含硒蛋白质（多肽）的制备及其抗氧化效应研究
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摘要
自由基在机体内普遍存在，并且依赖抗氧化防御系统维持一种动态的平衡。抗氧化防御系统中的抗氧化剂分为酶类和非酶类两种，其中酶类抗氧化剂，即抗氧化酶发挥主要的作用。当机体发生某些疾病时，抗氧化防御系统中的抗氧化剂不能满足机体需要时，外源性抗氧化剂成为防治疾病的一类药物。但提取天然抗氧化酶作为药物成本高、来源有限，且天然酶还有分子量大、稳定性差等缺陷，限制了其应用。因此制备抗氧化模拟酶就成为获取外源性抗氧化剂的一种重要策略。
谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶（GPx）是一种能够催化多种自由基分解的抗氧化酶，它在维持机体内氧化还原平衡过程中发挥重要作用，从而减少自由基对机体的损伤。GPx是一种含硒酶，同时研究发现机体内大部分含硒蛋白均具有抗氧化活性。因此，硒蛋白作为保护性治疗氧化应激相关疾病的药物越来越受关注。目前，制备硒蛋白的方法有化学合成、化学修饰、半胱氨酸缺陷表达和硒代半胱氨酸通读表达等方法。其中后二者属于基因工程方法，是近年来研究的热点。开发一种成本低、工艺简单，且具有较高抗氧化活性的含硒模拟酶，不仅可以获得更多潜在的抗氧化药物，也有助于研究机体天然抗氧化酶的催化作用机制。本研究的主要目的就是探索和优化硒蛋白的制备方法，制备具有一定抗氧化活性的硒蛋白，并在亚细胞和细胞水平研究硒蛋白的抗氧化作用。主要开展了以下工作：
利用生物信息学方法和计算机辅助分子设计方法对人源性scFv进行3D建模，并再用计算机模拟筛选与GSH结合力较高的人源性scFv，获得Se-scFv-WCD1模型。将scFv-WCD1基因序列克隆到表达载体pET22b(+)上，用E. coli BL21(DE3)进行可溶性表达后，通过Ni2+螯合的固定化金属亲和层析（IMAC）纯化获得了scFv-WCD1蛋白。化学修饰法制备Se-scFv-WCD1并鉴定其酶学性质。Se-scFv-WCD1具有较高的GPx活性，其反应动力学为典型的乒乓机制。人源性Se-scFv-WCD1的成功制备，节省了噬菌体库多轮筛选的成本，说明计算机虚拟筛选结合化学修饰法制备含硒抗氧化模拟酶的策略是可以广泛适用的。
应用SPP系统联合化学修饰法制备了Se-scFv-WCD1-lessACA。在表达阶段，SPP系统的成功应用，直接表达出较纯的scFv-WCD1-lessACA蛋白，省略了蛋白质的纯化过程。这节约了大量用于蛋白纯化的实验材料以及所需的时间。通过酶学性质鉴定证明，利用SPP系统联合化学修饰法制备的Se-scFv-WCD1-lessACA与以往实验中按常规方法制备的Se-scFv-WCD1表现出相同的酶学活性，如GPx活性、GSH结合常数、最适pH值、最适温度和酶反应动力学常数等。此外，Se-scFv-WCD1-lessACA具有较强的抗氧化活性，可以保护Fe2+/VC对线粒体的损伤。这为硒蛋白的制备和新型抗氧化药物的开发提供了技术支持。
利用SPP系统联合Cys缺陷表达技术制备了具有SOD和GPx双酶活性的含硒65肽。Se-CuZn-65P是本研究组以前的研究中根据天然SOD3的同源序列同一段具有GPx活性的15连接而成，它在Xanthine/XOD/Fe2+损伤模型中显示出高SOD和GPx活性。而在SPP系统中利用Cys缺陷表达技术制备的Se-CuZn-65P也具有较高的SOD和GPx活性。通过Tricine-SDS-PAGE电泳、RP-HPLC和MALDI-TOF MS的实验结果证明这中硒蛋白的制备策略可以成功地获得较高纯度的Se-CuZn-65P。同时，本课题组利用乙醇诱导的L02细胞建立了酒精肝细胞损伤模型来鉴定其抗氧化活性。细胞增殖实验结果表明Se-CuZn-65P不仅几乎没有细胞毒性，而且能提高乙醇诱导损伤L02细胞存活率、迁移率等。TUNEL和FCM实验证明Se-CuZn-65P还能抑制乙醇诱导的L02细胞凋亡，主要表现在抑制细胞核形态学上的损伤。其抑制机制可能是Se-CuZn-65P降低乙醇引起的氧化损伤，从而降低了促凋亡基因与抗凋亡基因的比率，减少了细胞凋亡线粒体途径中Procaspase-3和PARP蛋白的切割。综上所述，Se-CuZn-65P对乙醇诱导的L02细胞损伤有保护作用，并可能成为一种潜在的预防ALD的药物。
Free radical (FR) is a normal metabolism product in the body, and it plays animportant biological role such as bactericidal potency, virus inhibition inflammationelimination, etc. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) is the most important category of FR,including superoxide anions (O2s), hydroxyl radical (HO·), hydrogen peroxy radical(HOO·), singlet oxygen (1O2), etc. But, the accumulation of FR in the body will leadto excessive oxidation reactions under the incentive effect of smoking, alcoholism,radiation, inhalation of contaminated air, etc. And then, the injury of body could becaused. This phenomenon is known as oxidative stress. FR can irreversibly damage tounsaturated fatty acids, proteins, nucleic acids and any other important biologicalmacromolecules under the oxidative status. Furthermore, some diseases could occur,example for cancer, cardiovascular disease, hemorrhagic shock, ischemia reperfusioninjury, atherosclerosis, etc.
There is an antioxidant defense system in the body. This system can be set tomaintain balances of FR. Antioxidants include two kinds of enzymes and non-enzymes, within the antioxidant enzymes i.e. antioxidase exert a major function.Natural antioxidant enzymes consists of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT),glutathione peroxidase (GPx), glutathione S-transferase (GST), glutathione reductase(GSR), etc. Since natural antioxidant enzyme possess a lot of defection, such as highcost for extract, a large molecular weight, poor