伊朗现代化进程中的农业发展与乡村社会变迁
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摘要
伊朗的现代化进程缘起于西方的冲击。19世纪初期俄、英的战争威胁促使恺伽国王致力于自上而下的新政举措，伊朗的现代化进程由此拉开序幕。西方势力的工业品倾销和原产品掠夺促使伊朗逐渐融入世界经济体系之中，进而不断融化着伊朗传统社会的冰山。国有土地的广泛存在、实物分成租佃方式、个体生产、自然经济、超经济强制、普遍的依附状态与乡村社会生活的封闭倾向，构成伊朗传统乡村经济社会秩序的重要特征。对外贸易的发展变化是为冲击伊朗传统乡村经济社会秩序的重要形式，其逻辑结果则是农业经济的商品化与市场化发展、农作物结构的改变、土地的非国有化运动与地产兼并的加剧。传统乡村经济生活的改变促使乡村社会特征出现相应的变化。私人大地产的膨胀决定了地主阶层在乡村地区的统治地位，农民作为依附于地主的弱势群体，处于政治经济生活的边缘地带；另一方面，乡村社会内部亦在商品经济发展与农业生产市场化的进程中逐渐分化。礼萨·汗统治时期，土地私有权得到进一步巩固，地产兼并更趋激烈。巴列维国王在其统治初期没有触动在外地主土地所有制，传统分成租佃方式仍然在乡村经济生活中占据主导地位。在外地主土地所有制与分成制的结合构成土地改革前伊朗乡村经济的基本特征，也是伊朗农业生产力长期落后的根源所在。在一个半世纪的历史进程中，伊朗农业与乡村社会的发展仍局限于传统的框架之内。
极权政治的发展成为深刻改变乡村传统经济社会结构的有力杠杆，巴列维国王自上而下所推动的土地改革则构成推动乡村传统经济社会秩序深刻变革的重要因素。一方面，分成租佃制度明显衰落，自耕农经营广泛发展，资本主义生产关系亦不断扩张；另一方面，在外大地主普遍衰落，传统佃农转变为新兴自耕农，农业工人与农业资产阶级亦广泛发展。农业生产关系的改变与乡村新旧阶层的此消彼长，体现出伊朗农业发展与乡村社会变迁的长足进步。然而，在工业优先的发展模式下，农业投入相对不足，农业产量的发展滞后于人口的增长，进而导致伊朗对进口粮食的严重依赖。白色革命的真实目的在于排挤在外地主的势力，进而加强政府对乡村地区的统治，巴列维国王并无意改善乡村民众的生活状况。土地改革之后，地产规模仍存在明显差异，相当数量的乡村民众仍然生活贫困。在白色革命过程中，乡村官僚急剧膨胀，国王取代地主成为乡村地区新的主人，农民由依附于在外地主转变为直接隶属于巴列维政府。
在巴列维国王时期所谓“发展的独裁模式”之下，工业化与城市化进程迅速发展，农业与乡村的发展则相对滞后，呈现出边缘化的特征。伊斯兰革命之后，作为对巴列维政府经济社会政策的否定性反应，伊斯兰政府赋予农业部门在经济发展中的“核心”地位。促进农业生产的发展，进而实现农业自给并改善下层民众的生活状况，构成伊斯兰革命后政府农业政策的重要目的。土地改革、重组农业行政机构并建立乡村组织、改革农业经营方式、增加农业投入，以及推行价格政策与保险政策等措施，构成霍梅尼时期政府促进农业发展的重要方式。革命后时期的客观政治经济环境给政府农业目标的实现带来诸多障碍，然而农业与乡村的发展仍然取得明显成效。更为重要的是，伴随着政治民主化进程的推进与乡村经济社会的发展，乡村民众广泛参与到国家事务与地方事务之中。农业生产的明显发展与乡村民众经济政治地位的非边缘化趋势，是为伊斯兰革命后伊朗乡村经济社会发展的显著成就，亦体现出伊朗现代化发展的长足进步。
The wars with Russia and Britain in the early19thcentury promoted themonarchs to introduce reforms from above to down, which marked the openingmoment of Iran’s modernization. The dumping of industrial products, and theplundering of raw materials involved Iran into the world economic system, and thenmelted the the iceberg of Iran’s traditional society gradually. The widespreaded statelands, crop-sharing, individual production, natural economy, generally dependency,and the closed tendency of rural social life constituted the important characteristics oftraditional rural economic-social order, but the development of foreign trade, which isone of the most important patterns, changed it deeply. The logic results of this werethe commericialization of agriculture, the changement of crop-structure, thenon-nationalization and annexation of lands. The economical development promotedthe social changement in rual Iran. The expansion of the private estates caused thedominance of the villiages by landlords, and the tenants who dependented onlandowners as a vulnerable group, were on the periphery of the political, economiclife. In the other hand, within the rural socity, a gradual differentiation started duringthe development of the commodity economic and the market-oriented agriculture.Under Reza shah’s rule, the ownership of private lands was consolidated, and theannexation of lands was more intense. In the early rule of Pahlavi, the monarch didnot reform the land-onwership of the absentee landowners, and the sharecropping wasalso in the dominant position. The combine of abseteen land-ownership andsharecropping was the basical characteristic in the rural areas before1962’s landrefom, and it was the root which caused the lagging of Iran’s agricultural productivity.In the one and a half century, the development of Iran’s agriculture and rural societystill limited within the traditional framework, the development of totalitarian politicsbecame a powerful lever which profoundly changed the tradional ruraleconomic-social structures.
The land reform drived from above, by the shah Pahlavi, was the most important factor which profoundly changed the tranditional rual economic-social order. On onehand, the sharecropping weakened apparently, at the same time the independentpeasant farming and the capitalist relation of production expanded extensively. On theother hand, the absentee landowners declined generally, a largepart of traditionaltenant became independent peasant, and the agricultural workers and agriculturalbourgeoisies increased largely. However, in the pattern of industry priority, the inputson agriculture was lacked relatively, the increasing of agricultural production laggedbehind the population growth, which then caused the Iran’s heavily dependent onimported foods. The real purpose of the White Revolution was to exclude the powersof absentee landowners out of rural areas, and then strengthen the rule of governmentin rual Iran. The shah Pahlavi did not intend to improve the living standard of ruralpeople. After the land reform, there were still significant differences on land scales, alarge number of villgers are still povery. In the implementation of Whit Revolution,the bureaucracy expanded rapidly in rural areas, then the shah replaced absenteelandowner and became the new ruler on rural society, which led the peasants whodepended the landowner became to under the Pahlavi government direclty.
Under the so-called ‘Authoritatrian mole of development’ in the Pahlavi period,the industrialization and urbanization developed quicly, however, the agriculture andrural society which developed slower largely, showed a trend to marginalization.After the Islamic revelolution, in reaction to the economic and social policies of thePahlavi regime, the Islamic government declared agriculture the “axis” of department.Increase the agricultural production, achieve agricultural self-sufficiency and improvethe living standard of lower-class, consisituted the important objectives of the Islamicgovernment. Many policies like land reform, reorganization of the agriculturaladministration, changing land exploitation systems, increase agricultural inputs,pricing policy, and so on, were adoped by the government to realize these objectives,and because of these policies, the Iran agricultural production increased obviously.And the more important thing was that, accompanied by the process of politicaldemocratization and rural economic-social devemopent, many villigers participated inthe national and local affairs broadly. The remarkable development of agriculture, andthe non-marginalization of rural people’s economic and political status, highlighted the considerable progress of rural economic and social in the post-revolutionary Iran.
极权政治的发展成为深刻改变乡村传统经济社会结构的有力杠杆，巴列维国王自上而下所推动的土地改革则构成推动乡村传统经济社会秩序深刻变革的重要因素。一方面，分成租佃制度明显衰落，自耕农经营广泛发展，资本主义生产关系亦不断扩张；另一方面，在外大地主普遍衰落，传统佃农转变为新兴自耕农，农业工人与农业资产阶级亦广泛发展。农业生产关系的改变与乡村新旧阶层的此消彼长，体现出伊朗农业发展与乡村社会变迁的长足进步。然而，在工业优先的发展模式下，农业投入相对不足，农业产量的发展滞后于人口的增长，进而导致伊朗对进口粮食的严重依赖。白色革命的真实目的在于排挤在外地主的势力，进而加强政府对乡村地区的统治，巴列维国王并无意改善乡村民众的生活状况。土地改革之后，地产规模仍存在明显差异，相当数量的乡村民众仍然生活贫困。在白色革命过程中，乡村官僚急剧膨胀，国王取代地主成为乡村地区新的主人，农民由依附于在外地主转变为直接隶属于巴列维政府。
在巴列维国王时期所谓“发展的独裁模式”之下，工业化与城市化进程迅速发展，农业与乡村的发展则相对滞后，呈现出边缘化的特征。伊斯兰革命之后，作为对巴列维政府经济社会政策的否定性反应，伊斯兰政府赋予农业部门在经济发展中的“核心”地位。促进农业生产的发展，进而实现农业自给并改善下层民众的生活状况，构成伊斯兰革命后政府农业政策的重要目的。土地改革、重组农业行政机构并建立乡村组织、改革农业经营方式、增加农业投入，以及推行价格政策与保险政策等措施，构成霍梅尼时期政府促进农业发展的重要方式。革命后时期的客观政治经济环境给政府农业目标的实现带来诸多障碍，然而农业与乡村的发展仍然取得明显成效。更为重要的是，伴随着政治民主化进程的推进与乡村经济社会的发展，乡村民众广泛参与到国家事务与地方事务之中。农业生产的明显发展与乡村民众经济政治地位的非边缘化趋势，是为伊斯兰革命后伊朗乡村经济社会发展的显著成就，亦体现出伊朗现代化发展的长足进步。
The wars with Russia and Britain in the early19thcentury promoted themonarchs to introduce reforms from above to down, which marked the openingmoment of Iran’s modernization. The dumping of industrial products, and theplundering of raw materials involved Iran into the world economic system, and thenmelted the the iceberg of Iran’s traditional society gradually. The widespreaded statelands, crop-sharing, individual production, natural economy, generally dependency,and the closed tendency of rural social life constituted the important characteristics oftraditional rural economic-social order, but the development of foreign trade, which isone of the most important patterns, changed it deeply. The logic results of this werethe commericialization of agriculture, the changement of crop-structure, thenon-nationalization and annexation of lands. The economical development promotedthe social changement in rual Iran. The expansion of the private estates caused thedominance of the villiages by landlords, and the tenants who dependented onlandowners as a vulnerable group, were on the periphery of the political, economiclife. In the other hand, within the rural socity, a gradual differentiation started duringthe development of the commodity economic and the market-oriented agriculture.Under Reza shah’s rule, the ownership of private lands was consolidated, and theannexation of lands was more intense. In the early rule of Pahlavi, the monarch didnot reform the land-onwership of the absentee landowners, and the sharecropping wasalso in the dominant position. The combine of abseteen land-ownership andsharecropping was the basical characteristic in the rural areas before1962’s landrefom, and it was the root which caused the lagging of Iran’s agricultural productivity.In the one and a half century, the development of Iran’s agriculture and rural societystill limited within the traditional framework, the development of totalitarian politicsbecame a powerful lever which profoundly changed the tradional ruraleconomic-social structures.
The land reform drived from above, by the shah Pahlavi, was the most important factor which profoundly changed the tranditional rual economic-social order. On onehand, the sharecropping weakened apparently, at the same time the independentpeasant farming and the capitalist relation of production expanded extensively. On theother hand, the absentee landowners declined generally, a largepart of traditionaltenant became independent peasant, and the agricultural workers and agriculturalbourgeoisies increased largely. However, in the pattern of industry priority, the inputson agriculture was lacked relatively, the increasing of agricultural production laggedbehind the population growth, which then caused the Iran’s heavily dependent onimported foods. The real purpose of the White Revolution was to exclude the powersof absentee landowners out of rural areas, and then strengthen the rule of governmentin rual Iran. The shah Pahlavi did not intend to improve the living standard of ruralpeople. After the land reform, there were still significant differences on land scales, alarge number of villgers are still povery. In the implementation of Whit Revolution,the bureaucracy expanded rapidly in rural areas, then the shah replaced absenteelandowner and became the new ruler on rural society, which led the peasants whodepended the landowner became to under the Pahlavi government direclty.
Under the so-called ‘Authoritatrian mole of development’ in the Pahlavi period,the industrialization and urbanization developed quicly, however, the agriculture andrural society which developed slower largely, showed a trend to marginalization.After the Islamic revelolution, in reaction to the economic and social policies of thePahlavi regime, the Islamic government declared agriculture the “axis” of department.Increase the agricultural production, achieve agricultural self-sufficiency and improvethe living standard of lower-class, consisituted the important objectives of the Islamicgovernment. Many policies like land reform, reorganization of the agriculturaladministration, changing land exploitation systems, increase agricultural inputs,pricing policy, and so on, were adoped by the government to realize these objectives,and because of these policies, the Iran agricultural production increased obviously.And the more important thing was that, accompanied by the process of politicaldemocratization and rural economic-social devemopent, many villigers participated inthe national and local affairs broadly. The remarkable development of agriculture, andthe non-marginalization of rural people’s economic and political status, highlighted the considerable progress of rural economic and social in the post-revolutionary Iran.
引文
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1Carey, Jane&Carey, A.G., Iran Agriculture and Its Development:1952-1973, International Journal of MiddleEast Studies, Vol.7, No.3.(Jul.,1976).
2Richads, Helmut, Land Reform and Agribusiness in Iran, MERIP Reports, No.43(Dec.,1975).
3哈全安：“从白色革命到伊斯兰革命——伊朗现代化的历史轨迹”，《世界历史》，2001年第6期。
4沈浦娜：“论巴列维土地改革的历史背景”，《亚非研究》第2辑，北京：北京大学出版社，1992年.
5沈浦娜：“评巴列维王朝的农业现代化内容和后果”，《亚非研究》第3辑，北京：北京大学出版社，1993年。
6赵增泉：“巴列维王朝的兴亡”，《西亚非洲》，1980年第1期。
7Kazemi, Farhad, Poverty and Revolution in Iran, pp.34-35.
8Farazmand, Ali, The State, Bureaucracy, and Revolution in Modern Iran: Agrian Reforms and Regime Politics,New York: Praeger Publishers,1989, p.102.
9Najmabadi, A., Land Reform and Social Change in Iran, p.9.
10冀开运、蔺焕萍：《二十世纪伊朗史——现代伊朗研究》，第118、122页。
1沈浦娜：“论巴列维土地改革的历史背景”，《亚非研究》第2辑，第143页。
2Majd, G., Mohammad, Land Reform Policies in Iran, American Journal of Agricultural Economics, Vol.69, No.4(Nov.,1987), pp.843.847.
3哈全安：《中东国家的现代化历程》，第296页。
4Foran, John, Fragile Resistance: Social Transformation in Iran from1500to the Revolution, p.36.
5Moghaddam, Reza, Land Reform and Rural Development in Iran, Land Economics, Vol.48, No.2(May,1972),pp.167-168, p.160.
1哈全安：“从白色革命到伊斯兰革命——伊朗现代化的历史轨迹”，《世界历史》，2001年第6期，第143页。
2冀开运：《二十世纪伊朗史——现代伊朗研究》，第69、131页。
3Kazemi, Farhad, Poverty and Revolution in Iran, p.35.p.226.
4Hooglund, E.J., Land and Revolution in Iran,1960-1980, p.xvi.
5Richads, Helmut, Land Reform and Agribusiness in Iran, MERIP Reports, No.43,(Dec.,1975), pp.3-18.
6Hosseini, M.Z., Some Aspects of Changing Economy in Rural Iran: A Case of Kalardasht, a District in theCaspian Provinces, International Journal of Middle East Studies, Vol.19, No.4(Nov.,1987), p.393.
1张振国：“战后伊朗农业的发展道路”，《西亚非洲》，1984年第4期，第36页。
2【伊朗】穆罕默德·G·马吉德，楼惠新、左常升译：“伊朗的土地改革”，《世界农业》，1992年第2期，第5-6页。
3Majd, G., Mohammad, Land Reform Policies in Iran, American Journal of Agricultural Economics, Vol.69, No.4(Nov.,1987), pp.843, p.847.
4赵增泉：“巴列维王朝的兴亡”，《西亚非洲》，1980年第1期，第22页。
5Kiddie, N.R., Iran: Region, Politics and Society, London: Frank Cass,1980, p.194.
6Schirazi, A., Islamic Development Policy: The Agrarian Question in Iran, Colorado: Lynne Rienner Publishers,1993, p.64.
1Shakoori, Ali, The State and Rural Development in Post-Revolutionary Iran, New York: Pralgrave,2001,pp.170-171.
2Yeganeh. Agrarian Structure Under Adaptation, Reform and Revolution: The Case of Iran in a ComparativePerspective, New York: Praeger,1986, p79.
3徐晓云：《伊朗农业地理区域研究》，[硕士学位论文]，重庆：西南大学，2010年。
4张超阳：《中国和伊朗农业合作研究》，[硕士学位论文]，重庆：西南大学，2006年。
5艾少伟、杨兴礼等：“伊朗地理条件对农业生产的影响”，《世界农业》，2005年第4期。
6Farazmand, Ali, The State, Bureaucracy, and Revolution in Modern Iran: Agrarian Reforms and RegimePolitics, p.197, p.227.
1Lahsaeizadeh, Abdolali, Contemporary Rural Iran, Aldershot: Avebury,1993, p.202.
2Ibid, p.310.
3Ashraf, State and Agrarian Relations Before and After the Iranian Revolution,1960-1980, Peasant and Politicsin the Modern Middle East, Miami,1991, p.305.
4Hooglund, Eric, Twenty Years of Islamic Revolution: Political and Social Transition in Iran since1979, NewYork: Syracuse University Press,2002.
5Bakhash, Shaul, Reign of the Ayatollahs: Iran and the Islamic Revolution, New York: Basics Books,1984,p.195.
6Weiner, M.&Banuazizi, Ali, The Politics of Social Transformation in Afghanistan, Iran, and Pakistan, NewYork: Syracuse University Press,1994.
7Sharbatoghlie, A., Urbanization and Regional Disparities in Post-Revolutionary Iran, Boulder: Westview Press,1991.
1Afshar, Haleh, Iran: A Revolution in Turmoil, London: The Macmillan Press,1985.
2Mojtahed, E.H., Agriculture Policy and Performance in Iran: The Post-Revolutionary Experiences, World
3Development, vol.17, no.6, p859.Haghayeghi, Mehrdad, Agrarian Reform Problems in Post-Revolutionary Iran, Middle Eastern Studies, Vol.26,No.1(Jan.,1990), p.49.
4Ferdows. The Reconstruction Crusade and Class Conflicts in Iran. MERIP Reports, vol.17, no.4, p15.
5Valibeigi, Mehrdad, Islamic Economics and Economic Policy Formation in Post-Revolutionary Iran, Journal ofEconomic Issues, Vol.27, No.3(Sep.,1993), pp.793-812.
1Haghayeghi, Mehrdad, Agriculture Development Planning under the Islamic Republic of Iran, Iran Studies, Vol.23, No.1/4(1990), pp.5-29.
2【德】雅瓦德·科罗胥，张振国译：“关于伊斯兰共和国的土地法”，《西亚北非》第一辑，北京：北京大学出版社，1991年。
3安维华：“伊朗伊斯兰革命后的经济政策”，《世界经济》，1995年第12期。
1Foran, John, Fragile Resistance: Socia Transformation in Iran from1500to the Revolution, p.25.
2Keddie, Nikki R., Stratification,‘Social Control, and Capitalism in Iranian Village: Before and After LandReform’, Antoun, Richard&Harik, Iliya, Rural Politics and Social Changes in the Middle East, London: IndianaUniversity Press,1972, p.365.
1Avery, Peter, The Cambridge History of Iran, Vol.6, p.492.
2Fara, Grant&Kerbo, Harold, Modern Iran, Boston: McGraw-Hill,1999, p.16.
3Ann K.S. Lambton, Landlord and Peasant in Persia: A Study Case of Land Tenure and Land RevenueAdministration, London: Oxford University Press,1953, pp.5-6.
4Hooglund, E.J., Land and Revolution in Iran:1960－1980, p.5.
2哈全安：《中东史：620-2000》下卷，第929页。
3Foran, John, Fragile Resistance: Social Transformation in Iran from1500to Revolution, p.28.
4凯兹巴什：意为披着红头巾的战士。
1Foran, John, Fragile Resistance: Social Transformation in Iran from1500to Revolution, p.28.
