燃气轮机高温部件对流/导热/辐射耦合的流动传热机理研究
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摘要
随着透平前温的不断上升，冷却作为一种必要的手段在燃气轮机透平得到了广泛的应用。由于在高温情况下辐射换热变得不可忽略，在对高温下的冷却进行研究时需考虑辐射换热的因素。本文合作搭建了高温平板气膜冷却耦合换热实验台，通过高温下的气膜冷却耦合换热实验对此情况下平板表面对流、导热、辐射与气膜冷却的相互作用进行研究，分析高温下各个参数对气膜冷却的影响。
高温下的气膜冷却耦合传热实验验证了高温下辐射的不可忽视性，本文由此引入离散坐标法求解辐射输送方程，完成了辐射情况下气膜冷却耦合换热的计算。给出了耦合与辐射情况对平板上表面气膜冷却效果的影响及导热与辐射两种传热方式与气膜冷却之间的相互作用。计算结果表明，气膜冷却的速度场几乎不受内部冷却及辐射换热的影响，而温度场则受到耦合及辐射的影响很大。当壁面绝热时，考虑辐射的情况下，壁面将向冷却气膜进行对流换热。
为了排除内部冷却的影响，定义耦合下的气膜冷却有效度ηconj，并结合ηconj与热流密度比q/qo对耦合情况下的气膜冷却进行分析，给出了耦合及辐射情况下气膜冷却有效度的变化与两者之间的联系。将耦合换热的各个因素分离，分别进行了分析。
在耦合辐射换热计算的基础上，本文针对实验台的多个参数变化进行了研究，分别给出了耦合辐射换热下四周的壁面温度、气膜冷却的吹风比及入口辐射换热强度对平板表面气膜冷却效果的影响。
最后本文提出采用实验数据结合数值计算反推入口辐射强度的方法进行进出口辐射能的预估，计算表明该种预估方法是有效的。
With the continuing increase of the turbine inlet temperature, cooling technologyhas been put into wide range of applications as a necessary means. Since the radiativeheat transfer should not be ignored under the high temperature circumstances, it isessential to consider radiative effect when doing research about high temperaturecooling system. This thesis firstly describes the set up of conjugate heat transferexperimental test rig with high temperature flat plate cooling system and then studiesthe comprehensive effect of surface convection, radiation and conduction heat transferwith film cooling, finally analyses multiple parameters effect on film cooling system.
With the experimental data of high temperature film cooling conjugate heattransfer showing that the radiative heat transfer effect should not be ignored, the DOmodel is introduced to solve the radiation transport equation, accomplishing severalconjugate heat transfer numerical simulations contrasting to the experimental test cases.Detailed effect of conjugate and adiabatic cases on the cooling effectiveness is studiedand the interaction of film cooling and heat transfer mode is analysed. Computationalresults show that the velocity field is not affected by the internal cooling convection andradiative heat transfer, but the conjugate and radiative effect play an important part inthe temperature field. When considering the wall as insulated and radiative, the wallwill deliver heat to the cooling film due to convection. To exclude the impact of theinternal cooling, a new film cooling effectiveness is defined, combining with the heatflux ratio is used to analyze the film cooling under conjugate conditions.
Based on the conjugate heat transfer calculations considering radiative effect, thisthesis inspects multiple experimental parameters variations on the temperature flatplate distribution including the temperature of sidewall temperature, mass flow ratioand inlet radiation intensity.Finally the thesis proposed a method to reversely calculatethe inlet radiation intensity combining the experimental data and numerical simulationwhich show quite good predictive ability.
高温下的气膜冷却耦合传热实验验证了高温下辐射的不可忽视性，本文由此引入离散坐标法求解辐射输送方程，完成了辐射情况下气膜冷却耦合换热的计算。给出了耦合与辐射情况对平板上表面气膜冷却效果的影响及导热与辐射两种传热方式与气膜冷却之间的相互作用。计算结果表明，气膜冷却的速度场几乎不受内部冷却及辐射换热的影响，而温度场则受到耦合及辐射的影响很大。当壁面绝热时，考虑辐射的情况下，壁面将向冷却气膜进行对流换热。
为了排除内部冷却的影响，定义耦合下的气膜冷却有效度ηconj，并结合ηconj与热流密度比q/qo对耦合情况下的气膜冷却进行分析，给出了耦合及辐射情况下气膜冷却有效度的变化与两者之间的联系。将耦合换热的各个因素分离，分别进行了分析。
在耦合辐射换热计算的基础上，本文针对实验台的多个参数变化进行了研究，分别给出了耦合辐射换热下四周的壁面温度、气膜冷却的吹风比及入口辐射换热强度对平板表面气膜冷却效果的影响。
最后本文提出采用实验数据结合数值计算反推入口辐射强度的方法进行进出口辐射能的预估，计算表明该种预估方法是有效的。
With the continuing increase of the turbine inlet temperature, cooling technologyhas been put into wide range of applications as a necessary means. Since the radiativeheat transfer should not be ignored under the high temperature circumstances, it isessential to consider radiative effect when doing research about high temperaturecooling system. This thesis firstly describes the set up of conjugate heat transferexperimental test rig with high temperature flat plate cooling system and then studiesthe comprehensive effect of surface convection, radiation and conduction heat transferwith film cooling, finally analyses multiple parameters effect on film cooling system.
