东亚直突摇蚊亚科七属系统学研究（双翅目：摇蚊科）
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摘要
本研究的类群为隶属于摇蚊科中直突摇蚊亚科的七个属：毛突摇蚊属（Chaetocladius）、毛胸摇蚊属（Heleniella）、异三突摇蚊属（Heterotrissocladius）、克莱斯密摇蚊属（Krenosmittia）、沼摇蚊属（Limnophyes）、肛脊摇蚊属（Mesosmittia）和直突摇蚊属（Orthocladius）。该7属已有记录319种，为世界范围内基础研究尚十分薄弱的摇蚊科类群。本研究的地理范围为东亚地区（East Asia），隶属B n rescu（1992）淡水动物地理区划中印区（Sino-Indian region）的大部（除东南亚以外），是世界摇蚊生物多样性最高的区域之一。本文首次全面系统地对该区域直突摇蚊亚科七属开展了修订性分类学研究。全文分为总论、种类记述和生物地理区系分析三个主要部分。
总论部分回顾了该七属世界和东亚地区的分类学研究历史和现状；介绍了该类群的分类地位及各个属的分类研究概况、基本形态特征等内容；在材料方法部分详述了标本采集与制片方法以及研究的地理范围。文中同时给出了本研究的意义和目标。
种类记述部分详细描述了七属170种，同时建立了22个新种，记述了7个东洋区新记录种，2个古北区新记录种，17个中国新记录种；并首次在中国记录1种雄成虫；纠正了5个中国错误记录种及17个日本错误记录种，提出2项新组合。编制了该七属的分种检索表（其中包括1个世界范围的检索表，5个东亚范围的检索表，1个中国范围的检索表），列出了已知属、种的文献引证、同物异名、鉴别特征、模式产地和分布地区等资料。依据研究材料和相关文献对Cranston et al.（1989）给出的属级鉴别特征进行了修订和补充。
建立的22个新种为（包括在读期间已发表的8种）：细长沼摇蚊Limnophyes subtilus sp. n.、无棘肛脊摇蚊Mesosmittia apsensis Kong etWang,2011、短肛脊摇蚊Mesosmittia brevae Kong et Wang,2011、纺锤肛脊摇蚊Mesosmittia gracila Kong et Wang,2011、短赭直突摇蚊Orthocladius (Eudactylocladius) brevis sp. n.、无突赭直突摇蚊Orthocladius (Eudactylocladius) fengensis sp. n.、尖秃直突摇蚊Orthocladius (Eudactylocladius) interctus sp. n.、短尖直突摇蚊Orthocladius (Euorthocladius) albidus sp. n.、弯铗直突摇蚊Orthocladius(Euorthocladius) flectus sp. n.、藏直突摇蚊Orthocladius (Euorthocladius)tibetensis sp. n.、钝叶直突摇蚊Orthocladius (Mesorthocladius) tornatilisKong et Wang,2012、胖脊直突摇蚊Orthocladius (Orthocladius)absolutus sp. n.、福田直突摇蚊Orthocladius (Symposiocladius) futianensisKong et Wang,2012。
10个东洋区新记录为（包括在读期间发表的4个种）：小矢部毛突摇蚊Chaetocladius oyabevenustus Sasa et al.、奥多摩沼摇蚊Limnophyestamakitanaides Sasa、隆脊直突摇蚊Orthocladius (Orthocladius)nitidoscutellatus Lundstr m、突叶直突摇蚊Orthocladius(Eudactylocladius) musester S ther、长钝直突摇蚊Orthocladius(Mesorthocladius) vaillanti Langton&Cranston（已发表）、细长直突摇蚊Orthocladius (Orthocladius) dorenus (Roback)、三角直突摇蚊Orthocladius (Orthocladius) manitobensis S ther、直茎直突摇蚊Orthocladius (Symposiocladius) holsatus Goetghebuer（已发表）、木直突摇蚊Orthocladius (Symposiocladius) lignicola Kieffer（已发表）、塞利直突摇蚊Orthocladius (Symposiocladius) schnelli S ther（已发表）。
2个古北区新纪录为：尖铗肛脊摇蚊Mesosmittia acutistyla S ther（已发表）、寄莼直突摇蚊Orthocladius (Pogonocladius) consobrinus(Holmgren)（已发表）。
17个中国新记录种为（包括在读期间发表的7种）：小矢部毛突摇蚊Chaetocladius oyabevenustus Sasa et al.、小盾异三突摇蚊Heterotrissocladius scutellatus Goetghebuer（已发表）、奥多摩沼摇蚊Limnophyes tamakitanaides Sasa、尖铗肛脊摇蚊Mesosmittia acutistylaS the（r已发表）、突叶直突摇蚊Orthocladius (Eudactylocladius) musesterS ther、尖角直突摇蚊Orthocladius (Eudactylocladius) priomixtusS ther、苏伯来直突摇蚊Orthocladius (Eudactylocladius) sublettorumCranston、长钝直突摇蚊Orthocladius (Mesorthocladius) vaillanti Langton&Cranston （已发表）、短尖直突摇蚊Orthocladius (Orthocladius)rhyacobius Kieffer、细长直突摇蚊Orthocladius (Orthocladius) dorenus(Roback)、窄刺直突摇蚊Orthocladius (Orthocladius) excavatus Brundin、三角直突摇蚊Orthocladius (Orthocladius) manitobensis S ther、隆脊直突摇蚊Orthocladius (Orthocladius) nitidoscutellatus Lundstr m、寄莼直突摇蚊Orthocladius (Pogonocladius) consobrinus (Holmgren)（已发表）、直茎直突摇蚊Orthocladius (Symposiocladius) holsatus Goetghebuer（已发表）、木直突摇蚊Orthocladius (Symposiocladius) lignicola Kieffer（已发表）、塞利直突摇蚊Orthocladius (Symposiocladius) schnelli S the（r已发表）。