stability, which limits theirpharmaceutical applications. So, the antioxidant drugs, which were from artificialantioxidant mimics prepared according to the natural antioxidant enzyme as a model,become a research hotspot in recent years. Among them, the studies about GPxenzyme mimic absorb more attention of scholars. Currently, GPx enzyme mimics include organic selenium compounds, metal complex, selenoprotein, supermolecularnanoenzyme, etc. Previous research has shown that most selenoprotein are enzymeswith antioxidant activity in the body, such as glutathione peroxidases (GPx),iodothyronine deiodinases (ID), thioredoxin reductases (TrxR), etc. Thus,selenoprotein become the development goal of antioxidant drug. In this study, threescenarios were used for the preparation of selenoproteins, which are computer-aidedmolecular design combined with chemical modification, single-protein production(SPP) system combined with chemical modification and SPP system combined withcysteine auxotrophic expression technique, respectively. Meanwhile, the biologicaleffects of selenoprotein prepared by the above-mentioned scenarios were investigatedin subcellular and cellular levels. Thereby optimize the preparation process ofselenoproteins and explore the mechanism of antioxidant selenoproteins.
1. Preparation of selenoproteins with antioxidant activity by the method ofcomputer-aided molecular design combined with chemical modification
Screening technologies of selenoproteins with high antioxidant activity in thelaboratory involve the inducement method, the copy method, the introduction methodand phage antibody library display technique. However, these methods are complexand costly. The use of simulate screening via computer-aided molecular designmethod similar to drug screening can solve these problems, which instead of previousscreening method in laboratory. Researches on protein structure indicate that thefolded forms of the protein backbone are very limited. This inspired us to carry out alarge number of simulate screening to selenoproteins by means of the transformationabout the protein backbone according to the structure of the natural antioxidantenzymes, for instance substitutions of amino acid, insertions or delete of peptidefragments, and the fusion of domains. In this study, a novel human scFv was designedon the basis of the structure of human antibody and optimized via bioinformaticsmethods such as homologous sequence analysis, three-dimensional (3D) modelbuilding, binding-site analysis and docking. The new scFv was named WCD1, whichhas a higher binding capacity to GSH. The DNA sequence of the human scFv-WCD1was synthesized and cloned into the expression vector pET22b(+), then scFv-WCD1protein was expressed in soluble form in Escherichia coli (E. coli) BL21(DE3) andpurified by Ni2+-immobilized metal affinity chromatography (IMAC). The serineresidue of scFv in the active site was converted into selenocysteine (Sec) with the chemical modification method, thus, the human Se-scFv-WCD1with GPx activitywas obtained. And it exhibited a typical ping-pong kinetic mechanism. This showsthat the combination method of chemical modification and computer virtual screeningwas a clever strategy for preparation of antioxidant mimics, human Se-scFv. Thisscenario saves a lot of costs for multiple rounds screening used by phage antibodylibrary display technique.
