五龙池小流域土壤水分时空变异及其与主要影响因子的关系
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摘要
土壤水分是土壤物理学的一个重要研究内容,也是土地持续利用、水资源规划与管理、节水农业技术研究的基础。土壤水分的监测与模拟已经成为国际前沿研究领域的热点之一。许多组织、国家都十分重视该领域的研究,特别是在干旱半干旱地区对此问题尤为重视。土壤水分的时空异质性对于地下水补给、气候研究以及天气预报等许多科学和商业活动具有重要意义,研究土壤水分的变异对于量化特定区域的生态、水文和自然地理过程也具有非常重要的意义,因此,土壤水分及其时空变异性的研究一直是水文学、土壤学研究的一个热点。在不同尺度上,影响土壤水分变异的环境因子作用不尽相同,因此,多尺度上明确土壤水分变异及其与环境因子的关系既是研究土壤水分变异的需求,也是预测土壤水分、评价环境质量、指导小流域综合治理以及优化水土资源合理利用过程中非常重要的一环。
丹江口水库总库容为290.5亿m3,是南水北调中线工程水源地,也是我国重要的战略水资源区。丹江口库区水源区长期水土流失加剧,植被涵养水源功能下降,近年来,国家投入大量人力物力对水源区生态环境进行修复治理,取得了一定的成效,但是水土流失问题依然比较严重,植被涵养水源功能也有待进一步加强,因此研究库区内典型小流域的土壤水分时空变化及其与影响因子的关系对于水库的水质、水量安全具有重要的理论和实际意义。本文以丹江口库区典型小流域——五龙池小流域为研究对象,以12个雨后持续6天的土壤水分观测过程为基础,研究了小流域土壤水分空间变异及其与环境因子的关系,得出了每个过程各测次土壤水分变化的主控因子,以及不同干湿时段土壤水分的时空变异及其与环境因子的关系,定量分离了主控环境因子对土壤水分变异的贡献率；在不同干湿时段主控因子的基础上,分析了各因子与土壤水分的关系以及在土壤水分时间动态变化中的作用；以不同干湿时段为基础,利用指数平滑法对土壤水分进行了时序预测。取得的主要结果有：
(1)通过对12个过程的土壤水分均值和变异系数的分析,研究了土壤水分空间变异和土壤含水量变化之间的关系。同一个监测过程内的土壤水分均值一般情况下是以两天为单位随着观测的持续进行表现出显著性差异(p<0.01)。土壤水分的空间变异基本上随着土壤含水量的降低呈现增强趋势(过程1,2,6,7,8和11),部分过程观测后期空间变异逐渐稳定(过程1,3,4和5),过程9虽然土壤含水量持续降低,但其空间变异却出现较大波动。
(2)通过双向指示种分析法将12个过程分为三类,分别是湿润时段、适中时段和干旱时段,此处湿润、适中和干旱是相对的概念,用来表征不同时段初始含水量的不同。通过对12个过程土壤水分数据和环境因子进行冗余分析,研究每个过程内随着土壤水分变化前两个主控因子变化情况。随着土壤水分的时间动态变化,各个过程内各测次主控因子变化较大,虽然部分过程部分测次主控因子可能相同,但是它们的作用强度在不同测次之间也不一样。从单个过程主控因子的结果综合来看,在湿润时段,控制土壤水分变化的主要因子包括：坡位、地形湿度指数、土层厚度和坡形。在适中时段,土层厚度、坡位和坡形是影响土壤水分变异的主要因子。干旱时段的主控因子主要包括坡位、地形湿度指数和土层厚度。而且相对于湿润时段和适中时段,干旱时段主控因子的作用相对比较稳定。
(3)对不同时段土壤水分的空间变异进行研究,然后通过前项选择剔除冗余环境因子,并定量分离不同主控环境因子对土壤水分变异的解释量。在湿润时段和适中时段土壤水分的空间变异随着土壤水分的降低而逐渐增强,而在干旱时段则呈现出先增强后减弱的趋势。不同时段冗余变量剔除之后,湿润时段和适中时段的主控环境因子为土层厚度和坡位,干旱时段的主控因子为土层厚度、坡位和地形湿度指数。三个不同时段,土层厚度对土壤水分变异的解释量在单个因子当中始终最大,其贡献率在三个时段分别为39.89%、35.37%以及33.44%,坡位的单独贡献率分别为21.48%、25.00%和9.15%,地形湿度指数在干旱时段的单独贡献率为3.49%。
(4)在三个干湿时段的基础上,研究了不同主控因子水平对土壤水分的作用。在初始含水量不同的情况下各因子作用的滞后性表现不同。初始含水量越高,因子作用的滞后性越明显。在湿润时段,土层厚度的滞后性表现比较明显,坡位则没有表现出这一特性：在适中时段,土层厚度和坡位的滞后性也比较明显；在干旱时段,土层厚度、坡位以及地形湿度指数作用的滞后性表现均不明显。
(5)通过指数平滑法对土壤水分进行时序预测。研究通过对不同干湿时段的土壤水分进行预测表明,土壤含水量越高,指数平滑法预测越精确。指数平滑法在预测土壤水分较高的湿润时段效果最好,效率系数达到了0.90,而在适中时段效率系数严重偏低,干旱时段效率系数甚至为负值。
Soil moisture is an important research content of soil physics, and is also the fundament of sustainable land use, water resources planning&management and water-saving agricultural technology. Monitoring and simulation of soil water has become a hot cutting-edge research area internationally. Many organizations and countries have attached great importance to this area, especially in arid and semi-arid regions. Variation in soil moisture is of critical importance in many scientific and operational activities, such as groundwater recharge, climate studies, and numerical weather prediction. Understanding soil moisture variability is also essential for quantifying relationships among hydrology, ecology and physiography in a given region. Therefore, the study of the spatio-temporal variability of soil moisture has been a hot spot in the fields of hydrology and soil science. Spatial patterns and temporal variability of soil moisture are influenced by different environmental factors at different scales. Characterizing its relationship to environmental factors at different scale is of critical importance for soil moisture prediction, environmental quality evaluation and other operational activities.
As the source of water for the Middle Route Project of South-to-North Water Diversion, the Danjiangkou reservoir is also one of the important strategic water resources areas in China. Considering the serious soil-erosion problem and the vegetation degradation, studying the relationship between spatio-temporal variability of soil moisture and environmental factors in the typical small catchment is of great importance for the ecological security and ecological capacity of the Danjiangkou reservoir area. The objectives of this study is:(1) to investigate the spatial variability of soil moisture and its relationship with environmental factors;(2) to partition the variance of the soil moisture data in different wet-dry periods to the contributions of two subsets of environmental variables; and (3) to analyze the relationship of these main factors with soil moisture in different wet-dry periods. The main results are as followed:
