创新氛围、知识二元性与服务创新关系研究
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摘要
互联网经济模式与开放式创新范式下,先进的知识和纷繁的信息快速而广泛传播,因此需要企业保持对外部知识和创新氛围的敏感性。只有成功解构变化并能有效创新,企业才能实现在高度复杂和不确定环境下的快速变革中,获取可持续成功。作为创新活动的重要场所,服务创新日益成为企业跳出产品化陷阱,构筑、提升与维持竞争优势的有效方法,新服务经济己成为发达国家明显区别于发展中国家的竞争优势。同时,由于服务活动的独特性,服务企业的创新活动会受到组织内外多主体的影响,因此,研究企业如何感知并及时获取外部多主体的创新氛围,以及如何营造内部多主体推动变革的创新氛围是服务业迫切需要解决的问题,对于推动服务企业创新成功、提高服务创新绩效具有重要意义。
基于此,本研究围绕“创新氛围如何影响服务创新绩效”这一基本问题展开,力图打开此中作用机理的黑箱,深入剖析创新氛围对服务创新的重要影响。具体而言,将试图逐层深入地研究以下几个问题：如何构建影响服务创新绩效的氛围要素?创新氛围与服务创新绩效之间的作用机理如何?创新氛围维度结构在企业生命周期中是否存在动态演化?
为了深入剖析上述问题,采用理论研究与实证研究相结合,文献阅读与调研访谈相结合,定性研究与定量研究相结合,动态研究与静态研究相结合的方法,通过三个子研究逐层深入展开论述。
子研究一：构建影响服务创新绩效的创新氛围要素
从研究范式来看,考虑将影响服务创新绩效的内外部氛围要素结合起来的研究明显不足。一直以来,学者对创新氛围的界定都是基于企业内部的视角,而关于外部创新氛围对企业创新绩效的影响关注不多。开放创新环境下,随着企业边界的模糊,企业的创新越来越多会受到来自外部多主体的影响。企业如何感知这些外部创新氛围要素,并有效营造提升竞争力的内部创新氛围,对推动服务创新的成功和提升创新绩效具有重要意义。本研究借鉴文献综述中的相关研究成果,以企业边界的内外部视角出发,将创新氛围界定为包括企业内、外两个维度的氛围要素,力求全面、有效覆盖所有可预见的创新氛围要素。
子研究二：创新氛围、知识二元性与服务创新关系机理研究
在对前人研究成果梳理分析基础上,对四家提供不同物流服务内容的物流企业进行探索性案例研究。初步探寻创新氛围对企业服务创新绩效的作用机理,并提出了十五个初始假设命题。并在初始假设命题基础上,结合已有相关研究进一步展开论述,提出创新氛围与服务创新关系机理的概念模型和细化假设,通过对211家中国物流企业的问卷调研,运用探索性因子分析、验证性因子分析构建并验证相关测度量表,基于企业内外不同视角采用结构方程模型方法对提出的概念模型分别进行检验和修正,进而深入剖析内外创新氛围通过促进企业的知识二元性水平,正向影响服务创新绩效的作用机理。
子研究三：创新氛围维度要素在企业生命周期中的动态演化
在前述两个子研究基础上,进一步探讨企业不同成长阶段,创新氛围维度要素的动态变化,采用聚类分析方法,获取211家物流企业的横截面数据,对物流企业的初创、发展和成熟阶段进行划分;应用方差齐次、单因素方差和LSD检验,探讨了物流企业不同成长阶段创新氛围维度要素的差异性变化。
通过上述三个子研究工作,得出如下主要结论：
(1)影响企业服务创新绩效的创新氛围要素由内部创新氛围和外部创新氛围两部分构成,其中外部创新氛围要素包括政策氛围、竞争氛围和合作氛围,而内部创新氛围要素则由组织支持、任务支持和人员支持构成。
(2)创新氛围对服务创新绩效的作用根源在于企业对知识的探索和利用。具体而言,政策氛围能通过促进知识探索,正向影响服务创新绩效；竞争氛围能通过促进知识探索和知识利用,正向影响服务创新绩效；合作氛围通过促进知识利用正向影响服务创新绩效：组织支持通过促进知识利用,正向影响服务创新绩效；任务支持通过正向影响知识探索和知识利用,进而正向影响服务创新绩效；人员支持通过正向影响知识探索和知识利用,进而正向影响服务创新绩效。
(3)企业生命周期的不同阶段,影响服务创新绩效的氛围要素是在动态变化的。从企业的初始阶段、发展阶段到成熟阶段,外部创新氛围中的竞争氛围随企业生命周期阶段的不同而有显著性差异,而外部创新氛围中政策氛围和合作氛围,以及内部创新氛围中的组织支持、任务支持和人员支持在企业生命周期的不同阶段中均表现不显著差异。
纵观全文,本文基于创新氛围、知识管理和服务创新等相关理论,围绕创新氛围如何影响服务创新绩效这一基本问题,在以下三个方面进行了创新性研究：
(1)基于企业内外部视角构建创新氛围,进一步完善了创新氛围的内涵与测度的研究。本文在对前人关于创新氛围的界定与测度等的解读与分析基础上,结合理论研究、案例研究与企业实地调研基础上,以企业作为研究单元,将开放环境下影响企业创新绩效的外部氛围要素和内部氛围要素结合起来,构成一个跨越企业边界的创新氛围,拓展了创新氛围要素的研究范围,深化了创新氛围要素对企业创新绩效的研究,并对新构成的创新氛围进行测度设计。基于文献研究、案例研究基础上,通过探索性因子分析、验证性因子分析,构建创新氛围的测度量表,为研究的后续开展建立了好的开始。
(2)从开放创新视角,揭示了创新氛围对服务创新绩效的影响机理。结合已有研究,深入剖析创新氛围与服务创新绩效影响的作用机理,提出知识二元性是影响服务创新绩效的关键中介变量,建立了“创新氛围-知识二元性-服务创新绩效”的理论框架,对创新氛围与服务创新的理论研究做了重要补充。通过数理统计分析检验了知识二元性的测度量表,并进一步通过实证研究深入探析知识二元性的中介机制,丰富和充实了当前知识管理活动和二元性研究视角的相关理论。
