栖息地破碎化背景下黑颈长尾雉保护遗传学研究
|
摘要
黑颈长尾雉(Syrmaticus humiae)属于世界珍稀濒危雉类,地理分布狭窄,仅分布在中国西南部、泰国北部、缅甸西北部和印度东北部。由于栖息地破碎化和人为捕猎,黑颈长尾雉种群分布范围和种群数量不断锐减,已被列为国家Ⅰ级保护动物,国际濒危物种贸易公约(CITES)附录Ⅰ,世界保护联盟(IUCN)将其定为近危种(Near Threatened)。本文以分布在广西-贵州两省的南盘江和红水河流域的6县(隆林县、西林县、田林县、乐业县、天峨县和罗甸县)的4个黑颈长尾雉地理种群为研究对象,综合运用线粒体DNA和核DNA微卫星为分子标记,检测黑颈长尾雉的种群遗传多样性和种群遗传结构,以期为针对该珍稀濒危物种保护策略的制定提供科学依据。主要研究结果如下：
1、通过磁珠富集法构建了黑颈长尾雉微卫星文库,共筛选出12对具有多态性的微卫星引物。利用这12对微卫星引物对来自天峨县的16个黑颈长尾雉个体样品DNA进行PCR扩增并测序和分型。结果表明,12对引物扩增条带均呈现多态性,平均等位基因(Na)数目为9个(4-13),平均观察杂合度(Ho)和期望杂合度(He)分别为0.70(0.2～0.938)和0.81(0.303～0.925)。经进一步分析发现,有4个微卫星位点(ShuI-35, ShuI-62, ShuI-51和ShuI-15)偏离哈迪-温伯格平衡(P<0.05),但是没有发现位点间的连锁不平衡。这12个具有多态性微卫星位点将对黑颈长尾雉的保护遗传学或者长尾雉属的其它物种种群遗传学研究提供了很好的分析标记工具。
2、线粒体DNA数据和微卫星DNA(12对微卫星引物扩增)数据分析表明,黑颈长尾雉的田林-隆林-西林种群(TLX)、乐业-下老种群(LX)、罗甸种群(LD)和坡结种群(PJ)均具有较高的遗传多样性。4个地理种群73个个体全部扩增成功,获得73条黑颈长尾雉mtDNA D-loop基因全序列(1143bp),检测到58个变异位点,并定义了39个单倍型。各地理种群的单倍型多样性(h)分别为0.812、0.926、0.722和0.905；核苷酸多样性(π)分别为0.00516、0.0075、0.00463和0.01；微卫星DNA的种群杂合度期望值(HE)分别为0.75、0.77、0.79和0.81,观察值杂合度(HO)分别为0.73、0.77、0.83和0.72。
3、利用黑颈长尾雉线粒体DNA控制区序列以邻接法(NJ)构建的系统发生树和单倍型网络关系图显示黑颈长尾雉4个种群的单倍型并没有按照独自的地理种群聚集在一起,而是互相混合分散的分布在系统进化树上,没有表现出明显的系统地理格局。微卫星数据多元协调的主成分分析(principal coordinate analysis, PCA)也显示相同的结果,4个地理种群的73个体相互混合聚在一起,并形成出现独立进化的地理种群单元。通过用STRUCTURE软件对种群遗传结构分析发现,种群间不存在聚类关系,种群之间没有出现明显的遗传分化,说明了种群间个体交流频繁。
3、对黑颈长尾雉种群的选择中性检测(neutrality test)进行分析,结果表明,各个种群的Tajima's D、Fu and Li's D、Fu and Li's F、Fu's Fs statistic等参数均不显著,线粒体DNA中性检测结果为Fu's Fs=-0.971(p>0.05)和拟合优度检测结果SSD=0.78094表明黑颈长尾雉种群历史上并没有发生过显著的种群扩张。基于微卫星数据,采用杂合子检验法(Wilcoxon's Test)及TPM突变模型检测种群近期动态及遗传瓶颈效应,结果表明种群未经历过近期的瓶颈效应,整个黑颈长尾雉种群处于一个稳定状态。
4、在种群遗传分化检测中,线粒体DNA序列数据分析(AMOVA)结果表明,遗传分化主要来自于种群内部个体之间,达到了98.03%,而种群间的差异仅为1.97%,而微卫星数据分析(AMOVA)结果与线粒体DNA序列分析结果相似,种群内部个体之间的差异达到97%之多,而种群间的差异仅为3%,其结果进一步说明了黑颈长尾雉的种群间基因交流非常频繁(表3-10和表3-17)。
另外,线粒体DNA和微卫星DNA遗传标记共同分析结果表明,323国道对TLX和LX两个种群之间并没有产生阻隔效应,南盘江、和红水河在LX和LD、LX和PJ、TLX和LD种群之间均没有形成天然的地理阻隔,南盘江和红水河两岸的种群基因交流频繁。此外,本文所研究的黑颈长尾雉4个地理种群之间没有遗传分化,因此,建议把这4个地理种群当做一个管理单元进行保护管理。
5、问卷调查结果说明,民众野生动物保护意识薄弱以及大量的人为猎捕是导致黑颈长尾雉种群数量急剧减少的主要因素。为了有效遏制黑颈长尾雉种群数量不断减少的趋势,急需对黑颈长尾雉进行相应保护,主要措施为：(1)重视和加强偏远山区民众的野生动、植物保护科普和法律宣传教育,提高广大公众的保护意识和法制观念；(2)加强野生动物管理的监督和执法力度,对非法偷猎野生动物的不法分子给予坚决的查处,通过法律手段来震慑各种偷猎野生动物的不法分子；(3)加快偏远山区的经济建设和发展,尽早的让当地老百姓脱贫致富,改变他们的生活习惯和耕种模式,尽可能的减少对野生动物栖息地的破坏。
The Hume's pheasant (Syrmaticus humiae) is a rare and endangered species of pheasants in the world that used to be widely distributed in the mountain areas of north-eastern India, north and west Myanmar, south-west China and north Thailand. Due to human disturbance, poaching and habitat loss, the wild population size of this species has been decreasing dramatically in rencent years. Therefore, it was listed as a globally near-threatened species by IUCN and ranked as Grade I National Protected Wildlife in China and was also listed in Appendix I of the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Specicies(CITES).
In this study,73Hume's pheasant individual samples grouped into four geographical populations were collected from Longlin, Xilin, Leye, Tiane and Luodian counties crossed the Nanpanjiang river and red river valleys. Both mitochondrial control region (mtDNA D-loop) and microsatellite DNA markers were used to examine genetic diversity and genetic structure of the four geographical populations of S. humiae. These results will be contributed to provide important informations for reasonsable conservation and management strategies to devise for this bird species. The main results in this study are as follows:
Firstly, we described the novel set of twelve polymorphic microsatellite loci isolated from the Hume's pheasant genomic DNA using an enrichment protocol which is able to enrich AC and AG motifs. All the loci were screened from a group of16individuals sampled from Tiane County in Guangxi province. The results indicated that each locus showed a relatively high polymorphism (ranged from4to13alleles). The observed (Ho) and expected (He) heterozygosity values were ranged from0.2to0.938and from0.303to0.925, respectively. However, four loci (ShuI-35, ShuI-62, ShuI-51and ShuI-15) showed deviation from Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium (HWE) and no linkage disequilibrium was found between pairs of loci. These polymorphic microsatellite loci will be useful tools in studies of the conservation genetics of S. humiae and other species of this genus.
Secondly, we investigated the population genetic structure of S. humiae using1143bp of mitochondrial DNA control region amplfied from73individuals sampled from TLX, LX, LD and PJ populations.39haplotypes were defined based on58 variable sites. The haplotype diversity (h) of the four populations was0.812、0.926、0.722and0.905, and the nucleotied diversity (ο) was0.00516、0.0075、0.00463and0.01, respectively. For the microsatellite data, the expected heterozygosity (He) and observed heterozygosity (Ho) ranged from0.75to0.79and from0.72to0.83, respectively. Both results of mt DNA control region and microsatellite DNA indicated that S. humiae expressed relatively high genetic diversities in each geographic population.
Thirdly, the results of phylogenetic analyses showed that the haplotypes derived from the four putative populations did not cluster into separate geographic branches. A PCA plot of nuclear genetic variation also showed that the dividuals sampled from the four putative populations did not cluster into separate geographic branches. Moreover, the result based on the STRUCTURE also showed the four putative populations did not cluster into separate geographic branches too.
Fourthly, results of the mismatch distribution and neutrality test (Fu's Fs=-0.971, P>0.05) and goodness of fit test (SSD=0.78094, P<0.01) analyses indicated the four populations did not experience a range expansion over the course of their histories. The results of population bottleneck effect test indicated that all populations did not experience recent bottleneck effect under two-phase mutational (TPM) models.
Further, using hierarchical analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA) based on mitochondrial DNA data. The results indicated that most molecular variances were originated from different individuals within populations (98.03%), whereas variances among populations (1.97%) were small. These results further indicated that gene flow (Nm) was frequently taken place among populations.
The hierarchical analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA) based on microsatellite DNA data showed that variances among populations were only reached at1.97%. The gene flow between TLX and LX,between TLX and LD, between TLX and PJ, between Lx and LD, between Lx and PJ are4.11,4.61,8.35,11.36,9.72, respecively. The mating behaviour between populations took place at randomLy.
Moreover, results of both mtDNA data and microsatellite DNA data sampled from the Hume's pheasan indicated that no evidence was found that the national highway No.323, Nanpangjiang river and Red river were as to be geographical barriers to gene flow. The results further demonstrated that there are high levels of gene flow between the four populations. Therefore, we suggested that the four populations of Hume's pheasan should be taken as one management unit (MU).
Fifthly, through the questionnaire, the survey found that the people's consciousness of wildlife protection is weak. Hunting are the main factors caused the Hume's pheasant population decrease. In order to better protect the Hume's pheasant, we suggest the following:(1) It is very important to promote wildlife conservation and legal sence through the education of public science popularization.(2) Our government shoud enhance a directive calling for increased protection of wild tigers through habitat management, public education and stronger law enforcement action.(3) Speed up the development and construction the economy in the remote mountainous areas, change their habits and mode of cultivation to reduce the destruction of wildlife habitat.
