ORC直接接触式蒸汽发生器的传热性能及其优化研究
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摘要
回收和利用工业生产过程中各种低温余热,既有助于解决我国的能源问题,又能有效减少环境污染,具有十分重要的现实意义。有机朗肯循环(Organic Rankine Cycle, ORC)能利用300℃以内的低温余热、低聚焦比太阳能或生物质燃烧热能进行高效发电,已成为国际上研究的热点。低温差下蒸汽发生器的传热性能极大地影响ORC系统的效率。当直接接触蒸汽发生器的连续相选用高沸点流体,分散相选用低沸点有机工质时,符合ORC系统载热流体和循环工质选择的热力学条件。相比于传统间壁式蒸汽发生器,由于省去了内部换热壁面,直接接触式蒸汽发生器具有结构简单、传热系数高,适应于在低温差下运行等优点,因此在ORC系统中使用直接接触式蒸汽发生器,可望获得较好的效果。
本文对直接接触蒸汽发生器中单泡滴和液滴群生成及传热机理进行了研究,同时基于数字图像处理技术以及计算同调群理论研究了液滴的群行为,得到了液滴群行为演化规律与换热性能之间的耦合关系,进一步构建了直接接触蒸汽发生器性能模拟及优化模型,对直接接触换热技术在ORC系统中的应用具有一定的指导意义。
(1)改进了单泡滴传热的数理模型,该模型既考虑泡滴在实际传热过程中的几何形态,又充分考虑对流换热和导热换热共同作用。在此基础上,通过对单泡滴生长过程的分析,得到了单泡滴无因次半径随无因次时间变化的关系式,同时进一步推导出单泡滴努塞尔数表达式；运用单泡滴传热模型和漂移通量模型,导出液滴群容积换热系数表达式,该表达式将液滴群传热过程分为预聚集和聚集后两个阶段。
(2)自行设计并搭建了ORC直接接触换热试验平台,对分散相有机工质R245fa(五氟丙烷)与连续相导热油THERMINNOL(?)66直接接触换热特性进行了研究。对导出的液滴群容积换热系数理论公式的预测精度进行了验证,其结果表明,理论计算值与试验值的平均偏差为16%,其计算精度可满足工程实际及本文后继对ORC直接接触蒸发器性能模拟及优化模型的要求。
(3)综合热力学、传热学、流体力学及(?)分析方法,建立了ORC直接接触式蒸汽发生器性能模拟模型,确定了影响蒸汽发生器性能的热工及结构参数。考察了初始换热温差、分散相及连续相流率等独立变量对蒸汽发生器容积换热系数,工质蒸发量,效能,(?)效率等主要性能指标的影响规律。结果表明,独立变量各参数与蒸汽发生器性能间存在复杂的非线性函数关系,有必要进行系统的多参数并行优化。
(4)建立了表征液滴群行为参数βl和表征直接接触传热性能平均容积换热系数hl协同关系模型,两者的相关系数为0.95。该模型基于所设计的正交试验,通过灰度变换、高帽变化、二值化及开运算等数字图像处理技术,对所获得的直接接触换热过程中液滴群行为图像进行转换,得到了可用于提取液滴群行为主要特征的图像；基于计算同调群理论,得到了量化液滴群行为贝蒂数随时间演化规律的曲线,从曲线中提取了两个特征参数,分别是对应着液滴群行为伪均匀状态开始时刻的“伪均匀时间t”和对应着伪均匀状态过程中1维贝蒂数平均值的“1维平均贝蒂数βl”。根据单一特征参数与平均容积换热系数的对应关系,定义一个指标参数βl,该指标参数与平均容积换热系数的变化趋势有很好的协同性。
(5)基于数学规划理论及遗传算法,建立了ORC直接接触式蒸汽发生器性能优化数学模型,以蒸汽发生器容积换热系数最大化为目标,通过对初始运行条件的优化使蒸汽发生器的性能得到有效改善,从优化过程及结果可看出,经过优化后的蒸汽发生器的容积换热系数达到了初始值的6.7倍之多。将液滴群行为与换热协同关系模型作为约束条件引入优化模型后,最优容积换热系数的优化迭代次数比原模型减少了约55%,且其值比原模型提高了0.3%,所以引入该约束条件后,不仅提高了优化算法的收敛速度,还降低了最优解陷入局部最优解的概率,所得最优解更逼近全局最优值。
Utilization of low temperature waste heat in industrial production process can not only solve the energy problem but also reduce the environmental pollution. Recently, most researchs focus to the conversion the low-temperature waste heat, low focus ratio solar energy or biomass combustion heat into electric energy via Organic Rankine Cycle (ORC). One of the key equipment of ORC is the traditional heat exchanger, which has the disadvantages of high heat transfer temperature difference, low heat transfer ability, large flow resistance, huge volume and high cost. Direct-contact heat transfer involves the exchange of heat between two immiscible fluids by bringing them into contact at different temperatures. It has many advantages over traditional heat exchange methods because of a simpler design, lower temperature driving forces, and higher heat transfer rate. When the high boiling point heat transfer oil is used as the heat transfer fluid and low boiling point refrigerant is used as cyclic working medium in ORC, the similar condiation as direct contact heat exchanger with continous phase fluid and dispersed phase fluid can be obtained. Therefore, it is expected to achieve better performance when a direct contact heat exchanger equipped in ORC system.
In this thesis, the theory of single bubble and bubble swarm generatation and heat transfer has been studied. Based on digital image processing techniques and computational homology, the bubble swarm patterns was reseached to quantify the synergy of bubble swarm patterns and heat transfer performance. Simulation and optimization model of ORC direct contact evaporator was built, which would be significant in the application of direct contact heat exchanger equipments for ORC equipments with the recovery of low-temperature waste heat.
