J. Estimation of a Change Point in Multiple Regression Models[J]. Review of Economics and Statistics,1997(79).
86 Gupta Anil,Govindarajan Vijay. Knowledge flows within Multinational Corporations[J].Journal of Development Economics.2000, (55):369-398.
87 Mingyong Lai. Hua Wang, Shujin Zhu. Douhle-edged effects of the technology gap and technology spillover:Evidence from the Chinese industrial sector[J].China Economic review.2009, (20):414-424.
88 Wu Xiaobo, Huang Juan, Zheng Suli.FDI and Technological Catching-up Based on technology Gap, Absorptive Capability[J].Studies in Science of Science.2005(6):347-351.
89 Ni Xiaoyu.Technology Gap and Technology Transfer of Multinational and Corporation-An Empirical Ananlysis Basedon panel Data of Chinese Manufacturin [J].Journal of internatin al trade.2008 (7):72-76.
90 为各国GDP除以劳动力总数。
93 这一提法源于彭科峰.海外引才考验制度设计[EB/OL].科学时报(2013-03-01)http://news.hexun.com/2013-03-01/151608600.html?fromtool=roll.
[1]Santos and Vinay.Migration as a source of growth:The perspective of a developing country [J]. Jounal of population economics.2003 (16):161-175
[2]Williams. A.M. International labour migration and tacit knowledge transactions:a multi-level perspective [J]. Global Networks.2007,7 (1):29-50
[3]Macdougall, G D. A. The Benefits and Costs of Private investment from abroad:a theoretical approach[J].Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics.1960,22 (3):189-211
[4]Jaffe, A.B. Flows of knowledge from universities and federal laboratories:Modeling the flow of patent citations over time and across institutional and geographic boundaries [J].National Acad Sciences.1996,93 (23):12671-12677
[5]Caniels M.C.J.knowlegde spillovers and economic growth:Regional growth differentials across Europe[M].Elgar, cheltenham,2000.
[6]Stiglitz, J.E.and A.B. Atkinson.A new view of technological change [J].A New View of Technological Change [J]. The Economic Journal.1969,79 (315):573-578
[7]Kokko, A. Technology, market characteristics, and spillovers[J].Journal of Development Economics.1994,43 (2) 279-293
[8]Keller, W.International technology diffusion [J] Journal of Economic Literature.2004, 42 (3):752-782
[9]Kesidou, E.and H. Romijn.Do Local Knowledge Spillovers Matter for Development? An Empirical Study of Uruguay's Software Cluster[J], World Development.2008,36 (10): 2004-2028
[10]Bayoumi, T., D.T. Coe and E. Helpman.R&D Spillovers and Global Growth[J] Journal of International Economics.1999,47 (2):399-428
[11]Blomstrom, M.and S. Fredrik. Technology transfer and spillovers:Does local participation with multinationals matter? [J]. European Economic Review.1999(43): 915-923
[12]Portelli, B and R. Narula.Foreign Direct Investment Through Acquisitions and Implications for Technological Upgrading:Case Evidence from Tanzania [J].The European Journal of Development Research.2006,18 (1):59-85
[13]Jacob, J and A. Szirmai. International Knowledge Spillovers to Developing Countries:The Case of Indonesia [J]. Review of Development Economics.2007,11 (3) 550-565
[14]Grubel, H.B and A.D. Scott.The International Flow of Human Capital[J].The American Economic Review.1966,56 (1):268-274
[15]Johnson, H.G. Some Economic Aspects of Brain Drain [J].The Pakistan Development Review.1967,7 (3):379-411
[16]Bhagwati, J and W.Dellalfar.The brain drain and income taxation [J].World Development.1973,11 (1):94-101
[17]BHAGWATI, J.N.Taxing the Brain Drain [J]. Challenge.1976,19(3):34-38
[18]J.N. Bhagwati, K. Hamada.The brain drain, international integration of markets for professionals and unemployment [J] Journal of Development Economics.1974,1 (1):19-42
[19]J.N. Bhagwati, C.Rodriguez. Welfare theoretical analysis of the brain drain [J]. Journal of Development Economics.1975 (2):195-221
[20]Todaro, M. Economic Development [M]. Addison-Wesley.1996:119
[21]J.N.Bhagwati.Directly Unproductive, Profit-Seeking (DUP) Activities[J]. Journal of Political Economy.1982,90 (5):998-1002
[22]Mountford, A. Can a brain drain be good for growth in the source economy? [J]. Journal of Development Economics.1997-53 (2):287-303
[23]Stark, O., C. Helmenstein and A. Prskawetz. A Brain Gain with a Brain Drain [J]. Economics Letters.1997,55 (2):227-234
[24]Commander, S., M. Kangasniemi and L. A. Winters. The Brain Drain:Curse or Boon? A Survey of the Literature [M]. University of Chicago Press.2004:235
[25]Beine, M., F. Docquier and H. Rapoport.Brain drain and human capital formation indeveloping countries:winners and losers [J]. The Economic Journal.2008,118 (528): 631-652
[26]Vidal J.P.The effect of emigration on human capital formation[J].Journal of Population Economics.1998,11 (4):589-600
[27]Beine, M., F. Docquier and H. Rapoport.Brain drain and economic growth:theory and evidence[J] Journal of Development Economics.2001,64 (1):275-289
[28]Meyer, J.B. and M. Brown. Scientific Diasporas:A New Approach to the Brain Drain[M]. Management of Social Transformations, Discussion paper.1999:41
[29]Stark, O., C. Helmenstein and A. Prskawetz. Human capital formation, human capital depletion, and migration:a blessing or a "curse"?[J] Economics Letters.1998,60 (3): 363-367
[30]Stark, O. and Y. Wang.Inducing Human Capital Formation:Migration as a Substitute for Subsidies[J] Journal of Public Economics.2002 (86):29-46
[31]Mayr.K and G. Peri.Brain Drain and Brain Return:Theory and Application to Eastern-Western Europe [J].The B.E. Journal of Economic Analysis & Policy.2009,9(1): Article 49
[32]Eggert, W., Krieger, T. and V. Meier. Education, Unemployment and Migration[J]. Journal of Public Economics.2010 (94):354-362.
[33]Johnson, J. M. and M. C. Regets. International mobility of scientists and engineers to the United States-Brain drain or brain circulation? [J].Arlington, VA:National Science Foundation.1998
[34]Saxenian, A. Silicon Valley's New Immigrant Entrepreneurs[M].San Francisco:Public Policy Institute of California,1999
[35]Straubhaar, T. International mobility of the highly skilled:brain gain, brain drain or brain exchange[J].Hamburgisches Welt-Wirtschafts-Archiv(HWWA) Hamburg Institute of International Economics, HWWA Discussion Paper,2000:No.88
[36]Kuznetsov, Y. and C. Sabel. Global Mobility of Talent from a Perspective of New Industrial Policy:Open Migration Chains and Diaspora Networks.WBI Development Studies.2006 [37]Le, T. Brain drain or brain circulation:evidence from OECD's international migration and R&D spillovers [J]. Scottish Journal of Political Economy.2008,55 (5):618-636
[38]Saxenian, A. Brain Circulation:How High-Skill Immigration Makes Everyone Better Off[J].The bookings review.2002 (1):28-31
[39]Tung, R. L. Brain Circulation, Diaspora, and international competitiveness [J].European Management Journal.2008,26(5):298-304
[40]Yun-Chung, C. The limits of brain circulation:Chinese returnees and technological development in Beijing [J]. Pacific Affairs.2008,81 (2):195-215
[41]Teferra, D. Brain Circulation:Unparalleled Opportunities, Underlying Challenges and Outmoded Presumptions[J] Journal of Studies in International Education.2005,9 (3):229-250
[42]Biao, X. Promoting Knowledge Exchange through Diaspora Networks (The Case of People's Republic of China).2005. Available at:http://www.adb.org/Documents/Reports/GCF/reta6117-prc.pdf
[43]Saxenian, A.The New Argonauts:Regional Advantage in a Global Economy[M].Harvard University Press,2006
[44]Zweig, D., S.F. Chung and W. Vanhonacker.Rewards of Technology:Explaining China's Reverse Migration [J].Journal of International Migration and Integration.2006,7 (4):449-471
[45]Xiang, B and W.Shen.International student migration and social stratification in China [J].International Journal of Educational Development.2009,29 (5):513-522
[46]Saxenian, A and J. Y. Hsu.The Silicon Valley-Hsinchu Connection:Technical Communities and Industrial Upgrading [J]. Industrial and Corporate Change.2001,10 (4):893-920
[47]Cassarino, J.P. Theorising Return Migration:The Conceptual Approach to Return Migrants Revisited [J]. International Journal on Multicultural Societies (IJMS)[J].2004,6 (2):253-279
[48]Borjas, G.J. and B. Bratsberg. Who Leaves? The Outmigration of the Foreign-Born [J]. Review of economics and statistics.1996,78 (1):165-176
[49]Stark, O. and D. E. Bloom.The New Economics of Labor Migration[J].The American Economic Review.1985,75 (2):173-178
[50]Cerase, F.P. Expectations and Reality:A Case Study of Return Migration from the United States to Southern Italy [J]. International Migration Review.1974,8 (2):245-262
[51]Saravia, N. G.and J. F. Miranda.Plumbing the brain drain [J].Bulletin of the World Health Organization.2004,82 (8)
[52]Zweig, D.Competing for talent:China's strategies to reverse the brain drain [J]. International Labour Review.2006,145 (1):65-90
[53]Andrew, B and M. Sanket.International Migration and Technological Progress [J]. The world bank,Washington, DC.2008. https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/handle/10986/11021 License
[54]Fosfuri, A., M.Motta and T.R(?)nde. Foreign direct investment and spillovers through workers' mobility[J]. Journal of International Economics.2001,53 (1):205-222
[55]Fallick, B., C. A. Fleischman and J.B. Rebitzer.Job-Hopping in Silicon Valley:Some Evidence Concerning the Micro foundations of a High-Technology Cluster [J].The Review of Economics and Statistics.2006,88 (3):472-481
[56]Kapur, D. and J. McHale.Are We Losing the Global Race for Talent?[J].Wall Street Journal.2005
[57]Pandey, Abhishek, A. Aggarwal, R. Devane and Y. Kuznetsov. The Indian Diaspora: A Unique Case? [J]. Washington, D.C.:World Bank Institute.2006:71-97
[58]Walz, U.Innovation, Foreign Direct Investment and Growth[J]. Economica.1997,64 (253):63-79
[59]Chang, S.L. Causes of the Brain Drain Solutions:The Taiwan Experience.Studies in Comparative International Development [J].1992,7 (1):27-43
[60]Gorg, H.and E. Strobl.Spillovers from Foreign Firms through Worker Mobility:An Empirical Investigation[J]. The Scandinavian Journal of Economics.2005,107 (4): 693-709
[61]Choudhury, P. Return Migration and Distributed R&D in Multinationals - A Study Using Micro Data. Working paper, the Wharton school, University of Pennsylvania,2010.
[62]Keller, W. Geographic Localization of International Technology Diffusion [J].NBER Working Paper.2000 (7509)
[63]Gershenberg, I.The training and spread of managerial know-how:A comparative analysis of multinationals and other firms in Kenya[J].World Development.1987 (15):931-939.