2哈全安：《中东史：620-2000》上卷，第382页。
3Lahsaeizadeh, Abdolali, Contemporary Rural Iran, p.37.
4萨伊德：意为先知穆罕默德的后代；穆塔瓦里：意为瓦克夫地产的管理者。
5Amid, M.J., Agriculture, Poverty and Reform in Iran, p.32.
1Foran, John, Fragile Resistance: Social Transformation in Iran from1500to Revolution, p.29.
2Vali, Abbas, Pre-capitalist Iran: A Theoretical History, p.193.
3【英】弗兰克·艾利思著，胡景北译：《农民经济学——农民家庭农业和农业发展》，上海：上海人民出版社，2006年，第175页。
1Araghi, Farshad, The Local in the Global: Agriculture, State and Revolution in Iran, International Journal ofSociology of Agriculture and Food, Vol.8, p.116.
2Vali, Abbas, Pre-capitalist Iran: A Theoretical History, p.195.
3Foran, John, Fragile Resistance: Social Transiformation in Iran from1500to the Revolution, p.29.
4Vali, Abbas, Pre-capitalist Iran: A Theoretical History, p.196.
5Amid, M.J., Agriculture, Poverty and Reform in Iran, p.35.
1司马迁：《史记》，第123卷，长沙：岳麗书社，2008年，第3162页。
2Shakoori Ali, The State and Rural Development in Post-Revolutionary Iran, p.48.
3Foran, John, Fragile Resistance: Social Transiformation in Iran from1500to the Revolution, p.83.
4《马克思恩格斯书信选集》，北京：人民出版社，1973年，第76页。
5Avery, Peter, Cambridge History of Iran, Vol.6, pp.494-495.
1Amid, M.J., Agriculture, Poverty and Reform in Iran, p.5.
2Ibid, p.6.
3Hooglund, E.J., Land and Revolution in Iran,1960-1980, p.7.
2Amid, M.J., Agriculture, Poverty and Reform in Iran, p.37.
3Hooglund, E.J., Land and Revolution in Iran,1960-1980, p.24.
1布讷赫头领在伊朗不同地区的名称有所差异，例如在瓦拉敏被称为“欧雅尔”（Oyar），在呼罗珊被称为“萨尔沙拉尔”（Sarsalar），萨尔布讷赫则是最为常见的称呼。
2Hooglund, E.J., Land and Revolution in Iran,1960－1980, p.28.
1Ervand, Abahamian, Iran: Between Two Revolutions, p.13.
2Amid, M.J., Agriculture, Poverty and Reform in Iran, p.41.
3【美】西奥多·M·舒尔茨：《改造传统农业》，第32、26页。
4Amid, M.J., Agriculture, Poverty and Reform in Iran, p.40.
1Foran, John, Fragile Resistance: Social Transiformation in Iran from1500to the Revolution, p.28
2Ervand, Abahamian, Iran: Between Two Revolutions, p.20.
3卡德胡达：意味乡村首领。
4沈浦娜：“论巴列维土地改革的历史背景”，《亚非研究》第2辑，第129-130页。
5Avery, Peter, The Cambridge History of Iran, Vol.6, p.493.
1Ervand, Abahamian, Iran: Between Two Revolutions, p.21.
2Avery, Peter, Cambridge History of Iran, Vol.6, p.493.
3Foran, John, Fragile Resistance: Social Transiformation in Iran from1500to the Revolution, p.30.
1Fraser, James B., Historical and Descriptive Account of Persia, New York: Harper&Bros,1833, p.391.
2Foran, John, Fragile Resistance: Social Transiformation in Iran from1500to the Revolution, p.30.
3Ervand, Abahamian, Iran: Between Two Revolutions, p.37.
1Foran, John, Fragile Resistance: Social Transiformation in Iran from1500to the Revolution, p.35
1Foran, John, A Century of Revolution: Social Movements in Iran, London: UCL Press,1994, p.22.
2Ervand, Abahamian, Iran: Between Two Revolutions, p.55.
12Ervand, Abahamian, Iran: Between Two Revolutions, p.56.Foran, John, Fragile Resistance: Social Transiformation in Iran from1500to the Revolution, p.110.
3Karshenas, Massoud, Oil, State and Industrialization in Iran, p.46.
4Issawi, C., The Economic History of Iran1900-1914, Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press,1971, p.73.
5Avery, Peter, The Cambridge History of Iran, Vol.7, p.595.
6Karshenas, Massoud, Oil, State and Industrialization in Iran, p.47.
1Ervand, Abahamian, Iran: Between Two Revolutions, p.51.
2Avery, Peter, The Cambridge History of Iran, Vol.7, p.596.
34Foran, John, Fragile Resistance: Social Transiformation in Iran from1500to the Revolution, pp.113-114.Avery, Peter, The Cambridge History of Iran, Vol.7, p.597.
5Foran, John, Fragile Resistance: Social Transiformation in Iran from1500to the Revolution, p.110.
6Ibid, p.110.
7Ibid, pp.111-112.
8Karshenas, Massoud, Oil, State and Industrialization in Iran, p.48.
1Foran, John, Fragile Resistance: Social Transiformation in Iran from1500to the Revolution, p.113.
2Karshenas, Massoud, Oil, State and Industrialization in Iran, p.48.
3Foran, John, Fragile Resistance: Social Transiformation in Iran from1500to the Revolution, p.115.
4Ibid.
5Karshenas, Massoud, Oil, State and Industrialization in Iran, p.49.
1Ervand, Abahamian, Iran: Between Two Revolutions, p.51.
2Avery, Peter, The Cambridge History of Iran, Vol.7, p.596.
3Foran, John, Fragile Resistance: Social Transiformation in Iran from1500to the Revolution,p.114.
4Ervand, Abahamian, Iran: Between Two Revolutions, p.60.
5Foran, John, Fragile Resistance: Social Transiformation in Iran from1500to the Revolution, p.115.
6哈全安：《中东史：620-2000》上卷，第391页。
1Avery, Peter, The Cambridge History of Iran, Vol.7, p.459.
23Moghadam, F.M., From Land Reform to Revolution, p.51.Avery, Peter, The Cambridge History of Iran, Vol.7, p.599.
4Foran, John, Fragile Resistance: Social Transiformation in Iran from1500to the Revolution, pp.117-118.
5Ibid, p.118.
6Keddie, N.R., Iran: Religion, Politics and Society, p.128.
7Malek, H.M., Capitalism in Ninteenth-Century Iran, Millde Eastern Studies, Vol.27, No.1(Jan.,1991), p.71.
1Foran, John, Fragile Resistance: Social Transiformation in Iran from1500to the Revolution, p.118.
2Keddie, N.R., Iran: Religion, Politics and Society, p.129.
3Avery, Peter, The Cambridge History of Iran, Vol.7, p.600.
4Ibid, p.599.
5Karshenas, Massoud, Oil, State and Industrialization in Iran, p.49.
6Avery, Peter, The Cambridge History of Iran, Vol.7, p.473.
7Shakoori, Ali, The State and Rural Development in Post-Revolutionary Iran, p.41.
1Foran, John, Fragile Resistance: Social Transiformation in Iran from1500to the Revolution, p.118.
1Avery, Peter, The Cambridge History of Iran, Vol.7, p.459.
2Keddie, N.R., Iran: Religion, Politics and Society, p.123.
3Foran, John, Fragile Resistance: Social Transiformation in Iran from1500to the Revolution, p.119.
4Lambton, Landlord and Peasant in Persia, p.140.
5Moghadam, F.M., From Land Reform to Revolution, p.44.
1Najmabadi, Afsaneh, Land Reform and Social Changed in Iran, p.45.
2Foran, John, Fragile Resistance: Social Transiformation in Iran from1500to the Revolution, p.120.
3Shakoori, Ali, The State and Rural Development in Post-Revolutionary Iran, p.47.
4Lambton, Landlord and Peasant in Persia, p.260.
5Moghadam, F.M., From Land Reform to Revolution, p.45.
1Foran, John, Fragile Resistance: Social Transiformation in Iran from1500to the Revolution, p.136.
2Ibid, p.120.
3Ervand, Abahamian, Iran: Between Two Revolutions, p.11.
1Karshenas, Massoud, Oil, State and Industrialization in Iran, pp.52-53.
2Foran, John, Fragile Resistance: Social Transiformation in Iran from1500to the Revolution, p.128.
3Antoun, Richard, Rural Politics and Social Change in the Middle East, p.365.
4Lambton, Landlord and Peasant in Persia, pp.143-145.
5Keddie, N.R., Iran: Religion, Politics and Society, p.123, p.124.
6Antoun, Richard, Rural Politics and Social Change in the Middle East, p.367.
1Foran, John, Fragile Resistance: Social Transiformation in Iran from1500to the Revolution, p.118.
2【英】弗兰克·艾利思，张景北译：《农民经济学——农民家庭农业和农业发展》，上海：上海人民出版社，2006年，第6页。
1Ervand, Abahamian, Iran: Between Two Revolutions, p.114.
1Avery, Peter, The Cambridge History of Iran, Vol.7, pp.610-611.
2Najmabadi, Afsaneh, Land Reform and Social Changed in Iran, p.45.
1Banani, Amin, The Modernization of Iran:1921-1941, p.114.
2Foran, John, Fragile Resistance: Social Transiformation in Iran from1500to the Revolution, p.228.
3Ibid.
4Antoun, Richard, Rural Politics and Social Change in the Middle East, p.373
5Moghadam, F.M., From Land Reform to Revolution, p.50.
6Majid, G..M, Resistance to the Shah: Landowners and Ulama in Iran, Miami: University Press of Florida,2000,p.37.
1Lahsaeizadeh, Abdolali, Contemporary Rural Iran, p.35.
2Banani, Amin, The Modernization of Iran:1921-1941, p.120.
3Antoun, Richard, Rural Politics and Social Change in the Middle East, p.372.
4Keddie, N.R., Iran: Religion, Politics and Society, p.170.
5Karshenas, Massoud, Oil, State and Industrialization in Iran, p.68.
6Ervand, Abahamian, Iran: Between Two Revolutions, pp.149-150.
1Foran, John, Fragile Resistance: Social Transiformation in Iran from1500to the Revolution, p.230.
2哈全安：《中东史：620-2000》上卷，第420页。
3Banani, Amin, The Modernization of Iran:1921-1941, p.122.
12Foran, John, Fragile Resistance: Social Transiformation in Iran from1500to the Revolution, p.231.Ibid, p.229.
3Ibid, pp.228-229.
4Ibid, p.229.
5Banani, Amin, The Modernization of Iran:1921-1941, p.124.
6Najmabadi, Afsaneh, Land Reform and Social Changed in Iran, p.51.
1Lahsaeizadeh, Abdolali, Contemporary Rural Iran, p.60.
2哈全安：《中东史：620-2000》上卷，第419页。
3Keddie, N.R., Iran: Religion, Politics and Society, p.171.
4Foran, John, Fragile Resistance: Social Transiformation in Iran from1500to the Revolution, p.230.
1Banani, Amin, The Modernization of Iran:1921-1941, p.128.
2Foran, John, Fragile Resistance: Social Transiformation in Iran from1500to the Revolution, p.227.
1Antoun, Richard, Rural Politics and Social Change in the Middle East, p.367.
2Banani, Amin, The Modernization of Iran:1921-1941, p.127.
3Foran, John, Fragile Resistance: Social Transiformation in Iran from1500to the Revolution, p.231.
2哈全安：《中东史：620-2000》上卷，第423页。
3Lahsaeizadeh, Abdolali, Contemporary Rural Iran, p.33.
4Majid, G..M, Resistance to the Shah: Landowners and Ulama in Iran, p.73.
5Moghadam, F.M., From Land Reform to Revolution, p.47.
6Majid, G..M, Resistance to the Shah: Landowners and Ulama in Iran, p.74.
1Hooglund, E.J., Land and Revolution in Iran,1960－1980, p41.
2Farazamand, Ali, The State, Bureaucracy and Revolution in Modern Iran: Agrarian Reform and Regime Politics,p.95.
3Lahsaeizadeh, Abdolali, Contemporary Rural Iran, p.126.
1Amid, M.J., Agriculture, Poverty and Reform in Iran, p.4.
2Najmabadi, Afsaneh, Land Reform and Social Changed in Iran, p.45.
3Ibid, p.45.
4Hooglund, E.J., Land and Revolution in Iran,1960-1980, p.13.
5Amid, M.J., Agriculture, Poverty and Reform in Iran, p.31.
1Lahsaeizadeh, Abdolali, Contemporary Rural Iran, p.30.
2Amid, M.J., Agriculture, Poverty and Reform in Iran,.33.
3Lahsaeizadeh, Abdolali, Contemporary Rural Iran, p.28, p.33.
4Amid, M.J., Agriculture, Poverty and Reform in Iran, p.32.
5Lahsaeizadeh, Abdolali, Contemporary Rural Iran, p.36.
6Ibid, p.37.
7Amid, M.J., Agriculture, Poverty and Reform in Iran, p.31.
2Moghadam, F.M., From Land Reform to Revolution, p.47.
3Farazamand, Ali, The State, Bureaucracy and Revolution in Modern Iran: Agrarian Reform and Regime Politics,p.68.
4Najmabadi, Afsaneh, Land Reform and Social Changed in Iran, p.46.
5Khamsi, F.S., The Development of Capitalism in Rural Iran, New York: Columbia University,1968, p47.
6McLachlan, K.S., Cambridge History of Iran, vol.1, London,1968, pp.686-687.
7Salmanzadeh, C., Agricultural Change and Rural Society in Southern Iran, Cambridge,1980, p.58.
1【法】维埃利，张许萍译：《巴列维传》，北京：商务印书馆，1986年，第389，391页。
2Lahsaeizadeh, Abdolali, Contemporary Rural Iran, p.60.
2Amid, M.J., Agriculture, Poverty and Reform in Iran, p.33.
3Shakoori, Ali, The State and Rural Development in Post-Revolutionary Iran, p.46.
4Lahsaeizadeh, Abdolali, Contemporary Rural Iran, p.48.
5Hadary, Gideon, The Agrian Reform Problem in Iran, The Middle East Journal, Vol.5, No.2, Spring,1951,p.186.(181-196)
6Najmabadi, Afsaneh, Land Reform and Social Change in Iran, p.48.
1穆罕默德·礼萨·巴列维，刘津申等译，《对历史的回答》，北京：中国对外翻译出版公司，1986年，第100页。
2Vali, Abbas, Pre-Capitalist Iran: A Theoreiical History, p.214.
3Moghadam, F.M., From Land Reform to Revolution, p.52.
4Karshenas, Massoud, Oil, State and Industrialization in Iran, p.126.
1Najmabadi, Afsaneh, Land Reform and Social Change in Iran, p.51.
2Moghadam, F.M., From Land Reform to Revolution, p.52.
3Najmabadi, Afsaneh, Land Reform and Social Change in Iran, p.51.
4Amid, M.J., Agriculture, Poverty and Reform in Iran, p.41.
5Ibid, p.7.
6Najmabadi, Afsaneh, Land Reform and Social Change in Iran, p.53.
7Amid, M.J., Agriculture, Poverty and Reform in Iran, p.42.
1Najmabadi, Afsaneh, Land Reform and Social Change in Iran, p.54.
2【伊朗】穆罕默德·G·马吉德著，楼惠新，左常升译：“伊朗的土地改革”，《世界农业》，1992年02期，第5页。
3Rabnema, Saeed&Behdad, Sobrab, Iran after the Revolution: Crisis of an Islamic State, New York: I.B.Tauris,1995, p.27.
4Farazamand, Ali, The State, Bureaucracy and Revolution in Modern Iran: Agrarian Reform and Regime Politics,p.68.
5Hooglund, E.J., Land and Revolution in Iran,1960-1980, p.28.
1Farazamand, Ali, The State, Bureaucracy and Revolution in Modern Iran: Agrarian Reform and Regime Politics,p.68.
1哈全安：《中东史：610-2000》上卷，第430页。
2Karshenas, Massoud, Oil, State and Industrialization in Iran, p.141.
3Bashiriyeh, H., The State and Revolution in Iran:1962-1982, p.12.
4Hooglund, E.J., Land and Revolution in Iran,1960-1980, p.13.
5Hadary, Gideon, The Agrian Reform Problem in Iran, The Middle East Journal, Vol.5, No.2,(Spring,1951),p.186.
1Foran, John, Fragile Resistance: Social Transiformation in Iran from1500to the Revolution, p.230.
1哈全安：《中东史：610-2000》下卷，第942页。
2沈浦娜：“论巴列维土地改革的历史北京”，《亚非研究》第2辑，第143页。
1Lahsaeizadeh, Abdolali, Contemporary Rural Iran, p.132.
2Hooglund, E.J., Land and Revolution in Iran,1960-1980, p.38.
2Ervand, Abahamian, Iran: Between Two Revolutions, p.375.
3Lahsaeizadeh, Abdolali, Contemporary Rural Iran, p.123.
4Hooglund, E.J., Land and Revolution in Iran,1960-1980, p.43.
1Foran, John, Fragile Resistance: Social Transiformation in Iran from1500to the Revolution, p.275.
2Hooglund, E.J., Land and Revolution in Iran,1960-1980, pp.43-44.
1State and Agrarian Relations Before and After the Iranian Revolution:1960-1990, p.278.
2Majd, G.M., Small Landowners and Land Distribution in Iran,1962-71, International Journal of Middle EastStudies, Vol.32, No.1.(Feb.,2000), p.124.
3Amid, M.J., Agriculture, Poverty and Reform in Iran, p.71.
1哈全安：《中东史：610-2000》上卷，第431页。
2Hooglund, E.J., Land and Revolution in Iran,1960-1980, p.46.
1Lahsaeizadeh, Abdolali, Contemporary Rural Iran, pp.134-136.
1Denman, D.R., Iran under the Pahlavis, Stanford: Hoover Institution Press,1978, p.267.
2Lahsaeizadeh, Abdolali, Contemporary Rural Iran,, p137
3Hooglund, E.J., Land and Revolution in Iran,1960-1980, p.54.
4【伊】穆罕默德·G·马吉德，楼惠新，左常升译：“伊朗的土地改革”，《世界农业》，1992年第2期，第5-6页。
5Amid, M.J., Agriculture, Poverty and Reform in Iran, p.73.
6Halliday, Fred, Iran: Dictatorship and Development, New York: Penguin Books,1979, p.111.
1Hooglund, E.J., Land and Revolution in Iran,1960-1980, p.54.
2Najmabadi, Afsaneh, Land Reform and Social Change in Iran, p.94.
3Hooglund, E.J., Land and Revolution in Iran,1960-1980, p.55
4Amid, M.J., Agriculture, Poverty and Reform in Iran, p.89.
1Hooglund, E.J., Land and Revolution in Iran,1960-1980, p.56.
2Ibid.
3Amid, M.J., Agriculture, Poverty and Reform in Iran, p.90.
4Lahsaeizadeh, Abdolali, Contemporary Rural Iran, p.138.
5Hooglund, E.J., Land and Revolution in Iran,1960-1980, p.60.
6Amid, M.J., Agriculture, Poverty and Reform in Iran, p.93.
7Ibid, p.90.
8Richards,Helmut, Land Reform and Agribusiness in Iran, Middle East Research and Information Project, No.43,December, p.7.
1Lahsaeizadeh, Abdolali, Contemporary Rural Iran, p.139.
1Hooglund, E.J., Land and Revolution in Iran,1960-1980, p.56.
2Baldwin, George B., Planning and Development in Iran, Baltimore: John Hopkins University Press,1967,p.105.
3Lahsaeizadeh, Abdolali, Contemporary Rural Iran, p.140.
4Hooglund, E.J., Land and Revolution in Iran,1960-1980, p.57.
1Hooglund, E.J., Land and Revolution in Iran,1960-1980, p.58.
2Lahsaeizadeh, Abdolali, Contemporary Rural Iran, p.140.
3Hooglund, E.J., Land and Revolution in Iran,1960-1980, p.60.
4Lambton, The Persian Land Reform1962-1966, Oxford: Clarendon Press,1969, p.215.
5Hooglund, E.J., Land and Revolution in Iran,1960-1980, p.59.
1Najmabadi, Afsaneh, Land Reform and Social Change in Iran, p.95.
2Ibid, p.95.
3Amid, M.J., Agriculture, Poverty and Reform in Iran, p.75.
1Hooglund, E.J., Land and Revolution in Iran,1960-1980, p.81.
1Hooglund, E.J., Land and Revolution in Iran,1960-1980, p.66.