1、通过磁珠富集法构建了黑颈长尾雉微卫星文库,共筛选出12对具有多态性的微卫星引物。利用这12对微卫星引物对来自天峨县的16个黑颈长尾雉个体样品DNA进行PCR扩增并测序和分型。结果表明,12对引物扩增条带均呈现多态性,平均等位基因(Na)数目为9个(4-13),平均观察杂合度(Ho)和期望杂合度(He)分别为0.70(0.2～0.938)和0.81(0.303～0.925)。经进一步分析发现,有4个微卫星位点(ShuI-35, ShuI-62, ShuI-51和ShuI-15)偏离哈迪-温伯格平衡(P<0.05),但是没有发现位点间的连锁不平衡。这12个具有多态性微卫星位点将对黑颈长尾雉的保护遗传学或者长尾雉属的其它物种种群遗传学研究提供了很好的分析标记工具。
2、线粒体DNA数据和微卫星DNA(12对微卫星引物扩增)数据分析表明,黑颈长尾雉的田林-隆林-西林种群(TLX)、乐业-下老种群(LX)、罗甸种群(LD)和坡结种群(PJ)均具有较高的遗传多样性。4个地理种群73个个体全部扩增成功,获得73条黑颈长尾雉mtDNA D-loop基因全序列(1143bp),检测到58个变异位点,并定义了39个单倍型。各地理种群的单倍型多样性(h)分别为0.812、0.926、0.722和0.905；核苷酸多样性(π)分别为0.00516、0.0075、0.00463和0.01；微卫星DNA的种群杂合度期望值(HE)分别为0.75、0.77、0.79和0.81,观察值杂合度(HO)分别为0.73、0.77、0.83和0.72。
3、利用黑颈长尾雉线粒体DNA控制区序列以邻接法(NJ)构建的系统发生树和单倍型网络关系图显示黑颈长尾雉4个种群的单倍型并没有按照独自的地理种群聚集在一起,而是互相混合分散的分布在系统进化树上,没有表现出明显的系统地理格局。微卫星数据多元协调的主成分分析(principal coordinate analysis, PCA)也显示相同的结果,4个地理种群的73个体相互混合聚在一起,并形成出现独立进化的地理种群单元。通过用STRUCTURE软件对种群遗传结构分析发现,种群间不存在聚类关系,种群之间没有出现明显的遗传分化,说明了种群间个体交流频繁。
3、对黑颈长尾雉种群的选择中性检测(neutrality test)进行分析,结果表明,各个种群的Tajima's D、Fu and Li's D、Fu and Li's F、Fu's Fs statistic等参数均不显著,线粒体DNA中性检测结果为Fu's Fs=-0.971(p>0.05)和拟合优度检测结果SSD=0.78094表明黑颈长尾雉种群历史上并没有发生过显著的种群扩张。基于微卫星数据,采用杂合子检验法(Wilcoxon's Test)及TPM突变模型检测种群近期动态及遗传瓶颈效应,结果表明种群未经历过近期的瓶颈效应,整个黑颈长尾雉种群处于一个稳定状态。
4、在种群遗传分化检测中,线粒体DNA序列数据分析(AMOVA)结果表明,遗传分化主要来自于种群内部个体之间,达到了98.03%,而种群间的差异仅为1.97%,而微卫星数据分析(AMOVA)结果与线粒体DNA序列分析结果相似,种群内部个体之间的差异达到97%之多,而种群间的差异仅为3%,其结果进一步说明了黑颈长尾雉的种群间基因交流非常频繁(表3-10和表3-17)。
另外,线粒体DNA和微卫星DNA遗传标记共同分析结果表明,323国道对TLX和LX两个种群之间并没有产生阻隔效应,南盘江、和红水河在LX和LD、LX和PJ、TLX和LD种群之间均没有形成天然的地理阻隔,南盘江和红水河两岸的种群基因交流频繁。此外,本文所研究的黑颈长尾雉4个地理种群之间没有遗传分化,因此,建议把这4个地理种群当做一个管理单元进行保护管理。
5、问卷调查结果说明,民众野生动物保护意识薄弱以及大量的人为猎捕是导致黑颈长尾雉种群数量急剧减少的主要因素。为了有效遏制黑颈长尾雉种群数量不断减少的趋势,急需对黑颈长尾雉进行相应保护,主要措施为：(1)重视和加强偏远山区民众的野生动、植物保护科普和法律宣传教育,提高广大公众的保护意识和法制观念；(2)加强野生动物管理的监督和执法力度,对非法偷猎野生动物的不法分子给予坚决的查处,通过法律手段来震慑各种偷猎野生动物的不法分子；(3)加快偏远山区的经济建设和发展,尽早的让当地老百姓脱贫致富,改变他们的生活习惯和耕种模式,尽可能的减少对野生动物栖息地的破坏。
The Hume's pheasant (Syrmaticus humiae) is a rare and endangered species of pheasants in the world that used to be widely distributed in the mountain areas of north-eastern India, north and west Myanmar, south-west China and north Thailand. Due to human disturbance, poaching and habitat loss, the wild population size of this species has been decreasing dramatically in rencent years. Therefore, it was listed as a globally near-threatened species by IUCN and ranked as Grade I National Protected Wildlife in China and was also listed in Appendix I of the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Specicies(CITES).
In this study,73Hume's pheasant individual samples grouped into four geographical populations were collected from Longlin, Xilin, Leye, Tiane and Luodian counties crossed the Nanpanjiang river and red river valleys. Both mitochondrial control region (mtDNA D-loop) and microsatellite DNA markers were used to examine genetic diversity and genetic structure of the four geographical populations of S. humiae. These results will be contributed to provide important informations for reasonsable conservation and management strategies to devise for this bird species. The main results in this study are as follows:
Firstly, we described the novel set of twelve polymorphic microsatellite loci isolated from the Hume's pheasant genomic DNA using an enrichment protocol which is able to enrich AC and AG motifs. All the loci were screened from a group of16individuals sampled from Tiane County in Guangxi province. The results indicated that each locus showed a relatively high polymorphism (ranged from4to13alleles). The observed (Ho) and expected (He) heterozygosity values were ranged from0.2to0.938and from0.303to0.925, respectively. However, four loci (ShuI-35, ShuI-62, ShuI-51and ShuI-15) showed deviation from Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium (HWE) and no linkage disequilibrium was found between pairs of loci. These polymorphic microsatellite loci will be useful tools in studies of the conservation genetics of S. humiae and other species of this genus.
Secondly, we investigated the population genetic structure of S. humiae using1143bp of mitochondrial DNA control region amplfied from73individuals sampled from TLX, LX, LD and PJ populations.39haplotypes were defined based on58 variable sites. The haplotype diversity (h) of the four populations was0.812、0.926、0.722and0.905, and the nucleotied diversity (ο) was0.00516、0.0075、0.00463and0.01, respectively. For the microsatellite data, the expected heterozygosity (He) and observed heterozygosity (Ho) ranged from0.75to0.79and from0.72to0.83, respectively. Both results of mt DNA control region and microsatellite DNA indicated that S. humiae expressed relatively high genetic diversities in each geographic population.
Thirdly, the results of phylogenetic analyses showed that the haplotypes derived from the four putative populations did not cluster into separate geographic branches. A PCA plot of nuclear genetic variation also showed that the dividuals sampled from the four putative populations did not cluster into separate geographic branches. Moreover, the result based on the STRUCTURE also showed the four putative populations did not cluster into separate geographic branches too.
Fourthly, results of the mismatch distribution and neutrality test (Fu's Fs=-0.971, P>0.05) and goodness of fit test (SSD=0.78094, P<0.01) analyses indicated the four populations did not experience a range expansion over the course of their histories. The results of population bottleneck effect test indicated that all populations did not experience recent bottleneck effect under two-phase mutational (TPM) models.
Further, using hierarchical analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA) based on mitochondrial DNA data. The results indicated that most molecular variances were originated from different individuals within populations (98.03%), whereas variances among populations (1.97%) were small. These results further indicated that gene flow (Nm) was frequently taken place among populations.
The hierarchical analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA) based on microsatellite DNA data showed that variances among populations were only reached at1.97%. The gene flow between TLX and LX,between TLX and LD, between TLX and PJ, between Lx and LD, between Lx and PJ are4.11,4.61,8.35,11.36,9.72, respecively. The mating behaviour between populations took place at randomLy.
Moreover, results of both mtDNA data and microsatellite DNA data sampled from the Hume's pheasan indicated that no evidence was found that the national highway No.323, Nanpangjiang river and Red river were as to be geographical barriers to gene flow. The results further demonstrated that there are high levels of gene flow between the four populations. Therefore, we suggested that the four populations of Hume's pheasan should be taken as one management unit (MU).
Fifthly, through the questionnaire, the survey found that the people's consciousness of wildlife protection is weak. Hunting are the main factors caused the Hume's pheasant population decrease. In order to better protect the Hume's pheasant, we suggest the following:(1) It is very important to promote wildlife conservation and legal sence through the education of public science popularization.(2) Our government shoud enhance a directive calling for increased protection of wild tigers through habitat management, public education and stronger law enforcement action.(3) Speed up the development and construction the economy in the remote mountainous areas, change their habits and mode of cultivation to reduce the destruction of wildlife habitat.
引文
[1]郑光美王岐山.中国濒危动物红皮书(鸟类)[M].北京：科学出版社,1998.
[2]Fuller RA, Garson PJ. Pheasant:Status survey and conservation action plan 2000-2004, IUCN.2000, Reading:Cambridge,UK. p.66.
[3]广西壮族自治区林业局,广西陆生野生动物资源调查与监测研究报告.2001.
[4]B.Groombridge. IUCN red list of threatened species.2012 27.December; Available from:http://www.iucnredlist.org/details/100600268/0.
[5]Choudhury A. New sites for Mrs Hume's Pheasant Syrmaticus humiae in north-east India based on hunters' specimens and local reports [J]. Forktail, 2005,21:183.
[6]Iamsiri A, Gale GA. Estimating population size and distribution of Hume's Phasant in northern Thailand [J]. Raffles bulletin of Zoology,2008,56(2): 457-463.
[7]丁平.长尾雉的地理分布及其系统关系的初步分析[J].生命科学研究,1998,2(2)：122-131.
[8]李汉华申兰田.广西的角雉属,长尾雉属鸟类及其地理分布[J].广西师范大学学报：自然科学版,1998,16(3)：76-80.
[9]卢汰春,中国珍稀濒危野生鸟类.1991,福建科学技术出版社：福州.p.314-327.
[10]韩联宪.云南黑颈长尾雉Syrmaticus humiae分布及栖息地类型调查[J].生物多样性,1997,5(3)：185-189.
[11]吴至康.贵州鸟类志[M].贵阳：贵州人民出版社,1986.
[12]蒋爱伍,程志营,梁显堂.贵州发现黑颈长尾雉(Syrmaticus humiae) [J]. Chinese Birds,2012,02:143-146.
[13]庾太林,李汉华,申兰田.黑颈长尾雉的人工饲养与繁殖[J].广西师范大学学报(自然科学版),1998,1：99-103.
[14]李汉华,庾太林,申兰田.笼养黑颈长尾雉的求偶炫耀行为,中国动物学会.中国动物科学研究-中国动物学会第十四届会员代表大会及中国动物学会65周年年会论文集.1999,中国动物学会.
[15]刘小华,周放,潘国平,赖月梅,刘自民.黑颈长尾雉繁殖习性的初步研究 [J].动物学报,1991,37(3)：332-333.
[16]庾太林,李汉华,申兰田,黑颈长尾雉卵的孵化与发育,中国动物学会.中国动物科学研究-中国动物学会第十四届会员代表大会及中国动物学会65周年年会论文集.1999,中国动物学会.
[17]骆鹰,庾太林,黄乘明,李汉华,吴深健,韦力.笼养黑颈长尾雉能量摄入的季节变化[J].动物学杂志,2008,43(1)：38-43.
[18]骆鹰,庾太林,李汉华,庞玉婷,陈莹.笼养白颈长尾雉和黑颈长尾雉冬季能量代谢的比较研究[J].四川动物,2007,26(1)：145-147.
[19]骆鹰,庾太林,黄乘明,赵彤,李汉华,李常健.笼养黑颈长尾雉和白颈长尾雉代谢产热特征及体温调节[J].动物学研究,2011(4)：396-402.
[20]丁长青郑光美.黄腹角雉再引入的初步研究[J].动物学报,1996,S1：69-73.
[21]李汉华,庾太林,韦政逸,苏勇,贝永建,陈伟才,申兰田,黑颈长尾雉再引入岑王老山自然保护区,第八届中国动物学会鸟类学分会全国代表大会暨第六届海峡两岸鸟类学研讨会论文集.2005,中国动物学会鸟类学分会：中国海南省海口市.
[22]贝永建,李汉华,黄乘明,庾太林,吴龙敦.岑王老山再引进黑颈长尾雉(Syrmaticus humiae)种群扩散的研究[J].广西师范大学学报：自然科学版,2005,23(4)：85-88.
[23]贝永建,陈伟才,李汉华,吴龙敦.再引入黑颈长尾雉夜栖行为与夜栖地选择[J].四川动物,2009,28(1)：39-43.
[24]陈伟才,李汉华,庾太林.黑颈长尾雉的巢址选择[J].四川动物,2006,25(3)：584-588.
[25]陈伟才,李汉华,庾太林.再引入黑颈长尾雉的产卵,孵卵行为[J].广西师范大学学报：自然科学版,2006,24(2)：93-96.
[26]Morris DL, FR Thompson Ⅲ. Effects of habitat and invertebrate density on abundance and foraging behavior of Brown-headed Cowbirds [J]. The Auk, 1998:376-385.
[27]贝永建,陈伟才,李汉华,黄乘明.再引入黑颈长尾雉育雏行为和育雏地选择[J].四川动物,2008(1)：92-94.
[28]贝永建,赖洁玲,李桂芬,李汉华,黄乘明,吴龙敦.再引入黑颈长尾雉夏季栖息地选择[J].动物学杂志,2010,45(4)：59-64.
[29]Rands MRW. The effect of nest site selection on nest predation in Grey Partridge Perdix perdix and Red-legged Partridge Alectoris rufa[J]. Ornis Scandianavica. 1988,19(1):35-40.