[64]Commander, S., Kangasniemi, M. and Winters, A.The Brain Drain:Curse or Boon? A Survey of the Literature[J].University of Chicago Press.2004 (2)< http://www.nber.org/chapters/c9540
[65]Dustmann, C.and O.Kirchkamp.The optimal migration duration and activity choice after re-migration [J]. Journal of Development Economics.2002,67 (2):351-372
[66]Ilahi, Nadeem and S.Jafarey.Guestworker migration, remittances and the extended family:evidence from Pakistan [J]. Journal of Development Economics.1999,58 (2):485-512
[67]Ilahi, N.Return migration and occupational change [J].Review of Development Economics.1999,3 (2):170-186
[68]Gubert, F.and Nordman, C. J. Return migration and small enterprise development in the Maghreb.MIREM Project Analytical Report.2008 (2)
[69]Qin, F. Transnational Mobility, Social Embeddedness, and New Institutions:The Return of Chinese Engineers from the U.S [J].MIT Sloan School of Management.2007
[70]Qin, F.Social networks and institutions in transnational labor markets:the circular migration of Chinese and Indian engineers and professionals [D]. Massachusetts Institute of Technology.2007
[71]Kilic, T., G. Carletto, B.Davis and A.Zezza. Investing back home:return migration and business ownership in Albania. World Bank Policy Research Working Paper.2007 (4366)
[72]Wahba, J.and Y. Zenou.Out of sight, out of mind:Migration, entrepreneurship and social capital[J]. Regional Science and Urban Economics.2012,42 (5):890-903
[73]McCormick, B. and J. Wahba.Overseas Work Experience, Savings and Entrepreneurship Amongst Return Migrants to LDCs[J].Scottish Journal of Political Economy.2001,48 (2):164-178
[74]Wahba, J. Returns to Overseas Work Experience:The Case of Egypt [M]. World Bank and Palgrave Macmillian, Washington DC.2007
[75]Marchetta, F.Return Migration and the Survival of Entrepreneurial Activities in Egypt [J]. World Development.2012,40 (10):1999-2013
[76]Black, R.and A.Castaldo.Return migration and entrepreneurship in Ghana and Cote divorce:the role of capital transfers[J].Tijdschrift voor economische en sociale geografie.2009,100 (1):44-58
[77]Blank, R and A.Castaldo.Return migration and entrepreneurship in Ghana and Cote divorire:the role of capital transfer[J].Tijdschrift voor economische en sociale geografie.2009,100 (1):44-58
[78]Coe, D.T. and E. Helpman. International R&D spillovers [J]. European Economic Review.1995,39 (5):859-887.
[79]Heberle, R.The Causes of Rural-Urban Migration a Survey of German Theories [J]. American Journal of Sociology.1938,43 (6):932-950
[80]Bogue, D. J人口学原理.威利出版社,1969
[81]Lee, E.S.A theory of migration [J]. Demography.1966,3 (1):47-57
[82]Smith, Adam. The Wealth of Nations [M].1776. Edited by Edwin Cannan,1904. Reprint. New York:Modern Library,1937.
[83]Knight, F. Risk, Uncertainty and Profit[M]. Sentry Press, New York (1921)
[89]Hayek, F. A.The Use of Knowledge in Society [J].American Economic Review.1945, 35 (4):519-530.
[84]Simon, H. A. Administrative Behavior.2nd Ed. New York:Macmillan.1957a
[85]Akerlof, G. A. The Market for "Lemons":Quality Uncertainty and the Market Mechanism [J].The Quarterly Journal of Economics.1970,84 (3):488-500
[86]Mankiw, N.G., P.Romer and D. Weil. A contribution to the empirics of economic growth[J].Quarterly Journal of Economics.1992,107 (2):407-437.
[87]Nonneman, W. and P. Vanhoudt. A Further Augmentation of the Solow Model and the Empirics of Economic Growth for OECD Countries [J].Quarterly Journal of Economics. 1996 (111):943-953.
[88]Becker, G. S. Human Capital:A Theoretical and Empirical Analysis with Special Reference to Education [M]. National Bureau o f Economic Research. New York: Columbia University Press.1964
[89]Arrow, K. Economic Welfare and the Allocation of Resources for Invention [M]. In R.Nelson, ed., The Rate and Direction of Inventive Activity, Princeton,NJ:Princeton university press,1962:609-626
[90]Sheshinski, E.Tests of the "Learning by Doing" Hypothesis [J].The Review of Economics and Statistics.1967,49 (4):568-578
[91]Romer, P. M. Endogenous Technological Change [J] Journal of Political Economy.1990,98 (5):S71-S102
[92]Aghion, P, P. Howitt and C.G.Penalosa.Endogenous Growth Theory [M]. The MIT Press,1998
[93]Caves, R. E.Multinational Firms, Competition, and Productivity in Host-Country Markets [J].Economica.1974,41 (162):176-193
[94]Globerman, S.Foreign Direct Investment and Spillover Efficiency Benefits in Canadian Manufacturing Industries[J].The Canadian Journal of Economics.1979,12 (1): 42-56
[95]Blomstrom, M.and H. Persson.Foreign investment and spillover efficiency in an underdeveloped economy:Evidence from the Mexican manufacturing industry[J].World Development.1983,11 (6):493-501
[96]Hejazi, W. and E. Safarian. Trade, Foreign Direct Investment, and R&D Spillovers[J] Journal of International Business Studies.1999 (30):491-511
[97]Haddad, M.and A. Harrison.Are there positive spillovers from direct foreign investment?:Evidence from panel data for Moroccop[J]Journal of Development Economics.1983,42 (1):51-74
[98]Kokko, A., R.Tansini and M.C. Zejan.Local technological capability and productivity spillovers from FDI in the Uruguayan manufacturing sector[J].The Journal of Development Studies.1996,32 (4).602-611
[99]Aitken, B.J. and A.E. Harrison.Do Domestic Firms Benefit from Direct Foreign Investment? Evidence from Venezuela[J].The American Economic Review.1999,89 (3): 605-618
[100]Aslanoglu, E. Spillover effects of foreign direct investments on Turkish manufacturing industry[J]. Journal of International Development.2000,12 (8):1111-1130
[101]Aslanoglu, E.Spillover effects of foreign direct investments on Turkish manufacturing industry[J]. Journal of International Development.2000,12(8):1111-1130
[102]Bin Xu and Jianmao Wang. Trade, FDI, and International Technology Diffusion[J]. Journal of Economic Integration.2000,15 (4):585-601
[103]Borensztein, E., J. D. Gregorio and J.W. Lee.How does foreign direct investment affect economic growth?[J]. Journal of International Economics.1998,45 (1):115-135
[104]Coe, D.T., E. Helpman, and A.W. Hoffmaister. North-South R&D Spillovers [J].Economic Journal.1997 (107):134-149
[105]Jaumotte, Florence.Technology Diffusion and Trade:An Empirical Investigation [J].Cambridge, Massachusetts:Harvard University.1998
[106]R. Dornbusch, S. Fischer and P. A. Samuelson.Comparative Advantage, Trade, and Payments in a Ricardian Model with a Continuum of Goods [J].The American Economic Review.1977,65 (5):823-839
[107]Eaton, J., S.Kortum.Technology, Geography, and Trade[J]. Econometrica.2002, 70 (5):1741-1779
[108]R. Dornbusch, S. Fischer and P. A. Samuelson.Comparative Advantage, Trade, and Payments in a Ricardian Model with a Continuum of Goods [J]. The American Economic Review.1977,67 (5):823-839
[109]Rivera-Batiz, L. A. and P. M. Romer.Economic Integration and Endogenous Growth[J].The Quarterly Journal of Economics.1991,106 (2):531-555
[110]Grossman, G.M., E.Helpman.Trade.knowledge spillovers,and growth [J].European Economic Review.1991,35 (2):517-526
[111]McCallum, B. T. "Monetary Policy Rules and Financial Stability," in Kuniho Sawamoto, Zenta Nakajima, and Hiroo Taguchi, eds., Financial Stability in a Changing Environment. New York:St. Martin's Press,1995.
[112]Rose, A. K. and E.V. Wincoop. National Money as a Barrier to International Trade: The Real Case for Currency Union[J].The American Economic Review.2001,91 (2):386-390
[113]Jonathan Eaton and Samuel Kortum.Measuring Technology Diffusion and the International Sources of Growth[J].Eastern Economic Journal.1996.22 (4):401-410
[114]Peri, GDeterminants of Knowledge Flows and Their Effect on Innovation [J].The review of economics and statistics.2005,87 (2):308-322
[115]ERIC, P. and CHIANG.Trade, Patents and International Technology Diffusion[J].The Journal of International Trade & Economic Development:An International and Comparative Review.2005,14 (1):115-135
[116]Hu, A. GZ., A. B. Jaffe. Patent citations and international knowledge flow:the cases of Korea and Taiwan [J]. International Journal of Industrial Organization.2003,21 (6): 849-880
[117]Aw, B.Y. and A. R. Hwang.Productivity in the Export Market:a Firm Level Analysis [J]Journal of Development Economics.1995 (47):313-32
[118]Aw, B.Yan, M. J. Roberts and T. Winston.Export Market Participation, Investments in R&D and Worker Training, and the Evolution of Firm Productivity [J].The World Economy.2007,14 (1):83-104
[119]Badinger, H. and G.Tondl. Trade, Human Capital and Innovation:The Engines of European Regional Growth in the 1990s [C]. ERSA Conference Papers ERSA02P043, 2002.
[120]E. Borensztein, J. D.Gregorio and J.W. Lee.How does foreign direct investment affect economic growth?[J]. Journal of International Economics.1998,45 (1):115-135
[127]Jaffe, A.B. Technological Opportunity and Spillovers of R&D:Evidence from Firms' Patents, Profits and Market Value [J]. American Economic Review.1986 (76):984-1001.
