强震和冲击荷载下球面网壳的动力失效分析与试验研究
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摘要
近年来由于各种人为因素或地质灾害的影响,建筑物严重破坏的事故频繁发生。重要的大跨度网壳结构,例如地区标志性建筑,如果遭受特大地震、撞击等意外危害时发生破坏,不仅会造成生命财产的重大损失,甚至还会有深远的政治影响。结构设计的根本任务是保证结构安全而防止结构倒塌则是保证结构安全的底线。对有大量人群聚集的大跨度建筑结构进行倒塌分析,采取防止动力倒塌的措施,将逐步成为结构设计的一项重要内容。
造成建筑物失效破坏的突发事故既可是自然界中的突发地震,也可是意外的冲击。本文以球面网壳为研究对象,具体包括单层网壳、双层网壳两种形式,以数值模拟和试验研究相结合的方法,分析了强震和冲击荷载下网壳结构的动力响应、失效模式,模拟了动力倒塌的过程,并揭示了倒塌机理,主要内容如下：
(1)以结构倒塌的数值模拟为基础,选用显式动力非线性程序LS-DYNA作为数值模拟平台。对数值模拟的相关技术及其难点进行了分析,自编制前处理子程序,采用了钢材的弹塑性损伤本构模型。建立了基于IDA方法的球面网壳的动力倒塌的计算流程,提出了基于能量守恒的倒塌判断准则。
(2)通过对单层球面网壳结构的动力分析,定义了强震下网壳结构的失效模式。研究了单层网壳结构在强震下的动力响应和失效特征,重点模拟了结构倒塌的全过程,从凹陷产生、扩展的角度揭示了倒塌机理。对影响网壳结构极限承载力的影响因素,如：矢跨比、屋面荷载、有无下部支承结构进行了分析。对荷载分布不对称下的网壳结构进行了动力倒塌分析。对空腹双层网壳进行了动力全过程分析。
(3)提出了在网壳中增设开孔的双钢管约束屈曲支撑作为减震装置,对其耗能能力进行了分析。提出了在单层网壳、双层网壳中,约束屈曲支撑布置的方式,对其减震效果进行了分析。并对无约束屈曲支撑和有约束屈曲支撑的网壳的极限承载力进行了对比分析。结果表明,约束屈曲支撑具有较好的减震效果,并能提高网壳的极限承载力
(4)通过缩尺模型振动台试验,对网壳结构在不对称荷载作用下的动力失效模式进行了验证。结果表明：荷载不均匀分布会降低强震下网壳结构的极限承载力。在设计过程中,应充分考虑不对称荷载对网壳动力稳定性的影响。
(5)研究了如落石等这种质量较大、速度较小的冲击荷载,对冲击荷载进行了分析。建立了网壳结构冲击响应的计算模型,定义了网壳结构在这种荷载作用下的失效模式,分析了各失效模式对应的动力响应特点,对失效机理进行了研究。分析了当网壳同时遭受两点冲击、三点冲击的动力响应,对三点冲击下的网壳结构的整体倒塌机理进行了研究。结果表明：对于单点冲击,对应的失效模式为轻度损伤、局部凹陷、局部冲切破坏。当冲击质量和速度均较小时,冲击能量较小,冲击点处的杆件有轻微的损伤；当速度较大时,一般发生的是局部冲切破坏,当质量较大,速度适中时,才会发生局部凹陷。网壳结构在最不利两点冲击和三点冲击下的失效机理为；由于局部凹陷形成、扩展、联通,导致结构最后动力倒塌。
(6)进行了缩尺模型的网壳结构的冲击试验,采用不同质量的冲击物对网壳结构的不同节点进行了冲击测试,分析了整体结构的动应力、动位移及加速度,和有限元结果进行了对比分析,研究了网壳结构的动力响应特点,验证了网壳结构在低速冲击下局部凹陷的失效模式。结果表明：冲击区域测点的响应明显大于非冲击区域的测点,主肋节点测点的响应大于其他测点的响应,说明冲击荷载产生的应力波主要沿冲击方向传播,沿环形传播的能量衰减的较快。不同冲击点产生的结构响应也不同,主肋靠近顶点的节点、中间部位的节点为不利加载点。
In recent years, because of the influence of various human factors or geological disasters, the accidents of buildings with serious damage occur frequently. If important large-span reticulated shells such as regional landmark buildings are damaged by some unintentional injuries such as great earthquakes and collision, it will not only cause great losses of life and property, but also have profound political influence. The fundamental task of structural design is to ensure the safety of structures, and preventing structural collapse is the baseline of ensuring structural safety. Making a collapse analysis and taking some measures to prevent dynamic collapse for long-span reticulated shells gathering large crowds will gradually become an important content of structure design.