[30]Cody ML. Habitat selection in birds [M]. London:Academic Press,1985.
[31]刘小华,周放,潘国平,敖德良.广西黑颈长尾雉的分布与生态[J].广西林业,1990,(6)：25-26.
[32]范喜顺,胡德夫,肖自光,徐荣.恐龙河保护区黑颈长尾雉的分布与栖息地[J].石河子大学学报,2004,22(2)：157-160.
[33]Iamsiri A, Gale G, Round P, Meckvichai W, eds. Hume,s pheasant Syrmaticus humiae in northern Thailand. RA Fuller, JS Browne ed. Proceedings of the 3rd International Galliformes Symposium 2004.2005, World Pheasant Association, Fordingbridge, UK:Mukteswar, Uttaranchal,India.88-92.
[34]宋延龄,杨亲二,黄水青.物种多样性研究与保护[M].杭州：浙江科学技术出版社,1998.
[35]杨月伟,丁平,姜仕仁,诸葛阳.针阔混交林内白颈长尾雉栖息地利用的影响因子研究[J].动物学报,1999,(3)：279-286.
[36]丁平,杨月伟,李智,姜仕仁,诸葛阳.白颈长尾雉栖息地的植被特征研究[J].浙江大学学报(理学版),2001,(5)：557-562.
[37]丁平,李智,姜仕仁,诸葛阳.白颈长尾雉栖息地小区利用度影响因子研究[J].浙江大学学报(理学版),2002(1)：103-108.
[38]李宏群,廉振民,陈存根,贾生平,王晋堂,王永斌.陕西黄龙山林区褐马鸡春季觅食地选择[J].动物学杂志,2007(3)：61-67.
[39]Iamsiri A. Variables affecting habitat use of Hume's Pheasant in two disturbed sites in northern Thailand [J]. Raffles bulletin of Zoology,2008,56(2): 453-456.
[40]李伟,周伟,纪德,张仁功.哀牢山自然保护区南华分区黑颈长尾雉春季栖息地利用[J].浙江林学院学报,2006,23(2)：153-158.
[41]曹明,李伟,周伟,张兴勇,张仁功.哀牢山自然保护区南华片黑颈长尾雉繁殖早期取食地选择[J].浙江林学院学报,2007,24(2)：203-208.
[42]李伟,周伟,张兴勇,曹明,张仁功.哀牢山国家级自然保护区南华片三种雉类春季取食地利用比较[J].动物学研究,2006,27(5)：495-504.
[43]刘钊,周伟,张庆,李金祥,李宁,张仁功.哀牢山自然保护区南华片黑颈长尾雉春季觅食地植物群落特征与选择[J].动物学研究,2008,29(6)：646-652.
[44]Zhou W, Li N, Deng Z, Zhang Q, Li M, Wang X. Modeling forging habitats of Hume's Pheasant(Syrrmaticus humiae) in Dazhong Mountain,Yunnan, southwestern China [J]. Chinese Birds,2010,1(4):236-243.
[45]Engel KA,Young LS. Movements and habitat use by common ravens from roost sites in southwestern Idaho [J]. The Journal of wildlife management,1992, 596-602.
[46]Cody ML. Habitats Selection in Birds [M]. London:Academic Press,1985.
[47]丁平,杨月伟,李智,姜仕仁,诸葛阳.白颈长尾雉的夜宿地选择研究[J].浙江大学学报(理学版),2002,29(5)：564-568.
[48]孙全辉,张正旺,朱家贵,高振建.白冠长尾雉冬季夜栖行为与夜栖地利用影响因子的研究[J].北京师范大学学报(自然科学版),2002,38(1)：108-112.
[49]蒋爱伍,周放,陆舟,韩小静,孙仁杰,李相林.广西黑颈长尾雉对夜宿地的选择[J].动物学研究,2006,27(3)：249-254.
[50]Li N, Zhou W, Li W, Zhang Q, Wang X. Comparison of roosting habitat characteristics of two sympatric pheasants during springtime at Dazhong Mountain,southwestern China [J]. Chinese Birds,2010,1(2):132-140.
[51]Johnsgard PA. The Pheasant of the World:Biology and Natural History [M]. Washington:Smithsonian Institution Press,1999.
[52]Badyaev AV, Martin TE, Etges WJ. Habitat sampling and habitat selection by female wild turkeys:ecological correlates and reproductive consequences [J]. Auk,1996,113:636-646.
[53]Iamsiri A, Gale GA. Breeding Season Habitat Use by Hume's Pheasant Syrmaticus humiae in the Doi Chiang Dao Wildlife Sanctuary, Northern Thailand [J]. Zoological Studies,2008,47(2):138-145.
[54]崔多英,刘振生,王小明,翟昊,胡天华,李志刚.贺兰山马鹿冬季食性分析[J].动物学研究,2007,28(4)：383-388.
[55]Bugalho MN, Milne JA, Racey PA. The foraging ecology of red deer (Cervus elaphus) in a Mediterranean environment:is a larger body size advantageous? [J]. Journal of Zoology,2001,255(3):285-289.
[56]刘小华,周放,潘国平,敖德良.广西黑颈长尾雉的分布与生态[J].广西林业,1990,(4)：25-26.
[57]李宁,周伟,杨雁瑛,张庆,刘钊.云南大中山黑颈长尾雉冬季植物性食物显微分析[J].浙江林学院学报,2009,26(3)：363-367.
[58]International B. Syrmaticus humiae.2012 [cited 2013; Available from: www.iucnredlist.org.]
[59]广西壮族自治区林业局,广西陆生野生动物资源调查与监测研究报告.2001.p.178-181.
[60]Frankham R, Ballou JD, Briscoe DA. Introduction to Conservation Genetics [M]. United Kingdom:Cambridge University Press,2002.
[61]Crowe TM, Bowie RC, Bloomer P, Mandiwana TG, Hedderson TA, Randi E, Pereira SL, Wakeling J. Phylogenetics, biogeography and classification of, and character evolution in, gamebirds (Aves:Galliformes):effects of character exclusion, data partitioning and missing data [J]. Cladistics,2006,22(6): 495-532.
[62]Zhan XJ, Zhang ZW. Molecular phylogeny of avian genus Syrmaticus based on the mitochondrial cytochrome b gene and control region [J]. Zoological science,2005,22(4):427-435.
[63]庾太林,韩增超,管清新,张良建,刘晓辉.濒危黑颈长尾雉圈养种群的RAPD遗传多样性分析[J].基因组学与应用生物学,2012,31(4)：369-373.
[64]V.Sarasola-Puente, M.J.Madeira, A.Gosa, M.Lizana, B.Gomez-Mo liner. Population structure and genetic diversity of Rana dalmatina in the Iberian Peninsula [J]. Conservation Genetics,2012,13:197-209.
[65]Noss RF. Can we maintain biological and ecological integrity? [J]. Conservation Biology,1990,4(3):241-243.
[66]Ehrlich PR, Wilson E. Biodiversity studies:science and policy [J]. Science,1991, 253(5021):758-762.
[67]Reed DH, Frankham R. Correlation between fitness and genetic diversity [J]. Conservation biology,2003,17(1):230-237.
[68]Lesica P, Allendorf FW. When are peripheral populations valuable for conservation? [J]. Conservation Biology,1995,9(4):753-760.
[69]Moritz C. Defining evolutionary significant units for conservation [J]. Trends in Ecology and Evolution,1994,9(10):373-374.
[70]Jarne P, Lagoda PJL. Microsatellites, from molecules to populations and back [J]. Trends in Ecology & Evolution,1996,11(10):424-429.
[71]Crandall KA, Bininda-Emonds ORP, Mace GM, Wayne RK. Considering evolutionary processes in conservation biology [J]. Trends in Ecology & Evolution,2000,15(7):290-295.
[72]Shaffer HB, Fellers GM, Magee A, Voss SR. The genetics of amphibian declines: population substructure and molecular differentiation in the Yosemite Toad, Bufo canorus (Anura, Bufonidae) based on single-strand conformation polymorphism analysis (SSCP) and mitochondrial DNA sequence data [J]. Molecular Ecology,2000,9(3):245-257.
[73]Manel S, Schwartz MK, Luikart Gt, Taberlet P. Landscape genetics:combining landscape ecology and population genetics [J]. Trends in Ecology & Evolution, 2003,18(4):189-197.
[74]Newman RA, Squire T. Microsatellite variation and fine-scale population structure in the wood frog (Rana syhatica) [J]. Molecular Ecology,2001, 10(5):1087-1100.
[75]Purrenhage J, Niewiarowski P, Moore FBG Population structure of spotted salamanders (Ambystoma maculatum) in a fragmented landscape [J]. Molecular ecology,2009,18(2):235-247.
[76]Wang IJ. Fine-scale population structure in a desert amphibian:landscape genetics of the black toad (Bufo exsul) [J]. Molecular Ecology,2009,18(18): 3847-3856.
[77]Wilcox BA, Murphy DD. Conservation strategy:the effects of fragmentation on extinction [J]. The American Naturalist,1985,125(6):879-887.
[78]Sih A, Jonsson BG, Luikart G. Habitat loss:ecological, evolutionary and genetic consequences [J]. Trends in Ecology & Evolution,2000,15(4):132-134.
[79]Debinski DM, Holt RD. A survey and overview of habitat fragmentation experiments [J]. Conservation biology,2001,14(2):342-355.
[80]Pimm SL, Raven P. Biodiversity:extinction by numbers [J]. Nature,2000, 403(6772):843-845.
[81]Harper GL, Maclean N, Goulson D. Microsatellite markers to assess the influence of population size, isolation and demographic change on the genetic structure of the UK butterfly Polyommatus bellargus [J]. Molecular Ecology, 2003,12(12):3349-3357.
[82]Schmitt T, Seitz A. Influence of habitat fragmentation on the genetic structure of Polyommatus coridon (Lepidoptera:Lycaenidae):implications for conservation [J]. Biological Conservation,2002,107(3):291-297.
[83]Frankham R. Relationship of genetic variation to population size in wildlife [J]. Conservation Biology,1996,10(6):1500-1508.
[84]Frankel OH, Brown AHD, Burdon JJ. The conservation of plant biodiversity [M]. Cambridge University Press,1995.
[85]Lande R. Mutation and conservation [J]. Conservation biology,2002,9(4): 782-791.
[86]Groom MJ, Meffe GK, Carroll CR. Principles of conservation biology [M]. Sinauer Associates Sunderland, Massachusetts, USA,2006.
[87]Oostermeijer J, Van Eijck M, Van Leeuwen N, Den Nijs J. Analysis of the relationship between allozyme heterozygosity and fitness in the rare Gentiana pneumonanthe L [J]. Journal of Evolutionary Biology,2002,8(6):739-759.
[88]Saccheri I, Kuussaari M, Kankare M, Vikman P, Fprtelius W, Hanski I. Inbreeding and extinction in a butterfly metapopulation [J]. Nature,1998, 392(6675):491-494.
[89]Brown JH, Kodric-Brown A. Turnover rates in insular biogeography:effect of immigration on extinction [J]. Ecology,1977,58(2):445-449.
[90]Bossart J Pashley Prowell D. Genetic estimates of population structure and gene flow:limitations, lessons and new directions [J]. Trends in Ecology & Evolution,1998,13(5):202-206.
[91]Hanski I, Gilpin ME. Metapopulation biology:ecology, genetics, and evolution [M]. Academic press San Diego, California,1997.
[92]Bohonak AJ. Dispersal, gene flow, and population structure [J]. Quarterly review of biology,1999:21-45.
[93]Avise JC. Molecular markers, natural history and evolution [M]. New York: Chapman and Hall,1994.
[94]Koenig WD, Van Vuren D, Hooge PN. Detectability, philopatry and the distribution of dispersal distances in vertebrates [J]. Trends in Ecology & Evolution,1996,11(12):514-517.
[95]Roderick GK. Geographic structure of insect populations:gene flow, phylogeography, and their uses [J]. Annual Review of Entomology,1996, 41(1):325-352.
[96]Pearse DE, Crandall KA. Beyond FST:analysis of population genetic data for conservation [J]. Conservation Genetics,2004,5(5):585-602.
[97]Saccone C, Gissi C, Lanave C, Larizza A, Pesole G, Reyes A. Evolution of the mitochondrial genetic system:an overview [J]. Gene,2000,261(1):153-159.