(1) A novel physical geometry model of single bubble growth rate and heat transfer was proposed. The model was based on the energy equation included both convection and conduction heat transfer from the continuous liquid to the bubble with the geometry of bubble in the actual heat transfer process. The bubble radius ratio and heat transfer coefficient Nu had been found. And base on the drift flux model, the volumetric heat transfer coefficient of bubble swarm was built. This model was divided into a preagglomerative and a postagglomerative stage on the basis of an assumed maximum value for the dispersed phase volume fraction.
(2) Experimental platform for testing the ORC direct contact evaporator was designed and established. A new environmental-friendly refrigerant of R245fa and THERMINOL(?)66heat transfer oil were used as dispersed phase and continuous phase in the heat transfer test by the ORC direct contact evaporator, respectively. Based on this platform, prediction precisions of the volumetric heat transfer coefficient of bubble swarm were checked. The results revealed that there was a favorable precision in the calculation with the average error of16%, which could meet the requirement of precision in engineering calculation.
(3) Simulation model of ORC direct contact evaporator was built based on the synthesis of thermodynamics, heat transfer theory, hydrodynamics and exergy analysis. The thermal and structural parameters to affect the ORC direct contact heat exchanger performances were determined. This model was used to simulate the performance of ORC direct contact evaporator. The volumetric heat transfer coefficient, refrigerant steam generation, effectiveness and exergy efficiencies affcted of the independent variables on initial heat transfer temperature difference, refrigerant and heat transfer oil flow rate. The results showed that there existed a complicated nonlinear relationship between these independent variables and system performances. Thus, it is also necessary to optimize the system's multiple variables simultaneously.
(4) This paper proposed a novel method to quantify the synergy of bubble swarm patterns and heat transfer performance in a ORC direct contact evaporator by using computational homology. These patterns of bubble searm were treated in the Matlab software environment including the original image, top-hat transform, binarization, and open operation. Betti numbers were used to estimate the number of bubbles aggregating in flow patterns and to obtain the pseudo-homogeneous time. A simple linear model of a bubble swarm and the heat transfer performance of a ORC direct contact evaporator was constructed on the basis of experimental analysis, in which a new index (βt) was defined by the Betti number average as well as the pseudo-homogeneous time. A good fitting curve between βt and the volumetric heat transfer coefficient average was obtained with a correlation coefficient of0.95.
