红柳抗冲蚀特性与机理的仿生研究
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摘要
抗冲蚀磨损仿生表面的研究，在风机叶片、水泵叶片、涡轮叶片、直升机螺旋桨和飞机发动机等方面具有重要的科学意义和应用价值。本文研究了红柳的抗冲蚀磨损特性和机理，设计加工了抗冲蚀仿生表面试样和离心风机仿生表面叶片，研究了其冲蚀磨损特性，利用红柳内部孔道分布特性，对环氧树脂冲蚀磨损表面进行了仿生自修复的探索性研究。
采集吉林白城地区和新疆阿克苏地区的红柳，分析了红柳采集地的气候特征；以白城地区采集的红柳为生物原型，通过体视显微镜和逆向工程等分析迎风面和背风面的体表形态差异；通过扫描电镜、傅里叶红外变换光谱和X射线衍射仪等设备分析红柳内部横切面和弦切面的形态、结构特征、化学成分（有机和无机成分）差异；通过万能试验机和纳米压痕仪等设备，测试、计算红柳内部从迎风面到背风面强度、弹性模量、硬度和残余应力等力学性能变化规律；探讨了红柳偏心形态结构的方向性规律，分析了红柳体表形态、内部偏心结构和残余应力之间的关系，揭示了红柳抗冲蚀磨损机理；在Q235钢表面设计并加工了抗冲蚀磨损仿生表面试样和离心风机仿生表面叶片，通过射流式冲蚀测试装置和自行设计、搭建的离心风机叶片冲蚀测试装置，进行了相应的冲蚀磨损性能测试，研究了冲蚀粒子在仿生表面产生的粒子二次冲蚀现象和机理，分析了红柳及其炭化后的内部孔道分布特性，利用其孔道特性，进行了环氧树脂冲蚀磨损表面自修复性能的探索性研究。
红柳迎风面体表的沟槽形态特征，比背风面具有更好的抗冲蚀磨损性能；迎风面展示出了高硬度、高弹性模量等优异的力学性能，使其具有良好的抗冲蚀磨损性能；迎风面受到风沙冲蚀刺激后，细胞分裂速度快，导致迎风面年轮宽度大于背风面年轮宽度，年轮宽度的增加使迎风面体表的拉应力增大，较大的拉应力促进了体表裂纹的形成，裂纹的形成使体表拉应力降低，应力的降低促进了细胞的快速分裂；仿生表面试样和离心风机仿生表面叶片展示出良好的抗冲蚀磨损性能，与光滑试样相比，在最优试验点抗冲蚀磨损性能分别提高了约26%和29%；红柳内部孔道立体网状互通，利用红柳及其炭化后的孔道，成功进行了环氧树脂冲蚀磨损表面的自修复，为进一步抗冲蚀功能表面的仿生工程应用和自修复功能表面的设计、制备，提供了理论基础和新的思路。
Erosive wear is caused by particles that impinge on a materials surface at an angleof impingement and an impact velocity, and remove material from that surface due tomomentum effects. Helicopter propeller, aircraft engines and centrifugal fan blades areimportant mechanical parts. The tiny particles in the gas stream strike the blade surfacewhen the blades work in the gas–solid media. Erosive wear failure may occur on theblade surface. Erosion not only consumes energy and material, decreases equipmentefficiency, but also accelerates equipment failure and causes frequent componentreplacement, which lead to significant economic losses. Hence, researching on materialerosion, including the mechanism, erosion factors, and optimal selection of materials,plays a significant role in saving the materials, reducing energy consumption, andimproving economic efficiency. The general methods used to reduce erosion wear byresearchers involved enhancing the wear resistance of the material surface using texturemediated wear, friction–resistance surfaces, wear–resistant materials or coating materialswith better wear resistance.
Biomimetics or bionics, a cutting–edge science, was born in1960s. Biomimetics isan emerging science of the mutual penetration and combination of biology, mathematics,materials science and engineering science. Organism forms a number of special featuresin the long process of evolution. It can effectively solve many major engineeringproblems by learning and imitating these special features. The biological characteristicsand mechanism of erosion resistant of the tamarisk (Tamarix Aphylla) were studied inthis paper. A new approach was to improve the erosion resistance of mechanical partsbased on the idea of biomimetics.