2Amid, M.J., Agriculture, Poverty and Reform in Iran, pp.95-96.
3Moghaddam, Reza, Land Reform and Rural Development in Iran, Land Economics, Vol.48, No.2, May,1972,p.162.
4Najmabadi, Afsaneh, Land Reform and Social Change in Iran, p.96.
5Lahsaeizadeh, Abdolali, Contemporary Rural Iran, p.143.
1Hooglund, E.J., Land and Revolution in Iran,1960-1980, p.65.
2Bren, T. and R. Dumont, Iran Imperial Pretensions and Agricultural Dependence, MERIP Reports, No.71, p.18.
1Hooglund, E.J., Land and Revolution in Iran,1960-1980, p.69.
2Parham, B., Land Reform in Iran, Studies in Asian Social Development, No,1, New Delhi: Tata Mc Grow-HillPublishing, p.106.
3Hooglund, E.J., Land and Revolution in Iran,1960-1980, p.69.
4Azakia, M., The Effect of Rural Development Programs on the Iranian Peasantry Between1962and1968, withSpecial Reference to Farm Corporations,[Ph.D. Dissertation], Aberdeen University,1980, p.125.
1Katouzian, M.A., The Political Economy of Modern Iran: Despotism and Pseudo-Modernism,1962-79, London:
2The Macmillan Press Ltd, p.302.Contemporary Rural Iran, p.148.
3Azakia, M., The Effect of Rural Development Programs on the Iranian Peasantry Between1962and1968, withSpecial Reference to Farm Corporations,[Ph.D. Dissertation], Aberdeen University,1980, p.153.
4Contemporary Rural Iran, p.148.
5M.G., Mohammad, Small Landowners and Land Distribution in Iran,1962-1971, p.126.
1Lahsaeizadeh, Abdolali, Contemporary Rural Iran, p.149.
2Amid, M.J., Agriculture, Poverty and Reform in Iran, p.72.
3Najmabadi, Afsaneh, Land Reform and Social Change in Iran, p.100.
4Ibid, p.98
5Amid, M.J., Agriculture, Poverty and Reform in Iran, p.102.
1Hooglund, E.J., Land and Revolution in Iran,1960-1980, p.78.
2Ibid, p.79.
3Foran, John, Fragile Resistance: Social Transiformation in Iran from1500to the Revolution, pp.320-321.
4Schirazi, A., Islamic Development Policy: The Agrarian Question in Iran, p.12.
5Keddie, N.R., Iran: Religion, Politics and Society, p.189.
1Najmabadi, Afsaneh, Land Reform and Social Change in Iran, p.100.
2Lahsaeizadeh, Abdolali, Contemporary Rural Iran, p.149.
1Hooglund, E.J., Land and Revolution in Iran,1960-1980, p.101.
2Lahsaeizadeh, Abdolali, Contemporary Rural Iran, p.163.
3Hooglund, E.J., Land and Revolution in Iran,1960-1980, p.104.
4Lahsaeizadeh, Abdolali, Contemporary Rural Iran, p.164.
1Lahsaeizadeh, Abdolali, Contemporary Rural Iran, pp.160-161.
2Najmabadi, Afsaneh, Land Reform and Social Change in Iran, p.109.
1Moghadam, F.M., From Land Reform to Revolution, p.81.
2Lahsaeizadeh, Abdolali, Contemporary Rural Iran, p.161.
1Lahsaeizadeh, Abdolali, Contemporary Rural Iran, p.169.
2Amid, M.J., Agriculture, Poverty and Reform in Iran, p.120.
3Lahsaeizadeh, Abdolali, Contemporary Rural Iran, p.91.
1Hooglund, E.J., Land and Revolution in Iran,1960-1980, p.93.
1Lahsaeizadeh, Abdolali, Contemporary Rural Iran, p.172.
2Najmabadi, Afsaneh, Land Reform and Social Change in Iran, p.134.
3Lahsaeizadeh, Abdolali, Contemporary Rural Iran, pp.171-172.
1Amid, M.J., Agriculture, Poverty and Reform in Iran, p.136.
2Ibid, p.136.
3Lahsaeizadeh, Abdolali, Contemporary Rural Iran, p.170.
1Najmabadi, Afsaneh, Land Reform and Social Change in Iran, p.132.
2俞可平、王伟光等主编：《农业的政治经济分析》，重庆：重庆出版社，2008年，第9页。
3马克思、恩格斯：《马克思恩格斯全集》第11卷，北京：人民出版社，1995年，第231页。
2Ghorayshi, P., Capitalism in Rural Iran, MERIP Reports, No.98, Iran Two Years After,(Jul.-Aug.,1981), p.29.
3Lahsaeizadeh, Abdolali, Contemporary Rural Iran, p.241.
4Moghadam, F.M., From Land Reform to Revolution, p.84.
1Lahsaeizadeh, Abdolali, Contemporary Rural Iran, p.179.
1Ghorayshi, P., Capitalism in Rural Iran, MERIP Reports, No.98, Iran Two Years After,(Jul.-Aug.,1981), p.30.
2Lahsaeizadeh, Abdolali, Contemporary Rural Iran, p.180.
3Ibid.
4Aresvik, Oddvar, The Agricultural Development of Iran, New York: Praeger Publishers,1976, pp.164.168.
1Lahsaeizadeh, Abdolali, Contemporary Rural Iran, p.181.
2Khosrovi, Khosro, Irrigation and Rural Society in Iran, Ulum-e Ejtemaei, Vol.1. No.3, February,1970, p.109.
3Aresvik, Oddvar, The Agricultural Development of Iran, p.102.
1Lahsaeizadeh, Abdolali, Contemporary Rural Iran, p.241.
2Ibid, p.183.
3Hooglund, E.J., Land and Revolution in Iran,1960-1980, p.17.
1Lahsaeizadeh, Abdolali, Contemporary Rural Iran, p.186.
2Ibid, p.185.
3Moghadam, F.M., From Land Reform to Revolution, p.82.
4Golabian, Hossein, An Analysis of The Underdevelopment Rural and Nomadic Areas of Iran, Stockholm: TheRoyal Institute of Technology,1977, p.191.
1Hooglund, E.J., Land and Revolution in Iran,1960-1980,1982, p.83.
2Shakoori, Ali, The State and Rural Development in Post-Revolutionary Iran, p.102.
3Amid, M.J., Agriculture, Poverty and Reform in Iran, p.122, table7.7.
4Najmabadi, Afsaneh, Land Reform and Social Change in Iran, p.142, table31.
5Amid, M.J., Agriculture, Poverty and Reform in Iran, p.122, table7.8
6Beaumont, P.&McLachlan, K., Agriculture Development in the Middle East, p.184.
7Amid, M.J., Agriculture, Poverty and Reform in Iran, p.113.
8Lenczowski, G., Iran under the Pahlavis, pp.147-148.
9Ervand, Abahamian, Iran: Between Two Revolutions, p.428.
1Amid, M.J., Agriculture, Poverty and Reform in Iran, p.122, table7.7
2Karshenas, Massoud, Oil, State and Industrialization in Iran, p.152.
3Najmabadi, Afsaneh, Land Reform and Social Change in Iran, p.143, table32.
4Amid, M.J., Agriculture, Poverty and Reform in Iran, p.132.
5Nattagh, Nima, Agriculture and Regional Development in Iran, Cambridgeshire: Menas Press,1986, p.12.
1Najmabadi, Afsaneh, Land Reform and Social Change in Iran, p.156. table.36.
2Foran, John, Fragile Resistance: Social Transiformation in Iran from1500to the Revolution, p.323.
3M.G., Mohammad, Small Landowners and Land Distribution in Iran,1962-1971, p.149.
4Schirazi, A., Islamic Development Policy: The Agrarian Question in Iran, p.7.
5Shakoori, Ali, The State and Rural Development in Post-Revolutionary Iran, p.101.
6Karshenas, Massoud, Oil, State and Industrialization in Iran, p.152.
1Farazamand, Ali, The State, Bureaucracy and Revolution in Modern Iran: Agrarian Reform and Regime Politics,pp.102-103.
2Ervand, Abahamian, Iran: Between Two Revolutions, p.424.
3Cronin, Steohanie, The Making of Modern Iran: State and Society under Riza Shah1921-1941, p.46
4Ansari, M.A., Modern Iran Since1921: The Pahlavis and After, London: Person Education,2003, p.158.
1Jacqz, W.J., Iran: Past, Present and Future, New York: Aspen Institute for Humanistic studies,1976, p.200.
2Najmabadi, Afsaneh, Land Reform and Social Change in Iran, p.173.
3Farazamand, Ali, The State, Bureaucracy and Revolution in Modern Iran: Agrarian Reform and Regime Politics,p.120.
4Najmabadi, Afsaneh, Land Reform and Social Change in Iran, p.172.
5Farazamand, Ali, The State, Bureaucracy and Revolution in Modern Iran: Agrarian Reform and Regime Politics,p.120.
2Hooglund, E.J., Land and Revolution in Iran,1960-1980, p.106.
3Inayatullah, Rural Organizations and Rural Development: Some Asian Experiences, Kuala Lumpur: An APDA
4Publication,1978, p.34.Farazamand, Ali, The State, Bureaucracy and Revolution in Modern Iran: Agrarian Reform and Regime Politics,p.122.
5Hooglund, E.J., Land and Revolution in Iran,1960-1980, p.107.
6Farazamand, Ali, The State, Bureaucracy and Revolution in Modern Iran: Agrarian Reform and Regime Politics,p.124.
1Lambton, Ann K.S, The Persian Land Reform1962-1966, Oxford: Clarendon Press,1969, p.193.
2Lahsaeizadeh, Abdolali, Contemporary Rural Iran, p.136.
3Moghadam, F.M., From Land Reform to Revolution, p.109
4Najmabadi, Afsaneh, Land Reform and Social Change in Iran, p.179.
5Lahsaeizadeh, Abdolali, Contemporary Rural Iran, p.166.
1Moghadam, F.M., From Land Reform to Revolution, p.110.
2Najmabadi, Afsaneh, Land Reform and Social Change in Iran, p.180.
3Farazamand, Ali, The State, Bureaucracy and Revolution in Modern Iran: Agrarian Reform and Regime Politics,p.125.
4Ibid, p.181.
5Ibid.
6Lahsaeizadeh, Abdolali, Contemporary Rural Iran, p.167.
7Najmabadi, Afsaneh, Land Reform and Social Change in Iran, p.181.
2Lahsaeizadeh, Abdolali, Contemporary Rural Iran, p.167.
3Moghadam, F.M., From Land Reform to Revolution, p.183.
4【法】维埃利，张许萍译：《巴列维传》，第396页。
1哈全安：《中东史：610-2000》上卷，第433页。
2Farazamand, Ali, The State, Bureaucracy and Revolution in Modern Iran: Agrarian Reform and Regime Politics,p.127.
3Lahsaeizadeh, Abdolali, Contemporary Rural Iran, p.196.
1Aresvik, Oddvar, Agricultural Development of Iran, p.54.
2Farazamand, Ali, The State, Bureaucracy and Revolution in Modern Iran: Agrarian Reform and Regime Politics,p.131.
1Najmabadi, Afsaneh, Land Reform and Social Change in Iran, p.185.
2Farazamand, Ali, The State, Bureaucracy and Revolution in Modern Iran: Agrarian Reform and Regime Politics,p.128.
3Lahsaeizadeh, Abdolali, Contemporary Rural Iran, p.197.
4Salmanzadeh, Cyrus, Agricultural Change and Rural Society in Southern Iran, p.226.
5Lahsaeizadeh, Abdolali, Contemporary Rural Iran, p.199.
2Inayatullah, Rural Organization and Rural Development: Some Asian Experiences, p.22.
3Lahsaeizadeh, Abdolali, Contemporary Rural Iran, p.203.
4Ibid, p.205.
5Najmabadi, Afsaneh, Land Reform and Social Change in Iran, p.187.
1Richards, Helmut, Land Reform and Agribusiness in Iran, Middle East Research and Information Project, No.43, December,1975, p.11.
2Farazamand, Ali, The State, Bureaucracy and Revolution in Modern Iran: Agrarian Reform and Regime Politics,p.129.
3Lahsaeizadeh, Abdolali, Contemporary Rural Iran,, p.201.
1Najmabadi, Afsaneh, Land Reform and Social Change in Iran, p.188.
2Ashraf, Ahmad, The Role of Rural Organizations in Rural Development: The Case of Iran, p.22.
3Lahsaeizadeh, Abdolali, Contemporary Rural Iran, pp.204-205.
4Najmabadi, Afsaneh, Land Reform and Social Change in Iran, p.189.
5Ibid, p.187.
6Lahsaeizadeh, Abdolali, Contemporary Rural Iran, p.202.
2Azkia, M, The Effect of Rural Development Programs on the Iranian Peasantry Between1962and1978, withSpecial Reference to Farm Corporation, Aberdeen: Aberdeen University,1980, p.156.
3Lahsaeizadeh, Abdolali, Contemporary Rural Iran, p.204.
1Lahsaeizadeh, Abdolali, Contemporary Rural Iran, p.212.
2Hooglund, E.J. Twenty Years of Islamic Revolution: Political and Social Transformation in Iran since1979,p.114.
3Nattagh, Nima, Agriculture and Regional Development in Iran, p.44.
4Najmabadi, Afsaneh, Land Reform and Social Change in Iran, pp.147-148.
5Moghadam, F.M., From Land Reform to Revolution, p.126.
6Najmabadi, Afsaneh, Land Reform and Social Change in Iran, p.145.
7Lahsaeizadeh, Abdolali, Contemporary Rural Iran, pp.214-215.
1Schirazi, A., Islamic Development Policy: The Agrarian Question in Iran, p.20.
1Lahsaeizadeh, Abdolali, Contemporary Rural Iran, pp.217-219.
2Nattagh, Nima, Agriculture and Regional Development in Iran, p.49.
3Lahsaeizadeh, Abdolali, Contemporary Rural Iran, p.227.
4Ibid, pp.226-227.
5Brun, T. and R. Dumont, Iran Imperial Pretensions and Agricultural Dependence, MERIP Reports, No.71,October,1978, p.19.
6Silsby, Susan p., Capital Development and Land Reform in Khuzistan, Iran, RIPEH, Vol. IV. No.1,1980, p.55.
1Nattagh, Nima, Agriculture and Regional Development in Iran, p.50.
2Lahsaeizadeh, Abdolali, Contemporary Rural Iran, p.228.
3Richards, Helmut, Land Reform and Agribusiness in Iran, MERIP Reports, No.43,(Dec.,1975), p.15.
4Lahsaeizadeh, Abdolali, Contemporary Rural Iran, pp.221-222.
5Ibid, p.223.
1Nattagh, Nima, Agriculture and Regional Development in Iran, p.46.
2Najmabadi, Afsaneh, Land Reform and Social Change in Iran, p.148.
2Richards, Helmut, Land Reform and Agribusiness in Iran, MERIP Reports, No.43,(Dec.,1975), p.24.
3Shatered, Y.E., Iran Faces the Seventies, New York: Praeger,1971, p.36.
4Farazamand, Ali, The State, Bureaucracy and Revolution in Modern Iran: Agrarian Reform and Regime Politics,p.113.
1Hooglund, E.J., Land and Revolution in Iran,1960-1980, p.133.
2Mighaddam, Reza, Land Reform and Rural Development in Iran, p.166.
3Hooglund, E.J., Land and Revolution in Iran,1960-1980, p.133.
4Ibid, p.134.
5Mighaddam, Reza, Land Reform and Rural Development in Iran, p.166.
6Farazamand, Ali, The State, Bureaucracy and Revolution in Modern Iran: Agrarian Reform and Regime Politics,p.116.
7Mighaddam, Reza, Land Reform and Rural Development in Iran, p.166.
8Hooglund, E.J., Land and Revolution in Iran,1960-1980, p.134.
1Farazamand, Ali, The State, Bureaucracy and Revolution in Modern Iran: Agrarian Reform and Regime Politics,p.117.
1Ervand, Abahamian, Iran: Between Two Revolutions, p.429.
2Lahsaeizadeh, Abdolali, Contemporary Rural Iran, p.236.
1Keedie, Nikki R., The Iran Village Before and After the Land Reform, Journal of Contemporary History, Vol.3,No.3, p.78.
2Lahsaeizadeh, Abdolali, Contemporary Rural Iran, p.237.
3Hooglund, E.J., Land and Revolution in Iran,1960-1980, p.94.
2Hooglund, E.J., Land and Revolution in Iran,1960-1980, p.95, p.96.
3Dhamijia, Jasleen, Non-Farm Activities in Rural Areas and Towns: The Lesson and Experiences of Iran, Studiesin Employment and Rural Development, No.31, Washington D.C.: International Bank for Reconstruction andDevelopment, Department of Development Economics, Division of Employment and Rural Development, p.70.
4Lahsaeizadeh, Abdolali, Contemporary Rural Iran, p.173.
5Dhamijia, Jasleen, Non-Farm Activities in Rural Areas and Towns: The Lesson and Experiences of Iran, p.68.
1Lahsaeizadeh, Abdolali, Contemporary Rural Iran, p.243.
1Najmabadi, Afsaneh, Land Reform and Social Change in Iran, p.105.
2Hooglund, E.J., Land and Revolution in Iran,1960-1980, p.97.
3Najmabadi, Afsaneh, Land Reform and Social Change in Iran, pp.105-106.
1Amid, M.J., Agriculture, Poverty and Reform in Iran, p.138.
2Karshenas, Massoud, Oil, State and Industrialization in Iran, p.162.
3Amid, M.J., Agriculture, Poverty and Reform in Iran, p.142.
4Chambers, R., Challenging the Professions: Frontiers for Rural Development, London: IntermediateTechnology Publications,1983, p.148.
5Halliday, Fred, Iran: Dictatorship and Development, New York: Penguin Books,1979, p.130.
6Lahsaeizadeh, Abdolali, Contemporary Rural Iran, p.243.
1Farazamand, Ali, The State, Bureaucracy and Revolution in Modern Iran: Agrarian Reform and Regime Politics,p.141.
2Hooglund, E.J., Land and Revolution in Iran,1960-1980, p.125.
3Schirazi, A., Islamic Development Policy: The Agrarian Question in Iran, p.264.
1Hooglund, E.J., Land and Revolution in Iran,1960-1980, p.126.
2Farazamand, Ali, The State, Bureaucracy and Revolution in Modern Iran: Agrarian Reform and Regime Politics,p.144.
3【伊朗】穆罕默德·礼萨·巴列维，刘津坤，黄晓健译：《对历史的回答》，北京：中国对外翻译出版公司，1986年，第108页。
4Lahsaeizadeh, Abdolali, Contemporary Rural Iran, p.346.
1Bakhash, Shaul, Reign of the Ayatollahs: Iran and the Islamic Revolution, p.195.
2Ashraf, Ahmad, State and Agrarian Relations Before and After the Iranian Revolution,1960-1980, p.294.
3Schirazi, A., Islamic Development Policy: The Agrarian Question in Iran, p.169.
4Lahsaeizadeh, Abdolali, Contemporary Rural Iran, p.256.
5Schirazi, A., Islamic Development Policy: The Agrarian Question in Iran, p.169.
1Lahsaeizadeh, Abdolali, Contemporary Rural Iran, p.255.
2Shakoori, Ali, The State and Rural Development in Post-Revolutionary Iran, p.64.
3Lahsaeizadeh, Abdolali, Contemporary Rural Iran, p.255.
1Schirazi, A., Islamic Development Policy: The Agrarian Question in Iran, p.170.
2Ashraf, Ahmad, State and Agrarian Relations Before and After the Iranian Revolution,1960-1980, p.291.
1Shakoori, Ali, The State and Rural Development in Post-Revolutionary Iran, p.65.
2Schirazi, A., Islamic Development Policy: The Agrarian Question in Iran, p.172.
3Ibid, p.172.
4【德】雅瓦德·科罗胥，张振国译：“关于伊斯兰共和国的土地法”，《西亚北非》第一辑，北京：北京大学出版社，1991年，第229页。
1Schirazi, A., Islamic Development Policy: The Agrarian Question in Iran, pp.172-193.
1Schirazi, A., Islamic Development Policy: The Agrarian Question in Iran, p.176.
2【德】雅瓦德·科罗胥，张振国译：“关于伊斯兰共和国的土地法”，《西亚北非》第一辑，第230-231页。
3荒地称为“马瓦特”（Mawat），意为土地所有者不明确，没有被耕作亦未经开发的土地。
4Shakoori, Ali, The State and Rural Development in Post-Revolutionary Iran, p.257.