(5) Optimization design method of ORC direct contact evaporator was established via the application of mathematical programming theory and genetic algorithm (GA). The indexes volumetric heat transfer coefficient of ORC direct contact evaporator was used to evaluate the system performance. The performances of ORC direct contact evaporator was effectively improved by means of the proposed optimization design method. The performances of ORC direct contact evaporator was raised up compared with the original design after optimized by this method. Used synergy of bubble swarm patterns and heat transfer performance as the constraint, the number of iterations decreased to55%and the result increased to0.3%comparing with the original optimization model.
本文对直接接触蒸汽发生器中单泡滴和液滴群生成及传热机理进行了研究,同时基于数字图像处理技术以及计算同调群理论研究了液滴的群行为,得到了液滴群行为演化规律与换热性能之间的耦合关系,进一步构建了直接接触蒸汽发生器性能模拟及优化模型,对直接接触换热技术在ORC系统中的应用具有一定的指导意义。
(1)改进了单泡滴传热的数理模型,该模型既考虑泡滴在实际传热过程中的几何形态,又充分考虑对流换热和导热换热共同作用。在此基础上,通过对单泡滴生长过程的分析,得到了单泡滴无因次半径随无因次时间变化的关系式,同时进一步推导出单泡滴努塞尔数表达式；运用单泡滴传热模型和漂移通量模型,导出液滴群容积换热系数表达式,该表达式将液滴群传热过程分为预聚集和聚集后两个阶段。
(2)自行设计并搭建了ORC直接接触换热试验平台,对分散相有机工质R245fa(五氟丙烷)与连续相导热油THERMINNOL(?)66直接接触换热特性进行了研究。对导出的液滴群容积换热系数理论公式的预测精度进行了验证,其结果表明,理论计算值与试验值的平均偏差为16%,其计算精度可满足工程实际及本文后继对ORC直接接触蒸发器性能模拟及优化模型的要求。
(3)综合热力学、传热学、流体力学及(?)分析方法,建立了ORC直接接触式蒸汽发生器性能模拟模型,确定了影响蒸汽发生器性能的热工及结构参数。考察了初始换热温差、分散相及连续相流率等独立变量对蒸汽发生器容积换热系数,工质蒸发量,效能,(?)效率等主要性能指标的影响规律。结果表明,独立变量各参数与蒸汽发生器性能间存在复杂的非线性函数关系,有必要进行系统的多参数并行优化。
(4)建立了表征液滴群行为参数βl和表征直接接触传热性能平均容积换热系数hl协同关系模型,两者的相关系数为0.95。该模型基于所设计的正交试验,通过灰度变换、高帽变化、二值化及开运算等数字图像处理技术,对所获得的直接接触换热过程中液滴群行为图像进行转换,得到了可用于提取液滴群行为主要特征的图像；基于计算同调群理论,得到了量化液滴群行为贝蒂数随时间演化规律的曲线,从曲线中提取了两个特征参数,分别是对应着液滴群行为伪均匀状态开始时刻的“伪均匀时间t”和对应着伪均匀状态过程中1维贝蒂数平均值的“1维平均贝蒂数βl”。根据单一特征参数与平均容积换热系数的对应关系,定义一个指标参数βl,该指标参数与平均容积换热系数的变化趋势有很好的协同性。
(5)基于数学规划理论及遗传算法,建立了ORC直接接触式蒸汽发生器性能优化数学模型,以蒸汽发生器容积换热系数最大化为目标,通过对初始运行条件的优化使蒸汽发生器的性能得到有效改善,从优化过程及结果可看出,经过优化后的蒸汽发生器的容积换热系数达到了初始值的6.7倍之多。将液滴群行为与换热协同关系模型作为约束条件引入优化模型后,最优容积换热系数的优化迭代次数比原模型减少了约55%,且其值比原模型提高了0.3%,所以引入该约束条件后,不仅提高了优化算法的收敛速度,还降低了最优解陷入局部最优解的概率,所得最优解更逼近全局最优值。
Utilization of low temperature waste heat in industrial production process can not only solve the energy problem but also reduce the environmental pollution. Recently, most researchs focus to the conversion the low-temperature waste heat, low focus ratio solar energy or biomass combustion heat into electric energy via Organic Rankine Cycle (ORC). One of the key equipment of ORC is the traditional heat exchanger, which has the disadvantages of high heat transfer temperature difference, low heat transfer ability, large flow resistance, huge volume and high cost. Direct-contact heat transfer involves the exchange of heat between two immiscible fluids by bringing them into contact at different temperatures. It has many advantages over traditional heat exchange methods because of a simpler design, lower temperature driving forces, and higher heat transfer rate. When the high boiling point heat transfer oil is used as the heat transfer fluid and low boiling point refrigerant is used as cyclic working medium in ORC, the similar condiation as direct contact heat exchanger with continous phase fluid and dispersed phase fluid can be obtained. Therefore, it is expected to achieve better performance when a direct contact heat exchanger equipped in ORC system.