首次在中国记录的1个雄成虫种类是：五鬃沼摇蚊Limnophyespentaplastus (Kieffer)。
纠正了5个Wang（2000）中给出的中国错误记录种类：Heleniellaosarumaculata Sasa (Wang2000:636)、Limnophyes fuscipygmus Tokunaga(Wang2000:636)、Orthocladius (Orthocladius) obumbratus Johansen(Wang2000:637)、Orthocladius (Orthocladius) saxicola Kieffer (Wang2000:637)、Orthocladius (Orthocladius) yugashimaensis Sasa (Wang2000:637)。
纠正了17个Yamamoto（2004）中给出的日本错误记录种类：Krenosmittia yakylemea (Sasa&Suzuki)(Yamamoto2004:45)、Limnophyes kibunefuscus Sasa (Yamamoto2004:45)、 Limnophyeskibunepilosus Sasa (Yamamoto2004:45)、Limnophyes oiraquartus Sasa(Yamamoto2004:48)、Limnophyes yakyefeus Sasa&Suzuki (Yamamoto2004:50)、Orthocladius (Eudactylocladius) biwaniger Sasa&Nishino(Yamamoto2004:57)、Orthocladius (Euorthocladius) oirasecundus Sasa(Yamamoto2004:58)、Orthocladius (Euorthocladius) shoufukusextus Sasa(Yamamoto2004:59)、Orthocladius (Euorthocladius) tusimoopeus Sasa&Suzuki (Yamamoto2004:59)、Orthocladius (Orthocladius) chuzeseptimusSasa (Yamamoto2004:59)、Orthocladius (Orthocladius) filamentosus(Tokunaga)(Yamamoto2004:60)、Orthocladius (Orthocladius) kamihiroiSasa&Hirabayashi (Yamamoto2004:61)、Orthocladius (Orthocladius)kamisemai Sasa&Hirabayashi (Yamamoto2004:61)、 Orthocladius(Orthocladius) seiryugeheus Sasa&Suzuki (Yamamoto2004:61)、Orthocladius (Orthocladius) tamaputridus Sasa (Yamamoto2004:61)、Orthocladius (Orthocladius) tamarutilus Sasa (Yamamoto2004:61)、Orthocladius (Orthocladius) toyamakeleus Sasa (Yamamoto2004:61)。
提出的2项新组合是：屋久杉赭直突摇蚊Orthocladius(Eudactylocladius) yakyefeus (Sasa&Suzuki)（=Limnophyes yakyefeus）和富山刀突摇蚊Psectrocladius toyamakeleus (Sasa)（=Orthocladius(Orthocladius) toyamakeleus Sasa）。
生物地理区系分析部分，分别依据Wallace传统区划和B n rescu世界淡水生物地理区划对世界记录(本研究之后)的七属319种和东亚地区记录的七属180种进行生物地理学分析，结果表明东亚地区的该七属有较高的物种多样性。根据Wallace传统区划，古北区占优势，共计217种，占世界种类的68%。据B n rescu世界淡水生物地理区划，该七属在中印区各亚区共有6种分布类型，结果显示东亚亚区具有较高的物种多样性（180种，占世界总种类的56%）；特有种共计136种，占世界总种类43%）。由此推断东亚地区应为该七属的重要起源和物种分化地区之一。在东亚地区内，中国该七属种类共计68种，占世界总种类数的21%，占东亚种数的40%；特有种类共计26种，占世界种类总数的8%，占东亚种数的19%。文中同时对B n rescu世界淡水生物地理区划和Wallace传统动物地理区划的合理性进行了比较分析，依据中国东洋区和日本（古北区）分布种类较高的共有特点，求证了传统动物地理区划对水生动物的局限性和B n rescu的淡水动物地理区划将传统古北区的东南部和传统东洋区的全部归为中印区的合理性。
文末列出了该类群在东亚地区各国以及在中国各省份的地理分布表、错误鉴定与修订后的种名对照、拉丁学名、中文学名索引等附录。
本研究中的中国标本（包括模式标本）保存在南开大学生命科学学院摇蚊学研究室。
The seven genera of Orthocladiinae Chaetocladius, Heleniella,Heterotrissocladius, Krenosmittia, Limnophyes, Mesosmittia,Orthocladius, from East Asia, were poorly studied in the world. East Asiabelongs to the Sino-Indian Region (except Southeast Asia), which is oneof the largest area in B n rescu’s zoogeographic regionalization andrich in species diversity. This thesis is the first comprehensiverevised systematic study on the seven genera from East Asia. Thedissertation comprises three main sections: introduction,classification and bio-geographic analysis.
