土壤种子库应用于滨海地区植被恢复的研究
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摘要
本研究以天津地区的土壤种子库为研究对象,依照城市-城郊结合部-郊区-远郊的梯度共选取7个类型11个样地进行土壤种子库基本特征的研究和土壤种子库用于城市绿地植被恢复的实践研究。土壤种子库的基本特征研究探明了天津地区土壤种子库的储量和生物多样性等特征,为将土壤种子库用于滨海地区的植被恢复奠定了基础；植被恢复的实践研究则侧重探讨了土壤种子库用于城市绿地植被恢复的可能途径和方法。主要研究结论如下：
(1)天津地区的土壤种子库种质资源极为丰富。土壤种子库的基本特征研究涉及的样地包括南开大学校园、侯台、武清低碳公园、官港森林公园、滨海湿地(含5个子样地)、蓟运河消落带和八仙山,其土壤种子库活性种子数量和密度极为可观,数量达到685～8803粒和3.65×105～4.69×106粒/m2。土壤种子库数量和密度由大到小依次为：滨海湿地>官港森林公园>南开大学校园>蓟运河消落带>侯台>武清低碳公园>八仙山,木本植物种子数量由多到少依次为：武清低碳花园>官港森林公园>八仙山>南开大学校园>侯台>滨海湿地>河流消落带。
(2)天津地区土壤种子库生物多样性特征鲜明。总体而言,土壤种子库的多样性水平普遍低于地面植被的多样性水平。其中种丰富度为14～42种；Shannon. Wiener多样性指数为1.000±0.775～2.649±0.139；Simpson生态优势度指数为0.453±0.361～0.888±0.019：Pielou均匀度指数为0.422±0.300～0.793±0.037,八仙山的4项多样性指数水平均为最高,处于演替的较高级阶段。土壤种子库与地面植被的Sorensen相似性指数为0.248～0.621之间,相似性指数由大到小依次为：滨海湿地>官港森林公园>南开大学校园>武清低碳公园>蓟运河消落带>侯台>八仙山。
(3)土壤种子库具有用于植被恢复的可能性。结合土壤种子库的储量和多样性水平以及土壤种子库在植被恢复方面的重要生态功能和价值,本文开创性地提出土壤种子库具有重要种质资源和自然资源的属性。同时对天津市城市绿地植被恢复的需求进行了分析,共总结出老城区改造、城郊结合带的城镇化、滨海湿地的开发利用、道路建设等需求场合类型。针对目前传统城市绿化模式的弊端,在兼顾生物多样性保护和乡土植物保育的前提下,提出应用土壤种子库进行植被恢复可以成为城市绿化的出路。在此基础上,总结了土壤种子库用于植被恢复与重建的工作范式和恢复方法。
(4)土壤种子库用于植被恢复效果可观。以武清低碳公园样地的土壤种子库为材料,采用“易地恢复”的方式和正交试验的方法,安排了三因素(土样厚度、覆盖物厚度和引入乔木种子数量)三水平的方案进行土壤种子库用于植被恢复的实验,结果表明最优的因素水平组合应该是A2B2C3(即铺设的土样厚度为3cm,敷设的覆盖物厚度为3cm,引入乔木种子的数量为300粒/m2)。同时优选了4类(表征幼苗数量、植物或群落生长势、群落多样性和乔木萌发率特征的指标类)共11个指标构建了评价指标体系进行恢复效果的评价,结果显示样地8的恢复效果最优,恢复方案为A3B2CI(土样厚度为5cm,覆盖物厚度为3cm,引入种子数量为100粒/m2),这与极差分析的结果稍有出入。
(5)土壤种子库种子萌发和群落演替规律明显。土壤种子库的萌发特性研究显示,种子库的萌发多呈现一定的萌发率-时间曲线,曲线通常呈“S”形或“J”形。种子萌发常需经历3～7天的短暂休眠期,而在18～30天后达到最大萌发率。恢复后群落演替的规律为：种丰富度呈减少趋势；群落多样性指数均呈现先降低后升高的趋势,到第3年即升高到与地面群落相当的多样性水平；恢复后群落的覆盖度呈现出明显的季节变化,生长季的覆盖度均可达到90%及以上；恢复后的群落其Sorensen相似性指数较低,随着群落演替的持续进行相似性指数逐渐增大并趋于平稳。综上,经过三年的持续观察,应用土壤种子库进行植被恢复所获得的群落结构基本趋于稳定。
This study aimed to characterize the soil seed banks (SSBs for short) of different types of eco-systems in Tianjin. Seven types of sample plots were selected according to an urban-suburb-rural-exurb gradient to research basic characteristics of soil seed banks and their potential applications in urban-greenland vegetation restoration. The sample plots included Nankai University (NU for short), Houtai (H), Wuqing Low-carbon Park (WLP), Guangang Forest Park (GFP), Binhai Wetland (BW), Jiyunhe hydro-fluctuation belt (JHB) and Baxian Mountain (BM).