5Lahsaeizadeh, Abdolali, Contemporary Rural Iran, p.257.
6【德】雅瓦德·科罗胥，张振国译：“关于伊斯兰共和国的土地法”，《西亚北非》第一辑，第232页。
1Schirazi, A., Islamic Development Policy: The Agrarian Question in Iran, p.177.
2【德】雅瓦德·科罗胥，张振国译：“关于伊斯兰共和国的土地法”，《西亚北非》第一辑，第233页。
3Shakoori, Ali, The State and Rural Development in Post-Revolutionary Iran, p.67.
1【德】雅瓦德·科罗胥，张振国译：“关于伊斯兰共和国的土地法”，《西亚北非》第一辑，第234页。
2Schirazi, A., Islamic Development Policy: The Agrarian Question in Iran, p.177.
2【德】雅瓦德·科罗胥，张振国译：“关于伊斯兰共和国的土地法”，《西亚北非》第一辑，第235页。
1Schirazi, A., Islamic Development Policy: The Agrarian Question in Iran, pp.182-183.
1【德】雅瓦德·科罗胥，张振国译：“关于伊斯兰共和国的土地法”，《西亚北非》第一辑，第237-238页。
1Schirazi, A., Islamic Development Policy: The Agrarian Question in Iran, pp.186-187.
1Lahsaeizadeh, Abdolali, Contemporary Rural Iran, p.257.
2Hooglund, E.J, Twenty Years of Islamic Revolution: Political and Social Transformation in Iran since1979,p.109.
3Lahsaeizadeh, Abdolali, Contemporary Rural Iran, p.260.
4Bakhash, Shaul, Reign of the Ayatollahs: Iran and the Islamic Revolution, p.210.
5Lahsaeizadeh, Abdolali, Contemporary Rural Iran, p.258.
6Schirazi, A., Islamic Development Policy: The Agrarian Question in Iran, p.184, table8.1.
1Lahsaeizadeh, Abdolali, Contemporary Rural Iran, pp.260-261.
2Ibid, p.260.
3Schirazi, A., Islamic Development Policy: The Agrarian Question in Iran, p.188.
3Hooglund, J.E, Twenty Years of Islamic Revolution: Political and Social Transformation in Iran since1979,p.110.
4Schirazi, A., Islamic Development Policy: The Agrarian Question in Iran, p.253, table10.1.
1Hooglund, J.E, Twenty Years of Islamic Revolution: Political and Social Transformation in Iran since1979,p.179.
2【德】雅瓦德·科罗胥，张振国译：“关于伊斯兰共和国的土地法”，《西亚北非》第一辑，第241页。
1Ashraf, Ahmad, State and Agrarian Relations Before and After the Iranian Revolution,1960-1980, p.305.
1Schirazi, A., Islamic Development Policy: The Agrarian Question in Iran, p.236.
2Shakoori, Ali, The State and Rural Development in Post-Revolutionary Iran, p.92.
3Haghayeghi, Mehrdad, Agriculture Development Planning under the Islamic Republic of Iran, Iran Studies, Vol.23, No.1/4(1990), p.13.
4Lahsaeizadeh, Abdolali, Contemporary Rural Iran, p.261.
5Haghayeghi, Mehrdad, Agriculture Development Planning under the Islamic Republic of Iran, Iran Studies, Vol.23, No.1/4(1990), p.14.
6Hooglund, J.E, Twenty Years of Islamic Revolution: Political and Social Transformation in Iran since1979,p.112.
7Shakoori, Ali, The State and Rural Development in Post-Revolutionary Iran, p.93.
1Hooglund, J.E, Twenty Years of Islamic Revolution: Political and Social Transformation in Iran since1979,p.112.
2Shakoori, Ali, The State and Rural Development in Post-Revolutionary Iran, p.93.
3Lahsaeizadeh, Abdolali, Contemporary Rural Iran, p.267.
1Hooglund, J.E, Twenty Years of Islamic Revolution: Political and Social Transformation in Iran since1979,p.112.
2Shakoori, Ali, The State and Rural Development in Post-Revolutionary Iran, p.94.
3Taleb, Mehdi, Some Considerations on Mosha Cooperatives, Tehran: Tehran University,1985, p23.
4Ibid, p.94.
5Ibid.
6Lahsaeizadeh, Abdolali, Contemporary Rural Iran, p.267.
3Hooglund, J.E, Twenty Years of Islamic Revolution: Political and Social Transformation in Iran since1979,p.110.
4Lahsaeizadeh, Abdolali, Contemporary Rural Iran, pp.268.269.
5Hooglund, J.E, Twenty Years of Islamic Revolution: Political and Social Transformation in Iran since1979,p110.
6Lahsaeizadeh, Abdolali, Contemporary Rural Iran, p.269.
1Schirazi, A., Islamic Development Policy: The Agrarian Question in Iran, p.248.
1Hooglund, J.E, Twenty Years of Islamic Revolution: Political and Social Transformation in Iran since1979,p.114.
2Schirazi, A., Islamic Development Policy: The Agrarian Question in Iran, p.248.
3Lahsaeizadeh, Abdolali, Contemporary Rural Iran, p.277.
4Hooglund, J.E, Twenty Years of Islamic Revolution: Political and Social Transformation in Iran since1979,p.114.
5Lahsaeizadeh, Abdolali, Contemporary Rural Iran, p.278.
1Hooglund, J.E, Twenty Years of Islamic Revolution: Political and Social Transformation in Iran since1979，p.115.
2Schirazi, A., Islamic Development Policy: The Agrarian Question in Iran, p.252.
3Lahsaeizadeh, Abdolali, Contemporary Rural Iran, p.280.
4McLachlan, Keith S., The Neglected Garden: The Politics and Ecology of Agriculture in Iran, London: I. B.Taurise and Co. Ltd,1988, p.198.
5Lahsaeizadeh, Abdolali, Contemporary Rural Iran, p.283.
1Hooglund, J.E, Twenty Years of Islamic Revolution: Political and Social Transformation in Iran since1979,p.115.
2Lahsaeizadeh, Abdolali, Contemporary Rural Iran, pp.282-283.
3Ibid, pp280-281.
4Schirazi, A., Islamic Development Policy: The Agrarian Question in Iran, p.251.
1Lahsaeizadeh, Abdolali, Contemporary Rural Iran, p.276.
2Ibid, p.277.
3Schirazi, A., Islamic Development Policy: The Agrarian Question in Iran, p.242.
1Lahsaeizadeh, Abdolali, Contemporary Rural Iran, p.273.
2Schirazi, A., Islamic Development Policy: The Agrarian Question in Iran, p.243.
3Ibid.
4http://www.zh-hz.com/dz/html/2009-03/17/content_21820.htm
5Schirazi, A., Islamic Development Policy: The Agrarian Question in Iran, p.246.
6Haghayeghi, Mehrdad, Agriculture Development Planning under the Islamic Republic of Iran, Iran Studies, Vol.23, No.1/4(1990), p.15.
1Schirazi, A., Islamic Development Policy: The Agrarian Question in Iran, p.137.
2Ibid, p.139.
3Haghayeghi, Mehrdad, Agriculture Development Planning under the Islamic Republic of Iran, Iran Studies, Vol.23, No.1/4(1990), p.12.
4Shakoori, Ali, The State and Rural Development in Post-Revolutionary Ira, p.72.
1Schirazi, A., Islamic Development Policy: The Agrarian Question in Iran, p.137.
3Haghayeghi, Mehrdad, Agriculture Development Planning under the Islamic Republic of Iran, Iran Studies, Vol.23, No.1/4(1990), p.12.
1姜士林编：《世界宪法全书》，青岛：青岛出版社，1997年，第558页。
2Schirazi, A., Islamic Development Policy: The Agrarian Question in Iran, p.263.
3Ibid, p.265.
4杨光、温伯友主编：《中东非洲发展报告：2000-2001年》，北京：社会科学文献出版社，第185页。
1Shakoori, Ali, The State and Rural Development in Post-Revolutionary Iran, p.78.
2Schirazi, A., Islamic Development Policy: The Agrarian Question in Iran, p.268.
3Shakoori, Ali, The State and Rural Development in Post-Revolutionary Iran, p.231.
4Schirazi, A., Islamic Development Policy: The Agrarian Question in Iran, pp.268-269.
1Shakoori, Ali, The State and Rural Development in Post-Revolutionary Iran, p.80.
2Shakoori, Ali, The State and Rural Development in Post-Revolutionary Iran, p.81.
1Ferdows, E., The Reconstruction Crusade and Class Conflict in Iran, MERIP Reports,1983, vol.17, no.4, p.12.
1Shakoori, Ali, The State and Rural Development in Post-Revolutionary Iran, p.82,
2Ferdows, E., The Reconstruction Crusade and Class Conflict in Iran, MERIP Reports,1983, vol.17, no.4, p.15.
3Farazamand, Ali, The State, Bureaucracy and Revolution in Modern Iran: Agrarian Reform and Regime Politics,p.221.
4Ibid, p.222.
5Shakoori, Ali, The State and Rural Development in Post-Revolutionary Iran, p.83.
6Ferdows, Emad, The Reconstruction Crusade and Class Conflict in Iran, p.12.
1Farazamand, Ali, The State, Bureaucracy and Revolution in Modern Iran: Agrarian Reform and Regime Politics,p.222
2Ferdows, E., The Reconstruction Crusade and Class Conflict in Iran, MERIP Reports,1983, vol.17, no.4, p13.
3Farazamand, Ali, The State, Bureaucracy and Revolution in Modern Iran: Agrarian Reform and Regime Politics,p.222.
4Shakoori, Ali, The State and Rural Development in Post-Revolutionary Iran, p.89.
5Farazamand, Ali, The State, Bureaucracy and Revolution in Modern Iran: Agrarian Reform and Regime Politics,p.223.
1Shakoori, Ali, The State and Rural Development in Post-Revolutionary Iran, pp.88-89.
1Haghayeghi, Mehrdad, Agriculture Development Planning under the Islamic Republic of Iran, Iran Studies, Vol.23, No.1/4(1990), p.6.
2Ibid, p.13.
3Schirazi, A., Islamic Development Policy: The Agrarian Question in Iran, p.89.
4Shakoori, Ali, The State and Rural Development in Post-Revolutionary Iran, p.106.
1Haghayeghi, Mehrdad, Agriculture Development Planning under the Islamic Republic of Iran, Iran Studies, Vol.23, No.1/4(1990), p.18.
2Haghayeghi, Mehrdad, Agriculture Development Planning under the Islamic Republic of Iran, Iran Studies, Vol.23, No.1/4(1990), p.22.
1Schirazi, A., Islamic Development Policy: The Agrarian Question in Iran, p.131.
2Haghayeghi, Mehrdad, Agriculture Development Planning under the Islamic Republic of Iran, Iran Studies, Vol.23, No.1/4(1990), p.19.
3Shakoori, Ali, The State and Rural Developmen in Post-Revolutionary Iran, p105.
4Schirazi, A., Islamic Development Policy: The Agrarian Question in Iran, p.276, table12.1.
1Ibid, p.279, table12.3.
2Haghayeghi, Mehrdad, Agriculture Development Planning under the Islamic Republic of Iran, Iran Studies, Vol.23, No.1/4(1990), p.13.
3Schirazi, A., Islamic Development Policy: The Agrarian Question in Iran, p.276.table12.1
4Shakoori, Ali, The State and Rural Development in Post-Revolutionary Iran, p.119.
1Haghayeghi, Mehrdad, Agriculture Development Planning under the Islamic Republic of Iran, Iran Studies, Vol.23, No.1/4(1990), p.16.
2Shakoori, Ali, The State and Rural Development in Post-Revolutionary Iran, p.118.
3Ibid, p.121.
4Haghayeghi, Mehrdad, Agrarian Reform Problems in Post-Revolutionary Iran, Middle Eastern Studies, Vol.26,No.1(Jan.,1990), p.48.
1Schirazi, A., Islamic Development Policy: The Agrarian Question in Iran, p.291.
2张振国：“战后伊朗的农业发展道路”，《西亚非洲》，1987年第4期，第35页。
3Haghayeghi, Mehrdad, Agriculture Development Planning under the Islamic Republic of Iran, Iran Studies, Vol.23, No.1/4(1990), p.16.
4Haghayeghi, Mehrdad, Agriculture Development Planning under the Islamic Republic of Iran, Iran Studies, Vol.23, No.1/4(1990), p.19.
5Shakoori, Ali, The State and Rural Development in Post-Revolutionary Iran, p.118.
1Haghayeghi, Mehrdad, Agriculture Development Planning under the Islamic Republic of Iran, Iran Studies, Vol.23, No.1/4(1990), p.26, table1.
2Shakoori, Ali, The State and Rural Development in Post-Revolutionary Iran, p.117.
3Schirazi, Asghar, Islamic Development Policy: The Agrarian Question in Iran, p.286.
4Shakoori, Ali, The State and Rural Development in Post-Revolutionary Iran, p.118, table4.15.
5Ibid, p.117, table4.14.
6http://faostat.fao.org/site/576/DesktopDefault.aspx?PageID=576#ancor
1Schirazi, A., Islamic Development Policy: The Agrarian Question in Iran, p.287, table12.7.
2Shakoori, Ali, The State and Rural Development in Post-Revolutionary Iran, p.118.
3Ibid, p.121.
4http://faostat.fao.org/site/567/DesktopDefault.aspx?PageID=567#ancor
5Schirazi, A., Islamic Development Policy: The Agrarian Question in Iran, p.281.
6Haghayeghi, Mehrdad, Agriculture Development Planning under the Islamic Republic of Iran, Iran Studies, Vol.23, No.1/4(1990), p.15.
1Schirazi, A., Islamic Development Policy: The Agrarian Question in Iran, p.283, table12.5.
2Hooglund, Eric, Twenty Years of Islamic Revolution: Political and Social Transition in Iran since1979,pp.115-116.
3Haghaveghi, Mehrdad, Agrarian Reform Problems in Post-Revolutionary Iran, Middle Eastern Studies, Vol.26,No.1(Jan.,1990), p.45.
4Shakoori, Ali, The State and Rural Development in Post-Revolutionary Iran, p.123.
3FAO: Country Profile. Iran, Dec.23,2011, p.3.
2杨万江、徐星明：《农业现代化评测》，第195页。
2Hooglund, J.E, Twenty Years of Islamic Revolution: Political and Social Transformation in Iran since1979,p.97.
1Hooglund, J.E., Twenty Years of Islamic Revolution: Political and Social Transformation in Iran since1979,p.98.
2Ibid, p99
3Haghayeghi, Mehrdad, Agriculture Development Planning under the Islamic Republic of Iran, Iran Studies, Vol.23, No.1/4(1990), p.19.
4Shakoori, Ali, The State and Rural Development in Post-Revolutionary Iran, p152.
1Hooglund, J.E., Twenty Years of Islamic Revolution: Political and Social Transformation in Iran since1979,p.98.
1Shakoori, Ali, The State and Rural Development in Post-Revolutionary Iran, pp.145-146.
2Najmabadi, Afsaneh, Land Reform and Social Change in Iran, p.193.
3姜士林编：《世界宪法全书》，青岛：青岛出版社，1997年，第560页。
1Kian-Thiebaut, Azadeh, Political and Social Transformations in Post-Islamist Iran, Middle East Report, No.212,(Autumn,1999), pp.12-16.
2Schirazi, A., Islamic Development Policy: The Agrarian Question in Iran, p.261.
3Shakoori, Ali, The State and Rural Development in Post-Revolutionary Iran, p.135.
1Shakoori, Ali, The State and Rural Development in Post-Revolutionary Iran, p.136.
1Sharbatoghlie, A., Urbanization and Regional Disparities in Post-Revolutionary Iran, p.89.
1Foran, John, Fragile Resistance: Social Transiformation in Iran from1500to the Revolution, p.126.
2Ibid, p.127.
3Avery, Peter, The Cambridge History of Iran, Vol.7, p.605.
1Bharier, Julian, The Growth of Towns and Villages in Iran,1900-66, Middle Eastern Studies, Vol.8, No1,(Jan.,1972), p.55.
2Ervand, Abahamian, Iran: Between Two Revolutions, p.73.
3Foran, John, Fragile Resistance: Social Transiformation in Iran from1500to the Revolution, p.163.
1Foran, John, Fragile Resistance: Social Transiformation in Iran from1500to the Revolution, p.235.
2Ehlers, Eckart&Floor, Willem, Urban Change in Iran,1920-1941, p.268.
34Foran, John, Fragile Resistance: Social Transiformation in Iran from1500to the Revolution, p.229.Ibid, p.235.
5彭树智：“礼萨·汗在伊朗的改革”，《历史教学》，1988年第1期，第8页。
6Foran, John, Fragile Resistance: Social Transiformation in Iran from1500to the Revolution, p.235.
7彭树智：“礼萨·汗在伊朗的改革”，《历史教学》，1988年第1期，第8页。
8Avery, Peter, The Cambridge History of Iran, Vol.7, p.611.
1Foran, John, Fragile Resistance: Social Transiformation in Iran from1500to the Revolution, p.228-229.
2【美】吉利斯、波金斯、罗默等著，彭刚、杨瑞龙译：《发展经济学》，第469页。
3Ehlers, Eckart&Floor, Willem, Urban Change in Iran,1920-1941, Iranian Studies, Vol.26, No.3/4(Summer–Autumn,1993), p.262.
4Ehlers, Eckart&Floor, Willem, Urban Change in Iran,1920-1941, p.253.
5Bharier, Julian, The Growth of Towns and Villages in Iran,1900-66, p.55.
6Foran, John, Fragile Resistance: Social Transiformation in Iran from1500to the Revolution, p.337.
1Avery, Peter, The Cambridge History of Iran, Vol.7, pp.594-595.
2Ibid, p.595.
3Issawi, C., An Economic History of the Middle East and North Africa, p.54.
4Ansari M.A., Modern Iran Since1921: The Pahlavis and After, p.53,
1Foran. John, A Century of Revolution: Social Movement in Iran, Princeton: Princeton University Press,1994,p.111.
2Foran, John, Fragile Resistance: Social Transiformation in Iran from1500to the Revolution, p.110.
3Foran. John, A Century of Revolution: Social Movement in Iran, p.112.
4Foran, John, Fragile Resistance: Social Transiformation in Iran from1500to the Revolution, p.284.
1Foran, John, Fragile Resistance: Social Transiformation in Iran from1500to the Revolution, p.312.
2Ervand, Abahamian, Iran: Between Two Revolutions, p.420.
3Ibid, p.427.
4Ibid, pp.427-428.
5【美】塞缪尔·亨廷顿，张岱云译：《变动社会中的政治秩序》，上海：三联书店，1989年，第375页。
6Najmabadi, Afsaneh, Land Reform and Social Change in Iran, p.101.
1Ervand, Abahamian, Iran: Between Two Revolutions, p.430.
2Foran, John, Fragile Resistance: Social Transiformation in Iran from1500to the Revolution, p.326.
3Ervand, Abahamian, Iran: Between Two Revolutions, p.431.
4【美】塞缪尔·亨廷顿著，张岱云译：《变动社会中的政治秩序》，第368页。
1Karshenas, Massoud, Oil, State and Industrialization in Iran, p.148-150.
2Ibid, p.140.
3Schirazi, A., Islamic Development Policy: The Agrarian Question in Iran, p.74.
4Ibid, p.4.
5张振国：“战后伊朗农业的发展道路”，《西亚非洲》，1987第4期，第34页。
6Karshenas, Massoud, Oil, State and Industrialization in Iran, p.210.
1Avery, Peter, The Cambridge History of Iran, Vol.7, p.620.
2Foran, John, Fragile Resistance: Social Transiformation in Iran from1500to the Revolution, p.323.
3Avery, Peter, The Cambridge History of Iran, Vol.7, p.620.
4Karshenas, Massoud, Oil, State and Industrialization in Iran, p.157.
1Rahnea Saeed&Behdad, Sohrab, Iran after the Revolution: Crisis of an Islamic State, p.153.
2Ibid, p.110.
3Schirazi, A., Islamic Development Policy: The Agrarian Question in Iran, p.78.
4Rahnea Saeed&Behdad, Sohrab, Iran after the Revolution: Crisis of an Islamic State, pp.150-151.
1Rezun, Miron, Iran at the Crossroads: Global Relations in a Turbulent Decade, Boulder: Westview Press,1990,p.98.
2http://data.worldbank.org.cn/indicator/SP.URB.TOTL.IN.ZS?page=5
3《帕尔格雷夫世界历史统计资料》，亚洲、非洲和大洋洲卷（1750-1993年），第42-46页。
4Shakoori, Ali, The State and Rural Development in Post-Revolutionary Iran, p105.