In the section of introduction, the research history and currentresearch status of the seven genera are reviewed both in East Asia andworldwide; classification and morphological characters in each genus areintroduced together with the taxonomic status; material collection and handling in addition to investigation area are described. Objectives andsignificance of this study are also stated.
In the section of classification,170species of the seven genera aredescribed in detail. Among the taxa,22species are described as new toscience;7species are newly recorded to the Oriental Region;2speciesare newly recorded to the Palaearctic Region;17species are recorded toChina for the first time;1species is recorded as male adults for the firsttime to China;5wrong recorded species in China of Wang (2000) and17wrong recorded species in Japan of Yamamoto (2004) are corrected.2new combinations are proposed. Synonyms of known taxa are listed inchronological order. The available data on geographical distribution arealso reported. Keys to species in the worldwide (1genus), in East Asia (5genera) and in China (1genus) are given. Generic characters ofrecognized genera in the dissertation are revised and amended.
22species are described as new to science (including8species published in2011-2012): Chaetocladius absolutus sp. n., Chaetocladiustibetensis sp. n., Chaetocladius triquetrus sp. n., Heterotrissocladiusflectus Kong&Wang,2011, Heterotrissocladius quartus Kong&Wang,2011, Heterotrissocladius reductus Kong&Wang,2011, Limnophyesbicornis sp. n., Limnophyes ludingensis sp. n., Limnophyes minerus sp. n.,Limnophyes subtilus sp. n., Mesosmittia apsensis Kong&Wang,2011,Mesosmittia brevae Kong&Wang,2011, Mesosmittia gracila Kong&Wang,2011, Orthocladius (Eudactylocladius) brevis sp. n., Orthocladius(Eudactylocladius) fengensis sp. n., Orthocladius (Eudactylocladius)interctus sp. n., Orthocladius (Euorthocladius) albidus sp. n.,Orthocladius (Euorthocladius) flectus sp. n., Orthocladius(Euorthocladius) tibetensis sp. n., Orthocladius (Mesorthocladius)tornatilis Kong&Wang,2012, Orthocladius (Orthocladius) absolutusKong&Wang, Orthocladius (Symposiocladius) futianensis Kong&Wang,2012.
10species are newly recorded to Oriental Region (including4species published): Chaetocladius oyabevenustus Sasa et al., Limnophyestamakitanaides Sasa, Orthocladius (Orthocladius) nitidoscutellatusLundstr m, Orthocladius (Eudactylocladius) musester S ther,Orthocladius (Mesorthocladius) vaillanti Langton&Cranston(published), Orthocladius (Orthocladius) dorenus (Roback),Orthocladius (Orthocladius) manitobensis S the, Orthocladius(Symposiocladius) holsatus Goetghebuer (published), Orthocladius(Symposiocladius) lignicola Kieffer (published), Orthocladius(Symposiocladius) schnelli S ther (published).
2species are newly recorded to Palaearctic Region: Mesosmittiaacutistyla S ther (published), Mesosmittia acutistyla S ther (published).
