湍流有旋流冷态流场及扩散火焰的大涡模拟
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摘要
旋流可以产生回流区以及增强燃料和氧化剂的混合,常用在实际燃烧器中以稳定火焰。旋流场常存在涡旋破碎、进动涡核等低频振动的大尺度拟序结构,会对燃烧场产生复杂的影响。随着计算机技术的发展,数值计算已经成为湍流流动及燃烧研究的重要工具。大涡模拟(LES)可以直接求解湍流场中含有大部分能量的大尺度湍流运动,在研究旋流冷态流动和燃烧场的流场结构、火焰结构以及湍流与火焰相互作用中发挥着越来越重要的作用。
分层旋流燃烧器和悉尼旋流燃烧器已有详细冷态和燃烧场的实验数据,非常适合研究旋流的流场特征及其对燃烧过程的影响。本文先采用大涡模拟方法计算了分层旋流燃烧器和悉尼旋流燃烧器的冷态流场,使用模拟结果详细分析了两种旋流器的冷态流场结构。然后结合化学热力学建表的火焰面／进度变量(FPV)亚格子燃烧模型,开展悉尼旋流燃烧器中的两个典型燃烧过程的大涡模拟,分析火焰结构及不稳定性等特征。
分层旋流燃烧器的冷态流场中主要有钝体回流区和旋流剪切层等流场结构,并产生了螺旋涡的脱落与破碎、进动涡核等不稳定现象。钝体回流区由内侧的环形射流流经钝体后形成。螺旋涡产生于环形旋流出口的剪切层内,然后发生脱落,并在下游发生破碎；增大旋流强度,涡旋破碎发生的位置向上游移动。进动涡核存在于钝体回流区下游中轴线附近,剪切层的Kelvin-Helmholtz不稳定性形成了上述两种涡旋结构。本文数值研究旋流数为0.00、0.25、0.45和0.79时四个工况下的流场特征。四个旋流数下钝体回流区的大小没有明显改变,轴向长度都约为20mm。涡旋脱落现象存在于低旋流数0.25的流动。有旋条件下,下游流场存在着进动涡核；旋流数增大后,功率谱的结果表明进动特征明显增强,但进动频率没有明显变化；随着流场的发展,进动特征沿流向逐渐衰减。旋流数较大时(0.45和0.79)钝体回流区末端出现低频进动,表明了回流区的不稳定性。冷态流场的POD分析结果表明,涡旋脱落形成了相互平行的大尺度环形拟序结构,而进动涡核形成了螺旋形的拟序结构,两种拟序结构都在下游发生破碎。利用POD结果对涡量和雷诺应力做三次分解,结果表明流场的拉伸是造成涡旋破碎的主要原因。
悉尼旋流燃烧器的钝体中心多了一股燃料射流,流场的参数组合更加丰富。流场中存在着钝体回流区、二次回流区(涡旋破碎泡)和“颈圈状”结构等,并伴有涡旋破碎、中心射流和“颈圈状”区域的进动涡核以及二次回流区的周期性收缩与膨胀等不稳定性现象。本文分别开展无旋(旋流数为零,雷诺数为32400、41900和59000)、高雷诺数(雷诺数为59000,而旋流数为0.40、0.45和0.54)和低雷诺数(雷诺数为32400,旋流数为0.57、0.68、0.91和1.59)三大类工况的大涡模拟。结果表明钝体回流区的长度与雷诺数的关系不大,而旋流强度明显影响回流区的长度。下游二次回流区主要存在于高雷诺数的工况下。中心射流和“颈圈状”结构附近分别存在着两个独立的进动涡核,使得附近流场产生明显的低频进动。二次回流区(涡旋破碎泡)具有较弱的周期性收缩／崩塌与膨胀的不稳定特征。冷态流场的POD分析结果表明,中心射流和“颈圈状”区域的进动涡核分别在它们对应的流场位置形成了圆柱状拟序结构,随着流场向下游发展,圆柱形涡旋结构逐渐分裂成若干相互缠绕的螺旋涡结构：二次回流区(涡旋破碎泡)的周期性收缩与膨胀则形成了围绕在回流区周围的多个螺旋形的拟序结构。涡量和雷诺应力的三次分解结果表明,旋流和中心射流出口处的涡旋破碎是流场拉伸的结果。
本文采用LES结合FPV方法计算了悉尼旋流燃烧器的扩散火焰SM1和部分预混火焰SMA2。结果表明,采用充分发展的管流作为中心燃料射流的进口条件后,燃烧场的湍流混合过程、温度以及燃烧产物的分布计算得更好。火焰SM1的颈部区域和火焰SMA2的钝体回流区末端具有很高的标量耗散率,导致了局部熄火,增加了数值计算的困难程度。火焰SM1的中心射流存在着不规则进动,这增强了燃料与外侧空气的混合效果；下游二次回流区存在着较弱的周期性收缩/崩塌与膨胀现象。燃烧放热使得SMA2的钝体回流区膨胀变长,钝体回流区存在着周期性收缩/崩塌与膨胀现象。钝体回流区和二次回流区在火焰驻定中起到重要作用,特别是下游二次回流区的存在能明显增强燃烧的稳定性。
本文的工作为研究和设计性能良好的实际燃烧器提供了一些有益的参考信
Swirling flow is commonly used in the practical burner to stabilize the flame, due to the recirculation zone induced by swirl flow and ability to enhance fuel/oxidizer mixing. Swirl flow contains a variety of large-scale coherent structures, such as vortex breakdown (VB) and precessing vortex core (PVC), which have complex influence on flame. With the rapid development of computer resource and computational fluid dynamics, numerical simulation has become one of the most important approaches in research of turbulent flow and combustion. Large eddy simulation (LES) can directly solve the large-scale motion, which contains the most energy in turbulent flow fields. Nowadays, the LES approach plays a more and more important role to study the turbulent flow structures, flame structures and the interaction between turbulence and chemical reactions.