2. Preparation of selenoproteins with antioxidant activity by the method of SPPsystem combined with chemical modification
Large-scale preparation strategy of protein through recombination technology ofgenetic engineering has been very mature.While this solves the problem about limitedresources of natural antioxidant enzymes, but a new trouble was also was brought.The new trouble was time-consuming, labor-intensive and high cost in the purificationprocess of protein. The SPP system can save purification cost through the productionof a single protein, because MazF of the SPP system can degrade almost all ACAsequence of mRNA in the intracellular. Therefore, ACA sequence in scFv-WCD1mRNA was knocked out used the codon degeneracy in a case without changing theamino acid sequence. The scFv-WCD1-lessACA can be only expressed in SPPsystem and no other background proteins in the cells could be expressed. Then, Secwas incorporated into the scFv-WCD1-lessACA by chemical modification andresulted in Se-scFv-WCD1-lessACA. The enzymatic characteristics ofSe-scFv-WCD1-lessACA were determined. Se-scFv-WCD1-lessACA andSe-scFv-WCD1have the same properties, such as GPx activity, the binding constantfor GSH, optimal pH, optimal temperature and enzyme kinetics. Moreover,Se-scFv-WCD1-lessACA was confirmed to have a strong antioxidant ability toprotect mitochondria against oxidative damage induced by Fe2+/VC(mitochondrialdamage model). This saves a lot of time and test material required for the purificationof proteins.
3. Preparation of selenoproteins with antioxidant activity by the method of SPPsystem combined with cysteine auxotrophic expression technique
Various antioxidant enzymes can act cooperatively to scavenge the FR, in orderto the balance of oxidation-reduction system in body. Therefore, the research on thesynergism of multi-function antioxidant mimic is imperative. Recently, it wasdiscovered that the synergy between GPx and SOD plays a vital role in the antioxidant defense system. So, a65-mer peptide imitates (Se-CuZn-65P) of SOD andGPx was designed on the basis of native enzyme structural models under the aid ofthe computer, which contains a delicate dual-activity center based on the homologoussequence alignment in natural SOD3active center and the15-mer peptide with a GSHbinding site. The structure of Se-CuZn-65P contains that form the domains of theactive center of SOD and the catalytic triad of GPx upon the incorporation of Cu2+and Zn2+metals. And then, Se-CuZn-65P is expressed through the SPP systemcombined with cysteine auxotrophic expression technique. The results from Tricine-SDS-PAGE electrophoresis, RP-HPLC and MALDI-TOF MS show that the highpurity Se-CuZn-65P could be obtained successfully by this strategy. Enzymaticcharacterization also found that Se-CuZn-65P has higher SOD and GPx activity. It notonly efficiently effectuates fixed-point insertion of Sec, but also does not affect thespatial conformation and catalytic activity of the protein. The cell model of alcoholicliver disease (ALD) by way of ethanol induced L02cells was established forinvestigate the antioxidant activity of Se-CuZn-65P at the cellular level. The resultsdemonstrated that Se-CuZn-65P is not only almost no cytotoxicity, but also increaseincrease of cell viability, migration and decrease of ROS, malondialdehyde (MDA),lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), aspartate aminotransferase (AST). Se-CuZn-65P canalso inhibit apoptosis. Research on the mechanism of apoptosis revealed thatSe-CuZn-65P can maintain the integrity of the nucleus, and induce cell apoptosisthrough mitochondrial pathway. So Se-CuZn-65P has potential application forprevention of ALD.