(3)动态刻画了创新氛围在企业不同成长阶段的演变。通过动、静态相结合方式,以企业成长阶段为时间序列,结合聚类分析、方差分析、LSD检验等方法,分析企业不同成长阶段创新氛围维度要素的动态变化,为企业在不同成长阶段动态感知和营造创新氛围提供理论框架支持。
Advanced knowledge and numerious information spread widely on a global scale under the Internet economy and open innovation paradigm. The firms with sustainable success depend on the ability to quickly change in this highly complex and uncertain environment. The premise of rapid change is to maintain sensitivity to knowledge and the external environment, and deconstruct change and innovate successfully and effectively. Service industry has become an important place for innovation activities, and service innovation can lead the firm out of the product of the trap. Service innovation is increasingly becoming enterprises to build, improve and maintain an effective way of competitive advantage. The new service economy has become distinct from developed countries to developing countries to compete advantage. Due to the service unique, service innovation activities of enterprises will be affected more than the body within and outside the organizations, and a multi-agent innovative climate is an important factor in promoting service innovation success and closely related to the level of the pros and cons of service innovation performance. So how firms perceive and timely access to external innovation climate, and how to create an internal innovation climate to promote innovation, has become an urgent problem to be solved for many firms.
Focused on "How innovation climate affects the service innovation performance", this paper aims to find out the functioning mechanism beneath it and analyze the importance influence of innovation climate to service innovation. In details, the following questions are what to be analyzed in depth:(1) how to construct innovation climate factors impacting service innovation performance?(2) what's the functioning mechanism between innovation climate and service innovation performance?(3) Is there any dynamic evolvement between innovation climate factors in the different stages of the firm lify circle?
In order to analyze those questions, the research combines theoretical research with empirical research, literature review and investigation, quantitative research with qualitative research, static with dynamic research, discussing the research from three sub-researches levels.