Stratified swirl burner and Sydney swirl burner, which have the detail experimental data for non-reactive flow and combustion, are suitable to study the characteristics of swirl flow fields and the impact on combustion process. LES were performed to study the non-reactive flow of two types of swirl burners. Combined with the flamelet/progress variables (FPV) subgrid combustion model based on the thermo-chemical table, LES were also performed on two typical combustion process of Sydney swirl burner to investigate the turbulence/chemistry interactions.
The flow field of stratified swirl burner contains bluff-body stabilized recirculation zone and swirl shear layers, and exists some kinds of instability phenomena, such as spiral vortex shedding and breakdown, PVC et al. Bluff-body recirculation zone is formed by inner annular jet. Spiral vortex generates in the swirl shear layers, which sheds from the swirling flow exit and then breaks down downstream. With the increasing of swirl number, the vortex breakdown occurs more upstream. PVC exists near the central axis behind bluff-body stabilized recirculation zone. Both of the spiral vortex and PVC are formed as the result of the Kelvin-Helmholtz instability of swirl shear layers. The flow features under four swirl numbers0.00,0.25,0.45and0.79were numerical studied. The results show that, the axial lengths of bluff-body recirculation zone are approximately20mm under four swirl numbers. The vortex shedding occurs under lower swirl number0.25. In swirling flow, PVC exists in downstream region. The power spectrum results show that the strengthen of procession motion increase obviously, while the frequencies keep unchanged under higher swirl numbers, but decays along the flow direction. The terminal of bluff-body stabilized recirculation zone appears precession motion under higher swirl numbers0.45and0.79, which indicates the instability of recirculation zone. The results of proper orthogonal decomposition (POD) show that, the vortex shedding forms the large-scale parallel annular coherent structures, and the PVC forms the spiral coherent structures. The vorticity and Reynolds stress distributions given by triple decomposition (TD) based on the data of POD indicate that the flow stretch is the main reason of vortex breakdown.