5Schirazi, A., Islamic Development Policy: The Agrarian Question in Iran, p.307, table13.1.
1Avery, Peter, The Cambridge History of Iran, Vol.7, p.609.
2Bharier, Juian, Economic Development of Iran,1900-1970, London: Oxford University Press,1971, p.30.
1Ervand, Abahamian, Iran: Between Two Revolutions, p.147.
2Karshenas, Massoud, Oil, State and Industrialization in Iran, p.161-162.
3Moghadam, F.M., From Land Reform to Revolution, p.206, table7.4.
4Katouzian, M.A., Land Reform in Iran: A Case Study in the Political Economy of Social Engineering, TheJournal of Peasant Studies, Vol.1, No.2, January,1974, p.231.
5Nattagh, Nima, Agriculture and Regional Development in Iran, p.63.
6Abrahamian, E., Structural Cause of Iranian Revolution, MERIP Reports, Vol.10, No.4, May,1980, p.22.
1Nattagh, Nima, Agriculture and Regional Development in Iran, p.61.
2Ibid, p.60, table14.
3Moghadam, F.M., From Land Reform to Revolution, p.206, table7.2.
4Katouzian, M.A., Oil vs Agriculture: A Case of Dual Resource Depletion in Iran, The Journal Peasant Studies,Vol.5, No.3, April,1978, p.351.
5Hooglund, J.E, Twenty Years of Islamic Revolution: Political and Social Transformation in Iran since1979,p100.
6Hooglund, Rural Participation in the Revolution, MERIP Reports, No.87, May,1980, p.5.
1Hooglund, J.E, Twenty Years of Islamic Revolution: Political and Social Transformation in Iran since1979,2p.104.Sharabatoghlie, Ahmad, Urbanization and Regional Disparities in Post-Revolutionary Iran, p.98.
3Haghayeghi, Mehrdad, Agriculture Development Planning under the Islamic Republic of Iran, Iran Studies, Vol.
23, No.1/4(1990), p.19.
4Hooglund, J.E, Twenty Years of Islamic Revolution: Political and Social Transformation in Iran since1979,p.105, p.106.
1Sharabatoghlie, Ahmad, Urbanization and Regional Disparities in Post-Revolutionary Iran, pp.97-98.
2Hooglund, J.E, Twenty Years of Islamic Revolution: Political and Social Transformation in Iran since1979,p.101.
1Foran, John, Fragile Resistance: Social Transiformation in Iran from1500to the Revolution, p.44.
2Kamrava, M., The Political History of Modern Iran: From Tribalism to Theocracy, p.12.
3Foran, John, Fragile Resistance: Social Transiformation in Iran from1500to the Revolution, p.141.
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2【美】卡罗尔·佩特曼，陈尧译：《参与和民主理论》，上海：上海人民出版社，2006年，第5页。
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[2] http://www.fao.org （国际粮农组织网站）
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[7] http://www.maj.ir （伊朗农业部网站）
[8] http://www.sci.org.ir/（伊朗统计中心网站）
1【美】布莱克，周师铭译：《日本和俄国的现代化：一份进行比较的研究报告》，北京：商务印书馆，1984年，第18页。
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5罗荣渠：《现代化新论：世界与中国的现代化进程》，北京：商务印书馆，2006年，第17页。
1哈全安：《中东国家的现代化历程》，北京：人民出版社，2006年，第17页。
2张培刚：《农业与工业化（上卷）：农业国工业化问题初探》，武汉：华中科技大学出版社，2002年，第233-234页。
1【美】吉利斯、波金斯、罗默等，彭刚、杨瑞龙译：《发展经济学》，北京：人民大学出版社，1998年，第409页。
2【美】西奥多·M·舒尔茨，梁小民译：《改造传统农业》，北京：商务印书馆，2006年，第4页。
3同上，第26页。
4杨万江、徐星明：《农业现代化评测》，北京：社会科学文献出版社，2001年，第10页。
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1【美】吉利斯、波金斯、罗默等，彭刚、杨瑞龙译：《发展经济学》，第421页。
2Bernstein, Agricultural Modernisation and Era of Structural Adjustment: Observations on Sub-Saharan, Journalof Peasant Studies,1990, Vol.18, No.1, p.6.
3邓世令：“农业现代化的理论和实践初探”，《广西农业学报》，2000年第2期，第22页。
1【美】史蒂文·瓦戈，王晓黎等译：《社会变迁》，北京：北京大学出版社，2007年。
2Shakoori, Ali, The State and Rural Development in Post-Revolutionary Iran, New York: Pralgrave,2001, p.22.
1【美】吉利斯、波金斯、罗默等著，彭刚、杨瑞龙译：《发展经济学》，第410页。
2同上，第18页。
3【美】史蒂文·瓦戈，王晓丽译：《社会变迁》，第114页。
2哈全安：《中东国家的现代化历程》，第18页。
1Avery, Peter, The Cambridge History of Iran, Volume.7, New York: Cambridge University Press,2008,pp.459-506, pp.599-692, pp.609-611.
2Foran, John, Fragile Resistance: Socia Transformation in Iran from1500to the Revolution, Boulder: WestviewPress,1993.
1Vali, Abbas, Pre-capitalist Iran: A Theoretical Histoy, London: I.B. Tauris,1993.
2Banani, Amin, The Modernization of Iran:1921-1941, Standford: Stanford University Press,1961, p.128.
3Karshenas, Massoud, Oil, State and Industrialization in Iran, New York: Cambridge University Press,1990.
4Keddie, R.N., Iran: Religion, Politics and Society, London: Frank Cass,1980.
5Abrahamian, Ervand, Iran Between Two Revolutions, Princeton: Princeton University Press,1982.
6Cronin, S., The Making of Modern Iran: State and Society under Riza Shah,1921-2941, London: Rougledge,2003.
7王新中，冀开运：《中东国家通史·伊朗卷》，北京：商务印书馆，2004年。
8冀开运、蔺焕萍：《二十世纪伊朗史——现代伊朗研究》，兰州：甘肃人民出版社，2002年。
9王莹：《宪政主义、绝对主义与现代伊斯兰主义——伊朗现代化进程中政治变动的历史模式研究》，[博士学位论文]，天津：南开大学，2008年。
10吴杨：《伊朗礼萨·汗时期经济与社会文化现代化研究（1921-1941）》，[硕士学位论文]，重庆：西南大学，2008年。
11Keddie, R.N, The Econimic History of Iran,1800-1914, and Its Political Impact, Iranian Studies, Vol.5, No.2/3,(Spring-Summer,1972).
12Gilbar, Gad, The Opening up of Qajar Iran: Some Economic and Social Aspects, Bulletin of the School ofOriental and African Studies, University of London, Vol.49, No.1,1986.
13Malek, H.M., Capitalism in Tineteenth-Century Iran, Middle East Studies, Vol.27, No.1(Jan.,1991).
1Araghi, Farshad, The Local in the Blobal: Agriculture, State and Revolution in Iran, International Journal ofSociology of Agriculture and Food, Vol.8, Princeton: Princeton University,1999.
2彭树智：“礼萨·汗在伊朗的改革”，《历史教学》，1988年第1期，第5-12页。
3Avery, Peter, The Cambridge History of Iran, Volume.7, p.459.
4Keddie, R.N., Iran: Religion, Politics and Society, pp.158-159.
5Vali, Abbas, Pre-capitalist Iran: A Theoretical Histoy, pp.227-233.
6张振国：《未成功的现代化——关于巴列维的“白色革命”研究》，北京：北京大学出版社，1993年，第3页。
7Gilbar, Gad, The Opening up of Qajar Iran: Some Economic and Social Aspects, Bulletin of the School ofOriental and African Studies, University of London, Vol.49, No.1,1986, pp.78-82.
8Foran, John, Fragile Resistance: Socia Transformation in Iran from1500to the Revolution, p.119.
1Araghi, Farshad, The Local in the Blobal: Agriculture, State and Revolution in Iran, International Journal ofSociology of Agriculture and Food, pp.114-117.
2哈全安：《中东史：620-2000》上，第396页。
3Araghi, F., The Local in the Blobal: Agriculture, State and Revolution in Iran, Jussaume, A.R., InternationalJournal of Sociology of Agriculture and Food, Vol.8, pp.117-118.
4Gilbar, Gad, The Opening up of Qajar Iran: Some Economic and Social Aspects, Bulletin of the School ofOriental and African Studies, University of London, Vol.49, No.1,1986, p.80.
5哈全安：《中东史：620-2000》上，天津：天津人民出版社，2010年，第396页。
6Foran, John, Fragile Resistance: Socia Transformation in Iran from1500to the Revolution, pp.228-231.
7冀开运、蔺焕萍：《二十世纪伊朗史——现代伊朗研究》，第69页。
8王莹：《宪政主义、绝对主义与现代伊斯兰主义——伊朗现代化进程中政治变动的历史模式研究》，第108、108页。
1吴杨：《伊朗礼萨·汗时期经济与社会文化现代化研究（1921-1941）》，第17-18页。
2Hooglund, E.J., Land and Revolution in Iran,1960-1980, Austin: University of Texas Press,1982.
3Moghadam, E.F., From Land Reform to Revolution: The Political Economy of Agricultural Development in Iran1962-1979, London: I.B.Tauris Publishers,1996.
4Najmabadi, Afsaneh, Land Reform and Social Change in Iran, Salt Lake City: University of Utah Press,1987.
5Nattagh, Nima, Agriculture&Regional Developent in Iran, Cambridgeshire: Middle East&North AfricanStudies Press,1986.
6Amid, J.M., Agriculture, Poverty and Reform in Iran, London: Routledge,1990.
7Kazemi, Farhad, Poverty and Revolution in Iran, New York: New York University,1980.
8Kennedy, Charles, The Politics of Agricultural Modernization: A Comprarative of Land Reform in Pakistan,India, Japan and Iran,[dissertation], Austin: The University of Texas,1980.
9Johnson, Webster, Agriculture in the Economic Development of Iran, Land Economics, Vol.36, No.4,(Nov.,1960).
10Keddie, R.N., The Iranian Villiage before and after Land Reform, Journal of Contemporary History, Vol.3, No.3, The Middle East,(Jul.,1968).
11Majd, G.M., Small Landowners and Land Distribution in Ian,1962-1971, International Journal of Middle EastStudies, Vol.32, No.1,(Feb.,2000).
1Carey, Jane&Carey, A.G., Iran Agriculture and Its Development:1952-1973, International Journal of MiddleEast Studies, Vol.7, No.3.(Jul.,1976).
2Richads, Helmut, Land Reform and Agribusiness in Iran, MERIP Reports, No.43(Dec.,1975).
3哈全安：“从白色革命到伊斯兰革命——伊朗现代化的历史轨迹”，《世界历史》，2001年第6期。
4沈浦娜：“论巴列维土地改革的历史背景”，《亚非研究》第2辑，北京：北京大学出版社，1992年.
5沈浦娜：“评巴列维王朝的农业现代化内容和后果”，《亚非研究》第3辑，北京：北京大学出版社，1993年。
6赵增泉：“巴列维王朝的兴亡”，《西亚非洲》，1980年第1期。
7Kazemi, Farhad, Poverty and Revolution in Iran, pp.34-35.
8Farazmand, Ali, The State, Bureaucracy, and Revolution in Modern Iran: Agrian Reforms and Regime Politics,New York: Praeger Publishers,1989, p.102.
9Najmabadi, A., Land Reform and Social Change in Iran, p.9.
10冀开运、蔺焕萍：《二十世纪伊朗史——现代伊朗研究》，第118、122页。
1沈浦娜：“论巴列维土地改革的历史背景”，《亚非研究》第2辑，第143页。
2Majd, G., Mohammad, Land Reform Policies in Iran, American Journal of Agricultural Economics, Vol.69, No.4(Nov.,1987), pp.843.847.
3哈全安：《中东国家的现代化历程》，第296页。
4Foran, John, Fragile Resistance: Social Transformation in Iran from1500to the Revolution, p.36.
5Moghaddam, Reza, Land Reform and Rural Development in Iran, Land Economics, Vol.48, No.2(May,1972),pp.167-168, p.160.
1哈全安：“从白色革命到伊斯兰革命——伊朗现代化的历史轨迹”，《世界历史》，2001年第6期，第143页。
2冀开运：《二十世纪伊朗史——现代伊朗研究》，第69、131页。
3Kazemi, Farhad, Poverty and Revolution in Iran, p.35.p.226.
4Hooglund, E.J., Land and Revolution in Iran,1960-1980, p.xvi.
5Richads, Helmut, Land Reform and Agribusiness in Iran, MERIP Reports, No.43,(Dec.,1975), pp.3-18.
6Hosseini, M.Z., Some Aspects of Changing Economy in Rural Iran: A Case of Kalardasht, a District in theCaspian Provinces, International Journal of Middle East Studies, Vol.19, No.4(Nov.,1987), p.393.
1张振国：“战后伊朗农业的发展道路”，《西亚非洲》，1984年第4期，第36页。
2【伊朗】穆罕默德·G·马吉德，楼惠新、左常升译：“伊朗的土地改革”，《世界农业》，1992年第2期，第5-6页。
3Majd, G., Mohammad, Land Reform Policies in Iran, American Journal of Agricultural Economics, Vol.69, No.4(Nov.,1987), pp.843, p.847.
4赵增泉：“巴列维王朝的兴亡”，《西亚非洲》，1980年第1期，第22页。
5Kiddie, N.R., Iran: Region, Politics and Society, London: Frank Cass,1980, p.194.
6Schirazi, A., Islamic Development Policy: The Agrarian Question in Iran, Colorado: Lynne Rienner Publishers,1993, p.64.
1Shakoori, Ali, The State and Rural Development in Post-Revolutionary Iran, New York: Pralgrave,2001,pp.170-171.
2Yeganeh. Agrarian Structure Under Adaptation, Reform and Revolution: The Case of Iran in a ComparativePerspective, New York: Praeger,1986, p79.
3徐晓云：《伊朗农业地理区域研究》，[硕士学位论文]，重庆：西南大学，2010年。
4张超阳：《中国和伊朗农业合作研究》，[硕士学位论文]，重庆：西南大学，2006年。
5艾少伟、杨兴礼等：“伊朗地理条件对农业生产的影响”，《世界农业》，2005年第4期。
6Farazmand, Ali, The State, Bureaucracy, and Revolution in Modern Iran: Agrarian Reforms and RegimePolitics, p.197, p.227.
1Lahsaeizadeh, Abdolali, Contemporary Rural Iran, Aldershot: Avebury,1993, p.202.
2Ibid, p.310.
3Ashraf, State and Agrarian Relations Before and After the Iranian Revolution,1960-1980, Peasant and Politicsin the Modern Middle East, Miami,1991, p.305.
4Hooglund, Eric, Twenty Years of Islamic Revolution: Political and Social Transition in Iran since1979, NewYork: Syracuse University Press,2002.
5Bakhash, Shaul, Reign of the Ayatollahs: Iran and the Islamic Revolution, New York: Basics Books,1984,p.195.
6Weiner, M.&Banuazizi, Ali, The Politics of Social Transformation in Afghanistan, Iran, and Pakistan, NewYork: Syracuse University Press,1994.
7Sharbatoghlie, A., Urbanization and Regional Disparities in Post-Revolutionary Iran, Boulder: Westview Press,1991.
1Afshar, Haleh, Iran: A Revolution in Turmoil, London: The Macmillan Press,1985.
2Mojtahed, E.H., Agriculture Policy and Performance in Iran: The Post-Revolutionary Experiences, World
3Development, vol.17, no.6, p859.Haghayeghi, Mehrdad, Agrarian Reform Problems in Post-Revolutionary Iran, Middle Eastern Studies, Vol.26,No.1(Jan.,1990), p.49.
4Ferdows. The Reconstruction Crusade and Class Conflicts in Iran. MERIP Reports, vol.17, no.4, p15.
5Valibeigi, Mehrdad, Islamic Economics and Economic Policy Formation in Post-Revolutionary Iran, Journal ofEconomic Issues, Vol.27, No.3(Sep.,1993), pp.793-812.
1Haghayeghi, Mehrdad, Agriculture Development Planning under the Islamic Republic of Iran, Iran Studies, Vol.23, No.1/4(1990), pp.5-29.
2【德】雅瓦德·科罗胥，张振国译：“关于伊斯兰共和国的土地法”，《西亚北非》第一辑，北京：北京大学出版社，1991年。
3安维华：“伊朗伊斯兰革命后的经济政策”，《世界经济》，1995年第12期。
1Foran, John, Fragile Resistance: Socia Transformation in Iran from1500to the Revolution, p.25.
2Keddie, Nikki R., Stratification,‘Social Control, and Capitalism in Iranian Village: Before and After LandReform’, Antoun, Richard&Harik, Iliya, Rural Politics and Social Changes in the Middle East, London: IndianaUniversity Press,1972, p.365.
1Avery, Peter, The Cambridge History of Iran, Vol.6, p.492.
2Fara, Grant&Kerbo, Harold, Modern Iran, Boston: McGraw-Hill,1999, p.16.
3Ann K.S. Lambton, Landlord and Peasant in Persia: A Study Case of Land Tenure and Land RevenueAdministration, London: Oxford University Press,1953, pp.5-6.
4Hooglund, E.J., Land and Revolution in Iran:1960－1980, p.5.
2哈全安：《中东史：620-2000》下卷，第929页。
3Foran, John, Fragile Resistance: Social Transformation in Iran from1500to Revolution, p.28.
4凯兹巴什：意为披着红头巾的战士。
1Foran, John, Fragile Resistance: Social Transformation in Iran from1500to Revolution, p.28.
2哈全安：《中东史：620-2000》上卷，第382页。
3Lahsaeizadeh, Abdolali, Contemporary Rural Iran, p.37.
4萨伊德：意为先知穆罕默德的后代；穆塔瓦里：意为瓦克夫地产的管理者。
5Amid, M.J., Agriculture, Poverty and Reform in Iran, p.32.
1Foran, John, Fragile Resistance: Social Transformation in Iran from1500to Revolution, p.29.
2Vali, Abbas, Pre-capitalist Iran: A Theoretical History, p.193.
3【英】弗兰克·艾利思著，胡景北译：《农民经济学——农民家庭农业和农业发展》，上海：上海人民出版社，2006年，第175页。
1Araghi, Farshad, The Local in the Global: Agriculture, State and Revolution in Iran, International Journal ofSociology of Agriculture and Food, Vol.8, p.116.
2Vali, Abbas, Pre-capitalist Iran: A Theoretical History, p.195.
3Foran, John, Fragile Resistance: Social Transiformation in Iran from1500to the Revolution, p.29.
4Vali, Abbas, Pre-capitalist Iran: A Theoretical History, p.196.
5Amid, M.J., Agriculture, Poverty and Reform in Iran, p.35.
1司马迁：《史记》，第123卷，长沙：岳麗书社，2008年，第3162页。
2Shakoori Ali, The State and Rural Development in Post-Revolutionary Iran, p.48.
3Foran, John, Fragile Resistance: Social Transiformation in Iran from1500to the Revolution, p.83.
4《马克思恩格斯书信选集》，北京：人民出版社，1973年，第76页。
5Avery, Peter, Cambridge History of Iran, Vol.6, pp.494-495.
1Amid, M.J., Agriculture, Poverty and Reform in Iran, p.5.
2Ibid, p.6.
3Hooglund, E.J., Land and Revolution in Iran,1960-1980, p.7.
2Amid, M.J., Agriculture, Poverty and Reform in Iran, p.37.
3Hooglund, E.J., Land and Revolution in Iran,1960-1980, p.24.
1布讷赫头领在伊朗不同地区的名称有所差异，例如在瓦拉敏被称为“欧雅尔”（Oyar），在呼罗珊被称为“萨尔沙拉尔”（Sarsalar），萨尔布讷赫则是最为常见的称呼。
2Hooglund, E.J., Land and Revolution in Iran,1960－1980, p.28.
1Ervand, Abahamian, Iran: Between Two Revolutions, p.13.
2Amid, M.J., Agriculture, Poverty and Reform in Iran, p.41.
3【美】西奥多·M·舒尔茨：《改造传统农业》，第32、26页。
4Amid, M.J., Agriculture, Poverty and Reform in Iran, p.40.
1Foran, John, Fragile Resistance: Social Transiformation in Iran from1500to the Revolution, p.28
2Ervand, Abahamian, Iran: Between Two Revolutions, p.20.