17species are recorded for the first time to china（including7species published): Chaetocladius oyabevenustus Sasa et al.,Heterotrissocladius scutellatus Goetghebuer, Limnophyes tamakitanaides Sasa、 Mesosmittia acutistyla S ther (published), Orthocladius(Eudactylocladius) musester S ther, Orthocladius (Eudactylocladius)priomixtus S ther, Orthocladius (Eudactylocladius) sublettorumCranston, Orthocladius (Mesorthocladius) vaillanti Langton&Cranston(published), Orthocladius (Orthocladius) rhyacobius Kieffer,Orthocladius (Orthocladius) dorenus (Roback), Orthocladius(Orthocladius) excavatus Brundin, Orthocladius (Orthocladius)manitobensis S ther, Orthocladius (Orthocladius) nitidoscutellatusLundstr m, Orthocladius (Pogonocladius) consobrinus (Holmgren),Orthocladius (Symposiocladius) holsatus Goetghebuer (published),Orthocladius (Symposiocladius) lignicola Kieffer (published),Orthocladius (Symposiocladius) schnelli S ther (published).
5wrong recorded species in China of Wang (2000) are corrected:Heleniella osarumaculata Sasa (Wang2000:636), Limnophyesfuscipygmus Tokunaga (Wang2000:636), Orthocladius (Orthocladius) obumbratus Johansen (Wang2000:637), Orthocladius (Orthocladius)saxicola Kieffer (Wang2000:637), Orthocladius (Orthocladius)yugashimaensis Sasa (Wang2000:637).
17wrong recorded species in Japan of Yamamoto (2004) arecorrected: Krenosmittia yakylemea (Sasa&Suzuki)(Yamamoto2004:45), Limnophyes kibunefuscus Sasa (Yamamoto2004:45), Limnophyeskibunepilosus Sasa (Yamamoto2004:45), Limnophyes oiraquartus Sasa(Yamamoto2004:48), Limnophyes yakyefeus Sasa&Suzuki (Yamamoto2004:50), Orthocladius (Eudactylocladius) biwaniger Sasa&Nishino(Yamamoto2004:57), Orthocladius (Euorthocladius) oirasecundus Sasa(Yamamoto2004:58), Orthocladius (Euorthocladius) shoufukusextusSasa (Yamamoto2004:59), Orthocladius (Euorthocladius) tusimoopeusSasa&Suzuki (Yamamoto2004:59), Orthocladius (Orthocladius)chuzeseptimus Sasa (Yamamoto2004:59), Orthocladius (Orthocladius)filamentosus (Tokunaga)(Yamamoto2004:60), Orthocladius (Orthocladius) kamihiroi Sasa&Hirabayashi (Yamamoto2004:61),Orthocladius (Orthocladius) kamisemai Sasa&Hirabayashi (Yamamoto2004:61), Orthocladius (Orthocladius) seiryugeheus Sasa&Suzuki(Yamamoto2004:61), Orthocladius (Orthocladius) tamaputridus Sasa(Yamamoto2004:61), Orthocladius (Orthocladius) tamarutilus Sasa(Yamamoto2004:61), Orthocladius (Orthocladius) toyamakeleus Sasa(Yamamoto2004:61).
1species are recorded as male adults for the first time to China：Limnophyes pentaplastus (Kieffer).
2new combinations are proposed: Orthocladius (Eudactylocladius)yakyefeus (Sasa&Suzuki) Comb. n. and Psectrocladius toyamakeleus(Sasa) Comb. n.
According to the genera and species distribution data (7genera and319species in the world), a preliminary biogeographic analysis is madebased on both B n rescu's freshwater and Wallace's traditional zoogeographic regionalizations. According to Sclater-Wallanceregionalization, it is obvious that the species distributed in PalaearcticRegion are regarded as dominant in the world (217species,68%ofspecies number of the world). Based on B n rescu’s freshwaterzoogeographic regionalization, these7genera in East Asia have6distributional categories on the specific lever in Sino-Indian Region. Thedata statistics shows East Asia has high species diversity (180species,56%of species number of the world;136endemic species,43%ofspecies number of the world). In East Asia, China has68species (21%ofspecies number of the world and40%of East Asia), including26endemic species (8%of species number of the world and19%of EastAsia). The data statistics reflects that East Asia has high species diversityin the world, and it could be one of the centers of origin and speciation ofthe Subfamily Orthocladiinae. B n rescu’s zoogeographic regionalizationand the traditional regionalization are compared. Based on the higher common species distribution in Oriental China and Japan (PalaeacticRegion), B n rescu’s zoogeographic delimitation is more reasonable thanthe traditional Sclater-Wallance regionalization for aquaticChironomidae.