A extra fuel jet in the central of bluff-body of the Sydney swirl burner will lead to more operating conditions. The flow field contains bluff-body stabilized recirculation zone, second recirculation zone (vortex breakdown bubble, VBB) and "collar-like" structure, and some kinds of instability phenomena such as vortex breakdown, PVC in central jet and "collar-like" structure region, cyclic collapse/contraction and expansion of VBB et al. The LES was carried out under three categories of operating conditions:non-swirling (Sg=0, Res=32400,41900and59000), higher Reynolds number (Res=59000, Sg=0.40,0.45and0.54) and lower Reynolds number (Res=32400, Sg=0.57,0.68,0.91and1.59). The predicted length of bluff-body stabilized recirculation zone is sensitivity to swirl numbers, but not to Reynolds numbers. The large VBB are formed in downstream region under higher Reynolds numbers. Two independent PVCs, leading to the low frequency precession of flow fields, exist in the regions of central jet and "collar-like" structure respectively. Comparing with PVC, the predicted cyclic collapse/contraction and expansion of VBB is a type of weak instability. The POD results of non-reactive flow shows that the PVCs of central jet and "collar-like" structure forms the large-scale columned coherent structures respectively, which divides into several intertwine spiral vortex structures downstream. The instability of VBB forms several spiral coherent structures around the recirculation zone. The coherent vorticity and Reynolds stress given by triple decomposition (TD) using POD data indicate that the flow stretch is main reason of vortex breakdown.
Large eddy simulation combined with FPV subgrid combustion model were applied to study the diffusion flame SM1and partial premixed flame SMA2respectively in Sydney swirl burner. Good results of turbulent mixing, mean temperature and species mass fractions can be obtained by using the outlet instantaneous velocity of developed turbulent piped flow as turbulent inlet velocity of central fuel jet. The results show that, much higher scalar dissipation rate, causing the partial quenching, appears in the neck region of SM1and the terminal of bluff-body stabilized recirculation zone of SMA2, which increases the difficulty of numerical calculation in swirling combustion. In the flame SM1, the irregular precession of central jet can strengthen the mixing effect of fuel/air; the VBB presents a weak unstable phenomenon called cyclic contraction/collapse and expansion. In flame SMA2, the combustion heat release causes the expansion and elongation of bluff-body stabilized recirculation zone, which presents the cyclic contraction/collapse and expansion. The bluff-body stabilized recirculation zone and VBB play an important role on flame stabilization. Especially, the existence of VBB can enhance the stability of combustion.
The work of this paper can provide some useful reference information for research and design the practical combustor with good performance.