The research on basic characteristics of SSBs showed that storage of SSBs was very rich and the biodiversities were of high level, which laid the foundation for the application of SSBs in vegetation restoration of urban green space. The vegetation restoration research focused on possible ways and methods of using SSBs for vegetation restoration in urban green spaces of Tianjin. Main conclusions were as follows:
(1) The storage of SSBs Banks of Tianjin was rich. The quantity and density of viable seeds were very significant, that were685-8803particles and3.65×105-4.69×106particles/m2. The order of seed density was:BW> GFP> NU> JHB> H> WLP> BM, and the order of woody plants'seeds was:WLP> GFP> BM> NU> H>BW>JHB.
(2) The diversities of SSBs of Tianjin were distinct. In general, the diversity indexes of SSBs were lower than that of the ground vegetations. The species richness was14-42species. The Shannon.Wiener diversity indexes were1.000±0.775～2.649±0.139, while the Simpson ecological dominance indexes were0.453±0.361～0.888±0.019, and Pielou evenness indexes were0.422±0.300～0.793±0.037. These four indexes of Baxian Mountain were the highest, which indicated that Baxian Mountain was in the highest succession stage. Sorensen similarity indexes of SSBs and the ground vegetations were between0.248and0.621, ordering from big to small was:BW>GFP>NU>JHB>H>WLP>BM.
(3) SSB had its access into vegetation restoration in urban greening. Combining its storage and diversity and the ecological function and value in vegetation restoration, the SSB possessed the property of important germplasm storage and natural resource. By summarizing the researches and practices about SSBs have been used in vegetation restoration and reconstruction, we accessed the demands of urban greening of Tianjin and found an access into green spaces by the method of vegetation restoration in the urban reconstructing, the suburb urbanizing, the coastal wetlands developing and road construction and so on. Compared to the disadvantages of traditional greening methods, using SSBs for vegetation restoration in urban green space could be of much more value, especially when consideration the biodiversity maintaining and indigenous plants conservation.
(4) The effect of using SSBs in urban-greenland revegetation was remarkable. Using the SSBs of Wuqing Low-carbon Park as main material, we arranged an orthogonal test to revegetate on a bare urban-greenland, adopting the way of "ex situ restoration". There were three factors (the soil thickness, the coverage thickness and the quantity of tree seeds) and three levels of each factor. The results showed that the optimal combination of factors level should be A2B2C3(namely soil thickness was3cm, coverage thickness was3cm, and tree seed density was300particles per m2). Then an envaluation index system including11indexes was established to assess the results of vegetation restoration. The results showed that plot8had the optimal recovery effect, the combination of factors level was A3B2C1(soil thickness was5cm, coverage thickness was3cm, seeding density was100particles per m2), which had slightly difference with the range analysis results.
(5) Soil seed germination experiment showed that the seeds germination presented germination rate-time curve, which formed "S" or "J" shape. Seed germination often started in a short period of3～7days, and reached the maximum germination rate after18～30days. Considering the community succession after the vegetation restoration expetiment, we found that the species richness index showed a trend of decrease; while the diversity indexes showed a trend of rise after the first reduce, which rosed to same level of that of ground vegetation after3years. The restored community coverage showed obvious seasonal change, coverage could reach90%in the growing season. The Sorensen similarity index of recovered community was low, while the community succession similarity index increased gradually. In conclusion, the community recoveried by SSBs obtained stable structure and the community succession reached a high stage after three years.