The list of incorrect identification and correction, geographicaldistribution chart of the seven genera, the species name indexes in bothChinese and Latin are provided as appendixes.
All the Chinese specimens in this study (including type materials)are deposited in the Lab of Chironomidology, College of Life Sciences,Nankai University, China.
总论部分回顾了该七属世界和东亚地区的分类学研究历史和现状；介绍了该类群的分类地位及各个属的分类研究概况、基本形态特征等内容；在材料方法部分详述了标本采集与制片方法以及研究的地理范围。文中同时给出了本研究的意义和目标。
种类记述部分详细描述了七属170种，同时建立了22个新种，记述了7个东洋区新记录种，2个古北区新记录种，17个中国新记录种；并首次在中国记录1种雄成虫；纠正了5个中国错误记录种及17个日本错误记录种，提出2项新组合。编制了该七属的分种检索表（其中包括1个世界范围的检索表，5个东亚范围的检索表，1个中国范围的检索表），列出了已知属、种的文献引证、同物异名、鉴别特征、模式产地和分布地区等资料。依据研究材料和相关文献对Cranston et al.（1989）给出的属级鉴别特征进行了修订和补充。
建立的22个新种为（包括在读期间已发表的8种）：细长沼摇蚊Limnophyes subtilus sp. n.、无棘肛脊摇蚊Mesosmittia apsensis Kong etWang,2011、短肛脊摇蚊Mesosmittia brevae Kong et Wang,2011、纺锤肛脊摇蚊Mesosmittia gracila Kong et Wang,2011、短赭直突摇蚊Orthocladius (Eudactylocladius) brevis sp. n.、无突赭直突摇蚊Orthocladius (Eudactylocladius) fengensis sp. n.、尖秃直突摇蚊Orthocladius (Eudactylocladius) interctus sp. n.、短尖直突摇蚊Orthocladius (Euorthocladius) albidus sp. n.、弯铗直突摇蚊Orthocladius(Euorthocladius) flectus sp. n.、藏直突摇蚊Orthocladius (Euorthocladius)tibetensis sp. n.、钝叶直突摇蚊Orthocladius (Mesorthocladius) tornatilisKong et Wang,2012、胖脊直突摇蚊Orthocladius (Orthocladius)absolutus sp. n.、福田直突摇蚊Orthocladius (Symposiocladius) futianensisKong et Wang,2012。
10个东洋区新记录为（包括在读期间发表的4个种）：小矢部毛突摇蚊Chaetocladius oyabevenustus Sasa et al.、奥多摩沼摇蚊Limnophyestamakitanaides Sasa、隆脊直突摇蚊Orthocladius (Orthocladius)nitidoscutellatus Lundstr m、突叶直突摇蚊Orthocladius(Eudactylocladius) musester S ther、长钝直突摇蚊Orthocladius(Mesorthocladius) vaillanti Langton&Cranston（已发表）、细长直突摇蚊Orthocladius (Orthocladius) dorenus (Roback)、三角直突摇蚊Orthocladius (Orthocladius) manitobensis S ther、直茎直突摇蚊Orthocladius (Symposiocladius) holsatus Goetghebuer（已发表）、木直突摇蚊Orthocladius (Symposiocladius) lignicola Kieffer（已发表）、塞利直突摇蚊Orthocladius (Symposiocladius) schnelli S ther（已发表）。
2个古北区新纪录为：尖铗肛脊摇蚊Mesosmittia acutistyla S ther（已发表）、寄莼直突摇蚊Orthocladius (Pogonocladius) consobrinus(Holmgren)（已发表）。
17个中国新记录种为（包括在读期间发表的7种）：小矢部毛突摇蚊Chaetocladius oyabevenustus Sasa et al.、小盾异三突摇蚊Heterotrissocladius scutellatus Goetghebuer（已发表）、奥多摩沼摇蚊Limnophyes tamakitanaides Sasa、尖铗肛脊摇蚊Mesosmittia acutistylaS the（r已发表）、突叶直突摇蚊Orthocladius (Eudactylocladius) musesterS ther、尖角直突摇蚊Orthocladius (Eudactylocladius) priomixtusS ther、苏伯来直突摇蚊Orthocladius (Eudactylocladius) sublettorumCranston、长钝直突摇蚊Orthocladius (Mesorthocladius) vaillanti Langton&Cranston （已发表）、短尖直突摇蚊Orthocladius (Orthocladius)rhyacobius Kieffer、细长直突摇蚊Orthocladius (Orthocladius) dorenus(Roback)、窄刺直突摇蚊Orthocladius (Orthocladius) excavatus Brundin、三角直突摇蚊Orthocladius (Orthocladius) manitobensis S ther、隆脊直突摇蚊Orthocladius (Orthocladius) nitidoscutellatus Lundstr m、寄莼直突摇蚊Orthocladius (Pogonocladius) consobrinus (Holmgren)（已发表）、直茎直突摇蚊Orthocladius (Symposiocladius) holsatus Goetghebuer（已发表）、木直突摇蚊Orthocladius (Symposiocladius) lignicola Kieffer（已发表）、塞利直突摇蚊Orthocladius (Symposiocladius) schnelli S the（r已发表）。