The accidents causing the damage of building are either the earthquakes in nature or emergency collisions. Taking the spherical reticulated shells, including two forms of single-layer and double-layer reticulated shells, as the objects, this paper makes an analysis of dynamic response and the failure mode under the great earthquake and impact load, simulates the process of dynamic collapse and reveals the collapse mechanism with the method of combining numerical modeling and experimental research. Major contents are as follows:
(1) Based on the numerical modeling of structural collapse, nonlinear explicit dynamic program LS-DYNA is applied for the platform of numerical modeling. The related technologies and its difficulties of numerical modeling are analyzed and the elastoplastic damage constitutive model of steel was used by handling subroutine before self-documenting. The calculation process of dynamic collapse of spherical reticulated shells on the basis of IDA method is established and the judgment criteria of collapse based on the energy conservation have been proposed.
(2) Based on the dynamic analysis of single-layer spherical reticulated shell, failure modes of reticulated shell under strong earthquake are defined. The paper studies the dynamic response and failure characteristics of single-layer reticulated shell under earthquake, mainly simulates the whole process of structural collapse and reveals the collapse mechanism from the perspective of production and extension of dent. In addition, the paper also analyzes the factors affecting the ultimate bearing capacity of reticulated shell such as rise-span ratio, roof load and supporting structure, makes a dynamic collapse analysis under unsymmetrical load distribution and makes an analysis of dynamic process of vierendeel double-layer reticulated shell.
(3) The paper puts forward that adding perforating double-steel tube Buckling-Restrained Braces(BRBs) in the reticulated shell is an energy damping device and analyzes the energy dissipation. In addition, the paper puts forward the arrangement way of BRB on the single-layer and double-layer reticulated shell, analyzes the damping effects and makes a comparative analysis of the ultimate bearing capacity of reticulated shell with and without BRBs. The results show that the shell with BRBs has a good damping effect, and can improve the ultimate bearing capacity of the reticulated shell.
(4) The paper verifies the failure mode of single-layer reticulated shell under unsymmetrical load distribution by scale model shaking table test. The results show that the unsymmetrical load distribution will reduce the ultimate bearing capacity of the reticulated shell. In the design process, we should fully consider unsymmetrical load impact on dynamic stability of the reticulated shell.
(5) The paper studies the impact load with bigger quality and slower speed such as rockfall, analyzes the impact load, establishes the numerical model of reticulated shell under impact, defines the failure modes of reticulated Shell under impact, analyzes the dynamic response characteristics of every failure model and researches the failure mechanism. And the paper also analyzes the dynamic response when the reticulated shell is impacted by two nodes or three nodes and researches the dynamic collapsed mechanism of the reticulated shell under the impact of three nodes. The results show that as for the single node's impact, the failure mode is slightly damaged, local dent and local punching failure. When both of the quality and speed is small, the impact energy is small and the bar has a slight damage; only when the speed is bigger can local punching failure occur and only when the quality is bigger and the speed is moderate can local dent occur. The dynamic failure mechanism of shell under the impact of two nodes or three nodes is that the formation, extension and linking together of local dent finally lead to dynamic collapse.
(6) The paper carries out the impact tests on the reticulated shell of scaled model, tests on different nodes of reticulated shell by the impacted body with different qualities, analyzes the dynamic stress, dynamic displacement and acceleration supporting, makes a comparative analysis on the FEM results, researches the dynamic response characteristics of reticulated shell and verifies the failure model of local dent of reticulated shell under the low-velocity impact. The results show that the response of impact area is significantly greater than other area and the response of main ribs node is greater than the other response, which proves that the stress wave produced by the impact spread along the direction of impact and the energy attenuation is faster when spreading along the circular. The response impact by different points is different, the vertex and middle ribs node is the most adverse impact point.