(1) ANOVA was applied to analyze the differences of soil moisture during each measuremt process. For all the12measurement processes, mean soil moisture shown significant difference (p<0.01) by step of two days during one measurement process. The spatial variability of soil moisture and its relation with mean soil moisture were analyzed in the Wulongchi catchment. The spatial variability of soil moisture increased with decreasing soil moisture for all of the12measurement processes. In the latter part of the measurement process1,3,4and5, the spatial variability gradually stabilized. But for measurement process9and10, their soil moisture gradually declined, but its spatial variability fluctuated.
(2) These12measurement processes were classified into three different wet-dry periods, such as humid, moderate and dry period. Redundancy analysis was applied to determine the first two main factors on each day of the12measurement processes. The effects of environmental factors on soil moisture vary along with changes in soil moisture. Although the two main factors may be same on some of the measurement days, they were different more or less at most cases. On the whole, slope position, the topographic wetness index, soil thickness and slope shape are the main factors affecting soil moisture variability during the humid period. For the moderate periods, soil thickness and slope position and slope shape are the main factors regulating soil moisture variability. The main factors control soil moisture variability during dry periods are slope position, the topographic wetness index and soil thickness. During dry period, the main factors of the6days in each measurement period were still different from each other, but for all that they were relatively stable than that of the humid and moderate period.(3) The spatial variability of the three different periods was analyzed. Spatial variability of the humid and moderate period increased with decreasing soil moisture. But in the dry period, the soil moisture decreased during this period, however the spatial variability first increased and then decreased. The redundant environmental factors of these three different wet-dry periods were excluded using forward selection and Monte Carlo test. And then we partitioned the variance of the soil moisture in different wet-dry periods into the contributions of two subsets of environmental variables. After removing the redundant variables, the main factors for the humid and moderate period were soil thickness and slope position, but for the dry period, soil thickness, slope position and topographic wetness index were the main factors. Dyring the three wet-dry periods, soil thickness was the most important factors respectively. The relative contribution without the shared portion of soil thickness for the variability of soil moisture in different wet-dry periods were39.89%,35.37%and33.44%, respectively. The relative contribution without the shared portion of slope position for the three different wet-dry periods were21.48%,25.00%and9.15%, respectively. The relative contribution without the shared portion of topographic wetness indexin the dry period was only3.49%。
(4) Based on the three different wet-dry periods, the effect of main factors at different level on soil moisture were analyzed. The result indicated that the lag effect of main factors' role were different due to the different initial soil moisture. The higher the initial soil moisture, the more obvious lag effect. During the humid period, lag effect of soil thickness was evident, but slope position did not have the lag effect. During the moderate period, the lag effect of soil thickness and slope position were both evident. And during dry period, all of soil thickness, slope position and topographic wetness index had no such effect.