首次在中国记录的1个雄成虫种类是：五鬃沼摇蚊Limnophyespentaplastus (Kieffer)。
纠正了5个Wang（2000）中给出的中国错误记录种类：Heleniellaosarumaculata Sasa (Wang2000:636)、Limnophyes fuscipygmus Tokunaga(Wang2000:636)、Orthocladius (Orthocladius) obumbratus Johansen(Wang2000:637)、Orthocladius (Orthocladius) saxicola Kieffer (Wang2000:637)、Orthocladius (Orthocladius) yugashimaensis Sasa (Wang2000:637)。
纠正了17个Yamamoto（2004）中给出的日本错误记录种类：Krenosmittia yakylemea (Sasa&Suzuki)(Yamamoto2004:45)、Limnophyes kibunefuscus Sasa (Yamamoto2004:45)、 Limnophyeskibunepilosus Sasa (Yamamoto2004:45)、Limnophyes oiraquartus Sasa(Yamamoto2004:48)、Limnophyes yakyefeus Sasa&Suzuki (Yamamoto2004:50)、Orthocladius (Eudactylocladius) biwaniger Sasa&Nishino(Yamamoto2004:57)、Orthocladius (Euorthocladius) oirasecundus Sasa(Yamamoto2004:58)、Orthocladius (Euorthocladius) shoufukusextus Sasa(Yamamoto2004:59)、Orthocladius (Euorthocladius) tusimoopeus Sasa&Suzuki (Yamamoto2004:59)、Orthocladius (Orthocladius) chuzeseptimusSasa (Yamamoto2004:59)、Orthocladius (Orthocladius) filamentosus(Tokunaga)(Yamamoto2004:60)、Orthocladius (Orthocladius) kamihiroiSasa&Hirabayashi (Yamamoto2004:61)、Orthocladius (Orthocladius)kamisemai Sasa&Hirabayashi (Yamamoto2004:61)、 Orthocladius(Orthocladius) seiryugeheus Sasa&Suzuki (Yamamoto2004:61)、Orthocladius (Orthocladius) tamaputridus Sasa (Yamamoto2004:61)、Orthocladius (Orthocladius) tamarutilus Sasa (Yamamoto2004:61)、Orthocladius (Orthocladius) toyamakeleus Sasa (Yamamoto2004:61)。
提出的2项新组合是：屋久杉赭直突摇蚊Orthocladius(Eudactylocladius) yakyefeus (Sasa&Suzuki)（=Limnophyes yakyefeus）和富山刀突摇蚊Psectrocladius toyamakeleus (Sasa)（=Orthocladius(Orthocladius) toyamakeleus Sasa）。
生物地理区系分析部分，分别依据Wallace传统区划和B n rescu世界淡水生物地理区划对世界记录(本研究之后)的七属319种和东亚地区记录的七属180种进行生物地理学分析，结果表明东亚地区的该七属有较高的物种多样性。根据Wallace传统区划，古北区占优势，共计217种，占世界种类的68%。据B n rescu世界淡水生物地理区划，该七属在中印区各亚区共有6种分布类型，结果显示东亚亚区具有较高的物种多样性（180种，占世界总种类的56%）；特有种共计136种，占世界总种类43%）。由此推断东亚地区应为该七属的重要起源和物种分化地区之一。在东亚地区内，中国该七属种类共计68种，占世界总种类数的21%，占东亚种数的40%；特有种类共计26种，占世界种类总数的8%，占东亚种数的19%。文中同时对B n rescu世界淡水生物地理区划和Wallace传统动物地理区划的合理性进行了比较分析，依据中国东洋区和日本（古北区）分布种类较高的共有特点，求证了传统动物地理区划对水生动物的局限性和B n rescu的淡水动物地理区划将传统古北区的东南部和传统东洋区的全部归为中印区的合理性。
文末列出了该类群在东亚地区各国以及在中国各省份的地理分布表、错误鉴定与修订后的种名对照、拉丁学名、中文学名索引等附录。
本研究中的中国标本（包括模式标本）保存在南开大学生命科学学院摇蚊学研究室。
The seven genera of Orthocladiinae Chaetocladius, Heleniella,Heterotrissocladius, Krenosmittia, Limnophyes, Mesosmittia,Orthocladius, from East Asia, were poorly studied in the world. East Asiabelongs to the Sino-Indian Region (except Southeast Asia), which is oneof the largest area in B n rescu’s zoogeographic regionalization andrich in species diversity. This thesis is the first comprehensiverevised systematic study on the seven genera from East Asia. Thedissertation comprises three main sections: introduction,classification and bio-geographic analysis.