(1)天津地区的土壤种子库种质资源极为丰富。土壤种子库的基本特征研究涉及的样地包括南开大学校园、侯台、武清低碳公园、官港森林公园、滨海湿地(含5个子样地)、蓟运河消落带和八仙山,其土壤种子库活性种子数量和密度极为可观,数量达到685～8803粒和3.65×105～4.69×106粒/m2。土壤种子库数量和密度由大到小依次为：滨海湿地>官港森林公园>南开大学校园>蓟运河消落带>侯台>武清低碳公园>八仙山,木本植物种子数量由多到少依次为：武清低碳花园>官港森林公园>八仙山>南开大学校园>侯台>滨海湿地>河流消落带。
(2)天津地区土壤种子库生物多样性特征鲜明。总体而言,土壤种子库的多样性水平普遍低于地面植被的多样性水平。其中种丰富度为14～42种；Shannon. Wiener多样性指数为1.000±0.775～2.649±0.139；Simpson生态优势度指数为0.453±0.361～0.888±0.019：Pielou均匀度指数为0.422±0.300～0.793±0.037,八仙山的4项多样性指数水平均为最高,处于演替的较高级阶段。土壤种子库与地面植被的Sorensen相似性指数为0.248～0.621之间,相似性指数由大到小依次为：滨海湿地>官港森林公园>南开大学校园>武清低碳公园>蓟运河消落带>侯台>八仙山。
(3)土壤种子库具有用于植被恢复的可能性。结合土壤种子库的储量和多样性水平以及土壤种子库在植被恢复方面的重要生态功能和价值,本文开创性地提出土壤种子库具有重要种质资源和自然资源的属性。同时对天津市城市绿地植被恢复的需求进行了分析,共总结出老城区改造、城郊结合带的城镇化、滨海湿地的开发利用、道路建设等需求场合类型。针对目前传统城市绿化模式的弊端,在兼顾生物多样性保护和乡土植物保育的前提下,提出应用土壤种子库进行植被恢复可以成为城市绿化的出路。在此基础上,总结了土壤种子库用于植被恢复与重建的工作范式和恢复方法。
(4)土壤种子库用于植被恢复效果可观。以武清低碳公园样地的土壤种子库为材料,采用“易地恢复”的方式和正交试验的方法,安排了三因素(土样厚度、覆盖物厚度和引入乔木种子数量)三水平的方案进行土壤种子库用于植被恢复的实验,结果表明最优的因素水平组合应该是A2B2C3(即铺设的土样厚度为3cm,敷设的覆盖物厚度为3cm,引入乔木种子的数量为300粒/m2)。同时优选了4类(表征幼苗数量、植物或群落生长势、群落多样性和乔木萌发率特征的指标类)共11个指标构建了评价指标体系进行恢复效果的评价,结果显示样地8的恢复效果最优,恢复方案为A3B2CI(土样厚度为5cm,覆盖物厚度为3cm,引入种子数量为100粒/m2),这与极差分析的结果稍有出入。
(5)土壤种子库种子萌发和群落演替规律明显。土壤种子库的萌发特性研究显示,种子库的萌发多呈现一定的萌发率-时间曲线,曲线通常呈“S”形或“J”形。种子萌发常需经历3～7天的短暂休眠期,而在18～30天后达到最大萌发率。恢复后群落演替的规律为：种丰富度呈减少趋势；群落多样性指数均呈现先降低后升高的趋势,到第3年即升高到与地面群落相当的多样性水平；恢复后群落的覆盖度呈现出明显的季节变化,生长季的覆盖度均可达到90%及以上；恢复后的群落其Sorensen相似性指数较低,随着群落演替的持续进行相似性指数逐渐增大并趋于平稳。综上,经过三年的持续观察,应用土壤种子库进行植被恢复所获得的群落结构基本趋于稳定。
This study aimed to characterize the soil seed banks (SSBs for short) of different types of eco-systems in Tianjin. Seven types of sample plots were selected according to an urban-suburb-rural-exurb gradient to research basic characteristics of soil seed banks and their potential applications in urban-greenland vegetation restoration. The sample plots included Nankai University (NU for short), Houtai (H), Wuqing Low-carbon Park (WLP), Guangang Forest Park (GFP), Binhai Wetland (BW), Jiyunhe hydro-fluctuation belt (JHB) and Baxian Mountain (BM).
