内燃机进、排气系统声学分析的三维时域脉冲法
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摘要
进、排气系统是内燃机的重要部件,其声学特性是决定进、排气噪声大小的关键因素。进、排气系统声学特性不仅与本身结构有关,还受贯穿其中的进、排气气流影响。进、排气系统声学特性的分析方法包括频域和时域方法,频域方法在分析气流的声学影响时具有局限性；时域方法,尤其是三维计算流体动力学法(Computational Dynamic Fluid-CFD)能弥补频域方法在这方面的不足,可以直接求解系统受平均流作用时的声学特性。
本文提出一种以CFD为理论依据,以脉冲为声源输入,以分析进、出口时域脉动信号为手段,通过合理使用无反射边界和反射边界,求解气流管道系统传递损失、消声量和四极子矩阵等声学特性的三维时域脉冲法。在无平均流和有平均流两种条件下,研究三维时域脉冲法的相关问题,包括：边界条件设置、求解器设置、无法兰开口末端的模拟、平均气流和温度场的加载、湍流模型、模型网格等。计算传递损失时,出口设为无反射边界；计算消声量时,通过等效延长管法或直接建模法模拟无法兰开口末端边界。分析各种方法的计算结果,研究与声波传播方向相反或相同的平均流对管道系统声学特性的影响。研究求解管道系统四极子矩阵——散射矩阵和传递矩阵的三维时域脉冲方法,结合进、排气口的频域声学特性,可计算在进、排气气流作用下管道系统的消声量和阻抗,解决了三维时域脉冲法模拟进、排气口声学特性不够准确的问题。进、排气系统内往往含有多孔吸声材料,比如进气空滤器的滤芯和排气消声器内的玻璃纤维。提出一种基于仿真-实验结果拟合的方法,提取多孔材料的声学参数。重点研究了多孔材料的三维CFD模拟方法；与实验测量结果比较,对比了三维时域脉冲法和声学有限元法的特点。
利用三维时域脉冲法完成了三个工程实例。1,采用三维时域脉冲法研究涡轮增压内燃机的压气机出口消声器在高速气流作用下的声学性能；结合压气机出口噪声的测量实验,评估了消声器对压气机出口高频噪声的衰减能力；依据三维时域脉冲法,对消声器进行声学优化,以提高其声学性能。2,应用三维时域脉冲法计算排气消声器在高温排气作用下的传递矩阵,求解其传递损失和消声量,发现600Hz内排气消声器的消声性能随马赫数和温度的升高降低；根据多负载最小二乘法提取的声源和三维时域脉冲法计算的排气系统传递矩阵,预测排气噪声,预测结果在600Hz内的误差较小,其中2阶、4阶、6阶和8阶成分的计算值与测量值吻合良好。3,结合进气噪声源和三维时域脉冲法计算的进气系统声学特性,预测进气噪声,与测量值对比,分析误差产生的原因和总结工作中需要改进之处；针对进气噪声的突出成分,对进气系统进行声学优化,同时计算了优化后进气系统的消声量和进气噪声,并通过整车定置实验和道路实验,测量了进气噪声和车内噪声；综合进气系统消声量计算值、进气噪声的计算值和实验测量结果,发现优化前后的计算值变化趋势与测量结果相符,且优化后进气系统实现了降低进气噪声的工程目的。
The acoustic characteristics of intake and exhaust systems, as important components of the ICE (internal combustion engine), are key factors to determine the intake and exhaust noise value. The acoustic properties of the intake and the exhaust systems are not only associated with their structure, but also influenced by the airflow there through. Frequency-domain and time-domain methods are adopted to analyze the acoustic properties. The former has limitations in analyzing the acoustic effects of the airflow, while the time-domain methods, especially the3D CFD (Three-dimensional Computational Fluid Dynamics) method, are adequate to directly calculating the acoustic properties of the system considering the mean flow effect.