Sub-research1:Construct innovation climate factors impacting service innovation performance. It is clearly insufficient about combining to the influence of internal and external climate based on research paradigm. All along, research perspective about innovation climate is based on the inner of the enterprise, and the concern on the impact of the external environment for innovation performance is less. In the open innovation, enterprise boundaries become blur, and innovation activities of enterprises will be affected more than the body within and outside the organizations. So how firms perceive and timely access to external innovation climate, and how to create an internal innovation climate to promote innovation, has become an urgent problem to be solved for many firms. In this study, based on the literature review of research results, from both inside and outside the double perspective of organizations, defining the innovation climate including of internal and external dimension, and striving to build a comprehensive and effective innovation climate elements on impacting service innovation performance.
Sub-research2:The research about the relationship about Innovation climate, knowledge ambidexterity and innovation performance. Based on literative reiew, the second sub-research brings forward a primary theoretical supposition, and then conducts four explorative studies of Chinese logistics firms to conclude with an initial theoretical framework and15elementary hypothetical propositions about influence mechanism of innovation climate on service innovation performance. Based on the elementary hypothetical propositions, this goes on further theoretical analysis and put forward a concept model and concrete hypothesis of functioning mechanism by the innovation climate on service innovation performance. Besides, through questionnaires of China's211logistics firms, the research analyzes, establishes and verifies related measuring scales through Exploratory Factor Analysis(EFA) and Confirmatory Factor Analysis(CFA), examines and improves the conceptual model through Structural Equation Model(SEM), and deeply analyze the functioning mechanism of how innovation climate influences service innovation performance positively through knowledge ambidexterity
Sub-research3:Based on the research of the above sub-researches, this discusses firms in different development stages, the dynamic evolvement rules of innovation climate's dimension factors. Through the cluster analysis of the cross-sectional data, this research tries to divide the firm into start-up, mature and development stage of the211enterprises. It explores firms dynamic evolvement rule of innovation climate dimension factors at different development stages through homogeneous anlysis of variance and one-way analysis of variance and LSD.
The main conclusions of the above-mentioned research are as followed:
(1) Innovation climate affecting service innovation performance is composed of internal innovation climate factors and external innovation climate. The external innovation climate include policy climate, competitive climate and cooperative climate, while the internal climate is comstruct by organization support, task support and personnel support.
(2) The role of Innovation climate on service innovation performance of enterprises rooted in the the knowledge exploration and exploitation. Specifically, the outside policy climate influence the innovation performance positively through knowledge exploration; the outside competition climate influence the service innovation performance positively by promoting the knowledge exploration and exploitation; the outside cooperation climate influence the service innovation performance positively by promoting the knowledge exploitation. The inside organization support influence the service innovation performance positively by promoting the knowledge exploitation; the inside task support influence the service innovation performance positively by promoting the knowledge exploration and exploitation; the inside personnel support influence the service innovation performance positively by promoting the knowledge exploration and exploitation;
(3) The firms focus on different innovation climate dimension factors at different development stages. As the resources, abilities and market status change in the firm different development stages, the innovation climate dimension factors changes dynamically. The competitive climate of the outside innovation climate was a significant difference with the different stages of the firm life cycle of the firm, and the others of the outside innovation including policy climate and cooperation climate, as well as organization support, task and personnel support in the enterprise inside innovative climate at different stages in the firm life cycle showed no significant differences.
Overall, based on service innovation, knowledge management and innovation climate theories, this paper focuses on how innovation climate influences the service innovation performance, elaborating on the following three aspects:
(1) It perfects the connotation and measuring of innovation climate based on internal and external perspective to build innovative climate. Enterprise as a research unit in the open environment, the external innovation climate and internal innovation climate affecting the innovative performance will be combine to form an climate of innovation across enterprise boundaries, expanding the scope of the study climate of the elements of innovation, deeping the climate of the elements of the enterprise innovation research. And it also tries to establish innovation climate measure scale based on literature review, case study, Exploratory Factor Analysis and Confirmatory Factor Analysis(CFA), thus established a good beginning for the follow-up research.
(2) It reveals the nature of how innovation climate influences the service innovation performance in an open innovation environment. This paper opens the black box of the innovation climate functioning mechanism and proposes that the knowledge ambidexterity is the key intermediate power to influence the service innovation performance by combining the existing research and analyzing the functioning mechanism of innovation climate and service innovation performance, thus establishing the "innovation climate-knowledge ambidexterity-service innovation performance" theoretical framework as an important supplement to the innovation climate and service innovation theory research.
