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外汇占款冲销与货币供应区域不平衡
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摘要
2005年我国汇率制度改革以来,人民币名义汇率持续升值,但人民币的升值并没有对我国国际收支顺差过大起到缓解作用,反而国际收支顺差呈现进一步扩大趋势。面对不断攀升的外汇储备,央行采用了各种冲销手段来回收外汇占款投放的过量基础货币,但通货膨胀压力却越来越大,特别是房地产价格出现飙升。这一现状促使作者去研究我国汇率制度、国际收支、货币政策与我国经济发展的内在联系,希望通过对其内在运行机制的分析,探析解决我国宏观经济政策及经济发展中存在问题的方法,从而推动我国经济持续快速增长。
     本文采用协整分析、向量误差纠正模型(VECM)、脉冲响应分析等方法对我国基础货币的内生性进行了计量检验,并对基础货币的回流机制进行了理论分析。分析检验结果发现,2001年之后,净国外资产代替净国内信贷成为影响我国基础货币投放的主要因素,央行票据主要起到回笼基础货币的作用;外汇渠道发行货币的被动性,及冲销手段的各种制约造成我国基础货币不可控,基础货币内生性特征明显。
     本文建立了区域货币市场模型,对我国区域货币市场均衡进行了静态分析,在此基础上,并运用比较分析法对东部、中部和西部的货币供应和货币需求进行了比较分析,分析结果表明:我国货币供应区域不平衡,东部地区的各项存贷款及现金投放超出了其经济发展的需要,而中西部地区的各项存贷款及现金投放不能满足其经济发展的需要。
     本文在开放经济盯住汇率制度下,建立了一个外贸开放度不同的两区域模型,对外汇市场冲销干预进行了动态理论分析。分析结果发现,盯住汇率制度下的外汇市场干预使得基础货币发行内生于国际收支,区域间外贸开放度的不同,会导致区域之间基础货币投放的不平衡。我国区域间外贸开放度存在巨大差异,并不适用全国统一的总量性冲销政策,“一刀切”的冲销政策不仅不能起到基础货币的有效回流,而且进一步紧缩了原本资金匮乏的中部和西部资金,使得东部和中西部地区的货币供应严重不平衡。
     本文运用货币主义分析法,在我国区域货币供应不平衡研究结论的基础上,对我国人民币汇率、国际收支顺差、外汇储备、货币供应、货币需求、内需不足和房地产泡沫之间的联系进行了研究分析。研究结果发现,2002年之后,人民币汇率存在一定程度上的低估,促使经常项目顺差扩大,在人民币升值预期下,国际资本的流入加大了我国资本项目顺差。过分追求汇率稳定,使得外汇储备的增长随着国际收支顺差的不断扩大而快速增长,内生于国际收支的货币发行机制致使货币投放过多,诱发了通货膨胀风险;为抑制通货膨胀压力,央行对外汇占款进行了积极冲销操作,净国外资产不断上升,净国内资产不断下降,货币供应的区域不平衡不断加深;净国内资产的下降致使中部和西部地区的货币需求得不到满足,从而导致消费需求和投资需求不足;净国外资产的不断积累,使得东部沿海地区流动性严重过剩,最终形成投机资本,流入房地产市场造成房地产泡沫的形成。内需的不足使得国内相对过剩的产能需要依赖国外市场来消化,这进一步扩大了国际收支顺差,外汇储备进一步增长,冲销压力越来越大,货币供应不平衡程度逐步加深,这个过程形成一个恶性循环。
     本文建议通过完善我国汇率形成机制,运用相关外贸政策扩大进口。制定相关的经济政策扩大内需,促进东部、中部和西部经济的平衡发展,逐渐降低我国外部不平衡。根据不同区域的具体经济发展特征制定相应的区域化货币政策,解决货币供应的区域不平衡问题,促进中西部地区的快速发展,是解决我国内需不足和外部不平衡的根本所在。
Since the reform of China's exchange rate regime in2005, the RMB nominalexchange rate has continued to appreciate. But the appreciation of the yuan has notrestained the rise of China's international balance of payments surplus. On thecontrary, the balance of payments surplus is showing further widening. Confrontingthe rising foreign exchange reserves, the central bank take all kinds of sterilizationsmeans to recover the excess base money launched by the channel of the foreignexchange. However, it did not alleviate inflation pressures and the inflation is stillrising, especially the real estate prices soaring. This situation makes the authors tostudy the internal relations between the China's exchange rate system, internationalpayments, monetary policy and China's economic development, hoping to find themeasures to solve the problems in our country's macroeconomic policy and economicdevelopment through the analysis of its internal operation mechanism, so as topromote China's sustained and rapid economic growth.