In summary, Strategies for preparation of selenoproteins can product a largenumber of antioxidant enzyme mimics with high purity and high activity in this study.The technical support was provided for preparation of selenoprotein and exploitationof novel selenium-containing antioxidant drug. It establishes the basis of clarificationabout catalytic mechanism and synergism of antioxidant enzymes.
谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶（GPx）是一种能够催化多种自由基分解的抗氧化酶，它在维持机体内氧化还原平衡过程中发挥重要作用，从而减少自由基对机体的损伤。GPx是一种含硒酶，同时研究发现机体内大部分含硒蛋白均具有抗氧化活性。因此，硒蛋白作为保护性治疗氧化应激相关疾病的药物越来越受关注。目前，制备硒蛋白的方法有化学合成、化学修饰、半胱氨酸缺陷表达和硒代半胱氨酸通读表达等方法。其中后二者属于基因工程方法，是近年来研究的热点。开发一种成本低、工艺简单，且具有较高抗氧化活性的含硒模拟酶，不仅可以获得更多潜在的抗氧化药物，也有助于研究机体天然抗氧化酶的催化作用机制。本研究的主要目的就是探索和优化硒蛋白的制备方法，制备具有一定抗氧化活性的硒蛋白，并在亚细胞和细胞水平研究硒蛋白的抗氧化作用。主要开展了以下工作：
利用生物信息学方法和计算机辅助分子设计方法对人源性scFv进行3D建模，并再用计算机模拟筛选与GSH结合力较高的人源性scFv，获得Se-scFv-WCD1模型。将scFv-WCD1基因序列克隆到表达载体pET22b(+)上，用E. coli BL21(DE3)进行可溶性表达后，通过Ni2+螯合的固定化金属亲和层析（IMAC）纯化获得了scFv-WCD1蛋白。化学修饰法制备Se-scFv-WCD1并鉴定其酶学性质。Se-scFv-WCD1具有较高的GPx活性，其反应动力学为典型的乒乓机制。人源性Se-scFv-WCD1的成功制备，节省了噬菌体库多轮筛选的成本，说明计算机虚拟筛选结合化学修饰法制备含硒抗氧化模拟酶的策略是可以广泛适用的。
应用SPP系统联合化学修饰法制备了Se-scFv-WCD1-lessACA。在表达阶段，SPP系统的成功应用，直接表达出较纯的scFv-WCD1-lessACA蛋白，省略了蛋白质的纯化过程。这节约了大量用于蛋白纯化的实验材料以及所需的时间。通过酶学性质鉴定证明，利用SPP系统联合化学修饰法制备的Se-scFv-WCD1-lessACA与以往实验中按常规方法制备的Se-scFv-WCD1表现出相同的酶学活性，如GPx活性、GSH结合常数、最适pH值、最适温度和酶反应动力学常数等。此外，Se-scFv-WCD1-lessACA具有较强的抗氧化活性，可以保护Fe2+/VC对线粒体的损伤。这为硒蛋白的制备和新型抗氧化药物的开发提供了技术支持。
利用SPP系统联合Cys缺陷表达技术制备了具有SOD和GPx双酶活性的含硒65肽。Se-CuZn-65P是本研究组以前的研究中根据天然SOD3的同源序列同一段具有GPx活性的15连接而成，它在Xanthine/XOD/Fe2+损伤模型中显示出高SOD和GPx活性。而在SPP系统中利用Cys缺陷表达技术制备的Se-CuZn-65P也具有较高的SOD和GPx活性。通过Tricine-SDS-PAGE电泳、RP-HPLC和MALDI-TOF MS的实验结果证明这中硒蛋白的制备策略可以成功地获得较高纯度的Se-CuZn-65P。同时，本课题组利用乙醇诱导的L02细胞建立了酒精肝细胞损伤模型来鉴定其抗氧化活性。细胞增殖实验结果表明Se-CuZn-65P不仅几乎没有细胞毒性，而且能提高乙醇诱导损伤L02细胞存活率、迁移率等。TUNEL和FCM实验证明Se-CuZn-65P还能抑制乙醇诱导的L02细胞凋亡，主要表现在抑制细胞核形态学上的损伤。其抑制机制可能是Se-CuZn-65P降低乙醇引起的氧化损伤，从而降低了促凋亡基因与抗凋亡基因的比率，减少了细胞凋亡线粒体途径中Procaspase-3和PARP蛋白的切割。综上所述，Se-CuZn-65P对乙醇诱导的L02细胞损伤有保护作用，并可能成为一种潜在的预防ALD的药物。
Free radical (FR) is a normal metabolism product in the body, and it plays animportant biological role such as bactericidal potency, virus inhibition inflammationelimination, etc. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) is the most important category of FR,including superoxide anions (O2s), hydroxyl radical (HO·), hydrogen peroxy radical(HOO·), singlet oxygen (1O2), etc. But, the accumulation of FR in the body will leadto excessive oxidation reactions under the incentive effect of smoking, alcoholism,radiation, inhalation of contaminated air, etc. And then, the injury of body could becaused. This phenomenon is known as oxidative stress. FR can irreversibly damage tounsaturated fatty acids, proteins, nucleic acids and any other important biologicalmacromolecules under the oxidative status. Furthermore, some diseases could occur,example for cancer, cardiovascular disease, hemorrhagic shock, ischemia reperfusioninjury, atherosclerosis, etc.