In the section of introduction, the research history and currentresearch status of the seven genera are reviewed both in East Asia andworldwide; classification and morphological characters in each genus areintroduced together with the taxonomic status; material collection and handling in addition to investigation area are described. Objectives andsignificance of this study are also stated.
In the section of classification,170species of the seven genera aredescribed in detail. Among the taxa,22species are described as new toscience;7species are newly recorded to the Oriental Region;2speciesare newly recorded to the Palaearctic Region;17species are recorded toChina for the first time;1species is recorded as male adults for the firsttime to China;5wrong recorded species in China of Wang (2000) and17wrong recorded species in Japan of Yamamoto (2004) are corrected.2new combinations are proposed. Synonyms of known taxa are listed inchronological order. The available data on geographical distribution arealso reported. Keys to species in the worldwide (1genus), in East Asia (5genera) and in China (1genus) are given. Generic characters ofrecognized genera in the dissertation are revised and amended.
22species are described as new to science (including8species published in2011-2012): Chaetocladius absolutus sp. n., Chaetocladiustibetensis sp. n., Chaetocladius triquetrus sp. n., Heterotrissocladiusflectus Kong&Wang,2011, Heterotrissocladius quartus Kong&Wang,2011, Heterotrissocladius reductus Kong&Wang,2011, Limnophyesbicornis sp. n., Limnophyes ludingensis sp. n., Limnophyes minerus sp. n.,Limnophyes subtilus sp. n., Mesosmittia apsensis Kong&Wang,2011,Mesosmittia brevae Kong&Wang,2011, Mesosmittia gracila Kong&Wang,2011, Orthocladius (Eudactylocladius) brevis sp. n., Orthocladius(Eudactylocladius) fengensis sp. n., Orthocladius (Eudactylocladius)interctus sp. n., Orthocladius (Euorthocladius) albidus sp. n.,Orthocladius (Euorthocladius) flectus sp. n., Orthocladius(Euorthocladius) tibetensis sp. n., Orthocladius (Mesorthocladius)tornatilis Kong&Wang,2012, Orthocladius (Orthocladius) absolutusKong&Wang, Orthocladius (Symposiocladius) futianensis Kong&Wang,2012.
10species are newly recorded to Oriental Region (including4species published): Chaetocladius oyabevenustus Sasa et al., Limnophyestamakitanaides Sasa, Orthocladius (Orthocladius) nitidoscutellatusLundstr m, Orthocladius (Eudactylocladius) musester S ther,Orthocladius (Mesorthocladius) vaillanti Langton&Cranston(published), Orthocladius (Orthocladius) dorenus (Roback),Orthocladius (Orthocladius) manitobensis S the, Orthocladius(Symposiocladius) holsatus Goetghebuer (published), Orthocladius(Symposiocladius) lignicola Kieffer (published), Orthocladius(Symposiocladius) schnelli S ther (published).
2species are newly recorded to Palaearctic Region: Mesosmittiaacutistyla S ther (published), Mesosmittia acutistyla S ther (published).