In this dissertation, a3D time-domain pulse (TDP) method, which was theoretically based on CFD, by inputting a pulse as sound source, by means of analyzing time-domain fluctuations at the inlet and outlet and fairly using non-reficetive and reflective boundaries, was proposed in order to solve acoustic properties of flow-duct system, i.e. TL (Transmission Loss), NR (Noise Reduction), four-pole matrix, etc. Under the conditions of without and with mean flow, issues were studied related to the3D TDP method, which included boundary setup, solver setup, simulation of the flangless open end, load of the flow-field and temperature-field, setups of the turbulent model, the grid model, and so on. The outlet was set as non-reflective boundary in calculating TL, and the flangeless open end was simulated either by the correction pipe method or by the direct modeling method, while calculating NR. With the results obtained by various methods, the influence of the intake and the exhaust flow on the acoustic properties was analyzed. The3D TDP method of calculating the silencer four-pole matrices including scattering matrix and transfer matrix was studied. Combined with the frequency-domain acoustic characteristics of the intake or the exhaust port, the NR and impedance of silencers could be obtained considering the mean-flow effects. The matrix method has solved the inaccuracy problem of the3D TDP method directly simulating the acoustic character of intake and exhaust ports. As known, intake and exhaust systems often contain a porous sound-absorbing material, such as filter element in the intake air-cleaner and glass fiber in the exhaust muffler. A method based on value fitting between simulated and measured results was proposed to obtain the acoustic parameters of the porous material. Emphasis was made on the3D TDP method of simulating porous material, and features of the acoustic finite element method and the3D TDP method was discussed, based on the comparison of the calculated results to the measured ones.
The3D TDP method was utilized to fulfill three engineering projects. First, the method was adopted to predict the acoustic performance of the compressor outlet silencer in the influence of high speed flow. According to the compressor outlet noise measurement, the noise attenuation at high frequencies of the silencer was evaluated. Further, the silencer was acoustically optimized to improve its acoustic performance. Second, the3D TDP method was used to calculate the transfer matrix of the exhaust muffler with high-temperature flow. The TL and NR of the muffler were obtained, and it was found that within600Hz, the performance of the muffler decreased with increasing Mach number and temperature. Besides, the exhaust noise was predicted based on the acoustical source obtained by the multi-load least-squares method and the transfer matrix of the exhaust system calculated by the TDP approach. Accepted bias existed within600Hz between the calculated result and the measured one, and values of the2nd,4th,6th,8th order were in good agreement. Third, the intake noise was predicted based on the acoustical source and acoustic properties of the intake system calculated by the TDP method. It was compared with the measurement, in order to analyze the error causes and guide improvement. The intake system was acoustically optimized for reducing the prominent parts of the intake noise. Afterwards, NR and intake noise were calculated, and vehicle stationary and road tests were conducted to measure the intake noise and the vehicle interior noise. According to the calculated and the measured results, it was found that the variation of the calculated results before and after optimization matches well with the measured results, and the optimized intake system achieved the engineering purposes of reducing the intake noise.
本文提出一种以CFD为理论依据,以脉冲为声源输入,以分析进、出口时域脉动信号为手段,通过合理使用无反射边界和反射边界,求解气流管道系统传递损失、消声量和四极子矩阵等声学特性的三维时域脉冲法。在无平均流和有平均流两种条件下,研究三维时域脉冲法的相关问题,包括：边界条件设置、求解器设置、无法兰开口末端的模拟、平均气流和温度场的加载、湍流模型、模型网格等。计算传递损失时,出口设为无反射边界；计算消声量时,通过等效延长管法或直接建模法模拟无法兰开口末端边界。分析各种方法的计算结果,研究与声波传播方向相反或相同的平均流对管道系统声学特性的影响。研究求解管道系统四极子矩阵——散射矩阵和传递矩阵的三维时域脉冲方法,结合进、排气口的频域声学特性,可计算在进、排气气流作用下管道系统的消声量和阻抗,解决了三维时域脉冲法模拟进、排气口声学特性不够准确的问题。进、排气系统内往往含有多孔吸声材料,比如进气空滤器的滤芯和排气消声器内的玻璃纤维。提出一种基于仿真-实验结果拟合的方法,提取多孔材料的声学参数。重点研究了多孔材料的三维CFD模拟方法；与实验测量结果比较,对比了三维时域脉冲法和声学有限元法的特点。
利用三维时域脉冲法完成了三个工程实例。1,采用三维时域脉冲法研究涡轮增压内燃机的压气机出口消声器在高速气流作用下的声学性能；结合压气机出口噪声的测量实验,评估了消声器对压气机出口高频噪声的衰减能力；依据三维时域脉冲法,对消声器进行声学优化,以提高其声学性能。2,应用三维时域脉冲法计算排气消声器在高温排气作用下的传递矩阵,求解其传递损失和消声量,发现600Hz内排气消声器的消声性能随马赫数和温度的升高降低；根据多负载最小二乘法提取的声源和三维时域脉冲法计算的排气系统传递矩阵,预测排气噪声,预测结果在600Hz内的误差较小,其中2阶、4阶、6阶和8阶成分的计算值与测量值吻合良好。3,结合进气噪声源和三维时域脉冲法计算的进气系统声学特性,预测进气噪声,与测量值对比,分析误差产生的原因和总结工作中需要改进之处；针对进气噪声的突出成分,对进气系统进行声学优化,同时计算了优化后进气系统的消声量和进气噪声,并通过整车定置实验和道路实验,测量了进气噪声和车内噪声；综合进气系统消声量计算值、进气噪声的计算值和实验测量结果,发现优化前后的计算值变化趋势与测量结果相符,且优化后进气系统实现了降低进气噪声的工程目的。