[98]Saunders MA, Edwards SV. Dynamics and phylogenetic implications of mtDNA control region sequences in New World jays (Aves:Corvidae) [J]. Journal of Molecular Evolution,2000,51(2):97-109.
[99]Wan QH, Wu H, Fujihara T, Fang SG Which genetic marker for which conservation genetics issue? [J]. Electrophoresis,2004,25(14):2165-2176.
[100]Ashley M, Dow B. The use of microsatellite analysis in population biology: background, methods and potential applications.1994:Birkhauser Verlag, Basel, Switzerland, p.185-210.
[101]Selkoe KA, Toonen RJ. Microsatellites for ecologists:a practical guide to using and evaluating microsatellite markers [J]. Ecology letters,2006,9(5):615-629.
[102]张云武张亚平.微卫星及其应用[J].动物学研究,2001,22(4)：315-320.
[103]Davis LA, Roalson EH, Cornell K, Mcclanahan KD, Webster MS. Genetic divergence and migration patterns in a North American passerine bird: implications for evolution and conservation [J]. Molecular Ecology,2006, 15(8):2141-2152.
[104]Jones KL, Krapu GL, Brandt DA, Ashley MV. Population genetic structure in migratory sandhill cranes and the role of Pleistocene glaciations [J]. Molecular Ecology,2005,14(9):2645-2657.
[105]林芳君,蒋萍萍,丁平.白颈长尾雉微卫星多态性的遗传学分析[J].动物学研究,2010,31(5)：461-468.
[106]Evanno G, Regnaut S, Goudet J. Detecting the number of clusters of individuals using the software STRUCTURE:a simulation study [J]. Molecular ecology, 2005,14(8):2611-2620.
[107]Pritchard JK, Stephens M, Donnelly P. Inference of population structure using multilocus genotype data [J]. Genetics,2000,155(2):945-959.
[108]Beaumont MA. Detecting population expansion and decline using microsatellites [J]. Genetics,1999,153(4):2013-2029.
[109]Beaumont MA. Estimation of population growth or decline in genetically monitored populations [J]. Genetics,2003,164(3):1139-1160.
[110]Luikart G, Allendorf F, Cornuet J, Sherwin W. Distortion of allele frequency distributions provides a test for recent population bottlenecks [J]. Journal of Heredity,1998a,89(3):238-247.
[111]Luikart G Cornuet JM. Empirical evaluation of a test for identifying recently bottlenecked populations from allele frequency data [J]. Conservation Biology, 1998b,12(1):228-237.
[112]Luikart G, Sherwin W, Steele B, Allendorf F. Usefulness of molecular markers for detecting population bottlenecks via monitoring genetic change [J]. Molecular Ecology,1998c,7(8):963-974.
[113]Andren H. Effects of habitat fragmentation on birds and mammals in landscapes with different proportions of suitable habitat:a review [J]. Oikos,1994: 355-366.
[114]Westemeier RL, Brawn JD, Simpson SA, Esker TL, Jansen RW, Walk JW, Kershner EL, Bouzat JL, Paige KN. Tracking the long-term decline and recovery of an isolated population [J]. Science,1998,282(5394):1695-1698.
[115]Gaines M, Diffendorfer J, Tamarin R, Whittam T. The effects of habitat fragmentation on the genetic structure of small mammal populations [J]. Journal of Heredity,1997,88(4):294-304.
[116]Nupp TE, Swihart RK. Effects of forest fragmentation on population attributes of white-footed mice and eastern chipmunks [J]. Journal of Mammalogy,1998: 1234-1243.
[117]Zhu L, Zhang S, Gu X, Wei F. Significant genetic boundaries and spatial dynamics of giant pandas occupying fragmented habitat across southwest China [J]. Molecular Ecology,2011,20(6):1122-1132.
[118]Brody AJ, Pelton MR. Effects of roads on black bear movements in western North Carolina [J]. Wildlife Society Bulletin,1989:5-10.
[119]Develey PF, Stouffer PC. Effects of roads on movements by understory birds in mixed-species flocks in central amazonian Brazil [J]. Conservation Biology, 2001,15(5):1416-1422.
[120]Funk WC, Blouin MS, Corn PS, Maxell BA, Pilliod DS, Amish S, Allendorf FW. Population structure of Columbia spotted frogs (Rana luteiventris) is strongly affected by the landscape [J]. Molecular Ecology,2001,14(2): 483-496.
[121]潘岽生,王海京,李玉华,邹建平,周丽华,龚世平.广东大峡谷自然保护区社区公众野生动物保护意识调查[J].野生动物,2010,31(4)：218-220.
[122]傅之屏,杨远兵,吕植,刘智慧.人类生态环境意识对大熊猫栖息地影响的研究[J].四川大学学报(自然科学版),1998,35(6)：952-956.
[123]郑光美.世界鸟类的分类与分布名录[M].北京：科学出版社,2002.
[124]张正旺,丁长青,平丁,郑光美.中国鸡形目鸟类的现状与保护对策[J].生物多样性,2003,11(5)：414-421.
[125]郑光美.中国濒危雉类生态学研究进展[J].生物学通报,2004,39(1)：1-3.
[126]吴爱平,丁炜,张正旺,詹祥江.马鸡属鸟类的系统发育关系[J].动物学报,2006,51(5)：898-902.
[127]Huang Z, Liu N, Xiao Y, Cheng Y, Mei W, Wen L, Zhang L, Yu X. Phylogenetic relationships of four endemic genera of the Phasianidae in China based on mitochondrial DNA control-region genes [J]. Molecular phylogenetics and evolution,2009,53(2):378-383.
[128]Huang Z, Liu N, Zhang L, Xiao Y, Long J. Mitochondrial DNA Diversification and Phylogeny among Subspecies of Chukar Partridge (Alectoris chukar), Phasianidae [J]. Genes and Genomics,2008,30(3):181.
[129]Jiang PP, Ge YF, Lang QL, Ding P. Genetic structure among wild populations of Elliot's Pheasant Syrmaticus ellioti in China from mitochondrial DNA analyses [J]. Bird Conservation International,2007,17(2):177-185.
[130]武玉珍,王孟本,张峰.褐马鸡圈养种群的mtDNA控制区多态性[J].生态学报,2010,30(11)：2958-2964.
[131]Huang Z, Yu X, Liang W. Population genetic structure of golden pheasant Chrysolophus pictus in the Qinling Mountains, China [J]. Animal Biology, 2012,62(2):231-243.
[132]Willis KJ, Whittaker RJ. Species diversity-scale matters [J]. Science,2002, 295(5558):1245-1248.
[133]Qian H, Ricklefs RE, White PS. Beta diversity of angiosperms in temperate floras of eastern Asia and eastern North America [J]. Ecology Letters,2005, 8(1):15-22.
[134]Avise JC. Phylogeography:The history and formation of species [M]. Cambridge:Harvard University Press,2000.
[135]Brown WM, George M, Wilson AC. Rapid evolution of animal mitochondrial DNA [J]. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences,1979,76(4): 1967-1971.
[136]Moritz C, Dowling T, Brown W. Evolution of animal mitochondrial DNA: relevance for population biology and systematics [J]. Annual review of ecology and systematics,1987:269-292.
[137]Arbogast BS, Kenagy G Comparative phylogeography as an integrative approach to historical biogeography [J]. Journal of Biogeography,2001,28(7): 819-825.
[138]Recuero E, Martinez-Solano I, Parra-Olea G, Garcia-Paris M. Phylogeography of Pseudacris regilla (Anura:Hylidae) in western North America, with a proposal for a new taxonomic rearrangement [J]. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution,2006,39(2):293-304.
[139]Brooks TM, Mittermeier RA, Mittermeier CG, Da Fonseca GAB, Rylands AB, Konstant WR, Flick P, Pilgrim J, Oldfield S, Magin G Habitat loss and extinction in the hotspots of biodiversity [J]. Conservation biology,2002, 16(4):909-923.
[140]Reed DH. Extinction risk in fragmented habitats [J]. Animal Conservation,2004, 7(2):181-191.
[141]Wade MJ. Population structure. In Nature encyclo-pedia of life sciences [M]. London:Nature Publishing Group,2001.
[142]Gilpin ME, Soul'e ME, Minimum viable popula-tions, processes of species extinction, in Conservation biology, the science of scarcity and diversity, Soul 'e ME, Editor.1986, Sinauer Associates:Sunderland. p.19-34.
[143]Hedrick PW, Kalinowski ST. Inbreeding depression in conservation biology [J]. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics,2000,31:139-162.
[144]H " oglund J. Evolutionary conservation genetics [M]. Oxford:Oxford University Press,2009.
[145]Ryder OA. Species conservation and systematics:the dilemma of subspecies [J]. Trends in Ecology & Evolution,1986,1(1):9-10.
[146]Caballero S, Islas-Villanueva V, Tezanos-Pinto G, Duchene S, Delgado-Estrella A, Sanchez-Okrucky R, Mignucci-Giannoni A. Phylogeography, genetic diversity and population structure of common bottlenose dolphins in the Wider Caribbean inferred from analyses of mitochondrial DNA control region sequences and microsatellite loci: conservation and management implications [J]. Animal Conservation,2012, 15(1):95-112.
[147]Tautz D. Hypervariabflity of simple sequences as a general source for polymorphic DNA markers [J]. Nucleic acids research,1989,17(16): 6463-6471.
[148]Hewitt GM. Speciation, hybrid zones and phylogeography-or seeing genes in space and time [J]. Molecular Ecology,2001,10(3):537-549.
[149]Eggert LS, Mundy NI, Woodruff DS. Population structure of loggerhead shrikes in the California Channel Islands [J]. Molecular Ecology,2004,13(8): 2121-2133.
[150]Johnsen A, Andersson S, Fernandez JG, Kempenaers B, Pavel V, Questiau S, Raess M, Rindal E, Lifjeld JT. Molecular and phenotypic divergence in the bluethroat (Luscinia svecica) subspecies complex [J]. Molecular Ecology, 2006,15(13):4033-4047.
[151]Chistiakov DA, Hellemans B, Volckaert FA. Microsatellites and their genomic distribution, evolution, function and applications:A review with special reference to fish genetics [J]. Aquaculture,2006,255(1):1-29.
[152]Bruford MW, Wayne RK. Microsatellites and their application to population genetic studies [J]. Current opinion in genetics & development,1993,3(6): 939-943.
[153]Shriver MD, Jin L, Ferrell RE, Deka R. Microsatellite data support an early population expansion in Africa [J]. Genome Research,1997,7(6):586-591.
[154]Rooney AP, Honeycutt RL, Davis SK, Derr JN. Evaluating a putative bottleneck in a population of bowhead whales from patterns of microsatellite diversity and genetic disequilibria [J]. Journal of Molecular Evolution,1999,49(5): 682-690.
[155]Lin FJ, Jiang PP, Ding P. Genetic evidence for male-biased dispersal in Elliot's Pheasant (Syrmaticus ellioti) in China [J].2011,2(2):72-78.
[156]An B, Zhang L, Browne S, Liu N, Ruan L, Song S. Phylogeography of Tibetan snowcock (Tetraogallus tibetanus) in Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau [J]. Molecular phylogenetics and evolution,2009,50(3):526-533.
[157]Zane L, Bargelloni L, Patarnello T. Strategies for microsatellite isolation:a review [J]. Molecular ecology,2002,11(1):1-16.
[158]Sambrook J, Russell DW. Molecular cloning:a laboratory manual [M]. cold spring harbor laboratory press,2001.
[159]Randi E, Lucchini V. Organization and evolution of the mitochondrial DNA control region in the avian genus Alectoris [J]. Journal of Molecular Evolution, 1998,47(4):449-462.
[160]van Oosterhout C, Hutchinson WF, Wills DP, Shipley P. micro-checker: software for identifying and correcting genotyping errors in microsatellite data [J]. Molecular Ecology Notes,2004,4(3):535-538.
[161]Park S. Trypanotolerance in West African cattle and the population genetic effects of selection [D]. Ph. D. thesis, University of Dublin,2001.
[162]J Goudet. Fstat:A computer program to calculate F-statistics [J]. Journal of Heredity,1995,86:485-486.