[121]Bascavusoglu, E.Patterns of Technology Transfer to the Developing Countries: Differentiating between Embodied and Disembodied Knowledge. European Trade Study Group.2004
[122]Levin, R., P.C. Reiss.Tests of a Schumpeterian Model of R&D and Market Structure[D].National Bureau of Economic Research.University of Chicago Press.1984: 175-208
[123]Kuznets, S. Inventive Activity:Problems of Definition and Measurement. In R.R. Nelson (ad.), the Rate and Direction of Inventive Activity. Universities NBER Conference Series. Princeton University press.1962 (13):19-53
[124]Krugman, P.Increasing returns and economic geography [J] Journal of Political Economy.1991 (99):483-499
[125]Griliches, Z. Issues in assessing the contribution of research and development to productivity growth [J].Bell Journal of econometrics.1979 (10):92-116
[126]Griliches, Z. Productivity, R&D, and Basic Research at the Firm Level in the 1970s[J]. Amer.Econ. Rev., Mar.1986,76 (1):141-54
[127]Anselin, L., A. Varga and Z. Acs. Local geographic spillovers between university research and high technology innovations, Journal of Urban Economics,1997 (42) 422-448
[128]Anselin, L., A. Varga and Z. Acs. Geographic spillovers and university research:a spatial econometric perspective. In Nijkamp P., Stough R., Editors, Special Issue on Endogenous Growth:Models and Regional Policy, Growth and Change 2000(31):501-516
[129]Fischer, M.M., A. Varga. Spatial knowledge spillovers and university research: Evidence from Austria [J]. The Annals of Regional Science.2003,37 (2):303-322
[130]Greunz, L. Geographically and Techno logically Mediated Know ledge Spillovers between European Regions [J]. The Annals of Regional Science.2003,37(4),657-680
[131]Jaffe, A.B., Trajtenberg, M. L. and Henderson, R. Geographic Localization of Knowledge Spillovers as Evidenced by Patent Citations. QuarterLy Journal of economics. 1993(63):77-98
[132]Jaffe, A.B. Real Effects of Academic Research[J].American Economic Review.1989 (79):957-970
[133]Jaffe, A.B.The U.S. patent system in transition:policy innovation and the innovation process [J]. Research Policy.2000 (29):531-557
[134]OECD. International Migration Report:SOPEMI 2008 Edition, Paris.2008
[135]Borjas, G. and B. Bratsberg.Who Leaves? The Outmigration of the Foreign-Born [J].Review of Economics and Statistics.1996,78 (1),165-176
[136]Audretsch, D. B. and M. P. Feldman. Chapter 61 Knowledge spillovers and the geography of innovation [J]. Handbook of Regional and Urban Economics.2004 (4) 2713-2739
[137]Almeida. P and B.Kogut.Localization of Knowledge and the Mobility of Engineers in Regional Networks [J]. Management Science.1999,45 (7):905-917
[138]Adler, Paul S. and S.W.Kwon. Social Capital:Prospects for a New Concept [J]. Academy of Management Review.2002,27 (1):17-40
[139]Davidsson, P and B. Honig.The role of social and human capital among nascent entrepreneurs [J]. Journal of Business Venturing.2003,18 (3):301-331
[140]Cooper, A.C. and X.Yin. Entrepreneurial networks [M].In The Blackwell encyclopedia of management. Entrepreneurship.2005:98-100
[141]Peng, M. W. and J. Q. Zhou.How Network Strategies and Institutional Transitions Evolve in Asia [J]. Asia Pacific Journal of Management.2005,22(4):321-336
[142]Agrawal, A., I.Cockburn and J. McHale.Gone but not forgotten:knowledge flows, labor mobility, and enduring social relationships [J] Journal of Economic Geography. 2006,6 (5):571-591
[143]Luo, Y.L. and W.J. Wang. High-skill migration and Chinese Taipei's industrial development [J]. In International mobility of highly skilled.Paris:OECD.2001:253-70
[144]Zuckker, L.G, Darby, M.R., Furner, J., Liu, R. C. and Ma, H.Minerva unbound: Knowledge stocks, knowledge flows and new knowledge production. Research Policy, 2007:36
[145]Malecki, E.J. Technology and Economic Development:The Dynamics of Local, Regional, and National Change[C]. Academy for Entrepreneurial Leadership Historical Research Reference in Entrepreneurship.1997
[146]Audretsch, David B. and Fritsch, Michael.Growth Regimes over Time and Space [J]. Regional Studies 2002 (36):113-124
[147]Storper, M. and A.J. Venables. Buzz:the economic force of the city [J].Journal of Economic Geography.2004
[148]Lane, P.J, M.Lubatkin.Relative absorptive capacity and interorganizational learning[J]. Strategic Management Journal.1998,19 (8):461-477
[149]Levine, R.and D. Renelt. A Sensitivity Analysis of Cross-Country Growth Regressions [J].The American Economic Review.1992,82 (4):942-963
[150]Lall, S. The East Asian Miracle:Does the Bell Toll for Industrial Strategy [J].World Development.1994,22 (4):645-654
[151]Keller, W. Absorptive capacity:On the creation and acquisition of technology in development. Journal of Development Economics.1996 (49):199-227
[152]Keller, W. Geographic localization of international technology diffusion American Economic Review.2002 (92):120-142
[153]Xu, B and J.M.Wang.Trade, FDI, and International Technology Diffusion. Journal of Economic Integration.2000,15 (4):585-601
[154]Crespo, J. C.Martin F. J.Velazquez.The Role of International Technology Spillovers in the Economic Growth of the OECD Countries [J]. Global Economy Journal.2004,4 (2):1524-5861
[155]Jess, B and M. Spiegel.The role of human capital and political instability in economic development [J].Rivista di Politica Economica.1994 (11):55-94
[156]Saggi, K. Trade, Foreign Direct Investment, and International Technology Transfer: A Survey [J]. Economics & Social Sciences.2002,17 (2):191-235
[157]Blomstrom, M. The Economics of International Investment Incentives. In OECD, (ed.) International investment perspective.Paris,2002:165-179
[158]Howitt, P. and D.Mayer.Technological Inovation, Implementation and Stagnation:A Schumpeterian Theory of Convergence Clubs. Mimeo Brown University.2002
[159]Findlay, R.Relative Backwardness, Direct Foreign Investment, and the Transfer of Technology:A Simple Dynamic Model[J].The Quarterly Journal of Economics.1978,92 (1):1-16
[160]Mona Haddad, Ann Harrison.Are there positive spillovers from direct foreign investment?:Evidence from panel data for Morocco[J].Journal of Development Economics.1993,42 (1):51-74
[161]Joze, D., M. Knell, B.Majcen and M.Rojec. Technology transfer through FDI in Top-10 transition countries:How important are direct effects, horizontal and vertical spillovers?. Working Paper 549. William Davidson Institute, University of Michlgan.2003
[162]Sjoholm, F..Technology gap, competition and spillovers from direct foreign investment:Evidence from establishment data [J]. The Journal of Development Studies.1999,36 (1):53-73
[163]Borensztein, B., J.D.Gregorio and J.W. Lee.How Does Foreign Direct Investment Affect Economic Growth [J].Journal of International Econcmic.1998:36-41
[164]Blomstrom, M., A. Kokko and M.Zejan.Host country competition, labor skills and technology transfer by multinationals [J]. Weltwirtschaftliches Archiv.1994,130 (3) 521-533
[165]Hall, B., Khan, B. Adoption of new technology. NBER Working Paper 9730.2003.
[166]Eaton, J., S.Kortum. International Technology Diffusion:Theory and Measurement [J]. International Economic Review.1999,40 (3):537-570
[167]Branstetter, L. G.Are knowledge spillovers international or intranational in scope? Microeconometric evidence from the U.S. and Japan [J].Journal of International Economics.2001,53 (1):53-79
[168]Blomstrom, M., H.Persson.Foreign investment and spillover efficiency in an underdeveloped economy:Evidence from the Mexican manufacturing industry[J].World Development.1983,11 (6):493-501
[169]Barrel, R., Pain. N. Foreign direct investment, technological change and economic growth within Europe[J].Economic Journal.1997:1770-1786.
[170]Markusen, J. R. and A. J. Venables.Multinational firms and the new trade theory.Journal of International Economics.1998,46(2):183-203
[171]Cockburn, I. M., R. M. Henderson. Absorptive Capacity, Coauthoring Behavior, and the Organization of Research in Drug Discovery[J].The Journal of Industrial Economics.1998,46 (2):157-182
[172]Piore, M. and C. Sabel.The second industrial divide:prospects for prosperity. New York:Basic Books.1984
[173]Saxenian, A. Regional advantage:Culture and competition in Silicon Valley and Route 128. Cambridge, MA:Harvard University Press.1994
[174]Koizumi, T.and K.J. Kopecky.Economic growth, capital movements and the international transfer of technical knowledge[J]. Journal of International Economics.1977 ,7(1):45-65
[175]Wang, J.Y. Growth, technology transfer, and the long-run theory of international capital movements. Journal of International Economics.1990 (29):255-271.
[176]Rivera-Batiz, L. A. and P. M. Romer.Economic Integration and Endogenous Growth[J].The Quarterly Journal of Economics.1991,106 (2):531-555
[177]Cohen, W. M. and D.A. Levinthal.Innovation and Learning:The Two Faces of R & D[J].The Economic Journal.1989,99 (397):569-596
[178]Griffith, R., S.Redding and J. V. Reenen. Mapping the Two Faces of R&D: Productivity Growth in a Panel of OECD Industries [J]. Review of Economics and Statistics.2004,86 (4):883-895
[179]Alfaro,L., A. Chanda,K.O. Sebnem and S. Sayek.FDI and economic growth:the role of local financial markets [J]. Journal of International Economics.2004,64 (1):89-112
[180]D.B. Audretsch and P. E. Stephan.Company-Scientist Locational Links:The Case of Biotechnology [J]. The American Economic Review.1996,86(3):641-652
[181]Feldman, M.P., J.L. Francis.Fortune Favours the Prepared Region:The Case of Entrepreneurship and the Capitol Region Biotechnology Cluster [J]. European Planning Studies.2003,11 (7):765-788