(3) It analyzes the evolvement rule of the innovation climate dimension factors dynamically. With the enterprise's development stages as the time sequence, it analyzes the dynamic changes of innovation climate dimension factors by combining cluster analysis, variance analysis and LSD both statically and dynamically, thus providing the theory framework of choosing the appropriate and cultivate innovation climate dynamically at different development stages.
基于此,本研究围绕“创新氛围如何影响服务创新绩效”这一基本问题展开,力图打开此中作用机理的黑箱,深入剖析创新氛围对服务创新的重要影响。具体而言,将试图逐层深入地研究以下几个问题：如何构建影响服务创新绩效的氛围要素?创新氛围与服务创新绩效之间的作用机理如何?创新氛围维度结构在企业生命周期中是否存在动态演化?
为了深入剖析上述问题,采用理论研究与实证研究相结合,文献阅读与调研访谈相结合,定性研究与定量研究相结合,动态研究与静态研究相结合的方法,通过三个子研究逐层深入展开论述。
子研究一：构建影响服务创新绩效的创新氛围要素
从研究范式来看,考虑将影响服务创新绩效的内外部氛围要素结合起来的研究明显不足。一直以来,学者对创新氛围的界定都是基于企业内部的视角,而关于外部创新氛围对企业创新绩效的影响关注不多。开放创新环境下,随着企业边界的模糊,企业的创新越来越多会受到来自外部多主体的影响。企业如何感知这些外部创新氛围要素,并有效营造提升竞争力的内部创新氛围,对推动服务创新的成功和提升创新绩效具有重要意义。本研究借鉴文献综述中的相关研究成果,以企业边界的内外部视角出发,将创新氛围界定为包括企业内、外两个维度的氛围要素,力求全面、有效覆盖所有可预见的创新氛围要素。
子研究二：创新氛围、知识二元性与服务创新关系机理研究
在对前人研究成果梳理分析基础上,对四家提供不同物流服务内容的物流企业进行探索性案例研究。初步探寻创新氛围对企业服务创新绩效的作用机理,并提出了十五个初始假设命题。并在初始假设命题基础上,结合已有相关研究进一步展开论述,提出创新氛围与服务创新关系机理的概念模型和细化假设,通过对211家中国物流企业的问卷调研,运用探索性因子分析、验证性因子分析构建并验证相关测度量表,基于企业内外不同视角采用结构方程模型方法对提出的概念模型分别进行检验和修正,进而深入剖析内外创新氛围通过促进企业的知识二元性水平,正向影响服务创新绩效的作用机理。
子研究三：创新氛围维度要素在企业生命周期中的动态演化
在前述两个子研究基础上,进一步探讨企业不同成长阶段,创新氛围维度要素的动态变化,采用聚类分析方法,获取211家物流企业的横截面数据,对物流企业的初创、发展和成熟阶段进行划分;应用方差齐次、单因素方差和LSD检验,探讨了物流企业不同成长阶段创新氛围维度要素的差异性变化。
通过上述三个子研究工作,得出如下主要结论：
(1)影响企业服务创新绩效的创新氛围要素由内部创新氛围和外部创新氛围两部分构成,其中外部创新氛围要素包括政策氛围、竞争氛围和合作氛围,而内部创新氛围要素则由组织支持、任务支持和人员支持构成。
(2)创新氛围对服务创新绩效的作用根源在于企业对知识的探索和利用。具体而言,政策氛围能通过促进知识探索,正向影响服务创新绩效；竞争氛围能通过促进知识探索和知识利用,正向影响服务创新绩效；合作氛围通过促进知识利用正向影响服务创新绩效：组织支持通过促进知识利用,正向影响服务创新绩效；任务支持通过正向影响知识探索和知识利用,进而正向影响服务创新绩效；人员支持通过正向影响知识探索和知识利用,进而正向影响服务创新绩效。
(3)企业生命周期的不同阶段,影响服务创新绩效的氛围要素是在动态变化的。从企业的初始阶段、发展阶段到成熟阶段,外部创新氛围中的竞争氛围随企业生命周期阶段的不同而有显著性差异,而外部创新氛围中政策氛围和合作氛围,以及内部创新氛围中的组织支持、任务支持和人员支持在企业生命周期的不同阶段中均表现不显著差异。
纵观全文,本文基于创新氛围、知识管理和服务创新等相关理论,围绕创新氛围如何影响服务创新绩效这一基本问题,在以下三个方面进行了创新性研究：
(1)基于企业内外部视角构建创新氛围,进一步完善了创新氛围的内涵与测度的研究。本文在对前人关于创新氛围的界定与测度等的解读与分析基础上,结合理论研究、案例研究与企业实地调研基础上,以企业作为研究单元,将开放环境下影响企业创新绩效的外部氛围要素和内部氛围要素结合起来,构成一个跨越企业边界的创新氛围,拓展了创新氛围要素的研究范围,深化了创新氛围要素对企业创新绩效的研究,并对新构成的创新氛围进行测度设计。基于文献研究、案例研究基础上,通过探索性因子分析、验证性因子分析,构建创新氛围的测度量表,为研究的后续开展建立了好的开始。
(2)从开放创新视角,揭示了创新氛围对服务创新绩效的影响机理。结合已有研究,深入剖析创新氛围与服务创新绩效影响的作用机理,提出知识二元性是影响服务创新绩效的关键中介变量,建立了“创新氛围-知识二元性-服务创新绩效”的理论框架,对创新氛围与服务创新的理论研究做了重要补充。通过数理统计分析检验了知识二元性的测度量表,并进一步通过实证研究深入探析知识二元性的中介机制,丰富和充实了当前知识管理活动和二元性研究视角的相关理论。
(3)动态刻画了创新氛围在企业不同成长阶段的演变。通过动、静态相结合方式,以企业成长阶段为时间序列,结合聚类分析、方差分析、LSD检验等方法,分析企业不同成长阶段创新氛围维度要素的动态变化,为企业在不同成长阶段动态感知和营造创新氛围提供理论框架支持。
