非牛顿流体中气泡运动及传质的研究
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摘要
非牛顿流体中的气泡运动广泛存在于化工、生化、环保、食品、冶金及高分子聚合等领域。对非牛顿流体中气泡运动及传质的深入了解将有助于相关设备的设计与优化。本文针对气泡在非牛顿流体中的运动及传质行为进行了实验及数值模拟研究。主要研究内容包括：
利用高速摄像仪，对单个气泡在非牛顿流体中的上升行为进行了实验研究，测定了气泡的纵横比及上升的终端速度。根据Reynolds数、Eotvos数和Morton数三个无量纲准数作出了气泡在非牛顿流体中的形状分布图。提出了一个气泡纵横比与自定义的无量纲准数Wn的关联式。研究了非牛顿流体的流变性质及气泡形状对曳力系数的影响。提出了一个新的曳力系数关联式，在0.05＜Re＜300范围内，该关联式的预测值与实验结果吻合良好。
利用高速摄像仪对非牛顿流体中两个气泡的在线相互作用进行了研究。发现在气泡相互靠近的过程中，先行气泡保持稳态上升，其速度不受跟随气泡的影响。受先行气泡尾流及剪切变稀效应影响，跟随气泡的速度在靠近先行气泡的过程中逐渐增大。提出了一个描述跟随气泡速度的理论模型，该模型的预测值与实验结果吻合良好。
利用粒子影像测速仪（PIV）技术，研究了非牛顿流体中单个上升气泡周围的黏度分布和气泡链周围的湍动特性。考察了流体浓度对单气泡周围的黏度场的影响，同时讨论了速度场、黏度场和剪切应力场之间的耦合关系。探讨了气泡链周围的流场、湍动能及其耗散率的分布。
对CO_2在三种不同流变性质的液相（牛顿流体、剪切变稀流体、黏弹性流体）中的传质行为进行了实验研究。测定了不同操作条件下的液相体积传质系数。考察了气体流量及液相性质对液相体积传质系数的影响。基于Higbie渗透理论和Kolmogorov湍动理论提出了一个半经验模型，并引入修正因子用于修正黏弹性对CO2传质的影响。在三种不同流变性质的液相中，模型预测值与实验结果均吻合良好。
利用Level Set方法对气泡在剪切变稀型非牛顿流体中的自由上升运动进行了模拟。主要模拟了球形气泡、椭球形气泡以及球帽形气泡。模拟所得气泡形状及曳力系数与实验结果均能较好的吻合。论文还对两个在线上升气泡相互靠近和聚并过程进行了模拟。
The bubble motion in non-Newtonian fluids is extensively encountered inchemical engineering, biochemical application, food, metallurgy, polymerizationand other industrial applications. The knowledge of bubbles’ motion and masstransfer in non-Newtonian fluids is an inevitable foundation for the equipmentdesign and process optimization. In this thesis, the motion and mass transfer ofbubbles in non-Newtonian fluids were studied experimentally and computationally.The specific studies were included as follows:
The motion of a single bubble rising in non-Newtonian fluids was investigatedexperimentally with the use of a high-speed camera. The bubble’ aspect ratio andterminal velocity were measured. The shape distribution chart of bubbles innon-Newtonian fluids was plotted by using the Reynolds number Re, the Eotvosnumber Eo and the Morton number Mo. An empirical correlation was proposed tocorrelate the bubble’s aspect ratio and the dimensionless number Wn. The influenceof rheological properties of non-Newtonian fluids and bubble’s shape on dragcoeffcients was studied. A new empirical correlation was proposed to predict thedrag coeffcient. And the predicted values of the present correlation agreed wellwith the experimental results within the experimental conditions.
The interaction between two in-line bubbles rising in non-Newtonian fluidswas studied experimentally with the use of a high speed camera. It was found thatthe velocity of the leading bubble was invariant and was not affected by the trailingbubble during the approaching process of the two bubbles. Due to the wake andshear thinning effects of the leading bubble, the velocity of the trailing bubbleincreased gradually during the approaching process to the leading bubble. Atheoretical model was proposed to predict the velocity of the trailing bubble. Andthe values predicted by the model were in good agreement with the experimentresults.
The viscosity distribution around a single bubble and the turbulencecharacteristics around bubble chains were investigated by using a particle imagevelocimetry (PIV). The effect of fluid’s concentration on the viscosity distribution around a single bubble was studied. The coupling relationship between the flowfield, the viscosity field and the shear stress field were discussed. The distributionsof flow fields, turbulent kinetic energy (TKE) and TKE dissipation rate aroundbubble chains were discussed.
The mass transfer process of CO2bubble swarms in three various fluids withdifferent rheological properties (Newtonian fluids, shear-thinning fluids andviscoelastic fluids) was studied experimentally. The volumetric liquid-phase masstransfer coefficient under various operation conditions was determined. Theinfluences of gas flow rates and liquid properties on the volumetric liquid-phasemass transfer coefficient were investigated. Based on the Higbie’s penetrationtheory and Kolmogorov’s isotropic turbulence theory, a semi-empirical model wasdeveloped by introducing a modified factor taking into account the influence ofviscoelastic property on the mass transfer. The values predicted by this model werein good agreement with the experimental data in the three different types of liquidsused.