3卡德胡达：意味乡村首领。
4沈浦娜：“论巴列维土地改革的历史背景”，《亚非研究》第2辑，第129-130页。
5Avery, Peter, The Cambridge History of Iran, Vol.6, p.493.
1Ervand, Abahamian, Iran: Between Two Revolutions, p.21.
2Avery, Peter, Cambridge History of Iran, Vol.6, p.493.
3Foran, John, Fragile Resistance: Social Transiformation in Iran from1500to the Revolution, p.30.
1Fraser, James B., Historical and Descriptive Account of Persia, New York: Harper&Bros,1833, p.391.
2Foran, John, Fragile Resistance: Social Transiformation in Iran from1500to the Revolution, p.30.
3Ervand, Abahamian, Iran: Between Two Revolutions, p.37.
1Foran, John, Fragile Resistance: Social Transiformation in Iran from1500to the Revolution, p.35
1Foran, John, A Century of Revolution: Social Movements in Iran, London: UCL Press,1994, p.22.
2Ervand, Abahamian, Iran: Between Two Revolutions, p.55.
12Ervand, Abahamian, Iran: Between Two Revolutions, p.56.Foran, John, Fragile Resistance: Social Transiformation in Iran from1500to the Revolution, p.110.
3Karshenas, Massoud, Oil, State and Industrialization in Iran, p.46.
4Issawi, C., The Economic History of Iran1900-1914, Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press,1971, p.73.
5Avery, Peter, The Cambridge History of Iran, Vol.7, p.595.
6Karshenas, Massoud, Oil, State and Industrialization in Iran, p.47.
1Ervand, Abahamian, Iran: Between Two Revolutions, p.51.
2Avery, Peter, The Cambridge History of Iran, Vol.7, p.596.
34Foran, John, Fragile Resistance: Social Transiformation in Iran from1500to the Revolution, pp.113-114.Avery, Peter, The Cambridge History of Iran, Vol.7, p.597.
5Foran, John, Fragile Resistance: Social Transiformation in Iran from1500to the Revolution, p.110.
6Ibid, p.110.
7Ibid, pp.111-112.
8Karshenas, Massoud, Oil, State and Industrialization in Iran, p.48.
1Foran, John, Fragile Resistance: Social Transiformation in Iran from1500to the Revolution, p.113.
2Karshenas, Massoud, Oil, State and Industrialization in Iran, p.48.
3Foran, John, Fragile Resistance: Social Transiformation in Iran from1500to the Revolution, p.115.
4Ibid.
5Karshenas, Massoud, Oil, State and Industrialization in Iran, p.49.
1Ervand, Abahamian, Iran: Between Two Revolutions, p.51.
2Avery, Peter, The Cambridge History of Iran, Vol.7, p.596.
3Foran, John, Fragile Resistance: Social Transiformation in Iran from1500to the Revolution,p.114.
4Ervand, Abahamian, Iran: Between Two Revolutions, p.60.
5Foran, John, Fragile Resistance: Social Transiformation in Iran from1500to the Revolution, p.115.
6哈全安：《中东史：620-2000》上卷，第391页。
1Avery, Peter, The Cambridge History of Iran, Vol.7, p.459.
23Moghadam, F.M., From Land Reform to Revolution, p.51.Avery, Peter, The Cambridge History of Iran, Vol.7, p.599.
4Foran, John, Fragile Resistance: Social Transiformation in Iran from1500to the Revolution, pp.117-118.
5Ibid, p.118.
6Keddie, N.R., Iran: Religion, Politics and Society, p.128.
7Malek, H.M., Capitalism in Ninteenth-Century Iran, Millde Eastern Studies, Vol.27, No.1(Jan.,1991), p.71.
1Foran, John, Fragile Resistance: Social Transiformation in Iran from1500to the Revolution, p.118.
2Keddie, N.R., Iran: Religion, Politics and Society, p.129.
3Avery, Peter, The Cambridge History of Iran, Vol.7, p.600.
4Ibid, p.599.
5Karshenas, Massoud, Oil, State and Industrialization in Iran, p.49.
6Avery, Peter, The Cambridge History of Iran, Vol.7, p.473.
7Shakoori, Ali, The State and Rural Development in Post-Revolutionary Iran, p.41.
1Foran, John, Fragile Resistance: Social Transiformation in Iran from1500to the Revolution, p.118.
1Avery, Peter, The Cambridge History of Iran, Vol.7, p.459.
2Keddie, N.R., Iran: Religion, Politics and Society, p.123.
3Foran, John, Fragile Resistance: Social Transiformation in Iran from1500to the Revolution, p.119.
4Lambton, Landlord and Peasant in Persia, p.140.
5Moghadam, F.M., From Land Reform to Revolution, p.44.
1Najmabadi, Afsaneh, Land Reform and Social Changed in Iran, p.45.
2Foran, John, Fragile Resistance: Social Transiformation in Iran from1500to the Revolution, p.120.
3Shakoori, Ali, The State and Rural Development in Post-Revolutionary Iran, p.47.
4Lambton, Landlord and Peasant in Persia, p.260.
5Moghadam, F.M., From Land Reform to Revolution, p.45.
1Foran, John, Fragile Resistance: Social Transiformation in Iran from1500to the Revolution, p.136.
2Ibid, p.120.
3Ervand, Abahamian, Iran: Between Two Revolutions, p.11.
1Karshenas, Massoud, Oil, State and Industrialization in Iran, pp.52-53.
2Foran, John, Fragile Resistance: Social Transiformation in Iran from1500to the Revolution, p.128.
3Antoun, Richard, Rural Politics and Social Change in the Middle East, p.365.
4Lambton, Landlord and Peasant in Persia, pp.143-145.
5Keddie, N.R., Iran: Religion, Politics and Society, p.123, p.124.
6Antoun, Richard, Rural Politics and Social Change in the Middle East, p.367.
1Foran, John, Fragile Resistance: Social Transiformation in Iran from1500to the Revolution, p.118.
2【英】弗兰克·艾利思，张景北译：《农民经济学——农民家庭农业和农业发展》，上海：上海人民出版社，2006年，第6页。
1Ervand, Abahamian, Iran: Between Two Revolutions, p.114.
1Avery, Peter, The Cambridge History of Iran, Vol.7, pp.610-611.
2Najmabadi, Afsaneh, Land Reform and Social Changed in Iran, p.45.
1Banani, Amin, The Modernization of Iran:1921-1941, p.114.
2Foran, John, Fragile Resistance: Social Transiformation in Iran from1500to the Revolution, p.228.
3Ibid.
4Antoun, Richard, Rural Politics and Social Change in the Middle East, p.373
5Moghadam, F.M., From Land Reform to Revolution, p.50.
6Majid, G..M, Resistance to the Shah: Landowners and Ulama in Iran, Miami: University Press of Florida,2000,p.37.
1Lahsaeizadeh, Abdolali, Contemporary Rural Iran, p.35.
2Banani, Amin, The Modernization of Iran:1921-1941, p.120.
3Antoun, Richard, Rural Politics and Social Change in the Middle East, p.372.
4Keddie, N.R., Iran: Religion, Politics and Society, p.170.
5Karshenas, Massoud, Oil, State and Industrialization in Iran, p.68.
6Ervand, Abahamian, Iran: Between Two Revolutions, pp.149-150.
1Foran, John, Fragile Resistance: Social Transiformation in Iran from1500to the Revolution, p.230.
2哈全安：《中东史：620-2000》上卷，第420页。
3Banani, Amin, The Modernization of Iran:1921-1941, p.122.
12Foran, John, Fragile Resistance: Social Transiformation in Iran from1500to the Revolution, p.231.Ibid, p.229.
3Ibid, pp.228-229.
4Ibid, p.229.
5Banani, Amin, The Modernization of Iran:1921-1941, p.124.
6Najmabadi, Afsaneh, Land Reform and Social Changed in Iran, p.51.
1Lahsaeizadeh, Abdolali, Contemporary Rural Iran, p.60.
2哈全安：《中东史：620-2000》上卷，第419页。
3Keddie, N.R., Iran: Religion, Politics and Society, p.171.
4Foran, John, Fragile Resistance: Social Transiformation in Iran from1500to the Revolution, p.230.
1Banani, Amin, The Modernization of Iran:1921-1941, p.128.
2Foran, John, Fragile Resistance: Social Transiformation in Iran from1500to the Revolution, p.227.
1Antoun, Richard, Rural Politics and Social Change in the Middle East, p.367.
2Banani, Amin, The Modernization of Iran:1921-1941, p.127.
3Foran, John, Fragile Resistance: Social Transiformation in Iran from1500to the Revolution, p.231.
2哈全安：《中东史：620-2000》上卷，第423页。
3Lahsaeizadeh, Abdolali, Contemporary Rural Iran, p.33.
4Majid, G..M, Resistance to the Shah: Landowners and Ulama in Iran, p.73.
5Moghadam, F.M., From Land Reform to Revolution, p.47.
6Majid, G..M, Resistance to the Shah: Landowners and Ulama in Iran, p.74.
1Hooglund, E.J., Land and Revolution in Iran,1960－1980, p41.
2Farazamand, Ali, The State, Bureaucracy and Revolution in Modern Iran: Agrarian Reform and Regime Politics,p.95.
3Lahsaeizadeh, Abdolali, Contemporary Rural Iran, p.126.
1Amid, M.J., Agriculture, Poverty and Reform in Iran, p.4.
2Najmabadi, Afsaneh, Land Reform and Social Changed in Iran, p.45.
3Ibid, p.45.
4Hooglund, E.J., Land and Revolution in Iran,1960-1980, p.13.
5Amid, M.J., Agriculture, Poverty and Reform in Iran, p.31.
1Lahsaeizadeh, Abdolali, Contemporary Rural Iran, p.30.
2Amid, M.J., Agriculture, Poverty and Reform in Iran,.33.
3Lahsaeizadeh, Abdolali, Contemporary Rural Iran, p.28, p.33.
4Amid, M.J., Agriculture, Poverty and Reform in Iran, p.32.
5Lahsaeizadeh, Abdolali, Contemporary Rural Iran, p.36.
6Ibid, p.37.
7Amid, M.J., Agriculture, Poverty and Reform in Iran, p.31.
2Moghadam, F.M., From Land Reform to Revolution, p.47.
3Farazamand, Ali, The State, Bureaucracy and Revolution in Modern Iran: Agrarian Reform and Regime Politics,p.68.
4Najmabadi, Afsaneh, Land Reform and Social Changed in Iran, p.46.
5Khamsi, F.S., The Development of Capitalism in Rural Iran, New York: Columbia University,1968, p47.
6McLachlan, K.S., Cambridge History of Iran, vol.1, London,1968, pp.686-687.
7Salmanzadeh, C., Agricultural Change and Rural Society in Southern Iran, Cambridge,1980, p.58.
1【法】维埃利，张许萍译：《巴列维传》，北京：商务印书馆，1986年，第389，391页。
2Lahsaeizadeh, Abdolali, Contemporary Rural Iran, p.60.
2Amid, M.J., Agriculture, Poverty and Reform in Iran, p.33.
3Shakoori, Ali, The State and Rural Development in Post-Revolutionary Iran, p.46.
4Lahsaeizadeh, Abdolali, Contemporary Rural Iran, p.48.
5Hadary, Gideon, The Agrian Reform Problem in Iran, The Middle East Journal, Vol.5, No.2, Spring,1951,p.186.(181-196)
6Najmabadi, Afsaneh, Land Reform and Social Change in Iran, p.48.
1穆罕默德·礼萨·巴列维，刘津申等译，《对历史的回答》，北京：中国对外翻译出版公司，1986年，第100页。
2Vali, Abbas, Pre-Capitalist Iran: A Theoreiical History, p.214.
3Moghadam, F.M., From Land Reform to Revolution, p.52.
4Karshenas, Massoud, Oil, State and Industrialization in Iran, p.126.
1Najmabadi, Afsaneh, Land Reform and Social Change in Iran, p.51.
2Moghadam, F.M., From Land Reform to Revolution, p.52.
3Najmabadi, Afsaneh, Land Reform and Social Change in Iran, p.51.
4Amid, M.J., Agriculture, Poverty and Reform in Iran, p.41.
5Ibid, p.7.
6Najmabadi, Afsaneh, Land Reform and Social Change in Iran, p.53.
7Amid, M.J., Agriculture, Poverty and Reform in Iran, p.42.
1Najmabadi, Afsaneh, Land Reform and Social Change in Iran, p.54.
2【伊朗】穆罕默德·G·马吉德著，楼惠新，左常升译：“伊朗的土地改革”，《世界农业》，1992年02期，第5页。
3Rabnema, Saeed&Behdad, Sobrab, Iran after the Revolution: Crisis of an Islamic State, New York: I.B.Tauris,1995, p.27.
4Farazamand, Ali, The State, Bureaucracy and Revolution in Modern Iran: Agrarian Reform and Regime Politics,p.68.
5Hooglund, E.J., Land and Revolution in Iran,1960-1980, p.28.
1Farazamand, Ali, The State, Bureaucracy and Revolution in Modern Iran: Agrarian Reform and Regime Politics,p.68.
1哈全安：《中东史：610-2000》上卷，第430页。
2Karshenas, Massoud, Oil, State and Industrialization in Iran, p.141.
3Bashiriyeh, H., The State and Revolution in Iran:1962-1982, p.12.
4Hooglund, E.J., Land and Revolution in Iran,1960-1980, p.13.
5Hadary, Gideon, The Agrian Reform Problem in Iran, The Middle East Journal, Vol.5, No.2,(Spring,1951),p.186.
1Foran, John, Fragile Resistance: Social Transiformation in Iran from1500to the Revolution, p.230.
1哈全安：《中东史：610-2000》下卷，第942页。
2沈浦娜：“论巴列维土地改革的历史北京”，《亚非研究》第2辑，第143页。
1Lahsaeizadeh, Abdolali, Contemporary Rural Iran, p.132.
2Hooglund, E.J., Land and Revolution in Iran,1960-1980, p.38.
2Ervand, Abahamian, Iran: Between Two Revolutions, p.375.
3Lahsaeizadeh, Abdolali, Contemporary Rural Iran, p.123.
4Hooglund, E.J., Land and Revolution in Iran,1960-1980, p.43.
1Foran, John, Fragile Resistance: Social Transiformation in Iran from1500to the Revolution, p.275.
2Hooglund, E.J., Land and Revolution in Iran,1960-1980, pp.43-44.
1State and Agrarian Relations Before and After the Iranian Revolution:1960-1990, p.278.
2Majd, G.M., Small Landowners and Land Distribution in Iran,1962-71, International Journal of Middle EastStudies, Vol.32, No.1.(Feb.,2000), p.124.
3Amid, M.J., Agriculture, Poverty and Reform in Iran, p.71.
1哈全安：《中东史：610-2000》上卷，第431页。
2Hooglund, E.J., Land and Revolution in Iran,1960-1980, p.46.
1Lahsaeizadeh, Abdolali, Contemporary Rural Iran, pp.134-136.
1Denman, D.R., Iran under the Pahlavis, Stanford: Hoover Institution Press,1978, p.267.
2Lahsaeizadeh, Abdolali, Contemporary Rural Iran,, p137
3Hooglund, E.J., Land and Revolution in Iran,1960-1980, p.54.
4【伊】穆罕默德·G·马吉德，楼惠新，左常升译：“伊朗的土地改革”，《世界农业》，1992年第2期，第5-6页。
5Amid, M.J., Agriculture, Poverty and Reform in Iran, p.73.
6Halliday, Fred, Iran: Dictatorship and Development, New York: Penguin Books,1979, p.111.
1Hooglund, E.J., Land and Revolution in Iran,1960-1980, p.54.
2Najmabadi, Afsaneh, Land Reform and Social Change in Iran, p.94.
3Hooglund, E.J., Land and Revolution in Iran,1960-1980, p.55
4Amid, M.J., Agriculture, Poverty and Reform in Iran, p.89.
1Hooglund, E.J., Land and Revolution in Iran,1960-1980, p.56.
2Ibid.
3Amid, M.J., Agriculture, Poverty and Reform in Iran, p.90.
4Lahsaeizadeh, Abdolali, Contemporary Rural Iran, p.138.
5Hooglund, E.J., Land and Revolution in Iran,1960-1980, p.60.
6Amid, M.J., Agriculture, Poverty and Reform in Iran, p.93.
7Ibid, p.90.
8Richards,Helmut, Land Reform and Agribusiness in Iran, Middle East Research and Information Project, No.43,December, p.7.
1Lahsaeizadeh, Abdolali, Contemporary Rural Iran, p.139.
1Hooglund, E.J., Land and Revolution in Iran,1960-1980, p.56.
2Baldwin, George B., Planning and Development in Iran, Baltimore: John Hopkins University Press,1967,p.105.
3Lahsaeizadeh, Abdolali, Contemporary Rural Iran, p.140.
4Hooglund, E.J., Land and Revolution in Iran,1960-1980, p.57.
1Hooglund, E.J., Land and Revolution in Iran,1960-1980, p.58.
2Lahsaeizadeh, Abdolali, Contemporary Rural Iran, p.140.
3Hooglund, E.J., Land and Revolution in Iran,1960-1980, p.60.
4Lambton, The Persian Land Reform1962-1966, Oxford: Clarendon Press,1969, p.215.
5Hooglund, E.J., Land and Revolution in Iran,1960-1980, p.59.
1Najmabadi, Afsaneh, Land Reform and Social Change in Iran, p.95.
2Ibid, p.95.
3Amid, M.J., Agriculture, Poverty and Reform in Iran, p.75.
1Hooglund, E.J., Land and Revolution in Iran,1960-1980, p.81.
1Hooglund, E.J., Land and Revolution in Iran,1960-1980, p.66.
2Amid, M.J., Agriculture, Poverty and Reform in Iran, pp.95-96.
3Moghaddam, Reza, Land Reform and Rural Development in Iran, Land Economics, Vol.48, No.2, May,1972,p.162.
4Najmabadi, Afsaneh, Land Reform and Social Change in Iran, p.96.
5Lahsaeizadeh, Abdolali, Contemporary Rural Iran, p.143.
1Hooglund, E.J., Land and Revolution in Iran,1960-1980, p.65.
2Bren, T. and R. Dumont, Iran Imperial Pretensions and Agricultural Dependence, MERIP Reports, No.71, p.18.
1Hooglund, E.J., Land and Revolution in Iran,1960-1980, p.69.
2Parham, B., Land Reform in Iran, Studies in Asian Social Development, No,1, New Delhi: Tata Mc Grow-HillPublishing, p.106.
3Hooglund, E.J., Land and Revolution in Iran,1960-1980, p.69.
4Azakia, M., The Effect of Rural Development Programs on the Iranian Peasantry Between1962and1968, withSpecial Reference to Farm Corporations,[Ph.D. Dissertation], Aberdeen University,1980, p.125.
1Katouzian, M.A., The Political Economy of Modern Iran: Despotism and Pseudo-Modernism,1962-79, London:
2The Macmillan Press Ltd, p.302.Contemporary Rural Iran, p.148.
3Azakia, M., The Effect of Rural Development Programs on the Iranian Peasantry Between1962and1968, withSpecial Reference to Farm Corporations,[Ph.D. Dissertation], Aberdeen University,1980, p.153.
4Contemporary Rural Iran, p.148.
5M.G., Mohammad, Small Landowners and Land Distribution in Iran,1962-1971, p.126.
1Lahsaeizadeh, Abdolali, Contemporary Rural Iran, p.149.
2Amid, M.J., Agriculture, Poverty and Reform in Iran, p.72.
3Najmabadi, Afsaneh, Land Reform and Social Change in Iran, p.100.
4Ibid, p.98
5Amid, M.J., Agriculture, Poverty and Reform in Iran, p.102.
1Hooglund, E.J., Land and Revolution in Iran,1960-1980, p.78.
2Ibid, p.79.
3Foran, John, Fragile Resistance: Social Transiformation in Iran from1500to the Revolution, pp.320-321.
4Schirazi, A., Islamic Development Policy: The Agrarian Question in Iran, p.12.
5Keddie, N.R., Iran: Religion, Politics and Society, p.189.
1Najmabadi, Afsaneh, Land Reform and Social Change in Iran, p.100.
2Lahsaeizadeh, Abdolali, Contemporary Rural Iran, p.149.
1Hooglund, E.J., Land and Revolution in Iran,1960-1980, p.101.
2Lahsaeizadeh, Abdolali, Contemporary Rural Iran, p.163.
3Hooglund, E.J., Land and Revolution in Iran,1960-1980, p.104.