造成建筑物失效破坏的突发事故既可是自然界中的突发地震,也可是意外的冲击。本文以球面网壳为研究对象,具体包括单层网壳、双层网壳两种形式,以数值模拟和试验研究相结合的方法,分析了强震和冲击荷载下网壳结构的动力响应、失效模式,模拟了动力倒塌的过程,并揭示了倒塌机理,主要内容如下：
(1)以结构倒塌的数值模拟为基础,选用显式动力非线性程序LS-DYNA作为数值模拟平台。对数值模拟的相关技术及其难点进行了分析,自编制前处理子程序,采用了钢材的弹塑性损伤本构模型。建立了基于IDA方法的球面网壳的动力倒塌的计算流程,提出了基于能量守恒的倒塌判断准则。
(2)通过对单层球面网壳结构的动力分析,定义了强震下网壳结构的失效模式。研究了单层网壳结构在强震下的动力响应和失效特征,重点模拟了结构倒塌的全过程,从凹陷产生、扩展的角度揭示了倒塌机理。对影响网壳结构极限承载力的影响因素,如：矢跨比、屋面荷载、有无下部支承结构进行了分析。对荷载分布不对称下的网壳结构进行了动力倒塌分析。对空腹双层网壳进行了动力全过程分析。
(3)提出了在网壳中增设开孔的双钢管约束屈曲支撑作为减震装置,对其耗能能力进行了分析。提出了在单层网壳、双层网壳中,约束屈曲支撑布置的方式,对其减震效果进行了分析。并对无约束屈曲支撑和有约束屈曲支撑的网壳的极限承载力进行了对比分析。结果表明,约束屈曲支撑具有较好的减震效果,并能提高网壳的极限承载力
(4)通过缩尺模型振动台试验,对网壳结构在不对称荷载作用下的动力失效模式进行了验证。结果表明：荷载不均匀分布会降低强震下网壳结构的极限承载力。在设计过程中,应充分考虑不对称荷载对网壳动力稳定性的影响。
(5)研究了如落石等这种质量较大、速度较小的冲击荷载,对冲击荷载进行了分析。建立了网壳结构冲击响应的计算模型,定义了网壳结构在这种荷载作用下的失效模式,分析了各失效模式对应的动力响应特点,对失效机理进行了研究。分析了当网壳同时遭受两点冲击、三点冲击的动力响应,对三点冲击下的网壳结构的整体倒塌机理进行了研究。结果表明：对于单点冲击,对应的失效模式为轻度损伤、局部凹陷、局部冲切破坏。当冲击质量和速度均较小时,冲击能量较小,冲击点处的杆件有轻微的损伤；当速度较大时,一般发生的是局部冲切破坏,当质量较大,速度适中时,才会发生局部凹陷。网壳结构在最不利两点冲击和三点冲击下的失效机理为；由于局部凹陷形成、扩展、联通,导致结构最后动力倒塌。
(6)进行了缩尺模型的网壳结构的冲击试验,采用不同质量的冲击物对网壳结构的不同节点进行了冲击测试,分析了整体结构的动应力、动位移及加速度,和有限元结果进行了对比分析,研究了网壳结构的动力响应特点,验证了网壳结构在低速冲击下局部凹陷的失效模式。结果表明：冲击区域测点的响应明显大于非冲击区域的测点,主肋节点测点的响应大于其他测点的响应,说明冲击荷载产生的应力波主要沿冲击方向传播,沿环形传播的能量衰减的较快。不同冲击点产生的结构响应也不同,主肋靠近顶点的节点、中间部位的节点为不利加载点。
In recent years, because of the influence of various human factors or geological disasters, the accidents of buildings with serious damage occur frequently. If important large-span reticulated shells such as regional landmark buildings are damaged by some unintentional injuries such as great earthquakes and collision, it will not only cause great losses of life and property, but also have profound political influence. The fundamental task of structural design is to ensure the safety of structures, and preventing structural collapse is the baseline of ensuring structural safety. Making a collapse analysis and taking some measures to prevent dynamic collapse for long-span reticulated shells gathering large crowds will gradually become an important content of structure design.