     In this paper, we take quantitative inspection of the base currency of the endogenousMetrology by the methods of cointegration analysis, vector error correction model(the VECM), impulse response analysis method of the base currency and give atheoretical analysis about the return mechanism of the monetary base currency. Theresult of analysis and test shows that the net foreign assets instead of net domesticcredit to become the main factors of influence of base money, the central bank bills toplay the role of recoving the base currency from circulation, the issue of money byforeign exchange channel causing passive currency issue, and the write-off means forkinds of constraints causing China's monetary base uncontrollable, and the basemoney endogenous having obvious characteristics.
     The paper gives a static analysis on regional money market equilibrium byestablishing a regional currency market model. On That Basis, we give a comparativeanalysis on the money supply and the money demand between the eastern, central andwestern. The results show that China's money supply exist regional imbalances. Theeastern part of the deposits and loans and cash delivery exceed the needs ofeconomic development, while the central and western regions of the deposits and loans and cash delivery can not meet the needs of economic development.
     Basing on an open economic system which carried out the fixed exchange ratemechanism we build a two-region model with different foreign trade openness toanalyze the dynamic balance of the money market under sterilized intervention on theforeign exchange market. The analysis results show that foreign exchange marketintervention under the pegged exchange rate system makes the base currency wasendogen tic in the international balance of payments, the differences of regional tradeopenness lead to the imbalance of base money supply between different regions. It isnot suitable to take overall monetary policy because there is a huge difference ofChina's inter-regional trade openness."one size fits all" write-off money policy cannot play the role of recoving the base currency effectively and it further tightens thesupply of funds of these regions which are lack of funds in central and western region,which cause the serious imbalance of money supply between the eastern region andMidwestern region.
     On the basis of the conclusions of the imbalance of China's regional money supply,the paper take monetary socialist analysis method to study the link between China'sRMB exchange rate, balance of payments surplus, foreign exchange reserves, moneysupply, money demand, insufficient domestic demand and the real estate bubblestudied. The study found that after2002, the RMB exchange rate exist, to some extent,underestimated, which prompting the current account surplus. In the expectation ofRMB appreciation, international capital flows made China's capital account surplusincreased. For the pursuit of exchange rate stability, the central bank is forced to riseforeign exchange reserves as the continuous expansion of the international balance ofpayments surplus. It has caused too much supply of money in the market, and risedthe risk of inflation. The inflation pressure become bigger and bigger with the centralbank foreign exchange, net foreign assets continuing to rise, the net domestic assetscontinuing to decline, Which deepened of the regional imbalance of the money supply.Declining in net domestic assets resulted in that the money demand of central andwestern regions o are not met, so as to the lack of consumer demand and investmentdemand. As the continued accumulation of net foreign assets, there is too muchmoney in the eastern coastal areas, which ultimately become the formation ofspeculative capital flowing into the real estate market. It caused the real estate bubble.We need to rely on foreign markets for the lack of domestic demand, which further expand the international balance of payments surplus, and then further growth inforeign exchange reserves, and then write-off under increasing pressure, the moneysupply imbalance gradually deepened. All of the processes above format a viciouscycle.
     The central bank should take regional monetary policy to instead of overall monetarypolicy and promote balanced development of economy.
引文
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