17species are recorded for the first time to china（including7species published): Chaetocladius oyabevenustus Sasa et al.,Heterotrissocladius scutellatus Goetghebuer, Limnophyes tamakitanaides Sasa、 Mesosmittia acutistyla S ther (published), Orthocladius(Eudactylocladius) musester S ther, Orthocladius (Eudactylocladius)priomixtus S ther, Orthocladius (Eudactylocladius) sublettorumCranston, Orthocladius (Mesorthocladius) vaillanti Langton&Cranston(published), Orthocladius (Orthocladius) rhyacobius Kieffer,Orthocladius (Orthocladius) dorenus (Roback), Orthocladius(Orthocladius) excavatus Brundin, Orthocladius (Orthocladius)manitobensis S ther, Orthocladius (Orthocladius) nitidoscutellatusLundstr m, Orthocladius (Pogonocladius) consobrinus (Holmgren),Orthocladius (Symposiocladius) holsatus Goetghebuer (published),Orthocladius (Symposiocladius) lignicola Kieffer (published),Orthocladius (Symposiocladius) schnelli S ther (published).
5wrong recorded species in China of Wang (2000) are corrected:Heleniella osarumaculata Sasa (Wang2000:636), Limnophyesfuscipygmus Tokunaga (Wang2000:636), Orthocladius (Orthocladius) obumbratus Johansen (Wang2000:637), Orthocladius (Orthocladius)saxicola Kieffer (Wang2000:637), Orthocladius (Orthocladius)yugashimaensis Sasa (Wang2000:637).
17wrong recorded species in Japan of Yamamoto (2004) arecorrected: Krenosmittia yakylemea (Sasa&Suzuki)(Yamamoto2004:45), Limnophyes kibunefuscus Sasa (Yamamoto2004:45), Limnophyeskibunepilosus Sasa (Yamamoto2004:45), Limnophyes oiraquartus Sasa(Yamamoto2004:48), Limnophyes yakyefeus Sasa&Suzuki (Yamamoto2004:50), Orthocladius (Eudactylocladius) biwaniger Sasa&Nishino(Yamamoto2004:57), Orthocladius (Euorthocladius) oirasecundus Sasa(Yamamoto2004:58), Orthocladius (Euorthocladius) shoufukusextusSasa (Yamamoto2004:59), Orthocladius (Euorthocladius) tusimoopeusSasa&Suzuki (Yamamoto2004:59), Orthocladius (Orthocladius)chuzeseptimus Sasa (Yamamoto2004:59), Orthocladius (Orthocladius)filamentosus (Tokunaga)(Yamamoto2004:60), Orthocladius (Orthocladius) kamihiroi Sasa&Hirabayashi (Yamamoto2004:61),Orthocladius (Orthocladius) kamisemai Sasa&Hirabayashi (Yamamoto2004:61), Orthocladius (Orthocladius) seiryugeheus Sasa&Suzuki(Yamamoto2004:61), Orthocladius (Orthocladius) tamaputridus Sasa(Yamamoto2004:61), Orthocladius (Orthocladius) tamarutilus Sasa(Yamamoto2004:61), Orthocladius (Orthocladius) toyamakeleus Sasa(Yamamoto2004:61).
1species are recorded as male adults for the first time to China：Limnophyes pentaplastus (Kieffer).
2new combinations are proposed: Orthocladius (Eudactylocladius)yakyefeus (Sasa&Suzuki) Comb. n. and Psectrocladius toyamakeleus(Sasa) Comb. n.
According to the genera and species distribution data (7genera and319species in the world), a preliminary biogeographic analysis is madebased on both B n rescu's freshwater and Wallace's traditional zoogeographic regionalizations. According to Sclater-Wallanceregionalization, it is obvious that the species distributed in PalaearcticRegion are regarded as dominant in the world (217species,68%ofspecies number of the world). Based on B n rescu’s freshwaterzoogeographic regionalization, these7genera in East Asia have6distributional categories on the specific lever in Sino-Indian Region. Thedata statistics shows East Asia has high species diversity (180species,56%of species number of the world;136endemic species,43%ofspecies number of the world). In East Asia, China has68species (21%ofspecies number of the world and40%of East Asia), including26endemic species (8%of species number of the world and19%of EastAsia). The data statistics reflects that East Asia has high species diversityin the world, and it could be one of the centers of origin and speciation ofthe Subfamily Orthocladiinae. B n rescu’s zoogeographic regionalizationand the traditional regionalization are compared. Based on the higher common species distribution in Oriental China and Japan (PalaeacticRegion), B n rescu’s zoogeographic delimitation is more reasonable thanthe traditional Sclater-Wallance regionalization for aquaticChironomidae.
The list of incorrect identification and correction, geographicaldistribution chart of the seven genera, the species name indexes in bothChinese and Latin are provided as appendixes.
All the Chinese specimens in this study (including type materials)are deposited in the Lab of Chironomidology, College of Life Sciences,Nankai University, China.
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