The acoustic characteristics of intake and exhaust systems, as important components of the ICE (internal combustion engine), are key factors to determine the intake and exhaust noise value. The acoustic properties of the intake and the exhaust systems are not only associated with their structure, but also influenced by the airflow there through. Frequency-domain and time-domain methods are adopted to analyze the acoustic properties. The former has limitations in analyzing the acoustic effects of the airflow, while the time-domain methods, especially the3D CFD (Three-dimensional Computational Fluid Dynamics) method, are adequate to directly calculating the acoustic properties of the system considering the mean flow effect.
In this dissertation, a3D time-domain pulse (TDP) method, which was theoretically based on CFD, by inputting a pulse as sound source, by means of analyzing time-domain fluctuations at the inlet and outlet and fairly using non-reficetive and reflective boundaries, was proposed in order to solve acoustic properties of flow-duct system, i.e. TL (Transmission Loss), NR (Noise Reduction), four-pole matrix, etc. Under the conditions of without and with mean flow, issues were studied related to the3D TDP method, which included boundary setup, solver setup, simulation of the flangless open end, load of the flow-field and temperature-field, setups of the turbulent model, the grid model, and so on. The outlet was set as non-reflective boundary in calculating TL, and the flangeless open end was simulated either by the correction pipe method or by the direct modeling method, while calculating NR. With the results obtained by various methods, the influence of the intake and the exhaust flow on the acoustic properties was analyzed. The3D TDP method of calculating the silencer four-pole matrices including scattering matrix and transfer matrix was studied. Combined with the frequency-domain acoustic characteristics of the intake or the exhaust port, the NR and impedance of silencers could be obtained considering the mean-flow effects. The matrix method has solved the inaccuracy problem of the3D TDP method directly simulating the acoustic character of intake and exhaust ports. As known, intake and exhaust systems often contain a porous sound-absorbing material, such as filter element in the intake air-cleaner and glass fiber in the exhaust muffler. A method based on value fitting between simulated and measured results was proposed to obtain the acoustic parameters of the porous material. Emphasis was made on the3D TDP method of simulating porous material, and features of the acoustic finite element method and the3D TDP method was discussed, based on the comparison of the calculated results to the measured ones.
The3D TDP method was utilized to fulfill three engineering projects. First, the method was adopted to predict the acoustic performance of the compressor outlet silencer in the influence of high speed flow. According to the compressor outlet noise measurement, the noise attenuation at high frequencies of the silencer was evaluated. Further, the silencer was acoustically optimized to improve its acoustic performance. Second, the3D TDP method was used to calculate the transfer matrix of the exhaust muffler with high-temperature flow. The TL and NR of the muffler were obtained, and it was found that within600Hz, the performance of the muffler decreased with increasing Mach number and temperature. Besides, the exhaust noise was predicted based on the acoustical source obtained by the multi-load least-squares method and the transfer matrix of the exhaust system calculated by the TDP approach. Accepted bias existed within600Hz between the calculated result and the measured one, and values of the2nd,4th,6th,8th order were in good agreement. Third, the intake noise was predicted based on the acoustical source and acoustic properties of the intake system calculated by the TDP method. It was compared with the measurement, in order to analyze the error causes and guide improvement. The intake system was acoustically optimized for reducing the prominent parts of the intake noise. Afterwards, NR and intake noise were calculated, and vehicle stationary and road tests were conducted to measure the intake noise and the vehicle interior noise. According to the calculated and the measured results, it was found that the variation of the calculated results before and after optimization matches well with the measured results, and the optimized intake system achieved the engineering purposes of reducing the intake noise.
引文
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