In this thesis, the theory of single bubble and bubble swarm generatation and heat transfer has been studied. Based on digital image processing techniques and computational homology, the bubble swarm patterns was reseached to quantify the synergy of bubble swarm patterns and heat transfer performance. Simulation and optimization model of ORC direct contact evaporator was built, which would be significant in the application of direct contact heat exchanger equipments for ORC equipments with the recovery of low-temperature waste heat.
(1) A novel physical geometry model of single bubble growth rate and heat transfer was proposed. The model was based on the energy equation included both convection and conduction heat transfer from the continuous liquid to the bubble with the geometry of bubble in the actual heat transfer process. The bubble radius ratio and heat transfer coefficient Nu had been found. And base on the drift flux model, the volumetric heat transfer coefficient of bubble swarm was built. This model was divided into a preagglomerative and a postagglomerative stage on the basis of an assumed maximum value for the dispersed phase volume fraction.
(2) Experimental platform for testing the ORC direct contact evaporator was designed and established. A new environmental-friendly refrigerant of R245fa and THERMINOL(?)66heat transfer oil were used as dispersed phase and continuous phase in the heat transfer test by the ORC direct contact evaporator, respectively. Based on this platform, prediction precisions of the volumetric heat transfer coefficient of bubble swarm were checked. The results revealed that there was a favorable precision in the calculation with the average error of16%, which could meet the requirement of precision in engineering calculation.
(3) Simulation model of ORC direct contact evaporator was built based on the synthesis of thermodynamics, heat transfer theory, hydrodynamics and exergy analysis. The thermal and structural parameters to affect the ORC direct contact heat exchanger performances were determined. This model was used to simulate the performance of ORC direct contact evaporator. The volumetric heat transfer coefficient, refrigerant steam generation, effectiveness and exergy efficiencies affcted of the independent variables on initial heat transfer temperature difference, refrigerant and heat transfer oil flow rate. The results showed that there existed a complicated nonlinear relationship between these independent variables and system performances. Thus, it is also necessary to optimize the system's multiple variables simultaneously.
(4) This paper proposed a novel method to quantify the synergy of bubble swarm patterns and heat transfer performance in a ORC direct contact evaporator by using computational homology. These patterns of bubble searm were treated in the Matlab software environment including the original image, top-hat transform, binarization, and open operation. Betti numbers were used to estimate the number of bubbles aggregating in flow patterns and to obtain the pseudo-homogeneous time. A simple linear model of a bubble swarm and the heat transfer performance of a ORC direct contact evaporator was constructed on the basis of experimental analysis, in which a new index (βt) was defined by the Betti number average as well as the pseudo-homogeneous time. A good fitting curve between βt and the volumetric heat transfer coefficient average was obtained with a correlation coefficient of0.95.
(5) Optimization design method of ORC direct contact evaporator was established via the application of mathematical programming theory and genetic algorithm (GA). The indexes volumetric heat transfer coefficient of ORC direct contact evaporator was used to evaluate the system performance. The performances of ORC direct contact evaporator was effectively improved by means of the proposed optimization design method. The performances of ORC direct contact evaporator was raised up compared with the original design after optimized by this method. Used synergy of bubble swarm patterns and heat transfer performance as the constraint, the number of iterations decreased to55%and the result increased to0.3%comparing with the original optimization model.
引文
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