分层旋流燃烧器和悉尼旋流燃烧器已有详细冷态和燃烧场的实验数据,非常适合研究旋流的流场特征及其对燃烧过程的影响。本文先采用大涡模拟方法计算了分层旋流燃烧器和悉尼旋流燃烧器的冷态流场,使用模拟结果详细分析了两种旋流器的冷态流场结构。然后结合化学热力学建表的火焰面／进度变量(FPV)亚格子燃烧模型,开展悉尼旋流燃烧器中的两个典型燃烧过程的大涡模拟,分析火焰结构及不稳定性等特征。
分层旋流燃烧器的冷态流场中主要有钝体回流区和旋流剪切层等流场结构,并产生了螺旋涡的脱落与破碎、进动涡核等不稳定现象。钝体回流区由内侧的环形射流流经钝体后形成。螺旋涡产生于环形旋流出口的剪切层内,然后发生脱落,并在下游发生破碎；增大旋流强度,涡旋破碎发生的位置向上游移动。进动涡核存在于钝体回流区下游中轴线附近,剪切层的Kelvin-Helmholtz不稳定性形成了上述两种涡旋结构。本文数值研究旋流数为0.00、0.25、0.45和0.79时四个工况下的流场特征。四个旋流数下钝体回流区的大小没有明显改变,轴向长度都约为20mm。涡旋脱落现象存在于低旋流数0.25的流动。有旋条件下,下游流场存在着进动涡核；旋流数增大后,功率谱的结果表明进动特征明显增强,但进动频率没有明显变化；随着流场的发展,进动特征沿流向逐渐衰减。旋流数较大时(0.45和0.79)钝体回流区末端出现低频进动,表明了回流区的不稳定性。冷态流场的POD分析结果表明,涡旋脱落形成了相互平行的大尺度环形拟序结构,而进动涡核形成了螺旋形的拟序结构,两种拟序结构都在下游发生破碎。利用POD结果对涡量和雷诺应力做三次分解,结果表明流场的拉伸是造成涡旋破碎的主要原因。
悉尼旋流燃烧器的钝体中心多了一股燃料射流,流场的参数组合更加丰富。流场中存在着钝体回流区、二次回流区(涡旋破碎泡)和“颈圈状”结构等,并伴有涡旋破碎、中心射流和“颈圈状”区域的进动涡核以及二次回流区的周期性收缩与膨胀等不稳定性现象。本文分别开展无旋(旋流数为零,雷诺数为32400、41900和59000)、高雷诺数(雷诺数为59000,而旋流数为0.40、0.45和0.54)和低雷诺数(雷诺数为32400,旋流数为0.57、0.68、0.91和1.59)三大类工况的大涡模拟。结果表明钝体回流区的长度与雷诺数的关系不大,而旋流强度明显影响回流区的长度。下游二次回流区主要存在于高雷诺数的工况下。中心射流和“颈圈状”结构附近分别存在着两个独立的进动涡核,使得附近流场产生明显的低频进动。二次回流区(涡旋破碎泡)具有较弱的周期性收缩／崩塌与膨胀的不稳定特征。冷态流场的POD分析结果表明,中心射流和“颈圈状”区域的进动涡核分别在它们对应的流场位置形成了圆柱状拟序结构,随着流场向下游发展,圆柱形涡旋结构逐渐分裂成若干相互缠绕的螺旋涡结构：二次回流区(涡旋破碎泡)的周期性收缩与膨胀则形成了围绕在回流区周围的多个螺旋形的拟序结构。涡量和雷诺应力的三次分解结果表明,旋流和中心射流出口处的涡旋破碎是流场拉伸的结果。
本文采用LES结合FPV方法计算了悉尼旋流燃烧器的扩散火焰SM1和部分预混火焰SMA2。结果表明,采用充分发展的管流作为中心燃料射流的进口条件后,燃烧场的湍流混合过程、温度以及燃烧产物的分布计算得更好。火焰SM1的颈部区域和火焰SMA2的钝体回流区末端具有很高的标量耗散率,导致了局部熄火,增加了数值计算的困难程度。火焰SM1的中心射流存在着不规则进动,这增强了燃料与外侧空气的混合效果；下游二次回流区存在着较弱的周期性收缩/崩塌与膨胀现象。燃烧放热使得SMA2的钝体回流区膨胀变长,钝体回流区存在着周期性收缩/崩塌与膨胀现象。钝体回流区和二次回流区在火焰驻定中起到重要作用,特别是下游二次回流区的存在能明显增强燃烧的稳定性。
本文的工作为研究和设计性能良好的实际燃烧器提供了一些有益的参考信
Swirling flow is commonly used in the practical burner to stabilize the flame, due to the recirculation zone induced by swirl flow and ability to enhance fuel/oxidizer mixing. Swirl flow contains a variety of large-scale coherent structures, such as vortex breakdown (VB) and precessing vortex core (PVC), which have complex influence on flame. With the rapid development of computer resource and computational fluid dynamics, numerical simulation has become one of the most important approaches in research of turbulent flow and combustion. Large eddy simulation (LES) can directly solve the large-scale motion, which contains the most energy in turbulent flow fields. Nowadays, the LES approach plays a more and more important role to study the turbulent flow structures, flame structures and the interaction between turbulence and chemical reactions.
Stratified swirl burner and Sydney swirl burner, which have the detail experimental data for non-reactive flow and combustion, are suitable to study the characteristics of swirl flow fields and the impact on combustion process. LES were performed to study the non-reactive flow of two types of swirl burners. Combined with the flamelet/progress variables (FPV) subgrid combustion model based on the thermo-chemical table, LES were also performed on two typical combustion process of Sydney swirl burner to investigate the turbulence/chemistry interactions.