The Level Set method was applied to simulate bubbles in shear-thinningnon-Newtonian fluids. The spherical, ellipsoidal and spherical cap bubbles weresimulated. Good agreement was found between the simulated results and theexperimental data of the bubble’s shape and drag coefficient. The approaching andcoalescence processes of two in-line bubbles were also simulated.
利用高速摄像仪，对单个气泡在非牛顿流体中的上升行为进行了实验研究，测定了气泡的纵横比及上升的终端速度。根据Reynolds数、Eotvos数和Morton数三个无量纲准数作出了气泡在非牛顿流体中的形状分布图。提出了一个气泡纵横比与自定义的无量纲准数Wn的关联式。研究了非牛顿流体的流变性质及气泡形状对曳力系数的影响。提出了一个新的曳力系数关联式，在0.05＜Re＜300范围内，该关联式的预测值与实验结果吻合良好。
利用高速摄像仪对非牛顿流体中两个气泡的在线相互作用进行了研究。发现在气泡相互靠近的过程中，先行气泡保持稳态上升，其速度不受跟随气泡的影响。受先行气泡尾流及剪切变稀效应影响，跟随气泡的速度在靠近先行气泡的过程中逐渐增大。提出了一个描述跟随气泡速度的理论模型，该模型的预测值与实验结果吻合良好。
利用粒子影像测速仪（PIV）技术，研究了非牛顿流体中单个上升气泡周围的黏度分布和气泡链周围的湍动特性。考察了流体浓度对单气泡周围的黏度场的影响，同时讨论了速度场、黏度场和剪切应力场之间的耦合关系。探讨了气泡链周围的流场、湍动能及其耗散率的分布。
对CO_2在三种不同流变性质的液相（牛顿流体、剪切变稀流体、黏弹性流体）中的传质行为进行了实验研究。测定了不同操作条件下的液相体积传质系数。考察了气体流量及液相性质对液相体积传质系数的影响。基于Higbie渗透理论和Kolmogorov湍动理论提出了一个半经验模型，并引入修正因子用于修正黏弹性对CO2传质的影响。在三种不同流变性质的液相中，模型预测值与实验结果均吻合良好。
利用Level Set方法对气泡在剪切变稀型非牛顿流体中的自由上升运动进行了模拟。主要模拟了球形气泡、椭球形气泡以及球帽形气泡。模拟所得气泡形状及曳力系数与实验结果均能较好的吻合。论文还对两个在线上升气泡相互靠近和聚并过程进行了模拟。
The bubble motion in non-Newtonian fluids is extensively encountered inchemical engineering, biochemical application, food, metallurgy, polymerizationand other industrial applications. The knowledge of bubbles’ motion and masstransfer in non-Newtonian fluids is an inevitable foundation for the equipmentdesign and process optimization. In this thesis, the motion and mass transfer ofbubbles in non-Newtonian fluids were studied experimentally and computationally.The specific studies were included as follows:
The motion of a single bubble rising in non-Newtonian fluids was investigatedexperimentally with the use of a high-speed camera. The bubble’ aspect ratio andterminal velocity were measured. The shape distribution chart of bubbles innon-Newtonian fluids was plotted by using the Reynolds number Re, the Eotvosnumber Eo and the Morton number Mo. An empirical correlation was proposed tocorrelate the bubble’s aspect ratio and the dimensionless number Wn. The influenceof rheological properties of non-Newtonian fluids and bubble’s shape on dragcoeffcients was studied. A new empirical correlation was proposed to predict thedrag coeffcient. And the predicted values of the present correlation agreed wellwith the experimental results within the experimental conditions.
The interaction between two in-line bubbles rising in non-Newtonian fluidswas studied experimentally with the use of a high speed camera. It was found thatthe velocity of the leading bubble was invariant and was not affected by the trailingbubble during the approaching process of the two bubbles. Due to the wake andshear thinning effects of the leading bubble, the velocity of the trailing bubbleincreased gradually during the approaching process to the leading bubble. Atheoretical model was proposed to predict the velocity of the trailing bubble. Andthe values predicted by the model were in good agreement with the experimentresults.
The viscosity distribution around a single bubble and the turbulencecharacteristics around bubble chains were investigated by using a particle imagevelocimetry (PIV). The effect of fluid’s concentration on the viscosity distribution around a single bubble was studied. The coupling relationship between the flowfield, the viscosity field and the shear stress field were discussed. The distributionsof flow fields, turbulent kinetic energy (TKE) and TKE dissipation rate aroundbubble chains were discussed.
The mass transfer process of CO2bubble swarms in three various fluids withdifferent rheological properties (Newtonian fluids, shear-thinning fluids andviscoelastic fluids) was studied experimentally. The volumetric liquid-phase masstransfer coefficient under various operation conditions was determined. Theinfluences of gas flow rates and liquid properties on the volumetric liquid-phasemass transfer coefficient were investigated. Based on the Higbie’s penetrationtheory and Kolmogorov’s isotropic turbulence theory, a semi-empirical model wasdeveloped by introducing a modified factor taking into account the influence ofviscoelastic property on the mass transfer. The values predicted by this model werein good agreement with the experimental data in the three different types of liquidsused.
The Level Set method was applied to simulate bubbles in shear-thinningnon-Newtonian fluids. The spherical, ellipsoidal and spherical cap bubbles weresimulated. Good agreement was found between the simulated results and theexperimental data of the bubble’s shape and drag coefficient. The approaching andcoalescence processes of two in-line bubbles were also simulated.
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