[163]Thompson JD, Gibson TJ, Plewniak F, Jeanmougin F, Higgins DG The CLUSTAL_X windows interface:flexible strategies for multiple sequence alignment aided by quality analysis tools [J]. Nucleic acids research,1997, 25(24):4876-4882.
[164]Kumar S, Dudley J. Bioinformatics software for biologists in the genomics era [J]. Bioinformatics,2007,23(14):1713-1717.
[165]Librado P, Rozas J. DnaSP v5:a software for comprehensive analysis of DNA polymorphism data [J]. Bioinformatics,2009,25(11):1451-1452.
[166]Excoffier L, Laval G, Schneider S. Arlequin (version 3.0):an integrated software package for population genetics data analysis [J]. Evolutionary bioinformatics online,2005,1:47.
[167]Kimura M. A simple method for estimating evolutionary rates of base substitutions through comparative studies of nucleotide sequences [J]. Journal of molecular evolution,1980,16(2):111-120.
[168]Wright S. Evolution And The Genetics Of Populations, Volume 4:Variability Within And Among Natural Populations [M]. University Of Chicago Press. 1984.
[169]Weir B, Cockerham CC. Estimating F-statistics for the analysis of population structure [J]. Evolution,1984:1358-1370.
[170]Slatkin M, Hudson RR. Pairwise comparisons of mitochondrial DNA sequences in stable and exponentially growing populations [J]. Genetics,1991,129(2): 555-562.
[171]Rogers AR, Harpending H. Population growth makes waves in the distribution of pairwise genetic differences [J]. Molecular Biology and Evolution,1992, 9(3):552-569.
[172]Schneider S, Excoffier L. Estimation of past demographic parameters from the distribution of pairwise differences when the mutation rates vary among sites: application to human mitochondrial DNA [J]. Genetics,1999,152(3): 1079-1089.
[173]Tajima F. Statistical method for testing the neutral mutation hypothesis by DNA polymorphism [J]. Genetics,1989,123(3):585-595.
[174]Fu YX, Li WH. Statistical tests of neutrality of mutations [J]. Genetics,1993, 133(3):693-709.
[175]Fu YX. Statistical tests of neutrality of mutations against population growth, hitchhiking and background selection [J]. Genetics,1997,147(2):915-925.
[176]Raymond M, Rousset F. GENEPOP (version 1.2):population genetics software for exact tests and ecumenicism [J]. Journal of heredity,1995,86(3):248-249.
[177]Nei M. Genetic distance between populations [J]. American naturalist,1972: 283-292.
[178]Peakall R, Smouse PE. GENALEX 6:genetic analysis in Excel. Population genetic software for teaching and research [J]. Molecular Ecology Notes,2006, 6(1):288-295.
[179]Cornuet JM, Luikart G. Description and power analysis of two tests for detecting recent population bottlenecks from allele frequency data [J]. Genetics,1996,144(4):2001-2014.
[180]Piry S, Luikart G, Cornuet J. Computer note. BOTTLENECK:a computer program for detecting recent reductions in the effective size using allele frequency data [J]. Journal of Heredity,1999,90(4):502-503.
[181]Randi E, Lucchini V. Detecting rare introgression of domestic dog genes into wild wolf (Canis lupus) populations by Bayesian admixture analyses of microsatellite variation [J]. Conservation Genetics,2002,3(1):29-43.
[182]Palstra FP, O'connell MF, Ruzzante DE. Population structure and gene flow reversals in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) over contemporary and long-term temporal scales:effects of population size and life history [J]. Molecular Ecology,2007,16(2]):4504-4522.
[183]林芳君,蒋萍萍,丁平.白颈长尾雉微卫星多态性的遗传学分析[J].动物学研究,2010,31(5)：461-468.
[184]Brody AJ, Pelton MR. Effects of roads on black bear movements in western North Carolina [J]. Wildlife Society Bulletin,1989,17(1):5-10.
[185]黄族豪,潘刘阳,肖宜安,龙进,刘迺发.江西井冈山地区灰胸竹鸡的遗传多样性研究[J].四川动物,2009,28(2)：265-268.
[186]Frankham R. Conservation genetics [J]. Annual review of genetics,1995,29(1): 305-327.
[187]蒋爱伍,原宝东,覃国乐,覃勇荣.黑颈长尾雉生物学研究进展[J].生物学教学,2013,(11)：2-5.
[188]Barrett SC, Kohn JR, Falk D, Holsinger K, Genetic and evolutionary consequences of small population size in plants:implications for conservation, in Genetics and conservation of rare plants..1991. p.3-30.
[189]Li HH, Yu TL, Shen LT. The birds of Tragopan Cuvior and Syrmaticus Wagler and theirs geological distribution in Guangxi,China [J]. Journal of Guangxi Normal University(Nutral Science),1998,16(3):76-80.
[190]Nei M, Maruyama T, Chakraborty R. The bottleneck effect and genetic variability in populations [J]. Evolution,1975:1-10.
[191]Ning W, Jiang C, Quanhui S, Langyu G. Cross-species microsatellites amplification for a vulnerable species endemic of China, Reeves's pheasant (Syrmaticus reevesii) [J].2009,1-4.
[192]Hartl D, Clark A. Organization of genetic variation [M].1997.
[193]Abbott CL, Double MC. Genetic structure, conservation genetics and evidence of speciation by range expansion in shy and white-capped albatrosses [J]. Molecular Ecology,2003,12(11):2953-2962.
[194]朱菊英.红河州境内南盘江枯季径流变化规律分析[J].人民珠江,2012,(2)：11-12.
[195]光耀华.红水河梯极开发对环境生态影响的初步评价[J].水力发电学报,1984,(1)：141-157.
[196]贝永建.广西岑王老山自然保护区再引进黑颈长尾雉(Syrmaticus humiae)种群扩散和栖息地选择[D].广西师范大学,2005.
[197]郑玲芳,郝芳华,杨胜天.天生桥一级水库蓄水前后库周土地覆盖变化研究[J].水土保持研究,2005,12(2)：80-85.
[198]Jiang AW, Cheng ZY, Liang XT. Discovery of Hume's Pheasant (Syrmaticus humiae) in Guizhou Province, southwestern China [J]. Chinese Bird,2012, 3(2):143-146.
[199]Frankham R, Ballou JD, Briscoe DA. Introduction to conservation genetics [M]. Cambridge University Press,2002.
[200]贝永建,吴龙敦,李汉华.再引入黑颈长尾雉日活动规律及时间分配[J].野生动物,2010,31(2)：90-92.
[201]Crandall KA, Templeton AR. Empirical tests of some predictions from coalescent theory with applications to intraspecific phytogeny reconstruction [J]. Genetics,1993,134(3):959-969.
[202]Li SH, Yeung CKL, Feinstein J, Han L, Le MH, Wang CX, Ding P. Sailing through the Late Pleistocene:unusual historical demography of an East Asian endemic, the Chinese Hwamei(Leucodioptron canorum), during the last glacial period [J]. Molecular Ecology,2009,18(4):622-633.
[203]Maruyama T, Fuerst PA. Population bottlenecks and nonequilibrium models in population genetics. II. Number of alleles in a small population that was formed by a recent bottleneck [J]. Genetics,1985,111(3):675-689.
[204]Di Rienzo A, Peterson A, Garza J, Valdes A, Slatkin M, Freimer N. Mutational processes of simple-sequence repeat loci in human populations [J]. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences,1994,91(8):3166-3170.
[205]Luikart G, Allendorf F, Cornuet J, Sherwin W. Distortion of allele frequency distributions provides a test for recent population bottlenecks [J]. Journal of Heredity,1998,89(3):238-247.
[206]Galbusera P, Githiru M, Lens L, Matthysen E. Genetic equilibrium despite habitat fragmentation in an Afrotropical bird [J]. Molecular Ecology,2004, 13(6):1409-1421.
[207]杨玉慧,张德兴,李义明,吉亚杰.中国黑斑蛙种群线粒体DNA多样性和生物地理演化过程的初探[J].动物学报,2004,50(2)：193-201.
[208]Hooftman DA, Billeter RC, Schmid B, Diemer M. Genetic effects of habitat fragmentation on common species of Swiss fen meadows [J]. Conservation Biology,2004,18(4):1043-1051.
[209]Sumner J, Jessop T, Paetkau D, Moritz C. Limited effect of anthropogenic habitat fragmentation on molecular diversity in a rain forest skink, Gnypetoscincus queenslandiae [J]. Molecular Ecology,2004,13(2):259-269.
[210]程宏毅,鲍毅新,陈良,胡知渊,葛宝明.黑麂(Muntiacus crinifrons)栖息地片断化对种群基因流的影响[J].生态学报,2008,28(3)：1109-1119.
[211]Avise JC. Molecular markers:natural history and evolution [M]. Springer,1994.
[212]Avise JC, Hamrick JL. Conservation genetics:case histories from nature [M]. Chapman & Hall,1996.
[213]Smith TB, Wayne RK, Science AAftAo. Molecular genetic approaches in conservation [M]. Oxford University Press New York,1996.
[214]Villard MA, Metzger JP. Beyond the fragmentation debate:a conceptual model to predict when habitat configuration really matters [J]. Journal of Applied Ecology,2014,51(2):309-318.
[215]Mortelliti A, Amori G, Capizzi D, Cervone C, Fagiani S, Pollini B, Boitani L. Independent effects of habitat loss, habitat fragmentation and structural connectivity on the distribution of two arboreal rodents [J]. Journal of Applied Ecology,2011,48(1):153-162.
[216]Smith AC, Fahrig L, Francis CM. Landscape size affects the relative importance of habitat amount, habitat fragmentation, and matrix quality on forest birds [J]. Ecography,2011,34(1):103-113.
[2]Fuller RA, Garson PJ. Pheasant:Status survey and conservation action plan 2000-2004, IUCN.2000, Reading:Cambridge,UK. p.66.
[3]广西壮族自治区林业局,广西陆生野生动物资源调查与监测研究报告.2001.
[4]B.Groombridge. IUCN red list of threatened species.2012 27.December; Available from:http://www.iucnredlist.org/details/100600268/0.
[5]Choudhury A. New sites for Mrs Hume's Pheasant Syrmaticus humiae in north-east India based on hunters' specimens and local reports [J]. Forktail, 2005,21:183.
[6]Iamsiri A, Gale GA. Estimating population size and distribution of Hume's Phasant in northern Thailand [J]. Raffles bulletin of Zoology,2008,56(2): 457-463.
[7]丁平.长尾雉的地理分布及其系统关系的初步分析[J].生命科学研究,1998,2(2)：122-131.
[8]李汉华申兰田.广西的角雉属,长尾雉属鸟类及其地理分布[J].广西师范大学学报：自然科学版,1998,16(3)：76-80.
[9]卢汰春,中国珍稀濒危野生鸟类.1991,福建科学技术出版社：福州.p.314-327.
[10]韩联宪.云南黑颈长尾雉Syrmaticus humiae分布及栖息地类型调查[J].生物多样性,1997,5(3)：185-189.
[11]吴至康.贵州鸟类志[M].贵阳：贵州人民出版社,1986.
[12]蒋爱伍,程志营,梁显堂.贵州发现黑颈长尾雉(Syrmaticus humiae) [J]. Chinese Birds,2012,02:143-146.
[13]庾太林,李汉华,申兰田.黑颈长尾雉的人工饲养与繁殖[J].广西师范大学学报(自然科学版),1998,1：99-103.
[14]李汉华,庾太林,申兰田.笼养黑颈长尾雉的求偶炫耀行为,中国动物学会.中国动物科学研究-中国动物学会第十四届会员代表大会及中国动物学会65周年年会论文集.1999,中国动物学会.
[15]刘小华,周放,潘国平,赖月梅,刘自民.黑颈长尾雉繁殖习性的初步研究 [J].动物学报,1991,37(3)：332-333.
[16]庾太林,李汉华,申兰田,黑颈长尾雉卵的孵化与发育,中国动物学会.中国动物科学研究-中国动物学会第十四届会员代表大会及中国动物学会65周年年会论文集.1999,中国动物学会.
[17]骆鹰,庾太林,黄乘明,李汉华,吴深健,韦力.笼养黑颈长尾雉能量摄入的季节变化[J].动物学杂志,2008,43(1)：38-43.
