巨厚火成岩下煤巷冲击地压机理及防治技术研究
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摘要
随着煤矿开采条件复杂性的加剧，煤矿冲击地压灾害在世界范围内越来越严重，已成为影响煤矿安全生产的重大灾害之一。为解决这一问题并基于冲击地压矿井一般具有上覆厚硬顶板条件，本文针对巨厚火成岩下煤层巷道冲击地压问题，通过理论分析、数值模拟、试验研究、现场实测等方法对巨厚火成岩下煤层开采过程中巨厚火成岩的稳定性和下部岩层矿压显现规律，煤巷应力演化特征及影响因素，巷道冲击地压发生机理，巨厚火成岩下煤巷冲击地压的防治技术进行了系统研究，主要得到以下研究成果：
（1）基于现有的冲击倾向性理论提出了改进的弹性能量指数WE T、冲击能量指数KE，作为新的冲击倾向性判定指标，将其原有的两个指数进行了有机的融合，提高了判断的准确性，更符合实际煤体破坏后能量释放的准确计量，为巷道冲击破坏时的能量计算提供了准确方法。
（2）采用应力解除法对巨厚火成岩下地应力进行了现场测量，得到了地应力的大小、方向及随深度的变化规律；结合地应力特征，采用数值分析方法研究了地应力对煤巷冲击地压的影响，得到了最大主应力方向与巷道轴线方向不同夹角情况下巷道围岩的应力、变形及破坏特征。
（3）运用理论分析、数值模拟和现场实测方法研究了巨厚火成岩下煤层开采岩层运动和矿压显现规律，以及火成岩顶板自身应力、破断距和煤岩能量储备作用，从应力集中和能量的角度分析了巨厚火成岩顶板对煤巷冲击地压的高应力高能量环境的孕育作用。
（4）采用弹性力学、复变函数理论计算了巷道围岩应力分布和破坏范围；通过数值模拟研究了巨厚火成岩下工作面推进对前方巷道围岩区域应力集中的影响，巷道区域应力叠加作用及巷道断面帮部应力演化规律；分析了弹性波、应力环境、顶底板弹性模量不同影响因素对巷道围岩冲击地压的影响。
（5）根据冲击地压发生的时间相关性和具体的巷道区域环境，对巷道冲击地压分（四个）阶段分（四个）区域进行了研究，建立了巷道冲击地压煤炮模型。通过力的平衡和能量平衡，建立了巷道冲击地压发生的力和能量判据；基于系统的思想，研究了冲击地压产生破坏的综合作用及巷道围岩系统的稳定性平衡条件；通过设计试验装置，试验验证了巷道冲击地压机理研究的正确性。
（6）针对巨厚火成岩下II102采区具有冲击倾向的10煤现场条件，提出了“连续监测，强变弱，弱变强”的巨厚火成岩下冲击地压防治思想。即通过“连续监测”巨厚火成岩运动、巷道围岩系统应力位移；改善煤层应力环境，降低煤的冲击倾向性的“强变弱”及维护巷道围岩系统力学平衡、加强煤巷支护和破碎煤体的支撑作用的“弱变强”的冲击地压防治技术，并采用相应的措施，保障了10煤的安全生产。
As the complexity of coal mining conditions intensifies, the damage resultingfrom rock burst in the worldwide has become more and more severe, which is one ofmajor disasters that affect coal mine safety. To solve this problem, the author willstudy on the rock burst in mining roadways under an extremely thick ingenious rock.By means of theoretical analysis, numerical simulation, physical experiments andmeasurement on site, a systematic study has been undertaken on the stability of anextremely thick igneous rock, the rule of pressure presentation in bottom stratum, theevolution features of stress and influential factors in preparatory working, themechanism of rock burst in the roadway during coal excavation under an extremelythick igneous rock and control techniques of rock burst in the roadway under anextremely thick igneous rock. The main innovative research results are as follows:
（1）Based on the present theory of rock burst tendency, the author has putforward an improved elastic energy indexWE T and impact energy indexKE as the newdetermining index for rock burst tendency, which combine the former indicatorstogether to improve the correctness of judgments and correspond to the exactcalculation of energy release after the actual destruction of coal, thus providing anaccurate method to calculate the energy when the roadway is damaged by rock burst.