Advanced knowledge and numerious information spread widely on a global scale under the Internet economy and open innovation paradigm. The firms with sustainable success depend on the ability to quickly change in this highly complex and uncertain environment. The premise of rapid change is to maintain sensitivity to knowledge and the external environment, and deconstruct change and innovate successfully and effectively. Service industry has become an important place for innovation activities, and service innovation can lead the firm out of the product of the trap. Service innovation is increasingly becoming enterprises to build, improve and maintain an effective way of competitive advantage. The new service economy has become distinct from developed countries to developing countries to compete advantage. Due to the service unique, service innovation activities of enterprises will be affected more than the body within and outside the organizations, and a multi-agent innovative climate is an important factor in promoting service innovation success and closely related to the level of the pros and cons of service innovation performance. So how firms perceive and timely access to external innovation climate, and how to create an internal innovation climate to promote innovation, has become an urgent problem to be solved for many firms.
Focused on "How innovation climate affects the service innovation performance", this paper aims to find out the functioning mechanism beneath it and analyze the importance influence of innovation climate to service innovation. In details, the following questions are what to be analyzed in depth:(1) how to construct innovation climate factors impacting service innovation performance?(2) what's the functioning mechanism between innovation climate and service innovation performance?(3) Is there any dynamic evolvement between innovation climate factors in the different stages of the firm lify circle?
In order to analyze those questions, the research combines theoretical research with empirical research, literature review and investigation, quantitative research with qualitative research, static with dynamic research, discussing the research from three sub-researches levels.
Sub-research1:Construct innovation climate factors impacting service innovation performance. It is clearly insufficient about combining to the influence of internal and external climate based on research paradigm. All along, research perspective about innovation climate is based on the inner of the enterprise, and the concern on the impact of the external environment for innovation performance is less. In the open innovation, enterprise boundaries become blur, and innovation activities of enterprises will be affected more than the body within and outside the organizations. So how firms perceive and timely access to external innovation climate, and how to create an internal innovation climate to promote innovation, has become an urgent problem to be solved for many firms. In this study, based on the literature review of research results, from both inside and outside the double perspective of organizations, defining the innovation climate including of internal and external dimension, and striving to build a comprehensive and effective innovation climate elements on impacting service innovation performance.