[18]骆鹰,庾太林,李汉华,庞玉婷,陈莹.笼养白颈长尾雉和黑颈长尾雉冬季能量代谢的比较研究[J].四川动物,2007,26(1)：145-147.
[19]骆鹰,庾太林,黄乘明,赵彤,李汉华,李常健.笼养黑颈长尾雉和白颈长尾雉代谢产热特征及体温调节[J].动物学研究,2011(4)：396-402.
[20]丁长青郑光美.黄腹角雉再引入的初步研究[J].动物学报,1996,S1：69-73.
[21]李汉华,庾太林,韦政逸,苏勇,贝永建,陈伟才,申兰田,黑颈长尾雉再引入岑王老山自然保护区,第八届中国动物学会鸟类学分会全国代表大会暨第六届海峡两岸鸟类学研讨会论文集.2005,中国动物学会鸟类学分会：中国海南省海口市.
[22]贝永建,李汉华,黄乘明,庾太林,吴龙敦.岑王老山再引进黑颈长尾雉(Syrmaticus humiae)种群扩散的研究[J].广西师范大学学报：自然科学版,2005,23(4)：85-88.
[23]贝永建,陈伟才,李汉华,吴龙敦.再引入黑颈长尾雉夜栖行为与夜栖地选择[J].四川动物,2009,28(1)：39-43.
[24]陈伟才,李汉华,庾太林.黑颈长尾雉的巢址选择[J].四川动物,2006,25(3)：584-588.
[25]陈伟才,李汉华,庾太林.再引入黑颈长尾雉的产卵,孵卵行为[J].广西师范大学学报：自然科学版,2006,24(2)：93-96.
[26]Morris DL, FR Thompson Ⅲ. Effects of habitat and invertebrate density on abundance and foraging behavior of Brown-headed Cowbirds [J]. The Auk, 1998:376-385.
[27]贝永建,陈伟才,李汉华,黄乘明.再引入黑颈长尾雉育雏行为和育雏地选择[J].四川动物,2008(1)：92-94.
[28]贝永建,赖洁玲,李桂芬,李汉华,黄乘明,吴龙敦.再引入黑颈长尾雉夏季栖息地选择[J].动物学杂志,2010,45(4)：59-64.
[29]Rands MRW. The effect of nest site selection on nest predation in Grey Partridge Perdix perdix and Red-legged Partridge Alectoris rufa[J]. Ornis Scandianavica. 1988,19(1):35-40.
[30]Cody ML. Habitat selection in birds [M]. London:Academic Press,1985.
[31]刘小华,周放,潘国平,敖德良.广西黑颈长尾雉的分布与生态[J].广西林业,1990,(6)：25-26.
[32]范喜顺,胡德夫,肖自光,徐荣.恐龙河保护区黑颈长尾雉的分布与栖息地[J].石河子大学学报,2004,22(2)：157-160.
[33]Iamsiri A, Gale G, Round P, Meckvichai W, eds. Hume,s pheasant Syrmaticus humiae in northern Thailand. RA Fuller, JS Browne ed. Proceedings of the 3rd International Galliformes Symposium 2004.2005, World Pheasant Association, Fordingbridge, UK:Mukteswar, Uttaranchal,India.88-92.
[34]宋延龄,杨亲二,黄水青.物种多样性研究与保护[M].杭州：浙江科学技术出版社,1998.
[35]杨月伟,丁平,姜仕仁,诸葛阳.针阔混交林内白颈长尾雉栖息地利用的影响因子研究[J].动物学报,1999,(3)：279-286.
[36]丁平,杨月伟,李智,姜仕仁,诸葛阳.白颈长尾雉栖息地的植被特征研究[J].浙江大学学报(理学版),2001,(5)：557-562.
[37]丁平,李智,姜仕仁,诸葛阳.白颈长尾雉栖息地小区利用度影响因子研究[J].浙江大学学报(理学版),2002(1)：103-108.
[38]李宏群,廉振民,陈存根,贾生平,王晋堂,王永斌.陕西黄龙山林区褐马鸡春季觅食地选择[J].动物学杂志,2007(3)：61-67.
[39]Iamsiri A. Variables affecting habitat use of Hume's Pheasant in two disturbed sites in northern Thailand [J]. Raffles bulletin of Zoology,2008,56(2): 453-456.
[40]李伟,周伟,纪德,张仁功.哀牢山自然保护区南华分区黑颈长尾雉春季栖息地利用[J].浙江林学院学报,2006,23(2)：153-158.
[41]曹明,李伟,周伟,张兴勇,张仁功.哀牢山自然保护区南华片黑颈长尾雉繁殖早期取食地选择[J].浙江林学院学报,2007,24(2)：203-208.
[42]李伟,周伟,张兴勇,曹明,张仁功.哀牢山国家级自然保护区南华片三种雉类春季取食地利用比较[J].动物学研究,2006,27(5)：495-504.
[43]刘钊,周伟,张庆,李金祥,李宁,张仁功.哀牢山自然保护区南华片黑颈长尾雉春季觅食地植物群落特征与选择[J].动物学研究,2008,29(6)：646-652.
[44]Zhou W, Li N, Deng Z, Zhang Q, Li M, Wang X. Modeling forging habitats of Hume's Pheasant(Syrrmaticus humiae) in Dazhong Mountain,Yunnan, southwestern China [J]. Chinese Birds,2010,1(4):236-243.
[45]Engel KA,Young LS. Movements and habitat use by common ravens from roost sites in southwestern Idaho [J]. The Journal of wildlife management,1992, 596-602.
[46]Cody ML. Habitats Selection in Birds [M]. London:Academic Press,1985.
[47]丁平,杨月伟,李智,姜仕仁,诸葛阳.白颈长尾雉的夜宿地选择研究[J].浙江大学学报(理学版),2002,29(5)：564-568.
[48]孙全辉,张正旺,朱家贵,高振建.白冠长尾雉冬季夜栖行为与夜栖地利用影响因子的研究[J].北京师范大学学报(自然科学版),2002,38(1)：108-112.
[49]蒋爱伍,周放,陆舟,韩小静,孙仁杰,李相林.广西黑颈长尾雉对夜宿地的选择[J].动物学研究,2006,27(3)：249-254.
[50]Li N, Zhou W, Li W, Zhang Q, Wang X. Comparison of roosting habitat characteristics of two sympatric pheasants during springtime at Dazhong Mountain,southwestern China [J]. Chinese Birds,2010,1(2):132-140.
[51]Johnsgard PA. The Pheasant of the World:Biology and Natural History [M]. Washington:Smithsonian Institution Press,1999.
[52]Badyaev AV, Martin TE, Etges WJ. Habitat sampling and habitat selection by female wild turkeys:ecological correlates and reproductive consequences [J]. Auk,1996,113:636-646.
[53]Iamsiri A, Gale GA. Breeding Season Habitat Use by Hume's Pheasant Syrmaticus humiae in the Doi Chiang Dao Wildlife Sanctuary, Northern Thailand [J]. Zoological Studies,2008,47(2):138-145.
[54]崔多英,刘振生,王小明,翟昊,胡天华,李志刚.贺兰山马鹿冬季食性分析[J].动物学研究,2007,28(4)：383-388.
[55]Bugalho MN, Milne JA, Racey PA. The foraging ecology of red deer (Cervus elaphus) in a Mediterranean environment:is a larger body size advantageous? [J]. Journal of Zoology,2001,255(3):285-289.
[56]刘小华,周放,潘国平,敖德良.广西黑颈长尾雉的分布与生态[J].广西林业,1990,(4)：25-26.
[57]李宁,周伟,杨雁瑛,张庆,刘钊.云南大中山黑颈长尾雉冬季植物性食物显微分析[J].浙江林学院学报,2009,26(3)：363-367.
[58]International B. Syrmaticus humiae.2012 [cited 2013; Available from: www.iucnredlist.org.]
[59]广西壮族自治区林业局,广西陆生野生动物资源调查与监测研究报告.2001.p.178-181.
[60]Frankham R, Ballou JD, Briscoe DA. Introduction to Conservation Genetics [M]. United Kingdom:Cambridge University Press,2002.
[61]Crowe TM, Bowie RC, Bloomer P, Mandiwana TG, Hedderson TA, Randi E, Pereira SL, Wakeling J. Phylogenetics, biogeography and classification of, and character evolution in, gamebirds (Aves:Galliformes):effects of character exclusion, data partitioning and missing data [J]. Cladistics,2006,22(6): 495-532.
[62]Zhan XJ, Zhang ZW. Molecular phylogeny of avian genus Syrmaticus based on the mitochondrial cytochrome b gene and control region [J]. Zoological science,2005,22(4):427-435.
[63]庾太林,韩增超,管清新,张良建,刘晓辉.濒危黑颈长尾雉圈养种群的RAPD遗传多样性分析[J].基因组学与应用生物学,2012,31(4)：369-373.
[64]V.Sarasola-Puente, M.J.Madeira, A.Gosa, M.Lizana, B.Gomez-Mo liner. Population structure and genetic diversity of Rana dalmatina in the Iberian Peninsula [J]. Conservation Genetics,2012,13:197-209.
[65]Noss RF. Can we maintain biological and ecological integrity? [J]. Conservation Biology,1990,4(3):241-243.
[66]Ehrlich PR, Wilson E. Biodiversity studies:science and policy [J]. Science,1991, 253(5021):758-762.
[67]Reed DH, Frankham R. Correlation between fitness and genetic diversity [J]. Conservation biology,2003,17(1):230-237.
[68]Lesica P, Allendorf FW. When are peripheral populations valuable for conservation? [J]. Conservation Biology,1995,9(4):753-760.
[69]Moritz C. Defining evolutionary significant units for conservation [J]. Trends in Ecology and Evolution,1994,9(10):373-374.
[70]Jarne P, Lagoda PJL. Microsatellites, from molecules to populations and back [J]. Trends in Ecology & Evolution,1996,11(10):424-429.
[71]Crandall KA, Bininda-Emonds ORP, Mace GM, Wayne RK. Considering evolutionary processes in conservation biology [J]. Trends in Ecology & Evolution,2000,15(7):290-295.
[72]Shaffer HB, Fellers GM, Magee A, Voss SR. The genetics of amphibian declines: population substructure and molecular differentiation in the Yosemite Toad, Bufo canorus (Anura, Bufonidae) based on single-strand conformation polymorphism analysis (SSCP) and mitochondrial DNA sequence data [J]. Molecular Ecology,2000,9(3):245-257.
[73]Manel S, Schwartz MK, Luikart Gt, Taberlet P. Landscape genetics:combining landscape ecology and population genetics [J]. Trends in Ecology & Evolution, 2003,18(4):189-197.
[74]Newman RA, Squire T. Microsatellite variation and fine-scale population structure in the wood frog (Rana syhatica) [J]. Molecular Ecology,2001, 10(5):1087-1100.
[75]Purrenhage J, Niewiarowski P, Moore FBG Population structure of spotted salamanders (Ambystoma maculatum) in a fragmented landscape [J]. Molecular ecology,2009,18(2):235-247.
[76]Wang IJ. Fine-scale population structure in a desert amphibian:landscape genetics of the black toad (Bufo exsul) [J]. Molecular Ecology,2009,18(18): 3847-3856.
[77]Wilcox BA, Murphy DD. Conservation strategy:the effects of fragmentation on extinction [J]. The American Naturalist,1985,125(6):879-887.
[78]Sih A, Jonsson BG, Luikart G. Habitat loss:ecological, evolutionary and genetic consequences [J]. Trends in Ecology & Evolution,2000,15(4):132-134.
[79]Debinski DM, Holt RD. A survey and overview of habitat fragmentation experiments [J]. Conservation biology,2001,14(2):342-355.
[80]Pimm SL, Raven P. Biodiversity:extinction by numbers [J]. Nature,2000, 403(6772):843-845.
[81]Harper GL, Maclean N, Goulson D. Microsatellite markers to assess the influence of population size, isolation and demographic change on the genetic structure of the UK butterfly Polyommatus bellargus [J]. Molecular Ecology, 2003,12(12):3349-3357.
[82]Schmitt T, Seitz A. Influence of habitat fragmentation on the genetic structure of Polyommatus coridon (Lepidoptera:Lycaenidae):implications for conservation [J]. Biological Conservation,2002,107(3):291-297.