（2）The author used the method of stress relief to measure on-site stresses underan extremely thick igneous rock and got the sizes and directions of the stress and itschange rule under different depths. Combined with features of the stress, the authorused the method of numerical analysis to study the effect of stress on the rock burst inthe roadway and got the features of the stress, displacement and fracture under thecondition that the direction of the maximum principal stress and that of tunnel axisform different angles.
（3）Using the method of theoretical analysis, numerical simulation and actualfield measurement, the author studied the rules of stratum migration and pressurepresentation of mine excavation under an extremely thick igneous rock, the roof stressof the igneous rock, breaking span and the energy accumulation of the coal rock.From the perspectives of stress concentration and energy, the effects of an extremelythick igneous rock on the generation of high stress environment in rock burst werealso studied.
（4）The author used elastic mechanics and complex variable function to calculate the distribution and the destruction sphere of stress in the roadway. With thehelp of numerical simulation, the author also studied the influence of working facemovement on the stress concentration in the roadway under an extremely thickigneous rock, the effect of superimposed stresses in the roadway area and theevolution rule of stresses in the side roadway. The study is also on the differentfactors’ influence on the stability of surrounding rock system in the roadway such aselastic wave, stress environment and elasticity modulus of roof and floor.
（5）According to the fact that the occurrence of rock burst is connected with thetime and specific roadway area, the study of rock burst was divided into four stagesand four areas, thus establishing rock burst models. Through the balance of strengthsand energies, the author established the criteria of strengths and energies in theroadway. Based on the systematic idea, the author studied the comprehensivedestruction effects of rock burst and the equilibrium condition of system stability. Theauthor also designed experimental facilities and tests to prove that the research on themechanism of rock burst in the coal roadway is correct.
（6）Based on the site condition that the tenth coal in mining area II102under anextremely thick igneous rock tends to have rock burst, the author put forward thecontrol measures of continual monitoring and making the strong to weak and weak tostrong for rock burst. Through monitoring the movement of the extremely thickigneous rock and the displacement of the stress of the surrounding rock system, thestress environment of coal seam will be improved and rock burst tendency will bereduced from the strong to weak to ensure mechanical equilibrium of the system.Besides, the control measures of changing the weak to strong with enhanced roadwaysupporting and the supporting effect of broken coal, corresponding measures will betaken to guarantee the safe production of the tenth coal.
（1）基于现有的冲击倾向性理论提出了改进的弹性能量指数WE T、冲击能量指数KE，作为新的冲击倾向性判定指标，将其原有的两个指数进行了有机的融合，提高了判断的准确性，更符合实际煤体破坏后能量释放的准确计量，为巷道冲击破坏时的能量计算提供了准确方法。
（2）采用应力解除法对巨厚火成岩下地应力进行了现场测量，得到了地应力的大小、方向及随深度的变化规律；结合地应力特征，采用数值分析方法研究了地应力对煤巷冲击地压的影响，得到了最大主应力方向与巷道轴线方向不同夹角情况下巷道围岩的应力、变形及破坏特征。
（3）运用理论分析、数值模拟和现场实测方法研究了巨厚火成岩下煤层开采岩层运动和矿压显现规律，以及火成岩顶板自身应力、破断距和煤岩能量储备作用，从应力集中和能量的角度分析了巨厚火成岩顶板对煤巷冲击地压的高应力高能量环境的孕育作用。
（4）采用弹性力学、复变函数理论计算了巷道围岩应力分布和破坏范围；通过数值模拟研究了巨厚火成岩下工作面推进对前方巷道围岩区域应力集中的影响，巷道区域应力叠加作用及巷道断面帮部应力演化规律；分析了弹性波、应力环境、顶底板弹性模量不同影响因素对巷道围岩冲击地压的影响。
（5）根据冲击地压发生的时间相关性和具体的巷道区域环境，对巷道冲击地压分（四个）阶段分（四个）区域进行了研究，建立了巷道冲击地压煤炮模型。通过力的平衡和能量平衡，建立了巷道冲击地压发生的力和能量判据；基于系统的思想，研究了冲击地压产生破坏的综合作用及巷道围岩系统的稳定性平衡条件；通过设计试验装置，试验验证了巷道冲击地压机理研究的正确性。
（6）针对巨厚火成岩下II102采区具有冲击倾向的10煤现场条件，提出了“连续监测，强变弱，弱变强”的巨厚火成岩下冲击地压防治思想。即通过“连续监测”巨厚火成岩运动、巷道围岩系统应力位移；改善煤层应力环境，降低煤的冲击倾向性的“强变弱”及维护巷道围岩系统力学平衡、加强煤巷支护和破碎煤体的支撑作用的“弱变强”的冲击地压防治技术，并采用相应的措施，保障了10煤的安全生产。