[182]Matusik, S. and M. Heeley.Absorptive capability in the software industry:identify dimensions that affect knowledge and knowledge creation activities. Journal of Management.2002,31 (4):549-572
[183]Schmidt, T. and W. Sofka.Liability of foreignness as a barrier to knowledge spillovers: Lost in translation? [J]. Journal of International Management.2009,15 (4):460-471
[184]Tzabbar, D.When Does Scientist Recruitment Affect Technological Repositioning?[J]. Academy of Management Review.2009,52 (5):873-896
[185]Zahra, S.A. and G.George.Absorptive Capacity:A Review, Reconceptualization, and Extension [J]. Academy of Management Review.2002,27 (2):185-203
[186]NONAKA, I. and H.TAKEUCHI.The Knowledge-Creating Company. Oxford University Press, New York.1995
[187]Kogut, B and U.Zander.Knowledge of the Firm and the Evolutionary Theory of the Multinational Corporation [J]. Journal of International Business Studies.1993,24 (4):625-645
[188]Kaj, U., P. Pekka and V.Hannu. Tacit knowledge acquisition and sharing in a project work context International. Journal of Project Management.2D03,21 (4):281-290
[189]Song, J., P.Almeida and G.Wu.Learning-by-Hiring:When Is Mobility More Likely to Facilitate Interfirm Knowledge Transfer?[J]. Management Science.2003,49 (4):351-365
[190]Kogut, B and U.Zander.Knowledge, Market Failure and the Multinational Enterprise: A Reply[J]. Journal of International Business Studies.1995,26 (2):417-426
[191]Cohen, W. M. and D.A. Levinthal.Absorptive Capacity:A New Perspective on Learning and Innovation [J]. Administrative Science Quarterly.1990,35 (1):128-152
[192]Narula, R. Innovation systems and "inertia" in R&D location:Norwegian firms and the role of systemic lock-in [J]. Research Policy.2002 (31):795-816
[193]Andreas Savvides and Marios Zachariadis.International Technology Diffusion and the Growth of TFP in the Manufacturing Sector of Developing Economies [J]. Review of Development Economics.2005,9 (4):482-501
[194]Carr, D., J.Markusen and K. Maskus.Estimating the knowledge-capital model of the multinational enterprise. American Economic Review.2001,79 (5):693-708
[195]Cho, G.C.Tests of equality between sets of coefficients in two linear regressions [J].Econometrica.1960 (28):591-603
[196]Hansen, B.E.Threshold effects in non-dynamic panels:Estimation, testing, and inference[J].Journal of Econometrics.1999,93(2):345-368
[197]Chan, K. S. Consistency and Limiting Distribution of the Least Squares Estimator of a Threshold Autoregressive Model [J]. The annals of statistics.1993,21 (1):520-533
[198]Hansen, B.E. Approximate Asymptoticp Values for Structural-Change Tests. Journal of Business & Economic Statistics [J].1997,15,60-67
[199]Gupta Anil. Govindarajan Vijay. Knowledge flows within Multinational Corporations [J] Journal of Development Economics.2000, (55):369-398
[200]Mingyong Lai, Hua Wang, Shujin Zhu. Douhle-edged effects of the technology gap and technology spillover:Evidence from the Chinese industrial sector[J].China Economic review.2009, (20):414-424
[201]Wu Xiaobo, Huang Juan, Zheng Suli.FDI and Technological Catching-up Based on technology Gap, Absorptive Capability[J].Studies in Science of Science.2005 (6):347-351
[202]Ni Xiaoyu Technology Gap and Technology Transfer of Multinational and Corporation-An Empirical Ananlysis Basedon panel Data of Chinese Manufacturin [J] Journal of internatin al trade.2008 (7):72-76
[203]Jacob A. Mincer.Schooling Experience, and Earnings [M] Columbia University Press,1974
[204]王辉耀.留学人员对中国发展的作用与贡献[J].留学生.2007,2：44-47
[205]杨海霞.海归人才推动中国创新[J].神州学人.2008,1：16-17
[206]段红真.北京市海归人才生活满意度及相关因素研究[D].首都经济贸易大学.2012
[207]李平、许家云,张庆昌.智力跨国外流有利于中国技术创新吗?[J].财贸研究.2013,39(2)：113-123
[208]孔伟杰.基于知识产权保护的国际技术溢出与经济增长[J].浙江工商大学.2010
[209]陶峰.国际知识溢出、社会资本与代工制造业技术创新—基于全球价值链外包体系的视角[J].财贸经济.2011,7：78-83
[210]蔡伟毅,陈学识.国际知识溢出与中国技术进步[J].世界经济研究.2010,5：52-57
[211]花军委.我国人才回流问题研究[D].中国海洋大学.2007
[212]冉红霞.中国海归创业研究[D].江南大学.2008
[213]陈昌贵,阎月勤.我国留学人员回归原因与发挥作用状况的调查报告[J].黑龙江高教研究.2000,5：13-18
[214]王耀辉.海归们的期翼—现状、问题与政策期望[J].关注.2004,6：11-12
[215]“海归”们的期翼—现状、问题与政策期望[J].美欧亚国际商务咨询公司.2004,06
[216]孙瑜.海外人才回流上海的模型构建和政策分析[D].辽宁：大连理工大学.2007
[217]中国海洋大学(课题组).我国海外人才回流的动因分析[J].软科学.2004,18(5)：58-60
[218]工玉婷.我国人才回流动因分析[J].人力资源管理.2010,4：44
[219]林琳.中国的智力回流现状与原因初探[J].华中农业大学学报(社会科学版).2009,3：40-44
[220]朱敏,高越.人力资本流动对FDI技术溢出效应的影响—基于吸收能力的实证研究[J].湖北经济学院学报.2012,1：65-71
[221]林琳,孟舒.中国智力回流动因的实证检验[J].统计与决策.2009,17：94-95
[222]林琳.智力流动与经济发展研究综述[J].《经济评论》.2009,2：147-160
[223]张犀樨.我国人才集聚的理论分析与实证研究[D].北京：首都经济贸易大学.2009
[224]杨河清,陈怡安.中国海外智力回流影响动因的实证研究—基于动态面板模型的经验分析[J].经济经纬.2013,3：86-90
[225]杨河清,陈怡安.海外高层次人才引进政策实施效果评价[J].科技进步与对策.2013,30(16)：107-112
[226]彭中文.西方关于人力资本流动与技术溢出研究综述[J].经济纵横.2006,4：77-79
[227]南旭光.人才流动、知识溢出和区域发展：一个动态知识连接模型[J].科技与经济.2009, 3：24-27
[228]李平.国际技术扩散的路径和方式[J].世界经济.2006,9：85-93
[229]孟醒,程晨.海归创业现状、问题及对策思考[J].科技信息.2009,18：390-391
[230]黎赔肆,李利霞.社会网络与机会识别：海归企业家与本土企业家的比较研究[J].华东经济管理.2011,05：27-30
[231]钟惠波.知识的经济学分析：一个文献综述[J].《中国软科学》.2006,12：146-152
[232]宁军明.知识溢出的机理分析[J].《科技与经济》.2008,3：22-24
[233]宁军明.知识溢出与区域经济增长[M].北京：经济科学出版社,2008：53-62
[234]宋京.开放经济下的技术进步[D].上海：复旦大学.2004
[235]吴修燕.我国外商直接投资吸收能力对经济增长效应的影响分析[D].重庆：重庆大学.2008
[236]傅书勇.人力资本、技术进步与经济增长[D].辽宁：辽宁大学.2012
[237]张继红,吴玉鸣.专利产出与区域经济增长的动态关联机制分析[J].工业工程与管理.2007,2：45-50
[238]盛垒.西方空间知识溢出研究进展探析与展望[J].外国经济与管理,2010,10：1-9
[239]宁军明.知识溢出测度方法评析[J].管理科学文摘,2008,5：115-117
[240]赵勇,白永秀.知识溢出：一个文献综述[J].经济研究,2009,1：144-156
[241]高远东.中国区域经济增长的空间计量研究[D].重庆：重庆大学,2010
[242]覃卫宜.企业科技人才技术创新的动力机制研究[D].重庆：重庆理工大学,2011
[243]崔喜君.国外专利申请的技术溢出效应研究[D].淄博：山东理工大学硕士论文,2007
[244]李秀婷.对外贸易对技术创新促进作用的区域差异研究[D].兰州商学院,2011
[245]孙灵燕.国际技术扩散对我国技术创新的作用机制及绩效分析[D].淄博：山东理工大学,2008
[246]王旺兴,李艳.产业集群内的知识流动与创新机制[J].科技与管理,2003,5：4244
[247]李平,崔喜君.发展中国家和地区利用国际技术扩散的对策分析[J].贵州财经学院学报,2005,3：1-6
[248]滕永平,李艳.浅析影响FDI技术转移与溢出效应的因素[J].商业时代,2007,03：43
[249]肖文,林高榜.海外研发资本对中国技术进步的知识溢出[J].世界经济.2011,1：37-51
[250]杨凯,赵晓霞.海归赋“海归为中国带来了什么”大型调查[J].人民日报海外版.2007,1-5
[251]王辉耀,路江涌.中国海归创业发展报告[M].北京：社会科学文献出版社,2012,(1)
[252]曾春媛,潘云海.(?)知识溢出的测度模型研究综述[J].北京理工大学学报(社会科学版)2012(1)：20-26
[253]马为超.异质性人力资本与经济增长实证研究分析[J].经济研究导刊.2009,44：162-163
[254]李平,许家云.金融市场发展、海归与技术扩散：基于中国海归创办新企业视角的分析[J].南开管理评论.2011,04：151-160
[255]宫旭红.基于国际引文的技术知识扩散研究[D].淄博：山东理工大学硕士论文,2012
[256]李平.技术扩散中的溢出效应分析[J].南开学报.1999,2：28-32
[257]张晴.宁波外商直接投资技术溢出效应的实证检验[J].统计与决策.2010,17：101-104
[258]张海洋.外资技术扩散与湖北高新技术产业的发展—以武汉光通信产业为例[J].科学学研究.2006,2：67-73
[259]张宏.人力资本对我国对外直接投资逆向技术溢山效应的影响一基于省际面板数据的非线性门槛回归技术[J].亚太经济.2012,4：115-120
[260]连玉君,程建.不同成长机会下资本结构与经营绩效之关系研究[J].当代经济科学.2006,03：97-128
[261]王华.经济开放、异质性和技术创新研究[D].长沙：湖南大学,2012
[262]刘辉煌,余昌龙,马添冀,江航翔.FDI技术外溢、技术差距与经济增长的非线性关系[J].金融研究.2009,9：72-88
[263]王华,祝树金、赖明勇.技术差距的门槛与FDI技术溢出的非线性—理论模型及中国企业的实证研究[J].数量经济技术经济研究.2012,4：3-18
[264]惠宁.知识溢出的经济效应研究[J].西北大学学报(哲学社会科学版).2007,31(1)：25-29
2 中国经济周刊.回国的诱惑.[EB/OL].(2011-11-21)http://paper.people.com.cn/zgjjzk/html/2011-11/21/content_964274.htm?
3 同2。
4 海归数量激增,智力回流期到来[EB/OL].(2013-10-15)http://www.chinatradenews.com.cn/html/shangwushouce/2013/1015/2550.html
5 人民网-人民日报.海归为何大量回流.[EB/OL].(2013-10-10)http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/hqgj/jryw/2013-10-10/content_10281357.html
6 光明网.当代中国海归潮[EB/OL].(2012-11-03)http://difang.gmw.cn/cq/2012-11/03/content 5580217.htm
7 人民日报海外版.人民日报海外版：海归人才红利多方面凸显[EB/OL].(2013-03-14)http://news.xinhuanet.coin/fortune/2013-03/14/c_124457461.htm
8 中国新闻网.“十二五”国家自主创新能力建设规划(全文)[EB/OL].(2013-5-29)http://www.chinanews.com/gn/2013/05-29/4871462.shtml
9 中新网.创新也得找市场海归专家成创新项目主力军[EB/OL].(2013-3-1)http://www.zsr.ce/Returnee/PolicyManual/201303/767232.html
10 王辉耀主编.当代中国海归[M].北京：中国发展出版社,2007：15
11 吴晨阳,《“海归”系列称谓来源及发展》,文教资料[J],2008(25)：48
12 人民网.为鼓励引进留学人才深圳首次立法定义“海归”[EB/OL].(2004-09-02)http://www.people.com.cn/GB/jiaoyu/22224/2756520.html
13 王辉耀主编.当代中国海归[M].北京：中国发展出版社,2007：15
14 随着“海归”群体日渐增大,并呈现出多元化的发展趋势,并且一系列与之相关的名称出现,例如“海带(海待)”、“海鸥”、“海草“海泡”、“海藻(海找)”、“海根”等(王辉耀,2007)。
15 王辉耀博客.海归一词的起源[EB/OL].(2011-09-28)http://blog.sina.com.cn/s/blog_87c18f400100xehl.html
16 中国新闻网.海外传真：海归潮拍岸海龟浪抬头[EB/OL].(2002-10-18)http://www.chinanews.com/2002-10-18/26/233463.html
17 《瞭望》新闻周刊.中国从人才流失国转为世界最主要海归回流接纳国[EB/OL].(2012-12-10)http://www.chinanews.com/gn/2012/12-10/4396354.shtml
18 马歇尔：《经济学原理》(上册),商务印书馆1964年版,第284页。
19 在有些文献中,将知识溢出与技术溢出、R&D溢出等同,事实上,知识溢出的内涵比后两者更丰富,外延更大。
20 Keller, W.International Technology Diffusion[J]. Journal of Economic Literature.2004 (42):752-782
21 陶锋著.国际知识溢出、吸收能力与创新绩效[M].北京：经济科学出版社,2011：83
22 Bhagwati,Jagdish N. Taxing the Brain Drain,Challenge, Vol.19, No.3,1976:34-38
23 Xiaonan Cao, "Debating 'Brain Drain' in the Context of Globalisation, "Compare, Vol.26, No.3, British Comparative and International Education Society,1996:269-284.
24 Saxenian, L.and Hsu. J-Y. The Silicon Valle-Hsinchu Connection:Technical Communities and Industrial Upgrading, Industrial and Corporate Change,10(4),2001:893-920.
26 海归30年扫描[J].晚霞.2009：37-38
27 王辉耀.海归时代[M].北京：中央编译出版社,2005.海外学子回国的八大理由部分。
28 王蓉蓉.海外人才回流与社会适应研究[D].上海：华东师范大学,2012：24-26.
29 斯蒂格勒：“信息经济学”,载《产业组织和政府管制》,上海人民出版社,上海三联书店1996年版,第74贞。
30 马歇尔：《经济学原理》(上册),商务印书馆1964年版,第157-158贞。
31 宁军明著.知识溢出与区域经济增长[M].北京：经济科学出版社,2008：53-62.
32 吴玉鸣.中国区域研发、知识溢出与创新的空间计量经济研究[J].人民出版社,2007：26-28
33 张晴著.我国外商直接投资技术溢出效应研究[M].杭州：浙江大学出版社,2010：18-19.
34 王庆年著.基于中国东部地区的知识溢出决定因素实证研究[M].广州：华南理工大学出版社,2011：50.
35 IT时代周刊.中国专利数量稳夺魁首 质量差难转化成经济效益[EB/OL].(2007-01-10)http://tech.163.com/07/0110/10/34FHCED7000915BD.html
36 王立平著.知识溢出及其对我国区域经济增长作用的实证研究[M].安徽：合肥工业大学出版社,2008：126-130.
37 王立平著.知识溢出及其对我国区域经济增长作用的实证研究[M].安徽：合肥工业大学出版社,2008：140-142.
38 宁明军著.知识溢出与区域经济增长[M].北京：经济科学出版社,2008：90-91
39 韩晓蓉.教育部透露30年来逾百万留学生留在国外[EB/OL].新华网(2009-4-2)http://www.xj.xinhuanet.com/bt/2009-04/02/content_16140700.htm,2009-4-2.