4Lahsaeizadeh, Abdolali, Contemporary Rural Iran, p.164.
1Lahsaeizadeh, Abdolali, Contemporary Rural Iran, pp.160-161.
2Najmabadi, Afsaneh, Land Reform and Social Change in Iran, p.109.
1Moghadam, F.M., From Land Reform to Revolution, p.81.
2Lahsaeizadeh, Abdolali, Contemporary Rural Iran, p.161.
1Lahsaeizadeh, Abdolali, Contemporary Rural Iran, p.169.
2Amid, M.J., Agriculture, Poverty and Reform in Iran, p.120.
3Lahsaeizadeh, Abdolali, Contemporary Rural Iran, p.91.
1Hooglund, E.J., Land and Revolution in Iran,1960-1980, p.93.
1Lahsaeizadeh, Abdolali, Contemporary Rural Iran, p.172.
2Najmabadi, Afsaneh, Land Reform and Social Change in Iran, p.134.
3Lahsaeizadeh, Abdolali, Contemporary Rural Iran, pp.171-172.
1Amid, M.J., Agriculture, Poverty and Reform in Iran, p.136.
2Ibid, p.136.
3Lahsaeizadeh, Abdolali, Contemporary Rural Iran, p.170.
1Najmabadi, Afsaneh, Land Reform and Social Change in Iran, p.132.
2俞可平、王伟光等主编：《农业的政治经济分析》，重庆：重庆出版社，2008年，第9页。
3马克思、恩格斯：《马克思恩格斯全集》第11卷，北京：人民出版社，1995年，第231页。
2Ghorayshi, P., Capitalism in Rural Iran, MERIP Reports, No.98, Iran Two Years After,(Jul.-Aug.,1981), p.29.
3Lahsaeizadeh, Abdolali, Contemporary Rural Iran, p.241.
4Moghadam, F.M., From Land Reform to Revolution, p.84.
1Lahsaeizadeh, Abdolali, Contemporary Rural Iran, p.179.
1Ghorayshi, P., Capitalism in Rural Iran, MERIP Reports, No.98, Iran Two Years After,(Jul.-Aug.,1981), p.30.
2Lahsaeizadeh, Abdolali, Contemporary Rural Iran, p.180.
3Ibid.
4Aresvik, Oddvar, The Agricultural Development of Iran, New York: Praeger Publishers,1976, pp.164.168.
1Lahsaeizadeh, Abdolali, Contemporary Rural Iran, p.181.
2Khosrovi, Khosro, Irrigation and Rural Society in Iran, Ulum-e Ejtemaei, Vol.1. No.3, February,1970, p.109.
3Aresvik, Oddvar, The Agricultural Development of Iran, p.102.
1Lahsaeizadeh, Abdolali, Contemporary Rural Iran, p.241.
2Ibid, p.183.
3Hooglund, E.J., Land and Revolution in Iran,1960-1980, p.17.
1Lahsaeizadeh, Abdolali, Contemporary Rural Iran, p.186.
2Ibid, p.185.
3Moghadam, F.M., From Land Reform to Revolution, p.82.
4Golabian, Hossein, An Analysis of The Underdevelopment Rural and Nomadic Areas of Iran, Stockholm: TheRoyal Institute of Technology,1977, p.191.
1Hooglund, E.J., Land and Revolution in Iran,1960-1980,1982, p.83.
2Shakoori, Ali, The State and Rural Development in Post-Revolutionary Iran, p.102.
3Amid, M.J., Agriculture, Poverty and Reform in Iran, p.122, table7.7.
4Najmabadi, Afsaneh, Land Reform and Social Change in Iran, p.142, table31.
5Amid, M.J., Agriculture, Poverty and Reform in Iran, p.122, table7.8
6Beaumont, P.&McLachlan, K., Agriculture Development in the Middle East, p.184.
7Amid, M.J., Agriculture, Poverty and Reform in Iran, p.113.
8Lenczowski, G., Iran under the Pahlavis, pp.147-148.
9Ervand, Abahamian, Iran: Between Two Revolutions, p.428.
1Amid, M.J., Agriculture, Poverty and Reform in Iran, p.122, table7.7
2Karshenas, Massoud, Oil, State and Industrialization in Iran, p.152.
3Najmabadi, Afsaneh, Land Reform and Social Change in Iran, p.143, table32.
4Amid, M.J., Agriculture, Poverty and Reform in Iran, p.132.
5Nattagh, Nima, Agriculture and Regional Development in Iran, Cambridgeshire: Menas Press,1986, p.12.
1Najmabadi, Afsaneh, Land Reform and Social Change in Iran, p.156. table.36.
2Foran, John, Fragile Resistance: Social Transiformation in Iran from1500to the Revolution, p.323.
3M.G., Mohammad, Small Landowners and Land Distribution in Iran,1962-1971, p.149.
4Schirazi, A., Islamic Development Policy: The Agrarian Question in Iran, p.7.
5Shakoori, Ali, The State and Rural Development in Post-Revolutionary Iran, p.101.
6Karshenas, Massoud, Oil, State and Industrialization in Iran, p.152.
1Farazamand, Ali, The State, Bureaucracy and Revolution in Modern Iran: Agrarian Reform and Regime Politics,pp.102-103.
2Ervand, Abahamian, Iran: Between Two Revolutions, p.424.
3Cronin, Steohanie, The Making of Modern Iran: State and Society under Riza Shah1921-1941, p.46
4Ansari, M.A., Modern Iran Since1921: The Pahlavis and After, London: Person Education,2003, p.158.
1Jacqz, W.J., Iran: Past, Present and Future, New York: Aspen Institute for Humanistic studies,1976, p.200.
2Najmabadi, Afsaneh, Land Reform and Social Change in Iran, p.173.
3Farazamand, Ali, The State, Bureaucracy and Revolution in Modern Iran: Agrarian Reform and Regime Politics,p.120.
4Najmabadi, Afsaneh, Land Reform and Social Change in Iran, p.172.
5Farazamand, Ali, The State, Bureaucracy and Revolution in Modern Iran: Agrarian Reform and Regime Politics,p.120.
2Hooglund, E.J., Land and Revolution in Iran,1960-1980, p.106.
3Inayatullah, Rural Organizations and Rural Development: Some Asian Experiences, Kuala Lumpur: An APDA
4Publication,1978, p.34.Farazamand, Ali, The State, Bureaucracy and Revolution in Modern Iran: Agrarian Reform and Regime Politics,p.122.
5Hooglund, E.J., Land and Revolution in Iran,1960-1980, p.107.
6Farazamand, Ali, The State, Bureaucracy and Revolution in Modern Iran: Agrarian Reform and Regime Politics,p.124.
1Lambton, Ann K.S, The Persian Land Reform1962-1966, Oxford: Clarendon Press,1969, p.193.
2Lahsaeizadeh, Abdolali, Contemporary Rural Iran, p.136.
3Moghadam, F.M., From Land Reform to Revolution, p.109
4Najmabadi, Afsaneh, Land Reform and Social Change in Iran, p.179.
5Lahsaeizadeh, Abdolali, Contemporary Rural Iran, p.166.
1Moghadam, F.M., From Land Reform to Revolution, p.110.
2Najmabadi, Afsaneh, Land Reform and Social Change in Iran, p.180.
3Farazamand, Ali, The State, Bureaucracy and Revolution in Modern Iran: Agrarian Reform and Regime Politics,p.125.
4Ibid, p.181.
5Ibid.
6Lahsaeizadeh, Abdolali, Contemporary Rural Iran, p.167.
7Najmabadi, Afsaneh, Land Reform and Social Change in Iran, p.181.
2Lahsaeizadeh, Abdolali, Contemporary Rural Iran, p.167.
3Moghadam, F.M., From Land Reform to Revolution, p.183.
4【法】维埃利，张许萍译：《巴列维传》，第396页。
1哈全安：《中东史：610-2000》上卷，第433页。
2Farazamand, Ali, The State, Bureaucracy and Revolution in Modern Iran: Agrarian Reform and Regime Politics,p.127.
3Lahsaeizadeh, Abdolali, Contemporary Rural Iran, p.196.
1Aresvik, Oddvar, Agricultural Development of Iran, p.54.
2Farazamand, Ali, The State, Bureaucracy and Revolution in Modern Iran: Agrarian Reform and Regime Politics,p.131.
1Najmabadi, Afsaneh, Land Reform and Social Change in Iran, p.185.
2Farazamand, Ali, The State, Bureaucracy and Revolution in Modern Iran: Agrarian Reform and Regime Politics,p.128.
3Lahsaeizadeh, Abdolali, Contemporary Rural Iran, p.197.
4Salmanzadeh, Cyrus, Agricultural Change and Rural Society in Southern Iran, p.226.
5Lahsaeizadeh, Abdolali, Contemporary Rural Iran, p.199.
2Inayatullah, Rural Organization and Rural Development: Some Asian Experiences, p.22.
3Lahsaeizadeh, Abdolali, Contemporary Rural Iran, p.203.
4Ibid, p.205.
5Najmabadi, Afsaneh, Land Reform and Social Change in Iran, p.187.
1Richards, Helmut, Land Reform and Agribusiness in Iran, Middle East Research and Information Project, No.43, December,1975, p.11.
2Farazamand, Ali, The State, Bureaucracy and Revolution in Modern Iran: Agrarian Reform and Regime Politics,p.129.
3Lahsaeizadeh, Abdolali, Contemporary Rural Iran,, p.201.
1Najmabadi, Afsaneh, Land Reform and Social Change in Iran, p.188.
2Ashraf, Ahmad, The Role of Rural Organizations in Rural Development: The Case of Iran, p.22.
3Lahsaeizadeh, Abdolali, Contemporary Rural Iran, pp.204-205.
4Najmabadi, Afsaneh, Land Reform and Social Change in Iran, p.189.
5Ibid, p.187.
6Lahsaeizadeh, Abdolali, Contemporary Rural Iran, p.202.
2Azkia, M, The Effect of Rural Development Programs on the Iranian Peasantry Between1962and1978, withSpecial Reference to Farm Corporation, Aberdeen: Aberdeen University,1980, p.156.
3Lahsaeizadeh, Abdolali, Contemporary Rural Iran, p.204.
1Lahsaeizadeh, Abdolali, Contemporary Rural Iran, p.212.
2Hooglund, E.J. Twenty Years of Islamic Revolution: Political and Social Transformation in Iran since1979,p.114.
3Nattagh, Nima, Agriculture and Regional Development in Iran, p.44.
4Najmabadi, Afsaneh, Land Reform and Social Change in Iran, pp.147-148.
5Moghadam, F.M., From Land Reform to Revolution, p.126.
6Najmabadi, Afsaneh, Land Reform and Social Change in Iran, p.145.
7Lahsaeizadeh, Abdolali, Contemporary Rural Iran, pp.214-215.
1Schirazi, A., Islamic Development Policy: The Agrarian Question in Iran, p.20.
1Lahsaeizadeh, Abdolali, Contemporary Rural Iran, pp.217-219.
2Nattagh, Nima, Agriculture and Regional Development in Iran, p.49.
3Lahsaeizadeh, Abdolali, Contemporary Rural Iran, p.227.
4Ibid, pp.226-227.
5Brun, T. and R. Dumont, Iran Imperial Pretensions and Agricultural Dependence, MERIP Reports, No.71,October,1978, p.19.
6Silsby, Susan p., Capital Development and Land Reform in Khuzistan, Iran, RIPEH, Vol. IV. No.1,1980, p.55.
1Nattagh, Nima, Agriculture and Regional Development in Iran, p.50.
2Lahsaeizadeh, Abdolali, Contemporary Rural Iran, p.228.
3Richards, Helmut, Land Reform and Agribusiness in Iran, MERIP Reports, No.43,(Dec.,1975), p.15.
4Lahsaeizadeh, Abdolali, Contemporary Rural Iran, pp.221-222.
5Ibid, p.223.
1Nattagh, Nima, Agriculture and Regional Development in Iran, p.46.
2Najmabadi, Afsaneh, Land Reform and Social Change in Iran, p.148.
2Richards, Helmut, Land Reform and Agribusiness in Iran, MERIP Reports, No.43,(Dec.,1975), p.24.
3Shatered, Y.E., Iran Faces the Seventies, New York: Praeger,1971, p.36.
4Farazamand, Ali, The State, Bureaucracy and Revolution in Modern Iran: Agrarian Reform and Regime Politics,p.113.
1Hooglund, E.J., Land and Revolution in Iran,1960-1980, p.133.
2Mighaddam, Reza, Land Reform and Rural Development in Iran, p.166.
3Hooglund, E.J., Land and Revolution in Iran,1960-1980, p.133.
4Ibid, p.134.
5Mighaddam, Reza, Land Reform and Rural Development in Iran, p.166.
6Farazamand, Ali, The State, Bureaucracy and Revolution in Modern Iran: Agrarian Reform and Regime Politics,p.116.
7Mighaddam, Reza, Land Reform and Rural Development in Iran, p.166.
8Hooglund, E.J., Land and Revolution in Iran,1960-1980, p.134.
1Farazamand, Ali, The State, Bureaucracy and Revolution in Modern Iran: Agrarian Reform and Regime Politics,p.117.
1Ervand, Abahamian, Iran: Between Two Revolutions, p.429.
2Lahsaeizadeh, Abdolali, Contemporary Rural Iran, p.236.
1Keedie, Nikki R., The Iran Village Before and After the Land Reform, Journal of Contemporary History, Vol.3,No.3, p.78.
2Lahsaeizadeh, Abdolali, Contemporary Rural Iran, p.237.
3Hooglund, E.J., Land and Revolution in Iran,1960-1980, p.94.
2Hooglund, E.J., Land and Revolution in Iran,1960-1980, p.95, p.96.
3Dhamijia, Jasleen, Non-Farm Activities in Rural Areas and Towns: The Lesson and Experiences of Iran, Studiesin Employment and Rural Development, No.31, Washington D.C.: International Bank for Reconstruction andDevelopment, Department of Development Economics, Division of Employment and Rural Development, p.70.
4Lahsaeizadeh, Abdolali, Contemporary Rural Iran, p.173.
5Dhamijia, Jasleen, Non-Farm Activities in Rural Areas and Towns: The Lesson and Experiences of Iran, p.68.
1Lahsaeizadeh, Abdolali, Contemporary Rural Iran, p.243.
1Najmabadi, Afsaneh, Land Reform and Social Change in Iran, p.105.
2Hooglund, E.J., Land and Revolution in Iran,1960-1980, p.97.
3Najmabadi, Afsaneh, Land Reform and Social Change in Iran, pp.105-106.
1Amid, M.J., Agriculture, Poverty and Reform in Iran, p.138.
2Karshenas, Massoud, Oil, State and Industrialization in Iran, p.162.
3Amid, M.J., Agriculture, Poverty and Reform in Iran, p.142.
4Chambers, R., Challenging the Professions: Frontiers for Rural Development, London: IntermediateTechnology Publications,1983, p.148.
5Halliday, Fred, Iran: Dictatorship and Development, New York: Penguin Books,1979, p.130.
6Lahsaeizadeh, Abdolali, Contemporary Rural Iran, p.243.
1Farazamand, Ali, The State, Bureaucracy and Revolution in Modern Iran: Agrarian Reform and Regime Politics,p.141.
2Hooglund, E.J., Land and Revolution in Iran,1960-1980, p.125.
3Schirazi, A., Islamic Development Policy: The Agrarian Question in Iran, p.264.
1Hooglund, E.J., Land and Revolution in Iran,1960-1980, p.126.
2Farazamand, Ali, The State, Bureaucracy and Revolution in Modern Iran: Agrarian Reform and Regime Politics,p.144.
3【伊朗】穆罕默德·礼萨·巴列维，刘津坤，黄晓健译：《对历史的回答》，北京：中国对外翻译出版公司，1986年，第108页。
4Lahsaeizadeh, Abdolali, Contemporary Rural Iran, p.346.
1Bakhash, Shaul, Reign of the Ayatollahs: Iran and the Islamic Revolution, p.195.
2Ashraf, Ahmad, State and Agrarian Relations Before and After the Iranian Revolution,1960-1980, p.294.
3Schirazi, A., Islamic Development Policy: The Agrarian Question in Iran, p.169.
4Lahsaeizadeh, Abdolali, Contemporary Rural Iran, p.256.
5Schirazi, A., Islamic Development Policy: The Agrarian Question in Iran, p.169.
1Lahsaeizadeh, Abdolali, Contemporary Rural Iran, p.255.
2Shakoori, Ali, The State and Rural Development in Post-Revolutionary Iran, p.64.
3Lahsaeizadeh, Abdolali, Contemporary Rural Iran, p.255.
1Schirazi, A., Islamic Development Policy: The Agrarian Question in Iran, p.170.
2Ashraf, Ahmad, State and Agrarian Relations Before and After the Iranian Revolution,1960-1980, p.291.
1Shakoori, Ali, The State and Rural Development in Post-Revolutionary Iran, p.65.
2Schirazi, A., Islamic Development Policy: The Agrarian Question in Iran, p.172.
3Ibid, p.172.
4【德】雅瓦德·科罗胥，张振国译：“关于伊斯兰共和国的土地法”，《西亚北非》第一辑，北京：北京大学出版社，1991年，第229页。
1Schirazi, A., Islamic Development Policy: The Agrarian Question in Iran, pp.172-193.
1Schirazi, A., Islamic Development Policy: The Agrarian Question in Iran, p.176.
2【德】雅瓦德·科罗胥，张振国译：“关于伊斯兰共和国的土地法”，《西亚北非》第一辑，第230-231页。
3荒地称为“马瓦特”（Mawat），意为土地所有者不明确，没有被耕作亦未经开发的土地。
4Shakoori, Ali, The State and Rural Development in Post-Revolutionary Iran, p.257.
5Lahsaeizadeh, Abdolali, Contemporary Rural Iran, p.257.
6【德】雅瓦德·科罗胥，张振国译：“关于伊斯兰共和国的土地法”，《西亚北非》第一辑，第232页。
1Schirazi, A., Islamic Development Policy: The Agrarian Question in Iran, p.177.
2【德】雅瓦德·科罗胥，张振国译：“关于伊斯兰共和国的土地法”，《西亚北非》第一辑，第233页。
3Shakoori, Ali, The State and Rural Development in Post-Revolutionary Iran, p.67.
1【德】雅瓦德·科罗胥，张振国译：“关于伊斯兰共和国的土地法”，《西亚北非》第一辑，第234页。
2Schirazi, A., Islamic Development Policy: The Agrarian Question in Iran, p.177.
2【德】雅瓦德·科罗胥，张振国译：“关于伊斯兰共和国的土地法”，《西亚北非》第一辑，第235页。
1Schirazi, A., Islamic Development Policy: The Agrarian Question in Iran, pp.182-183.
1【德】雅瓦德·科罗胥，张振国译：“关于伊斯兰共和国的土地法”，《西亚北非》第一辑，第237-238页。
1Schirazi, A., Islamic Development Policy: The Agrarian Question in Iran, pp.186-187.
1Lahsaeizadeh, Abdolali, Contemporary Rural Iran, p.257.
2Hooglund, E.J, Twenty Years of Islamic Revolution: Political and Social Transformation in Iran since1979,p.109.
3Lahsaeizadeh, Abdolali, Contemporary Rural Iran, p.260.
4Bakhash, Shaul, Reign of the Ayatollahs: Iran and the Islamic Revolution, p.210.
5Lahsaeizadeh, Abdolali, Contemporary Rural Iran, p.258.
6Schirazi, A., Islamic Development Policy: The Agrarian Question in Iran, p.184, table8.1.
1Lahsaeizadeh, Abdolali, Contemporary Rural Iran, pp.260-261.
2Ibid, p.260.
3Schirazi, A., Islamic Development Policy: The Agrarian Question in Iran, p.188.
3Hooglund, J.E, Twenty Years of Islamic Revolution: Political and Social Transformation in Iran since1979,p.110.
4Schirazi, A., Islamic Development Policy: The Agrarian Question in Iran, p.253, table10.1.
1Hooglund, J.E, Twenty Years of Islamic Revolution: Political and Social Transformation in Iran since1979,p.179.
2【德】雅瓦德·科罗胥，张振国译：“关于伊斯兰共和国的土地法”，《西亚北非》第一辑，第241页。
1Ashraf, Ahmad, State and Agrarian Relations Before and After the Iranian Revolution,1960-1980, p.305.
1Schirazi, A., Islamic Development Policy: The Agrarian Question in Iran, p.236.
2Shakoori, Ali, The State and Rural Development in Post-Revolutionary Iran, p.92.