This paper selects typical desert plants—tamarisk as a biological prototype. Thetamarisk was collected in Baicheng City, Jilin Province and Aksu Prefecture, XinjiangUygur Autonomous Region. The climate of two regions was analyzed. It is provided abasis for research the relationships between wind sand erosion and morphologicalstructure of the tamarisk. The windward side and leeward side surface morphology offive different diameters tamarisk in Baicheng city were analyzed by the OpticalMicroscope and reverse engineering techniques. The ring structure of the transversesection and the structure of the tangential section of the tamarisk were studied by theScanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). The results show that the tamarisk lives in thedrought, high salinity levels and frequent sandstorms environment. The size of thewindward side surface grooves cracks was greater than that of the leeward side. Thenumber of the windward side surface grooves cracks was more than that of the leewardside. The eccentric growth of the tamarisk was a universal phenomenon. The windwardside ring width was greater than that of the leeward side.
The lignin, cellulose, hemi-cellulose and CaC2O4components of the windward side,transition zone and leeward side of the tamarisk were analyzed by Fourier TransformInfrared Spectroscopy (FTIS), Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy (EDS) and X–raydiffraction (XRD). Their distribution was revealed. Biomechanical properties and theirdistribution of the tamarisk, strength, hardness, modulus of elasticity, toughness andresidual stress, were tested by the Universal Testing Machine (UTM) andNanoindentation. The results show that the lignin, cellulose and CaC2O4of the tamariskwindward side were higher than that of the leeward side. The comprehensivebiomechanical properties of the windward side were superior to that of the leeward side.The tensile stress of the windward side surface was greater than that of the second edgesurface.
The surface and interior erosion performances of the windward side and leewardside of five different diameters tamarisk were tested by erosion testing device. Thetamarisk in Aksu Prefecture was as evidence. The regular pattern of the directioneccentric structure was analyzed. The relationships of wind-sand erosion, surfacemorphology, internal structure and biomechanical properties were studied. The erosionresistance mechanism of the tamarisk was revealed from the perspective of the surfacemorphology and biomechanics. The results show that the windward side surface andinterior erosion performance of the tamarisk have better erosion resistance propertiesthan that of the leeward side. The wind-sand erosion direction was consistent with the direction of the width ring. The Eccentric growth of the tamarisk was due to rapid celldivision. The directionally eccentric growth rings of tamarisk, which are attributed toreduced stress and accelerated cell division, promote the formation of surface cracks. Thewindward rings are more extensive than the leeward side rings. The windward surfacesare more prone to cracks.
The three kinds of biomimetic models, square groove, V–shaped groove andU–shaped groove, were established on the basis of the surface morphology of thetamarisk. The biomimetic surfaces were designed and processed on the Q235steelsurface. And the erosion performance of the biomimetic samples was tested. Thebiomimetic surface erosion morphology and surface micro-strain were analyzed andcalculated by SEM and XRD. The secondary erosion mechanism in the biomimeticsurface was revealed. The results show that the optimum design parameters ofbiomimetic surfaces were as follows: V–shaped groove, groove size of3mm, groovedistance of2mm. Compared with smooth sample, the best combination of biomimeticsample could effectively improve erosion resistance performance, which increased byabout26%. The presence of the rib of the biomimetic groove surface increased erosivewear of the surface in a distal position with respect to the rib itself. Some erosionparticles rebounded backwards after impacting on the ribs. Then, they impacted on thedistal position.
The erosion characteristic of the impeller blades of centrifugal fan was designed andprocessedon the basis of the results of biomimetic erosion resistance surface samples test.The biomimetic surface blades were tested by the centrifugal fan blade surface erosivewear testing device. The experimental scheme was arranged according to the experimentoptimized technology. The biomimetic blade surface morphology, size and spacing forthe influence of erosive wear characteristic were analyzed by the range analysis and theregression analysis. The results show that the bionic blades of centrifugal fan had a gooderosion resistance performance. The optimum design parameters of bionic blades were asfollows: V–groove surface, groove size of4mm, groove distance of2mm. The bionicblades could effectively improve erosion resistance performance of the impeller, whichincreased by about29%. The regression equation for V–shaped groove isy_V=74.84-1.83z_2+4.33z_3Where groove size z2, groove distance z3.
The distribution of the large–diameter cells and the micro cells in the cell wall of the transverse section and tangential section of the tamarisk and its charring was studied. Theepoxy erosive surface self-healing model using the channel of the tamarisk wasestablished. The Liquid epoxy resin flowing characteristics inside the tamarisk channelwere analyzed. The biomimetic self-healing properties of the epoxy eroded surface werestudied. The results show that the epoxy eroded surface was successful healing by usingchannel of the tamarisk and its charring. The epoxy had better flowing properties of thecharring than that of the tamarisk. It provides the new ideas and methods to designself-repair materials.