41 金羊网-羊城晚报.后奥运时代锁定中国,留学国家出新政吸引人才.[EB/OL](2008-9-12)http://m.sohu.com/n/259469643/
42 中国文化传媒网.中国引进海外人才步伐加快[EB/OL](2007-10-29)http://www.ccdy.cn/chanye/shichang/201109A2011092678390.htm
43 许家云.国际智力回流的技术扩散效应研究[D].山东：山东理工大学,2012：19
44 中国新闻网.美华媒：顶尖人才流失敲警钟,中国亟需补短板[EB/OL].(2013-06-07)http://www.chinanews.com/hb/2013/06-07/4905955.shtml
45 北青网.我国顶尖人才流失数量居世界首位[EB/OL].(2013-06-07)http://news.xinhuanet.com/fortune/2013-06/07/c_124826469.htm
46 北青网.我国顶尖人才流失数量居世界首位[EB/OL].(2013-06-07)http://news.xinhuanet.com/fortune/2013-06/07/c124826469.htm
48 嘉卓教育网.留学后的选择-嘉卓留学的日记[EB/OL].(2011-11-17)http://www.jiazhuoedu.com/
49 熊炜、汤向阳、王杰.社会各界认同海归价值[EB/OL].人民日报海外版(2007-8-30)http://paper.people.com.cn/rmrbhwb/html/2007-08/30/content_18312022.htm
50 王辉耀主编.当代中国海归[M].北京：中国发展出版社,2007：20
51 赵晓霞.海归：中国建设的生力军[EB/OL].人民网(2007-08-10)http://paper.people.com.cn/nmrbhwb/html/2007-08/10/content 15554917.htm
52 上海热线.CCG发布关于新时期中国海归的十大贡献[EB/OL].(2009-12-25)http://www.neworiental.org/publish/portal0/tab12907/info436465.htm
53 王辉耀.海归时代--留学人员对中国发展的作用与贡献(1).中国企业家贡纪论坛第197期.[EB/OL].(2005-10-17) http://scgti.org/wanghuiyao/a/jiangyan/2011/1028/756.html
54 Jinn-Yuh Hsu and AnnaLee Saxenian, "The limits of guanxi capitalism:Transnational collaboration between Taiwan and the USA, "Environment and Planning A, vol.32 (2000):1991-2005 and Bernard P. Wong, The Chinese in Silicon Valley:Globalization, Social Networks and Ethnic Identity (Toronto:Rowman and Littlefield,2006)
58 《瞭望》新闻周刊.中国从人才流失国转为世界最主要海归回流接纳国[EB/OL].(2012-12-10)http://www.chinanews.com/gn/2012/12-10/4396354_4.shtml
59 中国经济周刊.回国的诱惑：揭秘中国最高级别的人才计划[EB/OL].(2011-11-22)
60 环球网.许多海外高层次人才认为从制度上明确他们的特殊身份[EB/OL].[EB/OL].(2011-11-22)
61 战略网.最大海归潮返国寻梦：空客人才参战中国大飞机[EB/OL].(2012-12-19)http://mil.chinaiiss.com/html/201212/19/a5916a_l.htm
62 《瞭望》新闻周刊.中国从人才流失国转为世界最主要海归回流接纳国[EB/OL].(2012-12-10)http://www.chinanews.com/gn/2012/12-10/4396354.shtml
63 战略网.最大海归潮返国寻梦：空客人才参战中国大飞机[EB/OL].(2012-12-19)http://mil.chinaiiss.com/html/201212/19/a5916a_1.html
64 王辉耀.海归时代[M].北京：中央编译出版社,2005.海外学子回国的八大理由
65 战略网.最大海归潮返国寻梦：空客人才参战中国大飞机[EB/OL].(2012-12-19)http://mil.chinaiiss.com/html/201212/19/a5916a_1.html
66 《瞭望》新闻周刊.中国从人才流失国转为世界最主要海归回流接纳国[EB/OL].(2012-12-10)http://www.chinanews.com/gn/2012/12-10/4396354_4.shtml
67 王立平著.知识溢出及其对我国区域经济增长作用的实证研究[M].安徽：合肥工业大学出版社,2008：82.
68 王立平著.知识溢出及其对我国区域经济增长作用的实证研究[M].安徽：合肥工业大学出版社,2008：83.
72 Romer.P.Political Ecnomy.increasing Returns and Long Run Growth[J]Journal of Political Economv.1986,4:1002-1073
75 Lucas, R. E. On the Mechanics of Economic Development[J]. Journal of Monetary Economics.1988,22:3-42.
76 Williamsi A.M. International labour migration and tacit knowledge transactions:a multi-level perspective [J]. Global Networks.2007,7(1):29-50
77 南旭光.人才流动、知识溢出和区域发展：一个动态知识连接模型[J].科技与经济.2009,3：24-27
78 Hansen. B.E.Threshold effects in non-dynamic panels:Estimation, testing, and inference[J].Journal of Econometrics.1999,93(2):345-368
79 Chan, K. S. Consistency and Limiting Distribution of the Least Squares Estimator of a Threshold Autoregressive Model [J]. The annals of statistics.1993,21 (1):520-533.
81 Hansen. B.E. Approximate Asymptoticp Values for Structural-Change Tests. Journal of Business & Economic Statistics [J].1997,15,60-67
82 Hansen, B.E. Approximate Asymptoticp Values for Structural-Change Tests. Journal of Business & Economic Statistics [J].1997,15,60-67
83 Bai. J. Estimation of a Change Point in Multiple Regression Models[J]. Review of Economics and Statistics,1997(79).
86 Gupta Anil,Govindarajan Vijay. Knowledge flows within Multinational Corporations[J].Journal of Development Economics.2000, (55):369-398.
87 Mingyong Lai. Hua Wang, Shujin Zhu. Douhle-edged effects of the technology gap and technology spillover:Evidence from the Chinese industrial sector[J].China Economic review.2009, (20):414-424.
88 Wu Xiaobo, Huang Juan, Zheng Suli.FDI and Technological Catching-up Based on technology Gap, Absorptive Capability[J].Studies in Science of Science.2005(6):347-351.
89 Ni Xiaoyu.Technology Gap and Technology Transfer of Multinational and Corporation-An Empirical Ananlysis Basedon panel Data of Chinese Manufacturin [J].Journal of internatin al trade.2008 (7):72-76.
90 为各国GDP除以劳动力总数。
93 这一提法源于彭科峰.海外引才考验制度设计[EB/OL].科学时报(2013-03-01)http://news.hexun.com/2013-03-01/151608600.html?fromtool=roll.
[1]Santos and Vinay.Migration as a source of growth:The perspective of a developing country [J]. Jounal of population economics.2003 (16):161-175
[2]Williams. A.M. International labour migration and tacit knowledge transactions:a multi-level perspective [J]. Global Networks.2007,7 (1):29-50
[3]Macdougall, G D. A. The Benefits and Costs of Private investment from abroad:a theoretical approach[J].Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics.1960,22 (3):189-211
[4]Jaffe, A.B. Flows of knowledge from universities and federal laboratories:Modeling the flow of patent citations over time and across institutional and geographic boundaries [J].National Acad Sciences.1996,93 (23):12671-12677
[5]Caniels M.C.J.knowlegde spillovers and economic growth:Regional growth differentials across Europe[M].Elgar, cheltenham,2000.
[6]Stiglitz, J.E.and A.B. Atkinson.A new view of technological change [J].A New View of Technological Change [J]. The Economic Journal.1969,79 (315):573-578
[7]Kokko, A. Technology, market characteristics, and spillovers[J].Journal of Development Economics.1994,43 (2) 279-293
[8]Keller, W.International technology diffusion [J] Journal of Economic Literature.2004, 42 (3):752-782
[9]Kesidou, E.and H. Romijn.Do Local Knowledge Spillovers Matter for Development? An Empirical Study of Uruguay's Software Cluster[J], World Development.2008,36 (10): 2004-2028
[10]Bayoumi, T., D.T. Coe and E. Helpman.R&D Spillovers and Global Growth[J] Journal of International Economics.1999,47 (2):399-428
[11]Blomstrom, M.and S. Fredrik. Technology transfer and spillovers:Does local participation with multinationals matter? [J]. European Economic Review.1999(43): 915-923
[12]Portelli, B and R. Narula.Foreign Direct Investment Through Acquisitions and Implications for Technological Upgrading:Case Evidence from Tanzania [J].The European Journal of Development Research.2006,18 (1):59-85
[13]Jacob, J and A. Szirmai. International Knowledge Spillovers to Developing Countries:The Case of Indonesia [J]. Review of Development Economics.2007,11 (3) 550-565
[14]Grubel, H.B and A.D. Scott.The International Flow of Human Capital[J].The American Economic Review.1966,56 (1):268-274
[15]Johnson, H.G. Some Economic Aspects of Brain Drain [J].The Pakistan Development Review.1967,7 (3):379-411
[16]Bhagwati, J and W.Dellalfar.The brain drain and income taxation [J].World Development.1973,11 (1):94-101
[17]BHAGWATI, J.N.Taxing the Brain Drain [J]. Challenge.1976,19(3):34-38
[18]J.N. Bhagwati, K. Hamada.The brain drain, international integration of markets for professionals and unemployment [J] Journal of Development Economics.1974,1 (1):19-42
[19]J.N. Bhagwati, C.Rodriguez. Welfare theoretical analysis of the brain drain [J]. Journal of Development Economics.1975 (2):195-221
[20]Todaro, M. Economic Development [M]. Addison-Wesley.1996:119
[21]J.N.Bhagwati.Directly Unproductive, Profit-Seeking (DUP) Activities[J]. Journal of Political Economy.1982,90 (5):998-1002
[22]Mountford, A. Can a brain drain be good for growth in the source economy? [J]. Journal of Development Economics.1997-53 (2):287-303
[23]Stark, O., C. Helmenstein and A. Prskawetz. A Brain Gain with a Brain Drain [J]. Economics Letters.1997,55 (2):227-234
[24]Commander, S., M. Kangasniemi and L. A. Winters. The Brain Drain:Curse or Boon? A Survey of the Literature [M]. University of Chicago Press.2004:235
[25]Beine, M., F. Docquier and H. Rapoport.Brain drain and human capital formation indeveloping countries:winners and losers [J]. The Economic Journal.2008,118 (528): 631-652
[26]Vidal J.P.The effect of emigration on human capital formation[J].Journal of Population Economics.1998,11 (4):589-600
[27]Beine, M., F. Docquier and H. Rapoport.Brain drain and economic growth:theory and evidence[J] Journal of Development Economics.2001,64 (1):275-289
[28]Meyer, J.B. and M. Brown. Scientific Diasporas:A New Approach to the Brain Drain[M]. Management of Social Transformations, Discussion paper.1999:41
[29]Stark, O., C. Helmenstein and A. Prskawetz. Human capital formation, human capital depletion, and migration:a blessing or a "curse"?[J] Economics Letters.1998,60 (3): 363-367
[30]Stark, O. and Y. Wang.Inducing Human Capital Formation:Migration as a Substitute for Subsidies[J] Journal of Public Economics.2002 (86):29-46
[31]Mayr.K and G. Peri.Brain Drain and Brain Return:Theory and Application to Eastern-Western Europe [J].The B.E. Journal of Economic Analysis & Policy.2009,9(1): Article 49
[32]Eggert, W., Krieger, T. and V. Meier. Education, Unemployment and Migration[J]. Journal of Public Economics.2010 (94):354-362.