[83]Frankham R. Relationship of genetic variation to population size in wildlife [J]. Conservation Biology,1996,10(6):1500-1508.
[84]Frankel OH, Brown AHD, Burdon JJ. The conservation of plant biodiversity [M]. Cambridge University Press,1995.
[85]Lande R. Mutation and conservation [J]. Conservation biology,2002,9(4): 782-791.
[86]Groom MJ, Meffe GK, Carroll CR. Principles of conservation biology [M]. Sinauer Associates Sunderland, Massachusetts, USA,2006.
[87]Oostermeijer J, Van Eijck M, Van Leeuwen N, Den Nijs J. Analysis of the relationship between allozyme heterozygosity and fitness in the rare Gentiana pneumonanthe L [J]. Journal of Evolutionary Biology,2002,8(6):739-759.
[88]Saccheri I, Kuussaari M, Kankare M, Vikman P, Fprtelius W, Hanski I. Inbreeding and extinction in a butterfly metapopulation [J]. Nature,1998, 392(6675):491-494.
[89]Brown JH, Kodric-Brown A. Turnover rates in insular biogeography:effect of immigration on extinction [J]. Ecology,1977,58(2):445-449.
[90]Bossart J Pashley Prowell D. Genetic estimates of population structure and gene flow:limitations, lessons and new directions [J]. Trends in Ecology & Evolution,1998,13(5):202-206.
[91]Hanski I, Gilpin ME. Metapopulation biology:ecology, genetics, and evolution [M]. Academic press San Diego, California,1997.
[92]Bohonak AJ. Dispersal, gene flow, and population structure [J]. Quarterly review of biology,1999:21-45.
[93]Avise JC. Molecular markers, natural history and evolution [M]. New York: Chapman and Hall,1994.
[94]Koenig WD, Van Vuren D, Hooge PN. Detectability, philopatry and the distribution of dispersal distances in vertebrates [J]. Trends in Ecology & Evolution,1996,11(12):514-517.
[95]Roderick GK. Geographic structure of insect populations:gene flow, phylogeography, and their uses [J]. Annual Review of Entomology,1996, 41(1):325-352.
[96]Pearse DE, Crandall KA. Beyond FST:analysis of population genetic data for conservation [J]. Conservation Genetics,2004,5(5):585-602.
[97]Saccone C, Gissi C, Lanave C, Larizza A, Pesole G, Reyes A. Evolution of the mitochondrial genetic system:an overview [J]. Gene,2000,261(1):153-159.
[98]Saunders MA, Edwards SV. Dynamics and phylogenetic implications of mtDNA control region sequences in New World jays (Aves:Corvidae) [J]. Journal of Molecular Evolution,2000,51(2):97-109.
[99]Wan QH, Wu H, Fujihara T, Fang SG Which genetic marker for which conservation genetics issue? [J]. Electrophoresis,2004,25(14):2165-2176.
[100]Ashley M, Dow B. The use of microsatellite analysis in population biology: background, methods and potential applications.1994:Birkhauser Verlag, Basel, Switzerland, p.185-210.
[101]Selkoe KA, Toonen RJ. Microsatellites for ecologists:a practical guide to using and evaluating microsatellite markers [J]. Ecology letters,2006,9(5):615-629.
[102]张云武张亚平.微卫星及其应用[J].动物学研究,2001,22(4)：315-320.
[103]Davis LA, Roalson EH, Cornell K, Mcclanahan KD, Webster MS. Genetic divergence and migration patterns in a North American passerine bird: implications for evolution and conservation [J]. Molecular Ecology,2006, 15(8):2141-2152.
[104]Jones KL, Krapu GL, Brandt DA, Ashley MV. Population genetic structure in migratory sandhill cranes and the role of Pleistocene glaciations [J]. Molecular Ecology,2005,14(9):2645-2657.
[105]林芳君,蒋萍萍,丁平.白颈长尾雉微卫星多态性的遗传学分析[J].动物学研究,2010,31(5)：461-468.
[106]Evanno G, Regnaut S, Goudet J. Detecting the number of clusters of individuals using the software STRUCTURE:a simulation study [J]. Molecular ecology, 2005,14(8):2611-2620.
[107]Pritchard JK, Stephens M, Donnelly P. Inference of population structure using multilocus genotype data [J]. Genetics,2000,155(2):945-959.
[108]Beaumont MA. Detecting population expansion and decline using microsatellites [J]. Genetics,1999,153(4):2013-2029.
[109]Beaumont MA. Estimation of population growth or decline in genetically monitored populations [J]. Genetics,2003,164(3):1139-1160.
[110]Luikart G, Allendorf F, Cornuet J, Sherwin W. Distortion of allele frequency distributions provides a test for recent population bottlenecks [J]. Journal of Heredity,1998a,89(3):238-247.
[111]Luikart G Cornuet JM. Empirical evaluation of a test for identifying recently bottlenecked populations from allele frequency data [J]. Conservation Biology, 1998b,12(1):228-237.
[112]Luikart G, Sherwin W, Steele B, Allendorf F. Usefulness of molecular markers for detecting population bottlenecks via monitoring genetic change [J]. Molecular Ecology,1998c,7(8):963-974.
[113]Andren H. Effects of habitat fragmentation on birds and mammals in landscapes with different proportions of suitable habitat:a review [J]. Oikos,1994: 355-366.
[114]Westemeier RL, Brawn JD, Simpson SA, Esker TL, Jansen RW, Walk JW, Kershner EL, Bouzat JL, Paige KN. Tracking the long-term decline and recovery of an isolated population [J]. Science,1998,282(5394):1695-1698.
[115]Gaines M, Diffendorfer J, Tamarin R, Whittam T. The effects of habitat fragmentation on the genetic structure of small mammal populations [J]. Journal of Heredity,1997,88(4):294-304.
[116]Nupp TE, Swihart RK. Effects of forest fragmentation on population attributes of white-footed mice and eastern chipmunks [J]. Journal of Mammalogy,1998: 1234-1243.
[117]Zhu L, Zhang S, Gu X, Wei F. Significant genetic boundaries and spatial dynamics of giant pandas occupying fragmented habitat across southwest China [J]. Molecular Ecology,2011,20(6):1122-1132.
[118]Brody AJ, Pelton MR. Effects of roads on black bear movements in western North Carolina [J]. Wildlife Society Bulletin,1989:5-10.
[119]Develey PF, Stouffer PC. Effects of roads on movements by understory birds in mixed-species flocks in central amazonian Brazil [J]. Conservation Biology, 2001,15(5):1416-1422.
[120]Funk WC, Blouin MS, Corn PS, Maxell BA, Pilliod DS, Amish S, Allendorf FW. Population structure of Columbia spotted frogs (Rana luteiventris) is strongly affected by the landscape [J]. Molecular Ecology,2001,14(2): 483-496.
[121]潘岽生,王海京,李玉华,邹建平,周丽华,龚世平.广东大峡谷自然保护区社区公众野生动物保护意识调查[J].野生动物,2010,31(4)：218-220.
[122]傅之屏,杨远兵,吕植,刘智慧.人类生态环境意识对大熊猫栖息地影响的研究[J].四川大学学报(自然科学版),1998,35(6)：952-956.
[123]郑光美.世界鸟类的分类与分布名录[M].北京：科学出版社,2002.
[124]张正旺,丁长青,平丁,郑光美.中国鸡形目鸟类的现状与保护对策[J].生物多样性,2003,11(5)：414-421.
[125]郑光美.中国濒危雉类生态学研究进展[J].生物学通报,2004,39(1)：1-3.
[126]吴爱平,丁炜,张正旺,詹祥江.马鸡属鸟类的系统发育关系[J].动物学报,2006,51(5)：898-902.
[127]Huang Z, Liu N, Xiao Y, Cheng Y, Mei W, Wen L, Zhang L, Yu X. Phylogenetic relationships of four endemic genera of the Phasianidae in China based on mitochondrial DNA control-region genes [J]. Molecular phylogenetics and evolution,2009,53(2):378-383.
[128]Huang Z, Liu N, Zhang L, Xiao Y, Long J. Mitochondrial DNA Diversification and Phylogeny among Subspecies of Chukar Partridge (Alectoris chukar), Phasianidae [J]. Genes and Genomics,2008,30(3):181.
[129]Jiang PP, Ge YF, Lang QL, Ding P. Genetic structure among wild populations of Elliot's Pheasant Syrmaticus ellioti in China from mitochondrial DNA analyses [J]. Bird Conservation International,2007,17(2):177-185.
[130]武玉珍,王孟本,张峰.褐马鸡圈养种群的mtDNA控制区多态性[J].生态学报,2010,30(11)：2958-2964.
[131]Huang Z, Yu X, Liang W. Population genetic structure of golden pheasant Chrysolophus pictus in the Qinling Mountains, China [J]. Animal Biology, 2012,62(2):231-243.
[132]Willis KJ, Whittaker RJ. Species diversity-scale matters [J]. Science,2002, 295(5558):1245-1248.
[133]Qian H, Ricklefs RE, White PS. Beta diversity of angiosperms in temperate floras of eastern Asia and eastern North America [J]. Ecology Letters,2005, 8(1):15-22.
[134]Avise JC. Phylogeography:The history and formation of species [M]. Cambridge:Harvard University Press,2000.
[135]Brown WM, George M, Wilson AC. Rapid evolution of animal mitochondrial DNA [J]. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences,1979,76(4): 1967-1971.
[136]Moritz C, Dowling T, Brown W. Evolution of animal mitochondrial DNA: relevance for population biology and systematics [J]. Annual review of ecology and systematics,1987:269-292.
[137]Arbogast BS, Kenagy G Comparative phylogeography as an integrative approach to historical biogeography [J]. Journal of Biogeography,2001,28(7): 819-825.
[138]Recuero E, Martinez-Solano I, Parra-Olea G, Garcia-Paris M. Phylogeography of Pseudacris regilla (Anura:Hylidae) in western North America, with a proposal for a new taxonomic rearrangement [J]. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution,2006,39(2):293-304.
[139]Brooks TM, Mittermeier RA, Mittermeier CG, Da Fonseca GAB, Rylands AB, Konstant WR, Flick P, Pilgrim J, Oldfield S, Magin G Habitat loss and extinction in the hotspots of biodiversity [J]. Conservation biology,2002, 16(4):909-923.
[140]Reed DH. Extinction risk in fragmented habitats [J]. Animal Conservation,2004, 7(2):181-191.
[141]Wade MJ. Population structure. In Nature encyclo-pedia of life sciences [M]. London:Nature Publishing Group,2001.
[142]Gilpin ME, Soul'e ME, Minimum viable popula-tions, processes of species extinction, in Conservation biology, the science of scarcity and diversity, Soul 'e ME, Editor.1986, Sinauer Associates:Sunderland. p.19-34.
[143]Hedrick PW, Kalinowski ST. Inbreeding depression in conservation biology [J]. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics,2000,31:139-162.
[144]H " oglund J. Evolutionary conservation genetics [M]. Oxford:Oxford University Press,2009.
[145]Ryder OA. Species conservation and systematics:the dilemma of subspecies [J]. Trends in Ecology & Evolution,1986,1(1):9-10.
[146]Caballero S, Islas-Villanueva V, Tezanos-Pinto G, Duchene S, Delgado-Estrella A, Sanchez-Okrucky R, Mignucci-Giannoni A. Phylogeography, genetic diversity and population structure of common bottlenose dolphins in the Wider Caribbean inferred from analyses of mitochondrial DNA control region sequences and microsatellite loci: conservation and management implications [J]. Animal Conservation,2012, 15(1):95-112.
[147]Tautz D. Hypervariabflity of simple sequences as a general source for polymorphic DNA markers [J]. Nucleic acids research,1989,17(16): 6463-6471.
[148]Hewitt GM. Speciation, hybrid zones and phylogeography-or seeing genes in space and time [J]. Molecular Ecology,2001,10(3):537-549.
[149]Eggert LS, Mundy NI, Woodruff DS. Population structure of loggerhead shrikes in the California Channel Islands [J]. Molecular Ecology,2004,13(8): 2121-2133.
[150]Johnsen A, Andersson S, Fernandez JG, Kempenaers B, Pavel V, Questiau S, Raess M, Rindal E, Lifjeld JT. Molecular and phenotypic divergence in the bluethroat (Luscinia svecica) subspecies complex [J]. Molecular Ecology, 2006,15(13):4033-4047.