采集吉林白城地区和新疆阿克苏地区的红柳，分析了红柳采集地的气候特征；以白城地区采集的红柳为生物原型，通过体视显微镜和逆向工程等分析迎风面和背风面的体表形态差异；通过扫描电镜、傅里叶红外变换光谱和X射线衍射仪等设备分析红柳内部横切面和弦切面的形态、结构特征、化学成分（有机和无机成分）差异；通过万能试验机和纳米压痕仪等设备，测试、计算红柳内部从迎风面到背风面强度、弹性模量、硬度和残余应力等力学性能变化规律；探讨了红柳偏心形态结构的方向性规律，分析了红柳体表形态、内部偏心结构和残余应力之间的关系，揭示了红柳抗冲蚀磨损机理；在Q235钢表面设计并加工了抗冲蚀磨损仿生表面试样和离心风机仿生表面叶片，通过射流式冲蚀测试装置和自行设计、搭建的离心风机叶片冲蚀测试装置，进行了相应的冲蚀磨损性能测试，研究了冲蚀粒子在仿生表面产生的粒子二次冲蚀现象和机理，分析了红柳及其炭化后的内部孔道分布特性，利用其孔道特性，进行了环氧树脂冲蚀磨损表面自修复性能的探索性研究。
红柳迎风面体表的沟槽形态特征，比背风面具有更好的抗冲蚀磨损性能；迎风面展示出了高硬度、高弹性模量等优异的力学性能，使其具有良好的抗冲蚀磨损性能；迎风面受到风沙冲蚀刺激后，细胞分裂速度快，导致迎风面年轮宽度大于背风面年轮宽度，年轮宽度的增加使迎风面体表的拉应力增大，较大的拉应力促进了体表裂纹的形成，裂纹的形成使体表拉应力降低，应力的降低促进了细胞的快速分裂；仿生表面试样和离心风机仿生表面叶片展示出良好的抗冲蚀磨损性能，与光滑试样相比，在最优试验点抗冲蚀磨损性能分别提高了约26%和29%；红柳内部孔道立体网状互通，利用红柳及其炭化后的孔道，成功进行了环氧树脂冲蚀磨损表面的自修复，为进一步抗冲蚀功能表面的仿生工程应用和自修复功能表面的设计、制备，提供了理论基础和新的思路。
Erosive wear is caused by particles that impinge on a materials surface at an angleof impingement and an impact velocity, and remove material from that surface due tomomentum effects. Helicopter propeller, aircraft engines and centrifugal fan blades areimportant mechanical parts. The tiny particles in the gas stream strike the blade surfacewhen the blades work in the gas–solid media. Erosive wear failure may occur on theblade surface. Erosion not only consumes energy and material, decreases equipmentefficiency, but also accelerates equipment failure and causes frequent componentreplacement, which lead to significant economic losses. Hence, researching on materialerosion, including the mechanism, erosion factors, and optimal selection of materials,plays a significant role in saving the materials, reducing energy consumption, andimproving economic efficiency. The general methods used to reduce erosion wear byresearchers involved enhancing the wear resistance of the material surface using texturemediated wear, friction–resistance surfaces, wear–resistant materials or coating materialswith better wear resistance.
Biomimetics or bionics, a cutting–edge science, was born in1960s. Biomimetics isan emerging science of the mutual penetration and combination of biology, mathematics,materials science and engineering science. Organism forms a number of special featuresin the long process of evolution. It can effectively solve many major engineeringproblems by learning and imitating these special features. The biological characteristicsand mechanism of erosion resistant of the tamarisk (Tamarix Aphylla) were studied inthis paper. A new approach was to improve the erosion resistance of mechanical partsbased on the idea of biomimetics.