Sub-research2:The research about the relationship about Innovation climate, knowledge ambidexterity and innovation performance. Based on literative reiew, the second sub-research brings forward a primary theoretical supposition, and then conducts four explorative studies of Chinese logistics firms to conclude with an initial theoretical framework and15elementary hypothetical propositions about influence mechanism of innovation climate on service innovation performance. Based on the elementary hypothetical propositions, this goes on further theoretical analysis and put forward a concept model and concrete hypothesis of functioning mechanism by the innovation climate on service innovation performance. Besides, through questionnaires of China's211logistics firms, the research analyzes, establishes and verifies related measuring scales through Exploratory Factor Analysis(EFA) and Confirmatory Factor Analysis(CFA), examines and improves the conceptual model through Structural Equation Model(SEM), and deeply analyze the functioning mechanism of how innovation climate influences service innovation performance positively through knowledge ambidexterity
Sub-research3:Based on the research of the above sub-researches, this discusses firms in different development stages, the dynamic evolvement rules of innovation climate's dimension factors. Through the cluster analysis of the cross-sectional data, this research tries to divide the firm into start-up, mature and development stage of the211enterprises. It explores firms dynamic evolvement rule of innovation climate dimension factors at different development stages through homogeneous anlysis of variance and one-way analysis of variance and LSD.
The main conclusions of the above-mentioned research are as followed:
(1) Innovation climate affecting service innovation performance is composed of internal innovation climate factors and external innovation climate. The external innovation climate include policy climate, competitive climate and cooperative climate, while the internal climate is comstruct by organization support, task support and personnel support.
(2) The role of Innovation climate on service innovation performance of enterprises rooted in the the knowledge exploration and exploitation. Specifically, the outside policy climate influence the innovation performance positively through knowledge exploration; the outside competition climate influence the service innovation performance positively by promoting the knowledge exploration and exploitation; the outside cooperation climate influence the service innovation performance positively by promoting the knowledge exploitation. The inside organization support influence the service innovation performance positively by promoting the knowledge exploitation; the inside task support influence the service innovation performance positively by promoting the knowledge exploration and exploitation; the inside personnel support influence the service innovation performance positively by promoting the knowledge exploration and exploitation;
(3) The firms focus on different innovation climate dimension factors at different development stages. As the resources, abilities and market status change in the firm different development stages, the innovation climate dimension factors changes dynamically. The competitive climate of the outside innovation climate was a significant difference with the different stages of the firm life cycle of the firm, and the others of the outside innovation including policy climate and cooperation climate, as well as organization support, task and personnel support in the enterprise inside innovative climate at different stages in the firm life cycle showed no significant differences.
Overall, based on service innovation, knowledge management and innovation climate theories, this paper focuses on how innovation climate influences the service innovation performance, elaborating on the following three aspects:
(1) It perfects the connotation and measuring of innovation climate based on internal and external perspective to build innovative climate. Enterprise as a research unit in the open environment, the external innovation climate and internal innovation climate affecting the innovative performance will be combine to form an climate of innovation across enterprise boundaries, expanding the scope of the study climate of the elements of innovation, deeping the climate of the elements of the enterprise innovation research. And it also tries to establish innovation climate measure scale based on literature review, case study, Exploratory Factor Analysis and Confirmatory Factor Analysis(CFA), thus established a good beginning for the follow-up research.
(2) It reveals the nature of how innovation climate influences the service innovation performance in an open innovation environment. This paper opens the black box of the innovation climate functioning mechanism and proposes that the knowledge ambidexterity is the key intermediate power to influence the service innovation performance by combining the existing research and analyzing the functioning mechanism of innovation climate and service innovation performance, thus establishing the "innovation climate-knowledge ambidexterity-service innovation performance" theoretical framework as an important supplement to the innovation climate and service innovation theory research.
(3) It analyzes the evolvement rule of the innovation climate dimension factors dynamically. With the enterprise's development stages as the time sequence, it analyzes the dynamic changes of innovation climate dimension factors by combining cluster analysis, variance analysis and LSD both statically and dynamically, thus providing the theory framework of choosing the appropriate and cultivate innovation climate dynamically at different development stages.
引文
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