The research on basic characteristics of SSBs showed that storage of SSBs was very rich and the biodiversities were of high level, which laid the foundation for the application of SSBs in vegetation restoration of urban green space. The vegetation restoration research focused on possible ways and methods of using SSBs for vegetation restoration in urban green spaces of Tianjin. Main conclusions were as follows:
(1) The storage of SSBs Banks of Tianjin was rich. The quantity and density of viable seeds were very significant, that were685-8803particles and3.65×105-4.69×106particles/m2. The order of seed density was:BW> GFP> NU> JHB> H> WLP> BM, and the order of woody plants'seeds was:WLP> GFP> BM> NU> H>BW>JHB.
(2) The diversities of SSBs of Tianjin were distinct. In general, the diversity indexes of SSBs were lower than that of the ground vegetations. The species richness was14-42species. The Shannon.Wiener diversity indexes were1.000±0.775～2.649±0.139, while the Simpson ecological dominance indexes were0.453±0.361～0.888±0.019, and Pielou evenness indexes were0.422±0.300～0.793±0.037. These four indexes of Baxian Mountain were the highest, which indicated that Baxian Mountain was in the highest succession stage. Sorensen similarity indexes of SSBs and the ground vegetations were between0.248and0.621, ordering from big to small was:BW>GFP>NU>JHB>H>WLP>BM.
(3) SSB had its access into vegetation restoration in urban greening. Combining its storage and diversity and the ecological function and value in vegetation restoration, the SSB possessed the property of important germplasm storage and natural resource. By summarizing the researches and practices about SSBs have been used in vegetation restoration and reconstruction, we accessed the demands of urban greening of Tianjin and found an access into green spaces by the method of vegetation restoration in the urban reconstructing, the suburb urbanizing, the coastal wetlands developing and road construction and so on. Compared to the disadvantages of traditional greening methods, using SSBs for vegetation restoration in urban green space could be of much more value, especially when consideration the biodiversity maintaining and indigenous plants conservation.
(4) The effect of using SSBs in urban-greenland revegetation was remarkable. Using the SSBs of Wuqing Low-carbon Park as main material, we arranged an orthogonal test to revegetate on a bare urban-greenland, adopting the way of "ex situ restoration". There were three factors (the soil thickness, the coverage thickness and the quantity of tree seeds) and three levels of each factor. The results showed that the optimal combination of factors level should be A2B2C3(namely soil thickness was3cm, coverage thickness was3cm, and tree seed density was300particles per m2). Then an envaluation index system including11indexes was established to assess the results of vegetation restoration. The results showed that plot8had the optimal recovery effect, the combination of factors level was A3B2C1(soil thickness was5cm, coverage thickness was3cm, seeding density was100particles per m2), which had slightly difference with the range analysis results.
(5) Soil seed germination experiment showed that the seeds germination presented germination rate-time curve, which formed "S" or "J" shape. Seed germination often started in a short period of3～7days, and reached the maximum germination rate after18～30days. Considering the community succession after the vegetation restoration expetiment, we found that the species richness index showed a trend of decrease; while the diversity indexes showed a trend of rise after the first reduce, which rosed to same level of that of ground vegetation after3years. The restored community coverage showed obvious seasonal change, coverage could reach90%in the growing season. The Sorensen similarity index of recovered community was low, while the community succession similarity index increased gradually. In conclusion, the community recoveried by SSBs obtained stable structure and the community succession reached a high stage after three years.
引文
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