This paper selects typical desert plants—tamarisk as a biological prototype. Thetamarisk was collected in Baicheng City, Jilin Province and Aksu Prefecture, XinjiangUygur Autonomous Region. The climate of two regions was analyzed. It is provided abasis for research the relationships between wind sand erosion and morphologicalstructure of the tamarisk. The windward side and leeward side surface morphology offive different diameters tamarisk in Baicheng city were analyzed by the OpticalMicroscope and reverse engineering techniques. The ring structure of the transversesection and the structure of the tangential section of the tamarisk were studied by theScanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). The results show that the tamarisk lives in thedrought, high salinity levels and frequent sandstorms environment. The size of thewindward side surface grooves cracks was greater than that of the leeward side. Thenumber of the windward side surface grooves cracks was more than that of the leewardside. The eccentric growth of the tamarisk was a universal phenomenon. The windwardside ring width was greater than that of the leeward side.
The lignin, cellulose, hemi-cellulose and CaC2O4components of the windward side,transition zone and leeward side of the tamarisk were analyzed by Fourier TransformInfrared Spectroscopy (FTIS), Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy (EDS) and X–raydiffraction (XRD). Their distribution was revealed. Biomechanical properties and theirdistribution of the tamarisk, strength, hardness, modulus of elasticity, toughness andresidual stress, were tested by the Universal Testing Machine (UTM) andNanoindentation. The results show that the lignin, cellulose and CaC2O4of the tamariskwindward side were higher than that of the leeward side. The comprehensivebiomechanical properties of the windward side were superior to that of the leeward side.The tensile stress of the windward side surface was greater than that of the second edgesurface.
The surface and interior erosion performances of the windward side and leewardside of five different diameters tamarisk were tested by erosion testing device. Thetamarisk in Aksu Prefecture was as evidence. The regular pattern of the directioneccentric structure was analyzed. The relationships of wind-sand erosion, surfacemorphology, internal structure and biomechanical properties were studied. The erosionresistance mechanism of the tamarisk was revealed from the perspective of the surfacemorphology and biomechanics. The results show that the windward side surface andinterior erosion performance of the tamarisk have better erosion resistance propertiesthan that of the leeward side. The wind-sand erosion direction was consistent with the direction of the width ring. The Eccentric growth of the tamarisk was due to rapid celldivision. The directionally eccentric growth rings of tamarisk, which are attributed toreduced stress and accelerated cell division, promote the formation of surface cracks. Thewindward rings are more extensive than the leeward side rings. The windward surfacesare more prone to cracks.
The three kinds of biomimetic models, square groove, V–shaped groove andU–shaped groove, were established on the basis of the surface morphology of thetamarisk. The biomimetic surfaces were designed and processed on the Q235steelsurface. And the erosion performance of the biomimetic samples was tested. Thebiomimetic surface erosion morphology and surface micro-strain were analyzed andcalculated by SEM and XRD. The secondary erosion mechanism in the biomimeticsurface was revealed. The results show that the optimum design parameters ofbiomimetic surfaces were as follows: V–shaped groove, groove size of3mm, groovedistance of2mm. Compared with smooth sample, the best combination of biomimeticsample could effectively improve erosion resistance performance, which increased byabout26%. The presence of the rib of the biomimetic groove surface increased erosivewear of the surface in a distal position with respect to the rib itself. Some erosionparticles rebounded backwards after impacting on the ribs. Then, they impacted on thedistal position.
The erosion characteristic of the impeller blades of centrifugal fan was designed andprocessedon the basis of the results of biomimetic erosion resistance surface samples test.The biomimetic surface blades were tested by the centrifugal fan blade surface erosivewear testing device. The experimental scheme was arranged according to the experimentoptimized technology. The biomimetic blade surface morphology, size and spacing forthe influence of erosive wear characteristic were analyzed by the range analysis and theregression analysis. The results show that the bionic blades of centrifugal fan had a gooderosion resistance performance. The optimum design parameters of bionic blades were asfollows: V–groove surface, groove size of4mm, groove distance of2mm. The bionicblades could effectively improve erosion resistance performance of the impeller, whichincreased by about29%. The regression equation for V–shaped groove isy_V=74.84-1.83z_2+4.33z_3Where groove size z2, groove distance z3.
The distribution of the large–diameter cells and the micro cells in the cell wall of the transverse section and tangential section of the tamarisk and its charring was studied. Theepoxy erosive surface self-healing model using the channel of the tamarisk wasestablished. The Liquid epoxy resin flowing characteristics inside the tamarisk channelwere analyzed. The biomimetic self-healing properties of the epoxy eroded surface werestudied. The results show that the epoxy eroded surface was successful healing by usingchannel of the tamarisk and its charring. The epoxy had better flowing properties of thecharring than that of the tamarisk. It provides the new ideas and methods to designself-repair materials.
引文
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