The flow field of stratified swirl burner contains bluff-body stabilized recirculation zone and swirl shear layers, and exists some kinds of instability phenomena, such as spiral vortex shedding and breakdown, PVC et al. Bluff-body recirculation zone is formed by inner annular jet. Spiral vortex generates in the swirl shear layers, which sheds from the swirling flow exit and then breaks down downstream. With the increasing of swirl number, the vortex breakdown occurs more upstream. PVC exists near the central axis behind bluff-body stabilized recirculation zone. Both of the spiral vortex and PVC are formed as the result of the Kelvin-Helmholtz instability of swirl shear layers. The flow features under four swirl numbers0.00,0.25,0.45and0.79were numerical studied. The results show that, the axial lengths of bluff-body recirculation zone are approximately20mm under four swirl numbers. The vortex shedding occurs under lower swirl number0.25. In swirling flow, PVC exists in downstream region. The power spectrum results show that the strengthen of procession motion increase obviously, while the frequencies keep unchanged under higher swirl numbers, but decays along the flow direction. The terminal of bluff-body stabilized recirculation zone appears precession motion under higher swirl numbers0.45and0.79, which indicates the instability of recirculation zone. The results of proper orthogonal decomposition (POD) show that, the vortex shedding forms the large-scale parallel annular coherent structures, and the PVC forms the spiral coherent structures. The vorticity and Reynolds stress distributions given by triple decomposition (TD) based on the data of POD indicate that the flow stretch is the main reason of vortex breakdown.
A extra fuel jet in the central of bluff-body of the Sydney swirl burner will lead to more operating conditions. The flow field contains bluff-body stabilized recirculation zone, second recirculation zone (vortex breakdown bubble, VBB) and "collar-like" structure, and some kinds of instability phenomena such as vortex breakdown, PVC in central jet and "collar-like" structure region, cyclic collapse/contraction and expansion of VBB et al. The LES was carried out under three categories of operating conditions:non-swirling (Sg=0, Res=32400,41900and59000), higher Reynolds number (Res=59000, Sg=0.40,0.45and0.54) and lower Reynolds number (Res=32400, Sg=0.57,0.68,0.91and1.59). The predicted length of bluff-body stabilized recirculation zone is sensitivity to swirl numbers, but not to Reynolds numbers. The large VBB are formed in downstream region under higher Reynolds numbers. Two independent PVCs, leading to the low frequency precession of flow fields, exist in the regions of central jet and "collar-like" structure respectively. Comparing with PVC, the predicted cyclic collapse/contraction and expansion of VBB is a type of weak instability. The POD results of non-reactive flow shows that the PVCs of central jet and "collar-like" structure forms the large-scale columned coherent structures respectively, which divides into several intertwine spiral vortex structures downstream. The instability of VBB forms several spiral coherent structures around the recirculation zone. The coherent vorticity and Reynolds stress given by triple decomposition (TD) using POD data indicate that the flow stretch is main reason of vortex breakdown.
Large eddy simulation combined with FPV subgrid combustion model were applied to study the diffusion flame SM1and partial premixed flame SMA2respectively in Sydney swirl burner. Good results of turbulent mixing, mean temperature and species mass fractions can be obtained by using the outlet instantaneous velocity of developed turbulent piped flow as turbulent inlet velocity of central fuel jet. The results show that, much higher scalar dissipation rate, causing the partial quenching, appears in the neck region of SM1and the terminal of bluff-body stabilized recirculation zone of SMA2, which increases the difficulty of numerical calculation in swirling combustion. In the flame SM1, the irregular precession of central jet can strengthen the mixing effect of fuel/air; the VBB presents a weak unstable phenomenon called cyclic contraction/collapse and expansion. In flame SMA2, the combustion heat release causes the expansion and elongation of bluff-body stabilized recirculation zone, which presents the cyclic contraction/collapse and expansion. The bluff-body stabilized recirculation zone and VBB play an important role on flame stabilization. Especially, the existence of VBB can enhance the stability of combustion.
The work of this paper can provide some useful reference information for research and design the practical combustor with good performance.
引文
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