There is an antioxidant defense system in the body. This system can be set tomaintain balances of FR. Antioxidants include two kinds of enzymes and non-enzymes, within the antioxidant enzymes i.e. antioxidase exert a major function.Natural antioxidant enzymes consists of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT),glutathione peroxidase (GPx), glutathione S-transferase (GST), glutathione reductase(GSR), etc. Since natural antioxidant enzyme possess a lot of defection, such as highcost for extract, a large molecular weight, poor stability, which limits theirpharmaceutical applications. So, the antioxidant drugs, which were from artificialantioxidant mimics prepared according to the natural antioxidant enzyme as a model,become a research hotspot in recent years. Among them, the studies about GPxenzyme mimic absorb more attention of scholars. Currently, GPx enzyme mimics include organic selenium compounds, metal complex, selenoprotein, supermolecularnanoenzyme, etc. Previous research has shown that most selenoprotein are enzymeswith antioxidant activity in the body, such as glutathione peroxidases (GPx),iodothyronine deiodinases (ID), thioredoxin reductases (TrxR), etc. Thus,selenoprotein become the development goal of antioxidant drug. In this study, threescenarios were used for the preparation of selenoproteins, which are computer-aidedmolecular design combined with chemical modification, single-protein production(SPP) system combined with chemical modification and SPP system combined withcysteine auxotrophic expression technique, respectively. Meanwhile, the biologicaleffects of selenoprotein prepared by the above-mentioned scenarios were investigatedin subcellular and cellular levels. Thereby optimize the preparation process ofselenoproteins and explore the mechanism of antioxidant selenoproteins.
1. Preparation of selenoproteins with antioxidant activity by the method ofcomputer-aided molecular design combined with chemical modification
Screening technologies of selenoproteins with high antioxidant activity in thelaboratory involve the inducement method, the copy method, the introduction methodand phage antibody library display technique. However, these methods are complexand costly. The use of simulate screening via computer-aided molecular designmethod similar to drug screening can solve these problems, which instead of previousscreening method in laboratory. Researches on protein structure indicate that thefolded forms of the protein backbone are very limited. This inspired us to carry out alarge number of simulate screening to selenoproteins by means of the transformationabout the protein backbone according to the structure of the natural antioxidantenzymes, for instance substitutions of amino acid, insertions or delete of peptidefragments, and the fusion of domains. In this study, a novel human scFv was designedon the basis of the structure of human antibody and optimized via bioinformaticsmethods such as homologous sequence analysis, three-dimensional (3D) modelbuilding, binding-site analysis and docking. The new scFv was named WCD1, whichhas a higher binding capacity to GSH. The DNA sequence of the human scFv-WCD1was synthesized and cloned into the expression vector pET22b(+), then scFv-WCD1protein was expressed in soluble form in Escherichia coli (E. coli) BL21(DE3) andpurified by Ni2+-immobilized metal affinity chromatography (IMAC). The serineresidue of scFv in the active site was converted into selenocysteine (Sec) with the chemical modification method, thus, the human Se-scFv-WCD1with GPx activitywas obtained. And it exhibited a typical ping-pong kinetic mechanism. This showsthat the combination method of chemical modification and computer virtual screeningwas a clever strategy for preparation of antioxidant mimics, human Se-scFv. Thisscenario saves a lot of costs for multiple rounds screening used by phage antibodylibrary display technique.