[33]Johnson, J. M. and M. C. Regets. International mobility of scientists and engineers to the United States-Brain drain or brain circulation? [J].Arlington, VA:National Science Foundation.1998
[34]Saxenian, A. Silicon Valley's New Immigrant Entrepreneurs[M].San Francisco:Public Policy Institute of California,1999
[35]Straubhaar, T. International mobility of the highly skilled:brain gain, brain drain or brain exchange[J].Hamburgisches Welt-Wirtschafts-Archiv(HWWA) Hamburg Institute of International Economics, HWWA Discussion Paper,2000:No.88
[36]Kuznetsov, Y. and C. Sabel. Global Mobility of Talent from a Perspective of New Industrial Policy:Open Migration Chains and Diaspora Networks.WBI Development Studies.2006
[38]Saxenian, A. Brain Circulation:How High-Skill Immigration Makes Everyone Better Off[J].The bookings review.2002 (1):28-31
[39]Tung, R. L. Brain Circulation, Diaspora, and international competitiveness [J].European Management Journal.2008,26(5):298-304
[40]Yun-Chung, C. The limits of brain circulation:Chinese returnees and technological development in Beijing [J]. Pacific Affairs.2008,81 (2):195-215
[41]Teferra, D. Brain Circulation:Unparalleled Opportunities, Underlying Challenges and Outmoded Presumptions[J] Journal of Studies in International Education.2005,9 (3):229-250
[42]Biao, X. Promoting Knowledge Exchange through Diaspora Networks (The Case of People's Republic of China).2005. Available at:http://www.adb.org/Documents/Reports/GCF/reta6117-prc.pdf
[43]Saxenian, A.The New Argonauts:Regional Advantage in a Global Economy[M].Harvard University Press,2006
[44]Zweig, D., S.F. Chung and W. Vanhonacker.Rewards of Technology:Explaining China's Reverse Migration [J].Journal of International Migration and Integration.2006,7 (4):449-471
[45]Xiang, B and W.Shen.International student migration and social stratification in China [J].International Journal of Educational Development.2009,29 (5):513-522
[46]Saxenian, A and J. Y. Hsu.The Silicon Valley-Hsinchu Connection:Technical Communities and Industrial Upgrading [J]. Industrial and Corporate Change.2001,10 (4):893-920
[47]Cassarino, J.P. Theorising Return Migration:The Conceptual Approach to Return Migrants Revisited [J]. International Journal on Multicultural Societies (IJMS)[J].2004,6 (2):253-279
[48]Borjas, G.J. and B. Bratsberg. Who Leaves? The Outmigration of the Foreign-Born [J]. Review of economics and statistics.1996,78 (1):165-176
[49]Stark, O. and D. E. Bloom.The New Economics of Labor Migration[J].The American Economic Review.1985,75 (2):173-178
[50]Cerase, F.P. Expectations and Reality:A Case Study of Return Migration from the United States to Southern Italy [J]. International Migration Review.1974,8 (2):245-262
[51]Saravia, N. G.and J. F. Miranda.Plumbing the brain drain [J].Bulletin of the World Health Organization.2004,82 (8)
[52]Zweig, D.Competing for talent:China's strategies to reverse the brain drain [J]. International Labour Review.2006,145 (1):65-90
[53]Andrew, B and M. Sanket.International Migration and Technological Progress [J]. The world bank,Washington, DC.2008. https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/handle/10986/11021 License
[54]Fosfuri, A., M.Motta and T.R(?)nde. Foreign direct investment and spillovers through workers' mobility[J]. Journal of International Economics.2001,53 (1):205-222
[55]Fallick, B., C. A. Fleischman and J.B. Rebitzer.Job-Hopping in Silicon Valley:Some Evidence Concerning the Micro foundations of a High-Technology Cluster [J].The Review of Economics and Statistics.2006,88 (3):472-481
[56]Kapur, D. and J. McHale.Are We Losing the Global Race for Talent?[J].Wall Street Journal.2005
[57]Pandey, Abhishek, A. Aggarwal, R. Devane and Y. Kuznetsov. The Indian Diaspora: A Unique Case? [J]. Washington, D.C.:World Bank Institute.2006:71-97
[58]Walz, U.Innovation, Foreign Direct Investment and Growth[J]. Economica.1997,64 (253):63-79
[59]Chang, S.L. Causes of the Brain Drain Solutions:The Taiwan Experience.Studies in Comparative International Development [J].1992,7 (1):27-43
[60]Gorg, H.and E. Strobl.Spillovers from Foreign Firms through Worker Mobility:An Empirical Investigation[J]. The Scandinavian Journal of Economics.2005,107 (4): 693-709
[61]Choudhury, P. Return Migration and Distributed R&D in Multinationals - A Study Using Micro Data. Working paper, the Wharton school, University of Pennsylvania,2010.
[62]Keller, W. Geographic Localization of International Technology Diffusion [J].NBER Working Paper.2000 (7509)
[63]Gershenberg, I.The training and spread of managerial know-how:A comparative analysis of multinationals and other firms in Kenya[J].World Development.1987 (15):931-939.
[64]Commander, S., Kangasniemi, M. and Winters, A.The Brain Drain:Curse or Boon? A Survey of the Literature[J].University of Chicago Press.2004 (2)< http://www.nber.org/chapters/c9540
[65]Dustmann, C.and O.Kirchkamp.The optimal migration duration and activity choice after re-migration [J]. Journal of Development Economics.2002,67 (2):351-372
[66]Ilahi, Nadeem and S.Jafarey.Guestworker migration, remittances and the extended family:evidence from Pakistan [J]. Journal of Development Economics.1999,58 (2):485-512
[67]Ilahi, N.Return migration and occupational change [J].Review of Development Economics.1999,3 (2):170-186
[68]Gubert, F.and Nordman, C. J. Return migration and small enterprise development in the Maghreb.MIREM Project Analytical Report.2008 (2)
[69]Qin, F. Transnational Mobility, Social Embeddedness, and New Institutions:The Return of Chinese Engineers from the U.S [J].MIT Sloan School of Management.2007
[70]Qin, F.Social networks and institutions in transnational labor markets:the circular migration of Chinese and Indian engineers and professionals [D]. Massachusetts Institute of Technology.2007
[71]Kilic, T., G. Carletto, B.Davis and A.Zezza. Investing back home:return migration and business ownership in Albania. World Bank Policy Research Working Paper.2007 (4366)
[72]Wahba, J.and Y. Zenou.Out of sight, out of mind:Migration, entrepreneurship and social capital[J]. Regional Science and Urban Economics.2012,42 (5):890-903
[73]McCormick, B. and J. Wahba.Overseas Work Experience, Savings and Entrepreneurship Amongst Return Migrants to LDCs[J].Scottish Journal of Political Economy.2001,48 (2):164-178
[74]Wahba, J. Returns to Overseas Work Experience:The Case of Egypt [M]. World Bank and Palgrave Macmillian, Washington DC.2007
[75]Marchetta, F.Return Migration and the Survival of Entrepreneurial Activities in Egypt [J]. World Development.2012,40 (10):1999-2013
[76]Black, R.and A.Castaldo.Return migration and entrepreneurship in Ghana and Cote divorce:the role of capital transfers[J].Tijdschrift voor economische en sociale geografie.2009,100 (1):44-58
[77]Blank, R and A.Castaldo.Return migration and entrepreneurship in Ghana and Cote divorire:the role of capital transfer[J].Tijdschrift voor economische en sociale geografie.2009,100 (1):44-58
[78]Coe, D.T. and E. Helpman. International R&D spillovers [J]. European Economic Review.1995,39 (5):859-887.
[79]Heberle, R.The Causes of Rural-Urban Migration a Survey of German Theories [J]. American Journal of Sociology.1938,43 (6):932-950
[80]Bogue, D. J人口学原理.威利出版社,1969
[81]Lee, E.S.A theory of migration [J]. Demography.1966,3 (1):47-57
[82]Smith, Adam. The Wealth of Nations [M].1776. Edited by Edwin Cannan,1904. Reprint. New York:Modern Library,1937.
[83]Knight, F. Risk, Uncertainty and Profit[M]. Sentry Press, New York (1921)
[89]Hayek, F. A.The Use of Knowledge in Society [J].American Economic Review.1945, 35 (4):519-530.
[84]Simon, H. A. Administrative Behavior.2nd Ed. New York:Macmillan.1957a
[85]Akerlof, G. A. The Market for "Lemons":Quality Uncertainty and the Market Mechanism [J].The Quarterly Journal of Economics.1970,84 (3):488-500
[86]Mankiw, N.G., P.Romer and D. Weil. A contribution to the empirics of economic growth[J].Quarterly Journal of Economics.1992,107 (2):407-437.
[87]Nonneman, W. and P. Vanhoudt. A Further Augmentation of the Solow Model and the Empirics of Economic Growth for OECD Countries [J].Quarterly Journal of Economics. 1996 (111):943-953.
[88]Becker, G. S. Human Capital:A Theoretical and Empirical Analysis with Special Reference to Education [M]. National Bureau o f Economic Research. New York: Columbia University Press.1964
[89]Arrow, K. Economic Welfare and the Allocation of Resources for Invention [M]. In R.Nelson, ed., The Rate and Direction of Inventive Activity, Princeton,NJ:Princeton university press,1962:609-626
[90]Sheshinski, E.Tests of the "Learning by Doing" Hypothesis [J].The Review of Economics and Statistics.1967,49 (4):568-578
[91]Romer, P. M. Endogenous Technological Change [J] Journal of Political Economy.1990,98 (5):S71-S102
[92]Aghion, P, P. Howitt and C.G.Penalosa.Endogenous Growth Theory [M]. The MIT Press,1998
[93]Caves, R. E.Multinational Firms, Competition, and Productivity in Host-Country Markets [J].Economica.1974,41 (162):176-193
[94]Globerman, S.Foreign Direct Investment and Spillover Efficiency Benefits in Canadian Manufacturing Industries[J].The Canadian Journal of Economics.1979,12 (1): 42-56
[95]Blomstrom, M.and H. Persson.Foreign investment and spillover efficiency in an underdeveloped economy:Evidence from the Mexican manufacturing industry[J].World Development.1983,11 (6):493-501
[96]Hejazi, W. and E. Safarian. Trade, Foreign Direct Investment, and R&D Spillovers[J] Journal of International Business Studies.1999 (30):491-511
[97]Haddad, M.and A. Harrison.Are there positive spillovers from direct foreign investment?:Evidence from panel data for Moroccop[J]Journal of Development Economics.1983,42 (1):51-74
[98]Kokko, A., R.Tansini and M.C. Zejan.Local technological capability and productivity spillovers from FDI in the Uruguayan manufacturing sector[J].The Journal of Development Studies.1996,32 (4).602-611
[99]Aitken, B.J. and A.E. Harrison.Do Domestic Firms Benefit from Direct Foreign Investment? Evidence from Venezuela[J].The American Economic Review.1999,89 (3): 605-618
[100]Aslanoglu, E. Spillover effects of foreign direct investments on Turkish manufacturing industry[J]. Journal of International Development.2000,12 (8):1111-1130
[101]Aslanoglu, E.Spillover effects of foreign direct investments on Turkish manufacturing industry[J]. Journal of International Development.2000,12(8):1111-1130
[102]Bin Xu and Jianmao Wang. Trade, FDI, and International Technology Diffusion[J]. Journal of Economic Integration.2000,15 (4):585-601
[103]Borensztein, E., J. D. Gregorio and J.W. Lee.How does foreign direct investment affect economic growth?[J]. Journal of International Economics.1998,45 (1):115-135
[104]Coe, D.T., E. Helpman, and A.W. Hoffmaister. North-South R&D Spillovers [J].Economic Journal.1997 (107):134-149
[105]Jaumotte, Florence.Technology Diffusion and Trade:An Empirical Investigation [J].Cambridge, Massachusetts:Harvard University.1998
[106]R. Dornbusch, S. Fischer and P. A. Samuelson.Comparative Advantage, Trade, and Payments in a Ricardian Model with a Continuum of Goods [J].The American Economic Review.1977,65 (5):823-839
[107]Eaton, J., S.Kortum.Technology, Geography, and Trade[J]. Econometrica.2002, 70 (5):1741-1779
[108]R. Dornbusch, S. Fischer and P. A. Samuelson.Comparative Advantage, Trade, and Payments in a Ricardian Model with a Continuum of Goods [J]. The American Economic Review.1977,67 (5):823-839
[109]Rivera-Batiz, L. A. and P. M. Romer.Economic Integration and Endogenous Growth[J].The Quarterly Journal of Economics.1991,106 (2):531-555
[110]Grossman, G.M., E.Helpman.Trade.knowledge spillovers,and growth [J].European Economic Review.1991,35 (2):517-526
[111]McCallum, B. T. "Monetary Policy Rules and Financial Stability," in Kuniho Sawamoto, Zenta Nakajima, and Hiroo Taguchi, eds., Financial Stability in a Changing Environment. New York:St. Martin's Press,1995.