As the complexity of coal mining conditions intensifies, the damage resultingfrom rock burst in the worldwide has become more and more severe, which is one ofmajor disasters that affect coal mine safety. To solve this problem, the author willstudy on the rock burst in mining roadways under an extremely thick ingenious rock.By means of theoretical analysis, numerical simulation, physical experiments andmeasurement on site, a systematic study has been undertaken on the stability of anextremely thick igneous rock, the rule of pressure presentation in bottom stratum, theevolution features of stress and influential factors in preparatory working, themechanism of rock burst in the roadway during coal excavation under an extremelythick igneous rock and control techniques of rock burst in the roadway under anextremely thick igneous rock. The main innovative research results are as follows:
（1）Based on the present theory of rock burst tendency, the author has putforward an improved elastic energy indexWE T and impact energy indexKE as the newdetermining index for rock burst tendency, which combine the former indicatorstogether to improve the correctness of judgments and correspond to the exactcalculation of energy release after the actual destruction of coal, thus providing anaccurate method to calculate the energy when the roadway is damaged by rock burst.
（2）The author used the method of stress relief to measure on-site stresses underan extremely thick igneous rock and got the sizes and directions of the stress and itschange rule under different depths. Combined with features of the stress, the authorused the method of numerical analysis to study the effect of stress on the rock burst inthe roadway and got the features of the stress, displacement and fracture under thecondition that the direction of the maximum principal stress and that of tunnel axisform different angles.
（3）Using the method of theoretical analysis, numerical simulation and actualfield measurement, the author studied the rules of stratum migration and pressurepresentation of mine excavation under an extremely thick igneous rock, the roof stressof the igneous rock, breaking span and the energy accumulation of the coal rock.From the perspectives of stress concentration and energy, the effects of an extremelythick igneous rock on the generation of high stress environment in rock burst werealso studied.
（4）The author used elastic mechanics and complex variable function to calculate the distribution and the destruction sphere of stress in the roadway. With thehelp of numerical simulation, the author also studied the influence of working facemovement on the stress concentration in the roadway under an extremely thickigneous rock, the effect of superimposed stresses in the roadway area and theevolution rule of stresses in the side roadway. The study is also on the differentfactors’ influence on the stability of surrounding rock system in the roadway such aselastic wave, stress environment and elasticity modulus of roof and floor.
（5）According to the fact that the occurrence of rock burst is connected with thetime and specific roadway area, the study of rock burst was divided into four stagesand four areas, thus establishing rock burst models. Through the balance of strengthsand energies, the author established the criteria of strengths and energies in theroadway. Based on the systematic idea, the author studied the comprehensivedestruction effects of rock burst and the equilibrium condition of system stability. Theauthor also designed experimental facilities and tests to prove that the research on themechanism of rock burst in the coal roadway is correct.
（6）Based on the site condition that the tenth coal in mining area II102under anextremely thick igneous rock tends to have rock burst, the author put forward thecontrol measures of continual monitoring and making the strong to weak and weak tostrong for rock burst. Through monitoring the movement of the extremely thickigneous rock and the displacement of the stress of the surrounding rock system, thestress environment of coal seam will be improved and rock burst tendency will bereduced from the strong to weak to ensure mechanical equilibrium of the system.Besides, the control measures of changing the weak to strong with enhanced roadwaysupporting and the supporting effect of broken coal, corresponding measures will betaken to guarantee the safe production of the tenth coal.
引文
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