[151]Chistiakov DA, Hellemans B, Volckaert FA. Microsatellites and their genomic distribution, evolution, function and applications:A review with special reference to fish genetics [J]. Aquaculture,2006,255(1):1-29.
[152]Bruford MW, Wayne RK. Microsatellites and their application to population genetic studies [J]. Current opinion in genetics & development,1993,3(6): 939-943.
[153]Shriver MD, Jin L, Ferrell RE, Deka R. Microsatellite data support an early population expansion in Africa [J]. Genome Research,1997,7(6):586-591.
[154]Rooney AP, Honeycutt RL, Davis SK, Derr JN. Evaluating a putative bottleneck in a population of bowhead whales from patterns of microsatellite diversity and genetic disequilibria [J]. Journal of Molecular Evolution,1999,49(5): 682-690.
[155]Lin FJ, Jiang PP, Ding P. Genetic evidence for male-biased dispersal in Elliot's Pheasant (Syrmaticus ellioti) in China [J].2011,2(2):72-78.
[156]An B, Zhang L, Browne S, Liu N, Ruan L, Song S. Phylogeography of Tibetan snowcock (Tetraogallus tibetanus) in Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau [J]. Molecular phylogenetics and evolution,2009,50(3):526-533.
[157]Zane L, Bargelloni L, Patarnello T. Strategies for microsatellite isolation:a review [J]. Molecular ecology,2002,11(1):1-16.
[158]Sambrook J, Russell DW. Molecular cloning:a laboratory manual [M]. cold spring harbor laboratory press,2001.
[159]Randi E, Lucchini V. Organization and evolution of the mitochondrial DNA control region in the avian genus Alectoris [J]. Journal of Molecular Evolution, 1998,47(4):449-462.
[160]van Oosterhout C, Hutchinson WF, Wills DP, Shipley P. micro-checker: software for identifying and correcting genotyping errors in microsatellite data [J]. Molecular Ecology Notes,2004,4(3):535-538.
[161]Park S. Trypanotolerance in West African cattle and the population genetic effects of selection [D]. Ph. D. thesis, University of Dublin,2001.
[162]J Goudet. Fstat:A computer program to calculate F-statistics [J]. Journal of Heredity,1995,86:485-486.
[163]Thompson JD, Gibson TJ, Plewniak F, Jeanmougin F, Higgins DG The CLUSTAL_X windows interface:flexible strategies for multiple sequence alignment aided by quality analysis tools [J]. Nucleic acids research,1997, 25(24):4876-4882.
[164]Kumar S, Dudley J. Bioinformatics software for biologists in the genomics era [J]. Bioinformatics,2007,23(14):1713-1717.
[165]Librado P, Rozas J. DnaSP v5:a software for comprehensive analysis of DNA polymorphism data [J]. Bioinformatics,2009,25(11):1451-1452.
[166]Excoffier L, Laval G, Schneider S. Arlequin (version 3.0):an integrated software package for population genetics data analysis [J]. Evolutionary bioinformatics online,2005,1:47.
[167]Kimura M. A simple method for estimating evolutionary rates of base substitutions through comparative studies of nucleotide sequences [J]. Journal of molecular evolution,1980,16(2):111-120.
[168]Wright S. Evolution And The Genetics Of Populations, Volume 4:Variability Within And Among Natural Populations [M]. University Of Chicago Press. 1984.
[169]Weir B, Cockerham CC. Estimating F-statistics for the analysis of population structure [J]. Evolution,1984:1358-1370.
[170]Slatkin M, Hudson RR. Pairwise comparisons of mitochondrial DNA sequences in stable and exponentially growing populations [J]. Genetics,1991,129(2): 555-562.
[171]Rogers AR, Harpending H. Population growth makes waves in the distribution of pairwise genetic differences [J]. Molecular Biology and Evolution,1992, 9(3):552-569.
[172]Schneider S, Excoffier L. Estimation of past demographic parameters from the distribution of pairwise differences when the mutation rates vary among sites: application to human mitochondrial DNA [J]. Genetics,1999,152(3): 1079-1089.
[173]Tajima F. Statistical method for testing the neutral mutation hypothesis by DNA polymorphism [J]. Genetics,1989,123(3):585-595.
[174]Fu YX, Li WH. Statistical tests of neutrality of mutations [J]. Genetics,1993, 133(3):693-709.
[175]Fu YX. Statistical tests of neutrality of mutations against population growth, hitchhiking and background selection [J]. Genetics,1997,147(2):915-925.
[176]Raymond M, Rousset F. GENEPOP (version 1.2):population genetics software for exact tests and ecumenicism [J]. Journal of heredity,1995,86(3):248-249.
[177]Nei M. Genetic distance between populations [J]. American naturalist,1972: 283-292.
[178]Peakall R, Smouse PE. GENALEX 6:genetic analysis in Excel. Population genetic software for teaching and research [J]. Molecular Ecology Notes,2006, 6(1):288-295.
[179]Cornuet JM, Luikart G. Description and power analysis of two tests for detecting recent population bottlenecks from allele frequency data [J]. Genetics,1996,144(4):2001-2014.
[180]Piry S, Luikart G, Cornuet J. Computer note. BOTTLENECK:a computer program for detecting recent reductions in the effective size using allele frequency data [J]. Journal of Heredity,1999,90(4):502-503.
[181]Randi E, Lucchini V. Detecting rare introgression of domestic dog genes into wild wolf (Canis lupus) populations by Bayesian admixture analyses of microsatellite variation [J]. Conservation Genetics,2002,3(1):29-43.
[182]Palstra FP, O'connell MF, Ruzzante DE. Population structure and gene flow reversals in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) over contemporary and long-term temporal scales:effects of population size and life history [J]. Molecular Ecology,2007,16(2]):4504-4522.
[183]林芳君,蒋萍萍,丁平.白颈长尾雉微卫星多态性的遗传学分析[J].动物学研究,2010,31(5)：461-468.
[184]Brody AJ, Pelton MR. Effects of roads on black bear movements in western North Carolina [J]. Wildlife Society Bulletin,1989,17(1):5-10.
[185]黄族豪,潘刘阳,肖宜安,龙进,刘迺发.江西井冈山地区灰胸竹鸡的遗传多样性研究[J].四川动物,2009,28(2)：265-268.
[186]Frankham R. Conservation genetics [J]. Annual review of genetics,1995,29(1): 305-327.
[187]蒋爱伍,原宝东,覃国乐,覃勇荣.黑颈长尾雉生物学研究进展[J].生物学教学,2013,(11)：2-5.
[188]Barrett SC, Kohn JR, Falk D, Holsinger K, Genetic and evolutionary consequences of small population size in plants:implications for conservation, in Genetics and conservation of rare plants..1991. p.3-30.
[189]Li HH, Yu TL, Shen LT. The birds of Tragopan Cuvior and Syrmaticus Wagler and theirs geological distribution in Guangxi,China [J]. Journal of Guangxi Normal University(Nutral Science),1998,16(3):76-80.
[190]Nei M, Maruyama T, Chakraborty R. The bottleneck effect and genetic variability in populations [J]. Evolution,1975:1-10.
[191]Ning W, Jiang C, Quanhui S, Langyu G. Cross-species microsatellites amplification for a vulnerable species endemic of China, Reeves's pheasant (Syrmaticus reevesii) [J].2009,1-4.
[192]Hartl D, Clark A. Organization of genetic variation [M].1997.
[193]Abbott CL, Double MC. Genetic structure, conservation genetics and evidence of speciation by range expansion in shy and white-capped albatrosses [J]. Molecular Ecology,2003,12(11):2953-2962.
[194]朱菊英.红河州境内南盘江枯季径流变化规律分析[J].人民珠江,2012,(2)：11-12.
[195]光耀华.红水河梯极开发对环境生态影响的初步评价[J].水力发电学报,1984,(1)：141-157.
[196]贝永建.广西岑王老山自然保护区再引进黑颈长尾雉(Syrmaticus humiae)种群扩散和栖息地选择[D].广西师范大学,2005.
[197]郑玲芳,郝芳华,杨胜天.天生桥一级水库蓄水前后库周土地覆盖变化研究[J].水土保持研究,2005,12(2)：80-85.
[198]Jiang AW, Cheng ZY, Liang XT. Discovery of Hume's Pheasant (Syrmaticus humiae) in Guizhou Province, southwestern China [J]. Chinese Bird,2012, 3(2):143-146.
[199]Frankham R, Ballou JD, Briscoe DA. Introduction to conservation genetics [M]. Cambridge University Press,2002.
[200]贝永建,吴龙敦,李汉华.再引入黑颈长尾雉日活动规律及时间分配[J].野生动物,2010,31(2)：90-92.
[201]Crandall KA, Templeton AR. Empirical tests of some predictions from coalescent theory with applications to intraspecific phytogeny reconstruction [J]. Genetics,1993,134(3):959-969.
[202]Li SH, Yeung CKL, Feinstein J, Han L, Le MH, Wang CX, Ding P. Sailing through the Late Pleistocene:unusual historical demography of an East Asian endemic, the Chinese Hwamei(Leucodioptron canorum), during the last glacial period [J]. Molecular Ecology,2009,18(4):622-633.
[203]Maruyama T, Fuerst PA. Population bottlenecks and nonequilibrium models in population genetics. II. Number of alleles in a small population that was formed by a recent bottleneck [J]. Genetics,1985,111(3):675-689.
[204]Di Rienzo A, Peterson A, Garza J, Valdes A, Slatkin M, Freimer N. Mutational processes of simple-sequence repeat loci in human populations [J]. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences,1994,91(8):3166-3170.
[205]Luikart G, Allendorf F, Cornuet J, Sherwin W. Distortion of allele frequency distributions provides a test for recent population bottlenecks [J]. Journal of Heredity,1998,89(3):238-247.
[206]Galbusera P, Githiru M, Lens L, Matthysen E. Genetic equilibrium despite habitat fragmentation in an Afrotropical bird [J]. Molecular Ecology,2004, 13(6):1409-1421.
[207]杨玉慧,张德兴,李义明,吉亚杰.中国黑斑蛙种群线粒体DNA多样性和生物地理演化过程的初探[J].动物学报,2004,50(2)：193-201.
[208]Hooftman DA, Billeter RC, Schmid B, Diemer M. Genetic effects of habitat fragmentation on common species of Swiss fen meadows [J]. Conservation Biology,2004,18(4):1043-1051.
[209]Sumner J, Jessop T, Paetkau D, Moritz C. Limited effect of anthropogenic habitat fragmentation on molecular diversity in a rain forest skink, Gnypetoscincus queenslandiae [J]. Molecular Ecology,2004,13(2):259-269.
[210]程宏毅,鲍毅新,陈良,胡知渊,葛宝明.黑麂(Muntiacus crinifrons)栖息地片断化对种群基因流的影响[J].生态学报,2008,28(3)：1109-1119.
[211]Avise JC. Molecular markers:natural history and evolution [M]. Springer,1994.
[212]Avise JC, Hamrick JL. Conservation genetics:case histories from nature [M]. Chapman & Hall,1996.
[213]Smith TB, Wayne RK, Science AAftAo. Molecular genetic approaches in conservation [M]. Oxford University Press New York,1996.
[214]Villard MA, Metzger JP. Beyond the fragmentation debate:a conceptual model to predict when habitat configuration really matters [J]. Journal of Applied Ecology,2014,51(2):309-318.
[215]Mortelliti A, Amori G, Capizzi D, Cervone C, Fagiani S, Pollini B, Boitani L. Independent effects of habitat loss, habitat fragmentation and structural connectivity on the distribution of two arboreal rodents [J]. Journal of Applied Ecology,2011,48(1):153-162.
[216]Smith AC, Fahrig L, Francis CM. Landscape size affects the relative importance of habitat amount, habitat fragmentation, and matrix quality on forest birds [J]. Ecography,2011,34(1):103-113.
© 2004-2018 中国地质图书馆版权所有 京ICP备05064691号 京公网安备11010802017129号 地址：北京市海淀区学院路29号 邮编：100083 电话：办公室：(+86 10)66554848；文献借阅、咨询服务、科技查新：66554700 |