[112]Rose, A. K. and E.V. Wincoop. National Money as a Barrier to International Trade: The Real Case for Currency Union[J].The American Economic Review.2001,91 (2):386-390
[113]Jonathan Eaton and Samuel Kortum.Measuring Technology Diffusion and the International Sources of Growth[J].Eastern Economic Journal.1996.22 (4):401-410
[114]Peri, GDeterminants of Knowledge Flows and Their Effect on Innovation [J].The review of economics and statistics.2005,87 (2):308-322
[115]ERIC, P. and CHIANG.Trade, Patents and International Technology Diffusion[J].The Journal of International Trade & Economic Development:An International and Comparative Review.2005,14 (1):115-135
[116]Hu, A. GZ., A. B. Jaffe. Patent citations and international knowledge flow:the cases of Korea and Taiwan [J]. International Journal of Industrial Organization.2003,21 (6): 849-880
[117]Aw, B.Y. and A. R. Hwang.Productivity in the Export Market:a Firm Level Analysis [J]Journal of Development Economics.1995 (47):313-32
[118]Aw, B.Yan, M. J. Roberts and T. Winston.Export Market Participation, Investments in R&D and Worker Training, and the Evolution of Firm Productivity [J].The World Economy.2007,14 (1):83-104
[119]Badinger, H. and G.Tondl. Trade, Human Capital and Innovation:The Engines of European Regional Growth in the 1990s [C]. ERSA Conference Papers ERSA02P043, 2002.
[120]E. Borensztein, J. D.Gregorio and J.W. Lee.How does foreign direct investment affect economic growth?[J]. Journal of International Economics.1998,45 (1):115-135
[127]Jaffe, A.B. Technological Opportunity and Spillovers of R&D:Evidence from Firms' Patents, Profits and Market Value [J]. American Economic Review.1986 (76):984-1001.
[121]Bascavusoglu, E.Patterns of Technology Transfer to the Developing Countries: Differentiating between Embodied and Disembodied Knowledge. European Trade Study Group.2004
[122]Levin, R., P.C. Reiss.Tests of a Schumpeterian Model of R&D and Market Structure[D].National Bureau of Economic Research.University of Chicago Press.1984: 175-208
[123]Kuznets, S. Inventive Activity:Problems of Definition and Measurement. In R.R. Nelson (ad.), the Rate and Direction of Inventive Activity. Universities NBER Conference Series. Princeton University press.1962 (13):19-53
[124]Krugman, P.Increasing returns and economic geography [J] Journal of Political Economy.1991 (99):483-499
[125]Griliches, Z. Issues in assessing the contribution of research and development to productivity growth [J].Bell Journal of econometrics.1979 (10):92-116
[126]Griliches, Z. Productivity, R&D, and Basic Research at the Firm Level in the 1970s[J]. Amer.Econ. Rev., Mar.1986,76 (1):141-54
[127]Anselin, L., A. Varga and Z. Acs. Local geographic spillovers between university research and high technology innovations, Journal of Urban Economics,1997 (42) 422-448
[128]Anselin, L., A. Varga and Z. Acs. Geographic spillovers and university research:a spatial econometric perspective. In Nijkamp P., Stough R., Editors, Special Issue on Endogenous Growth:Models and Regional Policy, Growth and Change 2000(31):501-516
[129]Fischer, M.M., A. Varga. Spatial knowledge spillovers and university research: Evidence from Austria [J]. The Annals of Regional Science.2003,37 (2):303-322
[130]Greunz, L. Geographically and Techno logically Mediated Know ledge Spillovers between European Regions [J]. The Annals of Regional Science.2003,37(4),657-680
[131]Jaffe, A.B., Trajtenberg, M. L. and Henderson, R. Geographic Localization of Knowledge Spillovers as Evidenced by Patent Citations. QuarterLy Journal of economics. 1993(63):77-98
[132]Jaffe, A.B. Real Effects of Academic Research[J].American Economic Review.1989 (79):957-970
[133]Jaffe, A.B.The U.S. patent system in transition:policy innovation and the innovation process [J]. Research Policy.2000 (29):531-557
[134]OECD. International Migration Report:SOPEMI 2008 Edition, Paris.2008
[135]Borjas, G. and B. Bratsberg.Who Leaves? The Outmigration of the Foreign-Born [J].Review of Economics and Statistics.1996,78 (1),165-176
[136]Audretsch, D. B. and M. P. Feldman. Chapter 61 Knowledge spillovers and the geography of innovation [J]. Handbook of Regional and Urban Economics.2004 (4) 2713-2739
[137]Almeida. P and B.Kogut.Localization of Knowledge and the Mobility of Engineers in Regional Networks [J]. Management Science.1999,45 (7):905-917
[138]Adler, Paul S. and S.W.Kwon. Social Capital:Prospects for a New Concept [J]. Academy of Management Review.2002,27 (1):17-40
[139]Davidsson, P and B. Honig.The role of social and human capital among nascent entrepreneurs [J]. Journal of Business Venturing.2003,18 (3):301-331
[140]Cooper, A.C. and X.Yin. Entrepreneurial networks [M].In The Blackwell encyclopedia of management. Entrepreneurship.2005:98-100
[141]Peng, M. W. and J. Q. Zhou.How Network Strategies and Institutional Transitions Evolve in Asia [J]. Asia Pacific Journal of Management.2005,22(4):321-336
[142]Agrawal, A., I.Cockburn and J. McHale.Gone but not forgotten:knowledge flows, labor mobility, and enduring social relationships [J] Journal of Economic Geography. 2006,6 (5):571-591
[143]Luo, Y.L. and W.J. Wang. High-skill migration and Chinese Taipei's industrial development [J]. In International mobility of highly skilled.Paris:OECD.2001:253-70
[144]Zuckker, L.G, Darby, M.R., Furner, J., Liu, R. C. and Ma, H.Minerva unbound: Knowledge stocks, knowledge flows and new knowledge production. Research Policy, 2007:36
[145]Malecki, E.J. Technology and Economic Development:The Dynamics of Local, Regional, and National Change[C]. Academy for Entrepreneurial Leadership Historical Research Reference in Entrepreneurship.1997
[146]Audretsch, David B. and Fritsch, Michael.Growth Regimes over Time and Space [J]. Regional Studies 2002 (36):113-124
[147]Storper, M. and A.J. Venables. Buzz:the economic force of the city [J].Journal of Economic Geography.2004
[148]Lane, P.J, M.Lubatkin.Relative absorptive capacity and interorganizational learning[J]. Strategic Management Journal.1998,19 (8):461-477
[149]Levine, R.and D. Renelt. A Sensitivity Analysis of Cross-Country Growth Regressions [J].The American Economic Review.1992,82 (4):942-963
[150]Lall, S. The East Asian Miracle:Does the Bell Toll for Industrial Strategy [J].World Development.1994,22 (4):645-654
[151]Keller, W. Absorptive capacity:On the creation and acquisition of technology in development. Journal of Development Economics.1996 (49):199-227
[152]Keller, W. Geographic localization of international technology diffusion American Economic Review.2002 (92):120-142
[153]Xu, B and J.M.Wang.Trade, FDI, and International Technology Diffusion. Journal of Economic Integration.2000,15 (4):585-601
[154]Crespo, J. C.Martin F. J.Velazquez.The Role of International Technology Spillovers in the Economic Growth of the OECD Countries [J]. Global Economy Journal.2004,4 (2):1524-5861
[155]Jess, B and M. Spiegel.The role of human capital and political instability in economic development [J].Rivista di Politica Economica.1994 (11):55-94
[156]Saggi, K. Trade, Foreign Direct Investment, and International Technology Transfer: A Survey [J]. Economics & Social Sciences.2002,17 (2):191-235
[157]Blomstrom, M. The Economics of International Investment Incentives. In OECD, (ed.) International investment perspective.Paris,2002:165-179
[158]Howitt, P. and D.Mayer.Technological Inovation, Implementation and Stagnation:A Schumpeterian Theory of Convergence Clubs. Mimeo Brown University.2002
[159]Findlay, R.Relative Backwardness, Direct Foreign Investment, and the Transfer of Technology:A Simple Dynamic Model[J].The Quarterly Journal of Economics.1978,92 (1):1-16
[160]Mona Haddad, Ann Harrison.Are there positive spillovers from direct foreign investment?:Evidence from panel data for Morocco[J].Journal of Development Economics.1993,42 (1):51-74
[161]Joze, D., M. Knell, B.Majcen and M.Rojec. Technology transfer through FDI in Top-10 transition countries:How important are direct effects, horizontal and vertical spillovers?. Working Paper 549. William Davidson Institute, University of Michlgan.2003
[162]Sjoholm, F..Technology gap, competition and spillovers from direct foreign investment:Evidence from establishment data [J]. The Journal of Development Studies.1999,36 (1):53-73
[163]Borensztein, B., J.D.Gregorio and J.W. Lee.How Does Foreign Direct Investment Affect Economic Growth [J].Journal of International Econcmic.1998:36-41
[164]Blomstrom, M., A. Kokko and M.Zejan.Host country competition, labor skills and technology transfer by multinationals [J]. Weltwirtschaftliches Archiv.1994,130 (3) 521-533
[165]Hall, B., Khan, B. Adoption of new technology. NBER Working Paper 9730.2003.
[166]Eaton, J., S.Kortum. International Technology Diffusion:Theory and Measurement [J]. International Economic Review.1999,40 (3):537-570
[167]Branstetter, L. G.Are knowledge spillovers international or intranational in scope? Microeconometric evidence from the U.S. and Japan [J].Journal of International Economics.2001,53 (1):53-79
[168]Blomstrom, M., H.Persson.Foreign investment and spillover efficiency in an underdeveloped economy:Evidence from the Mexican manufacturing industry[J].World Development.1983,11 (6):493-501
[169]Barrel, R., Pain. N. Foreign direct investment, technological change and economic growth within Europe[J].Economic Journal.1997:1770-1786.
[170]Markusen, J. R. and A. J. Venables.Multinational firms and the new trade theory.Journal of International Economics.1998,46(2):183-203
[171]Cockburn, I. M., R. M. Henderson. Absorptive Capacity, Coauthoring Behavior, and the Organization of Research in Drug Discovery[J].The Journal of Industrial Economics.1998,46 (2):157-182
[172]Piore, M. and C. Sabel.The second industrial divide:prospects for prosperity. New York:Basic Books.1984
[173]Saxenian, A. Regional advantage:Culture and competition in Silicon Valley and Route 128. Cambridge, MA:Harvard University Press.1994
[174]Koizumi, T.and K.J. Kopecky.Economic growth, capital movements and the international transfer of technical knowledge[J]. Journal of International Economics.1977 ,7(1):45-65
[175]Wang, J.Y. Growth, technology transfer, and the long-run theory of international capital movements. Journal of International Economics.1990 (29):255-271.
