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美国经济失衡及对世界经济的影响研究
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摘要
以经常账户持续逆差并不断强化为主要表现的美国经济失衡,是各国政府、学者和业界关注的热点和焦点问题。虽然有大量的研究成果及相关的对应策略,但众说纷纭,莫衷一是。在对美国经济失衡的特点和本质分析的基础上,本文试图从虚拟经济的视角对美国经济失衡的形成机制进行研究,并对美国经济失衡对世界经济运行的影响、美国经济失衡的持续性、解决对策和中国面临的风险和应对策略进行了研究。
     全文共分九章,第一章为引言,主要阐述本文的研究背景和研究的问题,并对本文的研究意义、主要研究内容、研究方法和技术路线等进行介绍;
     第二章为文献综述,本章重点梳理了关于美国经济失衡的相关文献,对主要的观点和结论进行了归类,同时,对虚拟经济领域内与本文研究相关的文献进行了介绍,本章最后还对文献进行了述评,为后续的研究提供指导;
     第三章对美国经济失衡的特点和本质进行了研究。首先,美国经济失衡具有规模持续扩大,持续时间长、汇率调节机制几乎失效、制造业贸易逆差是失衡的主要来源以及美国经济失衡在很大程度上是世界经济面临的失衡等特点。其次,美国经济失衡本质上是美国经济内部结构失衡和国际资金流动失衡。美国经济内部结构失衡主要表现为需求结构和生产结构失衡,是投资需求相对消费需求不足和制造业在经济中比重下降,国际资金流动失衡表现为国际资金持续流入美国;
     第四章分析了美国经济虚拟化的事实并对美国经济虚拟化的理论机制进行了研究,本章根据虚拟经济理论建立相应指标体系对美国经济虚拟化进行了测度,相关核算指标体系数据表明在20世纪70年代后,美国经济的虚拟化程度在不断提高,虚拟经济逐渐成为美国的核心经济;在此基础上,进一步研究了美国经济虚拟化的机制,研究表明美元虚拟化和世界本位货币地位、促进经济增长、获取全球经济利益、金融自由化和全球化以及维护美元的霸权地位等因素是美国经济虚拟化的重要推动力量和原因。
     第五章从需求结构的角度研究经济虚拟化影响美国经济失衡的机制。本章的理论模型分析表明,经济虚拟化对投资-消费需求的不对称影响导致经济中投资需求相对消费需求不足,由于投资需求是生产性需求,这样会导致经济长期储蓄投资失衡,对外表现为经常账户的持续逆差。利用美国相关数据的实证检验结果表明:美国经济虚拟化对投资没有影响,对储蓄有负向影响,说明了经济虚拟化对美国投资和消费需求的不对称性影响的存在,进而导致经常账户持续巨额逆差并不断强化;
     第六章从生产结构的角度研究经济虚拟化影响美国经济失衡,特别是制造业持续巨额贸易逆差的机制。理论分析表明,经济虚拟化过程中的资源转移效应、支出效应和投资效应的综合影响可能导致制造业在经济中比重下降,由于对制造业的需求比较稳定,这样经济虚拟化就会导致制造业持续巨额贸易逆差。利用美国数据的实证结果表明,美国经济虚拟化是制造业比重下降的重要影响因素;
     第七章从国际资金流动的角度研究经济虚拟化影响美国经济失衡的机制。由于美元世界本位货币地位的存在,美国经济虚拟化改变了世界资产市场的供需结构,加剧了国际资产市场的非均衡发展,导致更多的国际资金持续流入美国,使美国资本账户出现持续顺差,导致了经常账户持续逆差的存在并不断强化。本章建立了相应的理论模型对此进行了具体的分析并利用相关数据对此进行了实证分析;
     第八章研究了美国经济失衡对世界经济的影响及解决对策。本章对美国经济失衡对世界经济的影响、美国经济失衡的持续性、失衡的调整对策以及美国经济失衡对中国经济的影响和中国的对策进行了研究。研究结果表明,世界经济会因为美国经济失衡面临较大的风险;美国经济失衡存在持续存在的基础和条件,美国在经济失衡中能够获取全球经济利益,没有从根本上解决其经济失衡的动力和压力,只会对经济失衡进行一定程度的调整,把失衡的程度控制在一定范围之内;美国经济失衡的根源在于美国经济的虚拟化,失衡的解决需要各方的共同努力。中国在当前美国经济失衡中处于重要的地位,经济面临较大的风险,需要从实体经济、虚拟经济以及国际货币体系等方面采取相应的措施应对美国经济失衡带来的风险和挑战;
     第九章为本文的研究结论。本章给出本文的主要研究结论,并指出了本文的研究不足和进一步的研究方向。
     本文的研究为美国经济失衡提供了一个一致性的研究框架,从虚拟经济的视角为美国经济失衡提供了一个完整的经济学解释,是一个重要的理论拓展,同时,本文从经济结构和国际资金流动的角度来研究美国经常账户持续逆差问题,是对现有研究文献的重要补充和创新。
U.S. economic imbalances which registers as the continuing and growingcurrent account deficit, has been the hot spots and the focus that the governments,academics and industry concerned about. Although there are a lot of research resultsand the corresponding strategy, but the views are divergent. Based on the analysis ofthe characteristics and nature of U.S. economic imbalances, This paper attempts tostudy the formation mechanism of the U.S. economic imbalances from theperspective of the fictitious economy.what’s more, this paper also involved relatedimportant issues, such as the influence on the world economy, the persistence of theU.S. economic imbalances and how to weaken the imbalance, the risk china facingand its coping strategies.