The accidents causing the damage of building are either the earthquakes in nature or emergency collisions. Taking the spherical reticulated shells, including two forms of single-layer and double-layer reticulated shells, as the objects, this paper makes an analysis of dynamic response and the failure mode under the great earthquake and impact load, simulates the process of dynamic collapse and reveals the collapse mechanism with the method of combining numerical modeling and experimental research. Major contents are as follows:
(1) Based on the numerical modeling of structural collapse, nonlinear explicit dynamic program LS-DYNA is applied for the platform of numerical modeling. The related technologies and its difficulties of numerical modeling are analyzed and the elastoplastic damage constitutive model of steel was used by handling subroutine before self-documenting. The calculation process of dynamic collapse of spherical reticulated shells on the basis of IDA method is established and the judgment criteria of collapse based on the energy conservation have been proposed.
(2) Based on the dynamic analysis of single-layer spherical reticulated shell, failure modes of reticulated shell under strong earthquake are defined. The paper studies the dynamic response and failure characteristics of single-layer reticulated shell under earthquake, mainly simulates the whole process of structural collapse and reveals the collapse mechanism from the perspective of production and extension of dent. In addition, the paper also analyzes the factors affecting the ultimate bearing capacity of reticulated shell such as rise-span ratio, roof load and supporting structure, makes a dynamic collapse analysis under unsymmetrical load distribution and makes an analysis of dynamic process of vierendeel double-layer reticulated shell.
(3) The paper puts forward that adding perforating double-steel tube Buckling-Restrained Braces(BRBs) in the reticulated shell is an energy damping device and analyzes the energy dissipation. In addition, the paper puts forward the arrangement way of BRB on the single-layer and double-layer reticulated shell, analyzes the damping effects and makes a comparative analysis of the ultimate bearing capacity of reticulated shell with and without BRBs. The results show that the shell with BRBs has a good damping effect, and can improve the ultimate bearing capacity of the reticulated shell.
(4) The paper verifies the failure mode of single-layer reticulated shell under unsymmetrical load distribution by scale model shaking table test. The results show that the unsymmetrical load distribution will reduce the ultimate bearing capacity of the reticulated shell. In the design process, we should fully consider unsymmetrical load impact on dynamic stability of the reticulated shell.
(5) The paper studies the impact load with bigger quality and slower speed such as rockfall, analyzes the impact load, establishes the numerical model of reticulated shell under impact, defines the failure modes of reticulated Shell under impact, analyzes the dynamic response characteristics of every failure model and researches the failure mechanism. And the paper also analyzes the dynamic response when the reticulated shell is impacted by two nodes or three nodes and researches the dynamic collapsed mechanism of the reticulated shell under the impact of three nodes. The results show that as for the single node's impact, the failure mode is slightly damaged, local dent and local punching failure. When both of the quality and speed is small, the impact energy is small and the bar has a slight damage; only when the speed is bigger can local punching failure occur and only when the quality is bigger and the speed is moderate can local dent occur. The dynamic failure mechanism of shell under the impact of two nodes or three nodes is that the formation, extension and linking together of local dent finally lead to dynamic collapse.
(6) The paper carries out the impact tests on the reticulated shell of scaled model, tests on different nodes of reticulated shell by the impacted body with different qualities, analyzes the dynamic stress, dynamic displacement and acceleration supporting, makes a comparative analysis on the FEM results, researches the dynamic response characteristics of reticulated shell and verifies the failure model of local dent of reticulated shell under the low-velocity impact. The results show that the response of impact area is significantly greater than other area and the response of main ribs node is greater than the other response, which proves that the stress wave produced by the impact spread along the direction of impact and the energy attenuation is faster when spreading along the circular. The response impact by different points is different, the vertex and middle ribs node is the most adverse impact point.
引文
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