[176]Rivera-Batiz, L. A. and P. M. Romer.Economic Integration and Endogenous Growth[J].The Quarterly Journal of Economics.1991,106 (2):531-555
[177]Cohen, W. M. and D.A. Levinthal.Innovation and Learning:The Two Faces of R & D[J].The Economic Journal.1989,99 (397):569-596
[178]Griffith, R., S.Redding and J. V. Reenen. Mapping the Two Faces of R&D: Productivity Growth in a Panel of OECD Industries [J]. Review of Economics and Statistics.2004,86 (4):883-895
[179]Alfaro,L., A. Chanda,K.O. Sebnem and S. Sayek.FDI and economic growth:the role of local financial markets [J]. Journal of International Economics.2004,64 (1):89-112
[180]D.B. Audretsch and P. E. Stephan.Company-Scientist Locational Links:The Case of Biotechnology [J]. The American Economic Review.1996,86(3):641-652
[181]Feldman, M.P., J.L. Francis.Fortune Favours the Prepared Region:The Case of Entrepreneurship and the Capitol Region Biotechnology Cluster [J]. European Planning Studies.2003,11 (7):765-788
[182]Matusik, S. and M. Heeley.Absorptive capability in the software industry:identify dimensions that affect knowledge and knowledge creation activities. Journal of Management.2002,31 (4):549-572
[183]Schmidt, T. and W. Sofka.Liability of foreignness as a barrier to knowledge spillovers: Lost in translation? [J]. Journal of International Management.2009,15 (4):460-471
[184]Tzabbar, D.When Does Scientist Recruitment Affect Technological Repositioning?[J]. Academy of Management Review.2009,52 (5):873-896
[185]Zahra, S.A. and G.George.Absorptive Capacity:A Review, Reconceptualization, and Extension [J]. Academy of Management Review.2002,27 (2):185-203
[186]NONAKA, I. and H.TAKEUCHI.The Knowledge-Creating Company. Oxford University Press, New York.1995
[187]Kogut, B and U.Zander.Knowledge of the Firm and the Evolutionary Theory of the Multinational Corporation [J]. Journal of International Business Studies.1993,24 (4):625-645
[188]Kaj, U., P. Pekka and V.Hannu. Tacit knowledge acquisition and sharing in a project work context International. Journal of Project Management.2D03,21 (4):281-290
[189]Song, J., P.Almeida and G.Wu.Learning-by-Hiring:When Is Mobility More Likely to Facilitate Interfirm Knowledge Transfer?[J]. Management Science.2003,49 (4):351-365
[190]Kogut, B and U.Zander.Knowledge, Market Failure and the Multinational Enterprise: A Reply[J]. Journal of International Business Studies.1995,26 (2):417-426
[191]Cohen, W. M. and D.A. Levinthal.Absorptive Capacity:A New Perspective on Learning and Innovation [J]. Administrative Science Quarterly.1990,35 (1):128-152
[192]Narula, R. Innovation systems and "inertia" in R&D location:Norwegian firms and the role of systemic lock-in [J]. Research Policy.2002 (31):795-816
[193]Andreas Savvides and Marios Zachariadis.International Technology Diffusion and the Growth of TFP in the Manufacturing Sector of Developing Economies [J]. Review of Development Economics.2005,9 (4):482-501
[194]Carr, D., J.Markusen and K. Maskus.Estimating the knowledge-capital model of the multinational enterprise. American Economic Review.2001,79 (5):693-708
[195]Cho, G.C.Tests of equality between sets of coefficients in two linear regressions [J].Econometrica.1960 (28):591-603
[196]Hansen, B.E.Threshold effects in non-dynamic panels:Estimation, testing, and inference[J].Journal of Econometrics.1999,93(2):345-368
[197]Chan, K. S. Consistency and Limiting Distribution of the Least Squares Estimator of a Threshold Autoregressive Model [J]. The annals of statistics.1993,21 (1):520-533
[198]Hansen, B.E. Approximate Asymptoticp Values for Structural-Change Tests. Journal of Business & Economic Statistics [J].1997,15,60-67
[199]Gupta Anil. Govindarajan Vijay. Knowledge flows within Multinational Corporations [J] Journal of Development Economics.2000, (55):369-398
[200]Mingyong Lai, Hua Wang, Shujin Zhu. Douhle-edged effects of the technology gap and technology spillover:Evidence from the Chinese industrial sector[J].China Economic review.2009, (20):414-424
[201]Wu Xiaobo, Huang Juan, Zheng Suli.FDI and Technological Catching-up Based on technology Gap, Absorptive Capability[J].Studies in Science of Science.2005 (6):347-351
[202]Ni Xiaoyu Technology Gap and Technology Transfer of Multinational and Corporation-An Empirical Ananlysis Basedon panel Data of Chinese Manufacturin [J] Journal of internatin al trade.2008 (7):72-76
[203]Jacob A. Mincer.Schooling Experience, and Earnings [M] Columbia University Press,1974
[204]王辉耀.留学人员对中国发展的作用与贡献[J].留学生.2007,2：44-47
[205]杨海霞.海归人才推动中国创新[J].神州学人.2008,1：16-17
[206]段红真.北京市海归人才生活满意度及相关因素研究[D].首都经济贸易大学.2012
[207]李平、许家云,张庆昌.智力跨国外流有利于中国技术创新吗?[J].财贸研究.2013,39(2)：113-123
[208]孔伟杰.基于知识产权保护的国际技术溢出与经济增长[J].浙江工商大学.2010
[209]陶峰.国际知识溢出、社会资本与代工制造业技术创新—基于全球价值链外包体系的视角[J].财贸经济.2011,7：78-83
[210]蔡伟毅,陈学识.国际知识溢出与中国技术进步[J].世界经济研究.2010,5：52-57
[211]花军委.我国人才回流问题研究[D].中国海洋大学.2007
[212]冉红霞.中国海归创业研究[D].江南大学.2008
[213]陈昌贵,阎月勤.我国留学人员回归原因与发挥作用状况的调查报告[J].黑龙江高教研究.2000,5：13-18
[214]王耀辉.海归们的期翼—现状、问题与政策期望[J].关注.2004,6：11-12
[215]“海归”们的期翼—现状、问题与政策期望[J].美欧亚国际商务咨询公司.2004,06
[216]孙瑜.海外人才回流上海的模型构建和政策分析[D].辽宁：大连理工大学.2007
[217]中国海洋大学(课题组).我国海外人才回流的动因分析[J].软科学.2004,18(5)：58-60
[218]工玉婷.我国人才回流动因分析[J].人力资源管理.2010,4：44
[219]林琳.中国的智力回流现状与原因初探[J].华中农业大学学报(社会科学版).2009,3：40-44
[220]朱敏,高越.人力资本流动对FDI技术溢出效应的影响—基于吸收能力的实证研究[J].湖北经济学院学报.2012,1：65-71
[221]林琳,孟舒.中国智力回流动因的实证检验[J].统计与决策.2009,17：94-95
[222]林琳.智力流动与经济发展研究综述[J].《经济评论》.2009,2：147-160
[223]张犀樨.我国人才集聚的理论分析与实证研究[D].北京：首都经济贸易大学.2009
[224]杨河清,陈怡安.中国海外智力回流影响动因的实证研究—基于动态面板模型的经验分析[J].经济经纬.2013,3：86-90
[225]杨河清,陈怡安.海外高层次人才引进政策实施效果评价[J].科技进步与对策.2013,30(16)：107-112
[226]彭中文.西方关于人力资本流动与技术溢出研究综述[J].经济纵横.2006,4：77-79
[227]南旭光.人才流动、知识溢出和区域发展：一个动态知识连接模型[J].科技与经济.2009, 3：24-27
[228]李平.国际技术扩散的路径和方式[J].世界经济.2006,9：85-93
[229]孟醒,程晨.海归创业现状、问题及对策思考[J].科技信息.2009,18：390-391
[230]黎赔肆,李利霞.社会网络与机会识别：海归企业家与本土企业家的比较研究[J].华东经济管理.2011,05：27-30
[231]钟惠波.知识的经济学分析：一个文献综述[J].《中国软科学》.2006,12：146-152
[232]宁军明.知识溢出的机理分析[J].《科技与经济》.2008,3：22-24
[233]宁军明.知识溢出与区域经济增长[M].北京：经济科学出版社,2008：53-62
[234]宋京.开放经济下的技术进步[D].上海：复旦大学.2004
[235]吴修燕.我国外商直接投资吸收能力对经济增长效应的影响分析[D].重庆：重庆大学.2008
[236]傅书勇.人力资本、技术进步与经济增长[D].辽宁：辽宁大学.2012
[237]张继红,吴玉鸣.专利产出与区域经济增长的动态关联机制分析[J].工业工程与管理.2007,2：45-50
[238]盛垒.西方空间知识溢出研究进展探析与展望[J].外国经济与管理,2010,10：1-9
[239]宁军明.知识溢出测度方法评析[J].管理科学文摘,2008,5：115-117
[240]赵勇,白永秀.知识溢出：一个文献综述[J].经济研究,2009,1：144-156
[241]高远东.中国区域经济增长的空间计量研究[D].重庆：重庆大学,2010
[242]覃卫宜.企业科技人才技术创新的动力机制研究[D].重庆：重庆理工大学,2011
[243]崔喜君.国外专利申请的技术溢出效应研究[D].淄博：山东理工大学硕士论文,2007
[244]李秀婷.对外贸易对技术创新促进作用的区域差异研究[D].兰州商学院,2011
[245]孙灵燕.国际技术扩散对我国技术创新的作用机制及绩效分析[D].淄博：山东理工大学,2008
[246]王旺兴,李艳.产业集群内的知识流动与创新机制[J].科技与管理,2003,5：4244
[247]李平,崔喜君.发展中国家和地区利用国际技术扩散的对策分析[J].贵州财经学院学报,2005,3：1-6
[248]滕永平,李艳.浅析影响FDI技术转移与溢出效应的因素[J].商业时代,2007,03：43
[249]肖文,林高榜.海外研发资本对中国技术进步的知识溢出[J].世界经济.2011,1：37-51
[250]杨凯,赵晓霞.海归赋“海归为中国带来了什么”大型调查[J].人民日报海外版.2007,1-5
[251]王辉耀,路江涌.中国海归创业发展报告[M].北京：社会科学文献出版社,2012,(1)
[252]曾春媛,潘云海.(?)知识溢出的测度模型研究综述[J].北京理工大学学报(社会科学版)2012(1)：20-26
[253]马为超.异质性人力资本与经济增长实证研究分析[J].经济研究导刊.2009,44：162-163
[254]李平,许家云.金融市场发展、海归与技术扩散：基于中国海归创办新企业视角的分析[J].南开管理评论.2011,04：151-160
[255]宫旭红.基于国际引文的技术知识扩散研究[D].淄博：山东理工大学硕士论文,2012
[256]李平.技术扩散中的溢出效应分析[J].南开学报.1999,2：28-32
[257]张晴.宁波外商直接投资技术溢出效应的实证检验[J].统计与决策.2010,17：101-104
[258]张海洋.外资技术扩散与湖北高新技术产业的发展—以武汉光通信产业为例[J].科学学研究.2006,2：67-73
[259]张宏.人力资本对我国对外直接投资逆向技术溢山效应的影响一基于省际面板数据的非线性门槛回归技术[J].亚太经济.2012,4：115-120
[260]连玉君,程建.不同成长机会下资本结构与经营绩效之关系研究[J].当代经济科学.2006,03：97-128
[261]王华.经济开放、异质性和技术创新研究[D].长沙：湖南大学,2012
[262]刘辉煌,余昌龙,马添冀,江航翔.FDI技术外溢、技术差距与经济增长的非线性关系[J].金融研究.2009,9：72-88
[263]王华,祝树金、赖明勇.技术差距的门槛与FDI技术溢出的非线性—理论模型及中国企业的实证研究[J].数量经济技术经济研究.2012,4：3-18
[264]惠宁.知识溢出的经济效应研究[J].西北大学学报(哲学社会科学版).2007,31(1)：25-29
© 2004-2018 中国地质图书馆版权所有 京ICP备05064691号 京公网安备11010802017129号 地址：北京市海淀区学院路29号 邮编：100083 电话：办公室：(+86 10)66554848；文献借阅、咨询服务、科技查新：66554700 |