(5) Soil moisture of different wet-dry periods were predicted using exponential smoothing method. The results indicated that the prediction accuracy increase sharply from dry period, moderate period to humid period. For the humid period, the value of Nash-Sutcliffe efficiency for the prediction was0.90, but for the moderate it was0.26, and for the dry period, it was-0.61.
丹江口水库总库容为290.5亿m3,是南水北调中线工程水源地,也是我国重要的战略水资源区。丹江口库区水源区长期水土流失加剧,植被涵养水源功能下降,近年来,国家投入大量人力物力对水源区生态环境进行修复治理,取得了一定的成效,但是水土流失问题依然比较严重,植被涵养水源功能也有待进一步加强,因此研究库区内典型小流域的土壤水分时空变化及其与影响因子的关系对于水库的水质、水量安全具有重要的理论和实际意义。本文以丹江口库区典型小流域——五龙池小流域为研究对象,以12个雨后持续6天的土壤水分观测过程为基础,研究了小流域土壤水分空间变异及其与环境因子的关系,得出了每个过程各测次土壤水分变化的主控因子,以及不同干湿时段土壤水分的时空变异及其与环境因子的关系,定量分离了主控环境因子对土壤水分变异的贡献率；在不同干湿时段主控因子的基础上,分析了各因子与土壤水分的关系以及在土壤水分时间动态变化中的作用；以不同干湿时段为基础,利用指数平滑法对土壤水分进行了时序预测。取得的主要结果有：
(1)通过对12个过程的土壤水分均值和变异系数的分析,研究了土壤水分空间变异和土壤含水量变化之间的关系。同一个监测过程内的土壤水分均值一般情况下是以两天为单位随着观测的持续进行表现出显著性差异(p<0.01)。土壤水分的空间变异基本上随着土壤含水量的降低呈现增强趋势(过程1,2,6,7,8和11),部分过程观测后期空间变异逐渐稳定(过程1,3,4和5),过程9虽然土壤含水量持续降低,但其空间变异却出现较大波动。
(2)通过双向指示种分析法将12个过程分为三类,分别是湿润时段、适中时段和干旱时段,此处湿润、适中和干旱是相对的概念,用来表征不同时段初始含水量的不同。通过对12个过程土壤水分数据和环境因子进行冗余分析,研究每个过程内随着土壤水分变化前两个主控因子变化情况。随着土壤水分的时间动态变化,各个过程内各测次主控因子变化较大,虽然部分过程部分测次主控因子可能相同,但是它们的作用强度在不同测次之间也不一样。从单个过程主控因子的结果综合来看,在湿润时段,控制土壤水分变化的主要因子包括：坡位、地形湿度指数、土层厚度和坡形。在适中时段,土层厚度、坡位和坡形是影响土壤水分变异的主要因子。干旱时段的主控因子主要包括坡位、地形湿度指数和土层厚度。而且相对于湿润时段和适中时段,干旱时段主控因子的作用相对比较稳定。
(3)对不同时段土壤水分的空间变异进行研究,然后通过前项选择剔除冗余环境因子,并定量分离不同主控环境因子对土壤水分变异的解释量。在湿润时段和适中时段土壤水分的空间变异随着土壤水分的降低而逐渐增强,而在干旱时段则呈现出先增强后减弱的趋势。不同时段冗余变量剔除之后,湿润时段和适中时段的主控环境因子为土层厚度和坡位,干旱时段的主控因子为土层厚度、坡位和地形湿度指数。三个不同时段,土层厚度对土壤水分变异的解释量在单个因子当中始终最大,其贡献率在三个时段分别为39.89%、35.37%以及33.44%,坡位的单独贡献率分别为21.48%、25.00%和9.15%,地形湿度指数在干旱时段的单独贡献率为3.49%。
(4)在三个干湿时段的基础上,研究了不同主控因子水平对土壤水分的作用。在初始含水量不同的情况下各因子作用的滞后性表现不同。初始含水量越高,因子作用的滞后性越明显。在湿润时段,土层厚度的滞后性表现比较明显,坡位则没有表现出这一特性：在适中时段,土层厚度和坡位的滞后性也比较明显；在干旱时段,土层厚度、坡位以及地形湿度指数作用的滞后性表现均不明显。
(5)通过指数平滑法对土壤水分进行时序预测。研究通过对不同干湿时段的土壤水分进行预测表明,土壤含水量越高,指数平滑法预测越精确。指数平滑法在预测土壤水分较高的湿润时段效果最好,效率系数达到了0.90,而在适中时段效率系数严重偏低,干旱时段效率系数甚至为负值。
Soil moisture is an important research content of soil physics, and is also the fundament of sustainable land use, water resources planning&management and water-saving agricultural technology. Monitoring and simulation of soil water has become a hot cutting-edge research area internationally. Many organizations and countries have attached great importance to this area, especially in arid and semi-arid regions. Variation in soil moisture is of critical importance in many scientific and operational activities, such as groundwater recharge, climate studies, and numerical weather prediction. Understanding soil moisture variability is also essential for quantifying relationships among hydrology, ecology and physiography in a given region. Therefore, the study of the spatio-temporal variability of soil moisture has been a hot spot in the fields of hydrology and soil science. Spatial patterns and temporal variability of soil moisture are influenced by different environmental factors at different scales. Characterizing its relationship to environmental factors at different scale is of critical importance for soil moisture prediction, environmental quality evaluation and other operational activities.