3Haghayeghi, Mehrdad, Agriculture Development Planning under the Islamic Republic of Iran, Iran Studies, Vol.23, No.1/4(1990), p.13.
4Lahsaeizadeh, Abdolali, Contemporary Rural Iran, p.261.
5Haghayeghi, Mehrdad, Agriculture Development Planning under the Islamic Republic of Iran, Iran Studies, Vol.23, No.1/4(1990), p.14.
6Hooglund, J.E, Twenty Years of Islamic Revolution: Political and Social Transformation in Iran since1979,p.112.
7Shakoori, Ali, The State and Rural Development in Post-Revolutionary Iran, p.93.
1Hooglund, J.E, Twenty Years of Islamic Revolution: Political and Social Transformation in Iran since1979,p.112.
2Shakoori, Ali, The State and Rural Development in Post-Revolutionary Iran, p.93.
3Lahsaeizadeh, Abdolali, Contemporary Rural Iran, p.267.
1Hooglund, J.E, Twenty Years of Islamic Revolution: Political and Social Transformation in Iran since1979,p.112.
2Shakoori, Ali, The State and Rural Development in Post-Revolutionary Iran, p.94.
3Taleb, Mehdi, Some Considerations on Mosha Cooperatives, Tehran: Tehran University,1985, p23.
4Ibid, p.94.
5Ibid.
6Lahsaeizadeh, Abdolali, Contemporary Rural Iran, p.267.
3Hooglund, J.E, Twenty Years of Islamic Revolution: Political and Social Transformation in Iran since1979,p.110.
4Lahsaeizadeh, Abdolali, Contemporary Rural Iran, pp.268.269.
5Hooglund, J.E, Twenty Years of Islamic Revolution: Political and Social Transformation in Iran since1979,p110.
6Lahsaeizadeh, Abdolali, Contemporary Rural Iran, p.269.
1Schirazi, A., Islamic Development Policy: The Agrarian Question in Iran, p.248.
1Hooglund, J.E, Twenty Years of Islamic Revolution: Political and Social Transformation in Iran since1979,p.114.
2Schirazi, A., Islamic Development Policy: The Agrarian Question in Iran, p.248.
3Lahsaeizadeh, Abdolali, Contemporary Rural Iran, p.277.
4Hooglund, J.E, Twenty Years of Islamic Revolution: Political and Social Transformation in Iran since1979,p.114.
5Lahsaeizadeh, Abdolali, Contemporary Rural Iran, p.278.
1Hooglund, J.E, Twenty Years of Islamic Revolution: Political and Social Transformation in Iran since1979，p.115.
2Schirazi, A., Islamic Development Policy: The Agrarian Question in Iran, p.252.
3Lahsaeizadeh, Abdolali, Contemporary Rural Iran, p.280.
4McLachlan, Keith S., The Neglected Garden: The Politics and Ecology of Agriculture in Iran, London: I. B.Taurise and Co. Ltd,1988, p.198.
5Lahsaeizadeh, Abdolali, Contemporary Rural Iran, p.283.
1Hooglund, J.E, Twenty Years of Islamic Revolution: Political and Social Transformation in Iran since1979,p.115.
2Lahsaeizadeh, Abdolali, Contemporary Rural Iran, pp.282-283.
3Ibid, pp280-281.
4Schirazi, A., Islamic Development Policy: The Agrarian Question in Iran, p.251.
1Lahsaeizadeh, Abdolali, Contemporary Rural Iran, p.276.
2Ibid, p.277.
3Schirazi, A., Islamic Development Policy: The Agrarian Question in Iran, p.242.
1Lahsaeizadeh, Abdolali, Contemporary Rural Iran, p.273.
2Schirazi, A., Islamic Development Policy: The Agrarian Question in Iran, p.243.
3Ibid.
4http://www.zh-hz.com/dz/html/2009-03/17/content_21820.htm
5Schirazi, A., Islamic Development Policy: The Agrarian Question in Iran, p.246.
6Haghayeghi, Mehrdad, Agriculture Development Planning under the Islamic Republic of Iran, Iran Studies, Vol.23, No.1/4(1990), p.15.
1Schirazi, A., Islamic Development Policy: The Agrarian Question in Iran, p.137.
2Ibid, p.139.
3Haghayeghi, Mehrdad, Agriculture Development Planning under the Islamic Republic of Iran, Iran Studies, Vol.23, No.1/4(1990), p.12.
4Shakoori, Ali, The State and Rural Development in Post-Revolutionary Ira, p.72.
1Schirazi, A., Islamic Development Policy: The Agrarian Question in Iran, p.137.
3Haghayeghi, Mehrdad, Agriculture Development Planning under the Islamic Republic of Iran, Iran Studies, Vol.23, No.1/4(1990), p.12.
1姜士林编：《世界宪法全书》，青岛：青岛出版社，1997年，第558页。
2Schirazi, A., Islamic Development Policy: The Agrarian Question in Iran, p.263.
3Ibid, p.265.
4杨光、温伯友主编：《中东非洲发展报告：2000-2001年》，北京：社会科学文献出版社，第185页。
1Shakoori, Ali, The State and Rural Development in Post-Revolutionary Iran, p.78.
2Schirazi, A., Islamic Development Policy: The Agrarian Question in Iran, p.268.
3Shakoori, Ali, The State and Rural Development in Post-Revolutionary Iran, p.231.
4Schirazi, A., Islamic Development Policy: The Agrarian Question in Iran, pp.268-269.
1Shakoori, Ali, The State and Rural Development in Post-Revolutionary Iran, p.80.
2Shakoori, Ali, The State and Rural Development in Post-Revolutionary Iran, p.81.
1Ferdows, E., The Reconstruction Crusade and Class Conflict in Iran, MERIP Reports,1983, vol.17, no.4, p.12.
1Shakoori, Ali, The State and Rural Development in Post-Revolutionary Iran, p.82,
2Ferdows, E., The Reconstruction Crusade and Class Conflict in Iran, MERIP Reports,1983, vol.17, no.4, p.15.
3Farazamand, Ali, The State, Bureaucracy and Revolution in Modern Iran: Agrarian Reform and Regime Politics,p.221.
4Ibid, p.222.
5Shakoori, Ali, The State and Rural Development in Post-Revolutionary Iran, p.83.
6Ferdows, Emad, The Reconstruction Crusade and Class Conflict in Iran, p.12.
1Farazamand, Ali, The State, Bureaucracy and Revolution in Modern Iran: Agrarian Reform and Regime Politics,p.222
2Ferdows, E., The Reconstruction Crusade and Class Conflict in Iran, MERIP Reports,1983, vol.17, no.4, p13.
3Farazamand, Ali, The State, Bureaucracy and Revolution in Modern Iran: Agrarian Reform and Regime Politics,p.222.
4Shakoori, Ali, The State and Rural Development in Post-Revolutionary Iran, p.89.
5Farazamand, Ali, The State, Bureaucracy and Revolution in Modern Iran: Agrarian Reform and Regime Politics,p.223.
1Shakoori, Ali, The State and Rural Development in Post-Revolutionary Iran, pp.88-89.
1Haghayeghi, Mehrdad, Agriculture Development Planning under the Islamic Republic of Iran, Iran Studies, Vol.23, No.1/4(1990), p.6.
2Ibid, p.13.
3Schirazi, A., Islamic Development Policy: The Agrarian Question in Iran, p.89.
4Shakoori, Ali, The State and Rural Development in Post-Revolutionary Iran, p.106.
1Haghayeghi, Mehrdad, Agriculture Development Planning under the Islamic Republic of Iran, Iran Studies, Vol.23, No.1/4(1990), p.18.
2Haghayeghi, Mehrdad, Agriculture Development Planning under the Islamic Republic of Iran, Iran Studies, Vol.23, No.1/4(1990), p.22.
1Schirazi, A., Islamic Development Policy: The Agrarian Question in Iran, p.131.
2Haghayeghi, Mehrdad, Agriculture Development Planning under the Islamic Republic of Iran, Iran Studies, Vol.23, No.1/4(1990), p.19.
3Shakoori, Ali, The State and Rural Developmen in Post-Revolutionary Iran, p105.
4Schirazi, A., Islamic Development Policy: The Agrarian Question in Iran, p.276, table12.1.
1Ibid, p.279, table12.3.
2Haghayeghi, Mehrdad, Agriculture Development Planning under the Islamic Republic of Iran, Iran Studies, Vol.23, No.1/4(1990), p.13.
3Schirazi, A., Islamic Development Policy: The Agrarian Question in Iran, p.276.table12.1
4Shakoori, Ali, The State and Rural Development in Post-Revolutionary Iran, p.119.
1Haghayeghi, Mehrdad, Agriculture Development Planning under the Islamic Republic of Iran, Iran Studies, Vol.23, No.1/4(1990), p.16.
2Shakoori, Ali, The State and Rural Development in Post-Revolutionary Iran, p.118.
3Ibid, p.121.
4Haghayeghi, Mehrdad, Agrarian Reform Problems in Post-Revolutionary Iran, Middle Eastern Studies, Vol.26,No.1(Jan.,1990), p.48.
1Schirazi, A., Islamic Development Policy: The Agrarian Question in Iran, p.291.
2张振国：“战后伊朗的农业发展道路”，《西亚非洲》，1987年第4期，第35页。
3Haghayeghi, Mehrdad, Agriculture Development Planning under the Islamic Republic of Iran, Iran Studies, Vol.23, No.1/4(1990), p.16.
4Haghayeghi, Mehrdad, Agriculture Development Planning under the Islamic Republic of Iran, Iran Studies, Vol.23, No.1/4(1990), p.19.
5Shakoori, Ali, The State and Rural Development in Post-Revolutionary Iran, p.118.
1Haghayeghi, Mehrdad, Agriculture Development Planning under the Islamic Republic of Iran, Iran Studies, Vol.23, No.1/4(1990), p.26, table1.
2Shakoori, Ali, The State and Rural Development in Post-Revolutionary Iran, p.117.
3Schirazi, Asghar, Islamic Development Policy: The Agrarian Question in Iran, p.286.
4Shakoori, Ali, The State and Rural Development in Post-Revolutionary Iran, p.118, table4.15.
5Ibid, p.117, table4.14.
6http://faostat.fao.org/site/576/DesktopDefault.aspx?PageID=576#ancor
1Schirazi, A., Islamic Development Policy: The Agrarian Question in Iran, p.287, table12.7.
2Shakoori, Ali, The State and Rural Development in Post-Revolutionary Iran, p.118.
3Ibid, p.121.
4http://faostat.fao.org/site/567/DesktopDefault.aspx?PageID=567#ancor
5Schirazi, A., Islamic Development Policy: The Agrarian Question in Iran, p.281.
6Haghayeghi, Mehrdad, Agriculture Development Planning under the Islamic Republic of Iran, Iran Studies, Vol.23, No.1/4(1990), p.15.
1Schirazi, A., Islamic Development Policy: The Agrarian Question in Iran, p.283, table12.5.
2Hooglund, Eric, Twenty Years of Islamic Revolution: Political and Social Transition in Iran since1979,pp.115-116.
3Haghaveghi, Mehrdad, Agrarian Reform Problems in Post-Revolutionary Iran, Middle Eastern Studies, Vol.26,No.1(Jan.,1990), p.45.
4Shakoori, Ali, The State and Rural Development in Post-Revolutionary Iran, p.123.
3FAO: Country Profile. Iran, Dec.23,2011, p.3.
2杨万江、徐星明：《农业现代化评测》，第195页。
2Hooglund, J.E, Twenty Years of Islamic Revolution: Political and Social Transformation in Iran since1979,p.97.
1Hooglund, J.E., Twenty Years of Islamic Revolution: Political and Social Transformation in Iran since1979,p.98.
2Ibid, p99
3Haghayeghi, Mehrdad, Agriculture Development Planning under the Islamic Republic of Iran, Iran Studies, Vol.23, No.1/4(1990), p.19.
4Shakoori, Ali, The State and Rural Development in Post-Revolutionary Iran, p152.
1Hooglund, J.E., Twenty Years of Islamic Revolution: Political and Social Transformation in Iran since1979,p.98.
1Shakoori, Ali, The State and Rural Development in Post-Revolutionary Iran, pp.145-146.
2Najmabadi, Afsaneh, Land Reform and Social Change in Iran, p.193.
3姜士林编：《世界宪法全书》，青岛：青岛出版社，1997年，第560页。
1Kian-Thiebaut, Azadeh, Political and Social Transformations in Post-Islamist Iran, Middle East Report, No.212,(Autumn,1999), pp.12-16.
2Schirazi, A., Islamic Development Policy: The Agrarian Question in Iran, p.261.
3Shakoori, Ali, The State and Rural Development in Post-Revolutionary Iran, p.135.
1Shakoori, Ali, The State and Rural Development in Post-Revolutionary Iran, p.136.
1Sharbatoghlie, A., Urbanization and Regional Disparities in Post-Revolutionary Iran, p.89.
1Foran, John, Fragile Resistance: Social Transiformation in Iran from1500to the Revolution, p.126.
2Ibid, p.127.
3Avery, Peter, The Cambridge History of Iran, Vol.7, p.605.
1Bharier, Julian, The Growth of Towns and Villages in Iran,1900-66, Middle Eastern Studies, Vol.8, No1,(Jan.,1972), p.55.
2Ervand, Abahamian, Iran: Between Two Revolutions, p.73.
3Foran, John, Fragile Resistance: Social Transiformation in Iran from1500to the Revolution, p.163.
1Foran, John, Fragile Resistance: Social Transiformation in Iran from1500to the Revolution, p.235.
2Ehlers, Eckart&Floor, Willem, Urban Change in Iran,1920-1941, p.268.
34Foran, John, Fragile Resistance: Social Transiformation in Iran from1500to the Revolution, p.229.Ibid, p.235.
5彭树智：“礼萨·汗在伊朗的改革”，《历史教学》，1988年第1期，第8页。
6Foran, John, Fragile Resistance: Social Transiformation in Iran from1500to the Revolution, p.235.
7彭树智：“礼萨·汗在伊朗的改革”，《历史教学》，1988年第1期，第8页。
8Avery, Peter, The Cambridge History of Iran, Vol.7, p.611.
1Foran, John, Fragile Resistance: Social Transiformation in Iran from1500to the Revolution, p.228-229.
2【美】吉利斯、波金斯、罗默等著，彭刚、杨瑞龙译：《发展经济学》，第469页。
3Ehlers, Eckart&Floor, Willem, Urban Change in Iran,1920-1941, Iranian Studies, Vol.26, No.3/4(Summer–Autumn,1993), p.262.
4Ehlers, Eckart&Floor, Willem, Urban Change in Iran,1920-1941, p.253.
5Bharier, Julian, The Growth of Towns and Villages in Iran,1900-66, p.55.
6Foran, John, Fragile Resistance: Social Transiformation in Iran from1500to the Revolution, p.337.
1Avery, Peter, The Cambridge History of Iran, Vol.7, pp.594-595.
2Ibid, p.595.
3Issawi, C., An Economic History of the Middle East and North Africa, p.54.
4Ansari M.A., Modern Iran Since1921: The Pahlavis and After, p.53,
1Foran. John, A Century of Revolution: Social Movement in Iran, Princeton: Princeton University Press,1994,p.111.
2Foran, John, Fragile Resistance: Social Transiformation in Iran from1500to the Revolution, p.110.
3Foran. John, A Century of Revolution: Social Movement in Iran, p.112.
4Foran, John, Fragile Resistance: Social Transiformation in Iran from1500to the Revolution, p.284.
1Foran, John, Fragile Resistance: Social Transiformation in Iran from1500to the Revolution, p.312.
2Ervand, Abahamian, Iran: Between Two Revolutions, p.420.
3Ibid, p.427.
4Ibid, pp.427-428.
5【美】塞缪尔·亨廷顿，张岱云译：《变动社会中的政治秩序》，上海：三联书店，1989年，第375页。
6Najmabadi, Afsaneh, Land Reform and Social Change in Iran, p.101.
1Ervand, Abahamian, Iran: Between Two Revolutions, p.430.
2Foran, John, Fragile Resistance: Social Transiformation in Iran from1500to the Revolution, p.326.
3Ervand, Abahamian, Iran: Between Two Revolutions, p.431.
4【美】塞缪尔·亨廷顿著，张岱云译：《变动社会中的政治秩序》，第368页。
1Karshenas, Massoud, Oil, State and Industrialization in Iran, p.148-150.
2Ibid, p.140.
3Schirazi, A., Islamic Development Policy: The Agrarian Question in Iran, p.74.
4Ibid, p.4.
5张振国：“战后伊朗农业的发展道路”，《西亚非洲》，1987第4期，第34页。
6Karshenas, Massoud, Oil, State and Industrialization in Iran, p.210.
1Avery, Peter, The Cambridge History of Iran, Vol.7, p.620.
2Foran, John, Fragile Resistance: Social Transiformation in Iran from1500to the Revolution, p.323.
3Avery, Peter, The Cambridge History of Iran, Vol.7, p.620.
4Karshenas, Massoud, Oil, State and Industrialization in Iran, p.157.
1Rahnea Saeed&Behdad, Sohrab, Iran after the Revolution: Crisis of an Islamic State, p.153.
2Ibid, p.110.
3Schirazi, A., Islamic Development Policy: The Agrarian Question in Iran, p.78.
4Rahnea Saeed&Behdad, Sohrab, Iran after the Revolution: Crisis of an Islamic State, pp.150-151.
1Rezun, Miron, Iran at the Crossroads: Global Relations in a Turbulent Decade, Boulder: Westview Press,1990,p.98.
2http://data.worldbank.org.cn/indicator/SP.URB.TOTL.IN.ZS?page=5
3《帕尔格雷夫世界历史统计资料》，亚洲、非洲和大洋洲卷（1750-1993年），第42-46页。
4Shakoori, Ali, The State and Rural Development in Post-Revolutionary Iran, p105.
5Schirazi, A., Islamic Development Policy: The Agrarian Question in Iran, p.307, table13.1.
1Avery, Peter, The Cambridge History of Iran, Vol.7, p.609.
2Bharier, Juian, Economic Development of Iran,1900-1970, London: Oxford University Press,1971, p.30.
1Ervand, Abahamian, Iran: Between Two Revolutions, p.147.
2Karshenas, Massoud, Oil, State and Industrialization in Iran, p.161-162.
3Moghadam, F.M., From Land Reform to Revolution, p.206, table7.4.
4Katouzian, M.A., Land Reform in Iran: A Case Study in the Political Economy of Social Engineering, TheJournal of Peasant Studies, Vol.1, No.2, January,1974, p.231.
5Nattagh, Nima, Agriculture and Regional Development in Iran, p.63.
6Abrahamian, E., Structural Cause of Iranian Revolution, MERIP Reports, Vol.10, No.4, May,1980, p.22.
1Nattagh, Nima, Agriculture and Regional Development in Iran, p.61.
2Ibid, p.60, table14.
3Moghadam, F.M., From Land Reform to Revolution, p.206, table7.2.
4Katouzian, M.A., Oil vs Agriculture: A Case of Dual Resource Depletion in Iran, The Journal Peasant Studies,Vol.5, No.3, April,1978, p.351.
5Hooglund, J.E, Twenty Years of Islamic Revolution: Political and Social Transformation in Iran since1979,p100.
6Hooglund, Rural Participation in the Revolution, MERIP Reports, No.87, May,1980, p.5.
1Hooglund, J.E, Twenty Years of Islamic Revolution: Political and Social Transformation in Iran since1979,2p.104.Sharabatoghlie, Ahmad, Urbanization and Regional Disparities in Post-Revolutionary Iran, p.98.
3Haghayeghi, Mehrdad, Agriculture Development Planning under the Islamic Republic of Iran, Iran Studies, Vol.
23, No.1/4(1990), p.19.
4Hooglund, J.E, Twenty Years of Islamic Revolution: Political and Social Transformation in Iran since1979,p.105, p.106.
1Sharabatoghlie, Ahmad, Urbanization and Regional Disparities in Post-Revolutionary Iran, pp.97-98.
2Hooglund, J.E, Twenty Years of Islamic Revolution: Political and Social Transformation in Iran since1979,p.101.
1Foran, John, Fragile Resistance: Social Transiformation in Iran from1500to the Revolution, p.44.
2Kamrava, M., The Political History of Modern Iran: From Tribalism to Theocracy, p.12.
3Foran, John, Fragile Resistance: Social Transiformation in Iran from1500to the Revolution, p.141.
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[5] http://earthtrends.wri.org/（世界资源组织）
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[7] http://www.maj.ir （伊朗农业部网站）
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