2. Preparation of selenoproteins with antioxidant activity by the method of SPPsystem combined with chemical modification
Large-scale preparation strategy of protein through recombination technology ofgenetic engineering has been very mature.While this solves the problem about limitedresources of natural antioxidant enzymes, but a new trouble was also was brought.The new trouble was time-consuming, labor-intensive and high cost in the purificationprocess of protein. The SPP system can save purification cost through the productionof a single protein, because MazF of the SPP system can degrade almost all ACAsequence of mRNA in the intracellular. Therefore, ACA sequence in scFv-WCD1mRNA was knocked out used the codon degeneracy in a case without changing theamino acid sequence. The scFv-WCD1-lessACA can be only expressed in SPPsystem and no other background proteins in the cells could be expressed. Then, Secwas incorporated into the scFv-WCD1-lessACA by chemical modification andresulted in Se-scFv-WCD1-lessACA. The enzymatic characteristics ofSe-scFv-WCD1-lessACA were determined. Se-scFv-WCD1-lessACA andSe-scFv-WCD1have the same properties, such as GPx activity, the binding constantfor GSH, optimal pH, optimal temperature and enzyme kinetics. Moreover,Se-scFv-WCD1-lessACA was confirmed to have a strong antioxidant ability toprotect mitochondria against oxidative damage induced by Fe2+/VC(mitochondrialdamage model). This saves a lot of time and test material required for the purificationof proteins.
3. Preparation of selenoproteins with antioxidant activity by the method of SPPsystem combined with cysteine auxotrophic expression technique
Various antioxidant enzymes can act cooperatively to scavenge the FR, in orderto the balance of oxidation-reduction system in body. Therefore, the research on thesynergism of multi-function antioxidant mimic is imperative. Recently, it wasdiscovered that the synergy between GPx and SOD plays a vital role in the antioxidant defense system. So, a65-mer peptide imitates (Se-CuZn-65P) of SOD andGPx was designed on the basis of native enzyme structural models under the aid ofthe computer, which contains a delicate dual-activity center based on the homologoussequence alignment in natural SOD3active center and the15-mer peptide with a GSHbinding site. The structure of Se-CuZn-65P contains that form the domains of theactive center of SOD and the catalytic triad of GPx upon the incorporation of Cu2+and Zn2+metals. And then, Se-CuZn-65P is expressed through the SPP systemcombined with cysteine auxotrophic expression technique. The results from Tricine-SDS-PAGE electrophoresis, RP-HPLC and MALDI-TOF MS show that the highpurity Se-CuZn-65P could be obtained successfully by this strategy. Enzymaticcharacterization also found that Se-CuZn-65P has higher SOD and GPx activity. It notonly efficiently effectuates fixed-point insertion of Sec, but also does not affect thespatial conformation and catalytic activity of the protein. The cell model of alcoholicliver disease (ALD) by way of ethanol induced L02cells was established forinvestigate the antioxidant activity of Se-CuZn-65P at the cellular level. The resultsdemonstrated that Se-CuZn-65P is not only almost no cytotoxicity, but also increaseincrease of cell viability, migration and decrease of ROS, malondialdehyde (MDA),lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), aspartate aminotransferase (AST). Se-CuZn-65P canalso inhibit apoptosis. Research on the mechanism of apoptosis revealed thatSe-CuZn-65P can maintain the integrity of the nucleus, and induce cell apoptosisthrough mitochondrial pathway. So Se-CuZn-65P has potential application forprevention of ALD.
In summary, Strategies for preparation of selenoproteins can product a largenumber of antioxidant enzyme mimics with high purity and high activity in this study.The technical support was provided for preparation of selenoprotein and exploitationof novel selenium-containing antioxidant drug. It establishes the basis of clarificationabout catalytic mechanism and synergism of antioxidant enzymes.
引文
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