With the experimental data of high temperature film cooling conjugate heattransfer showing that the radiative heat transfer effect should not be ignored, the DOmodel is introduced to solve the radiation transport equation, accomplishing severalconjugate heat transfer numerical simulations contrasting to the experimental test cases.Detailed effect of conjugate and adiabatic cases on the cooling effectiveness is studiedand the interaction of film cooling and heat transfer mode is analysed. Computationalresults show that the velocity field is not affected by the internal cooling convection andradiative heat transfer, but the conjugate and radiative effect play an important part inthe temperature field. When considering the wall as insulated and radiative, the wallwill deliver heat to the cooling film due to convection. To exclude the impact of theinternal cooling, a new film cooling effectiveness is defined, combining with the heatflux ratio is used to analyze the film cooling under conjugate conditions.
Based on the conjugate heat transfer calculations considering radiative effect, thisthesis inspects multiple experimental parameters variations on the temperature flatplate distribution including the temperature of sidewall temperature, mass flow ratioand inlet radiation intensity.Finally the thesis proposed a method to reversely calculatethe inlet radiation intensity combining the experimental data and numerical simulationwhich show quite good predictive ability.
引文
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[2]闻犁.把握机遇,共创美好新五年[2011第六届中国电工装备创新与发展论坛——电工装备‘十二五’规划解读主题报告回顾].电气技术,2011-09.
[3]陈欢欢.燃气轮机市场换技术使命终结.科学时报,2011,2011-9-19.
[4]苏生.复杂内冷透平动叶中流动与换热研究[博士学位论文].中国科学院研究生院,工程热物理研究所,2008.
[5]韩介勤,桑地普·杜达,斯瑞纳斯·艾卡德(著),程代京,谢永惠(译).燃气轮机传热和冷却技术.西安:西安交通大学出版社,2005.
[6]陈文炎. GE9FA燃气轮机若干关键技术特点.热力发电,2007,36(11).
[7] W C Yang.1.3.1.3Hydrogen-Fueled Power Systems. The Gas Turbine Handbook. TheNational Energy Technology Laboratory, U.S. Department of Energy.
[8]林公舒,杨道刚.现代大功率发电用燃气轮机.北京:机械工业出版社,2007.
[9]陶文铨.数值传热学（第二版）.西安交通大学出版社,2001:485～488
[10] Hylton L D, Milhec M S, Turner E R. Analytical and experimental evaluation of the heattransfer distribution over the surface of turbine vanes. NASA-CR-168015,1983.
[11] York D W, Leylek J H. Three-Dimensional Conjugate Heat Transfer Simulation of anInternally-Cooled Gas Turbine Vane. ASME Paper,2003, No. GT2003-38551.
[12] Facchini B, Magi A, Greco A S. Conjugate Heat Transfer of a Radially Cooled Gas TurbineVane. ASME Paper,2004, No. GT2004-54213.
[13] Luo J, Razinsky E H. Conjugate Heat Transfer Analysis of a Cooled Turbine Vane Using theV2F Turbulence Model. ASME Paper,2006, No. GT2006-91109.
[14] Bamba T, Yamane T, Fukuyama Y. Turbulence Model Dependencies on ConjugateSimulation of Flow And Heat Conduction. ASME Paper,2007, No. GT2007-27824.
[15] Heidmann J D, Kassab A J, Divo E A, Rodriguez F, Steinthorsson E. Conjugate HeatTransfer Effects on Realistic Film-Cooled Turbine Vane. ASME Paper,2003, No.GT2003-38553.
[16] Takahashi T, Watanabe K, Takahashi T. Thermal Conjugate Analysis of a First Stage Bladein a Gas Turbine. ASME Paper,2000, No.2000-GT-251.
[17] Takahashi T, Watanabe K, Sakai T. Conjugate Heat Transfer Analysis of a Rotor Blade withRib-roughened Internal Cooling Passages. ASME Paper,2005, No. GT2005-68227.
[18] Montomoli F, Adami P, Della Gatta S, Martelli F. Conjugate Heat Transfer Modeling inFilm Cooled Blades. ASME Paper,2004, No. GT2004-53177.
[19] Yamane T, Yoshida T, Enomoto S, Takaki R, Yamamoto K. Conjugate Simulation of Flowand Heat Conduction with a New Method for Faster Calculation. ASME Paper,2004, No.GT2004-53680.
[20] Mansour M L, Hosseini K M, Liu J S. Assessment of the Impact of Laminar-TurbulentTransition on the Accuracy of Heat Transfer Coefficient Prediction in High PressureTurbines. ASME Paper,2006, GT2006-90273.
[21] Bohn D E, Becker V J and Rungen A U. Experimental and Numerical Conjugate Flow andHeat Transfer Investigation of a Shower-Head Cooled Turbine Guide Vane. ASME TurboExpo.1997;97-GT-15.
[22] Bohn D E, Becker V J and Kusterer K et al.3-D Internal Conjugate Calculations of aConvectively Cooled Turbine Blade with Serpentine-Shaped Ribbed Channels. ASMETurbo Expo.1999;99-GT-220.
[23] Bohn D E, Moritz N. Comparison of Cooling Film Development Calculations forTranspiration Cooled Flat Plates with Different Turbulence Models. ASME Turbo Expo.2001;2001-GT-0132.
[24] Bohn D E, Ren J and Kusterer K. Conjugate Heat Transfer Analysis for Film CoolingConfigurations with Different Hole Geometries. ASME Turbo Expo.2003; GT-2003-38369.
[25] Laschet G, Rex S and Bohn D et al. Homogenization of Material Properties of TranspirationCooled Multi-Layer Plates. ASME Turbo Expo2003; GT2003-38439.
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