     This thesis consists of nine chapters, the first chapter is an introduction, mainlydescribing the research background and research themes, the significance of this study,research methods and technologies routes are also included in this chapter.
     Chapter II is the literature review, where the author summarized the literature onthe economic imbalances in the United States, classified the main ideas andconclusions, introduced the relevant literature within the field of fictitious economy,Meanwhile, at the end of this chapter, a review on the above literature is provided as aguidance for follow-up study.
     Chapter III worked over the characteristics and the nature of the U.S. economicimbalances.First, The U.S. economic imbalances has the following characteristics:thescale of the imbalance increases continuously and the imbalance has maintained for along time, the exchange rate adjustment mechanism is almost invalid, themanufacturing trade deficit is the main source of the imbalances, and U.S. economicimbalance is the imbalance of the world economy in large degree. Second, The U.S.economic imbalances is essentially the result of changes in economic structure andcontinued international capital flowing into the United States. The structural changesin the U.S. economy mainly registers as the changes in the demand structure andproduction structure, that is, lack of demand for investment relative to consumptiondemand and declining weight of manufacturing in the economy.
     ChapterⅣ analyzes the facts and discussed the theoretical mechanisms that theU.S. economy to be more and more fictitious.According to the fictitious economytheory, the author constructed corresponding indicator system to measure the the U.S.fictitious economy,data shown that after1970s, the fictitious degree of the U.S.economy continuously increased, the fictitious economy has become America's coreeconomy. The study concluded that: the U.S. dollar to be fictitous and world standardcurrency status, promoting economic growth, getting the interests of global economy,financial liberalization and globalization, maintenance of dollar hegemony areimportant driving forces for the U.S. economy to be more fictitious.
     ChapterⅤ analyzed the impact of the fictitious economy on the U.S. economicimbalances from the perspective of economic demand structure. The theoreticalmodel analysis of this chapter showed that the fictitious economy’s asymmetricimpact on consumer demand and investment demand cause the imbalance betweenconsumer and investment, that is demand for investment is relative lack of consumerdemand in the economy.As investment demand is productive, so this will lead tolong-term economic imbalance between savings and investment, its externalperformance is the continuing current account deficit. Empirical test results whichbased on the using of U.S. data show that fictitious economy has no effect oninvestment, and has a negative impact on saving, that is, the impact on investmentand saving is asymmetry, which led to the current account continued to a huge deficitand continue to strengthen.
     ChapterⅥ analyzed the impact of the fictitious economy on the U.S. economicimbalances, especially on the continuing huge trade deficit in the manufacturingsector from the perspective of economic production structure. Theoretical analysisshows that the fictitious economy’s combined effects of transfer resources,spendingand investment could lead to a declining share of manufacturing in the economy.Asthe demand for the manufacturing sector is relatively stable, so economy to be morefictitious will lead to the manufacturing sector continued huge trade deficit. Theempirical results using U.S. data show that the U.S. fictitious degree of economy isthe important factors for the declining share of manufacturing sector in the economy;
     ChapterⅦ analyze the impact of th e fictitious economy on the U.S. economicimbalances from the perspective of international capital flows. As the U.S. dollar is the world's monetary standard, the fictitious economy of the U.S. has changed thesupply and demand structure of the world asset markets, exacerbating thenon-balanced development of the international asset markets, making moreinternational funds flow into the U.S. As a result, U.S. capital account maintained asustained surplus, and sustained deficit in the current account. The author establishedcorresponding theoretical models to analyse the mechanism.
     ChapterⅧ researched the influence of the U.S. economic imbalances on theworld economy. The content of this chapter includes: the persistence of the U.S.economic imbalances, the adjustment of the U.S. economic imbalances, the influenceof the U.S. economic imbalances on china economy and our coping strategies. Theresults shown that the world economy would face greater risks because of the U.S.economic imbalances. As the United States can obtain a global economic interests inthe economic imbalances, there is no driving force to seek a fundamental solution tothe economic imbalances. The U.S. economic imbalance is rooted in the U.S.fictitious economy, the fundamental solution requires the joint efforts of all parties.China plays an important role in the current U.S. economic imbalances, chinaeconomy is facing a greater risk, we should take appropriate measures—from everyaspect such as the real economy, fictitious economy, as well as the internationalmonetary system—to cope with the risks and challenges brought by the U.S.economic imbalances.
     ChapterIX is the conclusions of this thesis. This chapter gives the mainconclusions, and points out the lack of the research as well as future researchdirections.
     This study provides a standardized framework for the U.S. economic imbalancesfrom the perspective of the fictitious economy, which is an important theorydevelopment. Meanwhile, this thesis studies the continuing deficit of the U.S. currentaccount from the perspective of the economic structure and international capital flowswhich is an important complement to the existing research literature and innovationpoint.
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