As the source of water for the Middle Route Project of South-to-North Water Diversion, the Danjiangkou reservoir is also one of the important strategic water resources areas in China. Considering the serious soil-erosion problem and the vegetation degradation, studying the relationship between spatio-temporal variability of soil moisture and environmental factors in the typical small catchment is of great importance for the ecological security and ecological capacity of the Danjiangkou reservoir area. The objectives of this study is:(1) to investigate the spatial variability of soil moisture and its relationship with environmental factors;(2) to partition the variance of the soil moisture data in different wet-dry periods to the contributions of two subsets of environmental variables; and (3) to analyze the relationship of these main factors with soil moisture in different wet-dry periods. The main results are as followed:
(1) ANOVA was applied to analyze the differences of soil moisture during each measuremt process. For all the12measurement processes, mean soil moisture shown significant difference (p<0.01) by step of two days during one measurement process. The spatial variability of soil moisture and its relation with mean soil moisture were analyzed in the Wulongchi catchment. The spatial variability of soil moisture increased with decreasing soil moisture for all of the12measurement processes. In the latter part of the measurement process1,3,4and5, the spatial variability gradually stabilized. But for measurement process9and10, their soil moisture gradually declined, but its spatial variability fluctuated.
(2) These12measurement processes were classified into three different wet-dry periods, such as humid, moderate and dry period. Redundancy analysis was applied to determine the first two main factors on each day of the12measurement processes. The effects of environmental factors on soil moisture vary along with changes in soil moisture. Although the two main factors may be same on some of the measurement days, they were different more or less at most cases. On the whole, slope position, the topographic wetness index, soil thickness and slope shape are the main factors affecting soil moisture variability during the humid period. For the moderate periods, soil thickness and slope position and slope shape are the main factors regulating soil moisture variability. The main factors control soil moisture variability during dry periods are slope position, the topographic wetness index and soil thickness. During dry period, the main factors of the6days in each measurement period were still different from each other, but for all that they were relatively stable than that of the humid and moderate period.(3) The spatial variability of the three different periods was analyzed. Spatial variability of the humid and moderate period increased with decreasing soil moisture. But in the dry period, the soil moisture decreased during this period, however the spatial variability first increased and then decreased. The redundant environmental factors of these three different wet-dry periods were excluded using forward selection and Monte Carlo test. And then we partitioned the variance of the soil moisture in different wet-dry periods into the contributions of two subsets of environmental variables. After removing the redundant variables, the main factors for the humid and moderate period were soil thickness and slope position, but for the dry period, soil thickness, slope position and topographic wetness index were the main factors. Dyring the three wet-dry periods, soil thickness was the most important factors respectively. The relative contribution without the shared portion of soil thickness for the variability of soil moisture in different wet-dry periods were39.89%,35.37%and33.44%, respectively. The relative contribution without the shared portion of slope position for the three different wet-dry periods were21.48%,25.00%and9.15%, respectively. The relative contribution without the shared portion of topographic wetness indexin the dry period was only3.49%。
(4) Based on the three different wet-dry periods, the effect of main factors at different level on soil moisture were analyzed. The result indicated that the lag effect of main factors' role were different due to the different initial soil moisture. The higher the initial soil moisture, the more obvious lag effect. During the humid period, lag effect of soil thickness was evident, but slope position did not have the lag effect. During the moderate period, the lag effect of soil thickness and slope position were both evident. And during dry period, all of soil thickness, slope position and topographic wetness index had no such effect.
(5) Soil moisture of different wet-dry periods were predicted using exponential smoothing method. The results indicated that the prediction accuracy increase sharply from dry period, moderate period to humid period. For the humid period, the value of Nash-Sutcliffe efficiency for the prediction was0.90, but for the moderate it was0.26, and for the dry period, it was-0.61.
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