潮间带地形遥感动态监测体系研究
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摘要
潮间带处于海陆交界,是研究现代海岸动态和环境变迁的参照物,同时也是开发利用海洋资源的主要地带。潮间带除受海陆双重动力影响外,受人类活动的影响也越来越多,地形复杂的潮间带变化更为频繁。在此情况下,对潮间带地形进行动态监测、及时掌握潮间带地形的变化情况非常重要。
传统地形测量方法周期长、范围小、消耗大且获取的地形资料有限,无法满足潮间带地形动态监测需求；而遥感监测方法具有快速大面积同步监测的特点,能够提供较长时间跨度和短时间周期的地形变化。遥感技术已被广泛用于潮间带地形动态监测研究并成为主要的动态监测手段,但是目前多局限于对某个遥感监测方法的研究。
潮间带地形变化有潮流作用带来的长期变化,也有开发利用带来的中期变化,更有突发气象事件如风暴潮等带来的短时变化；对潮间带地形的动态监测有大空间尺度的监测如对辐射沙脊群的动态变化监测,有中尺度空间的监测如对港口航道附近地形变化的监测,也有小尺度微地貌的监测如对最小地貌单元纳潮盆地的动态监测。单一的遥感监测方法无法获取这些不同尺度的地形变化,也无法得到完整和全面的动态变化信息。
本文提出建立潮间带地形遥感动态监测体系来解决这一问题,即通过分析不同监测方法的特点,借助系统科学理论,建立潮间带地形遥感动态监测体系,从多维度、多视角监测潮滩,以期获得潮间带地形的动态变化情况,掌握潮间带的地形演变规律,为潮间带开发利用提供实时的地形数据,提供宏观和微观不同比例的监测,在港口航道水下地形监测、滩涂围垦工程监测和生态环境保护中提供数据支持和技术支持,为主管部门进行分析、做出决策提供重要的依据。
本文根据潮间带的特点,研究不同的遥感监测方法和方法组合,并针对遥感监测方法评价建立子体系,从而建立适合潮间带地形的遥感动态监测体系,达到对潮间带地形的全面动态监测。
研究结论如下：
①潮间带地形遥感动态监测体系的主要要素为监测对象、监测方法、监测结果和评价子体系,体系研究过程为：监测对象分析、监测方法分析、监测体系技术研究和评价子体系研究。
②从地貌特点、空间尺度和时间尺度三个方面进行了适用对象分析,从数据源、技术成熟度和监测结果处理程序三个角度总结了各遥感监测方法的使用成本。结果表明：可见光水深法适合大范围水下地形的长期动态监测,含水量法适合小范围出露潮滩的短期动态监测,沙脊特征线法适合中范围沙脊的各时间尺度动态监测,潮汐水道中轴线法适合中范围潮汐水道各时间尺度动态监测,纳潮盆法适合小范围出露潮滩短期动态监测；纳潮盆法使用成本较高,可见光水深法和含水量法使用成本中等,沙脊特征线法和潮汐水道中轴线法使用成本较低。
③提出用方法组合来弥补单一方法的局限,获得更全面和更详细的监测结果。方法组合有互补型组合和优化型组合两种。互补型方法组合有：可见光水深法和含水量法组合,沙脊特征线法和潮汐水道中轴线法组合；优化型方法组合有：含水量法和纳潮盆地法组合,含水量法和沙脊特征线法组合,可见光水深法和潮汐水道中轴线法组合
④建立了潮间带地形遥感动态监测体系的评价子体系,对整个体系进行质量控制和精度评价,内容包括：增补了遥感类技术规范,补充了遥感监测方法的技术依据；提出自然因子和经济因子两个评价指标用来对遥感监测方法选择进行评价,确保监测方法选择的合理；针对不同的遥感监测方法,提出不同的精度评价指标控制遥感监测方法的应用质量,也给出了各方法的精度范围；从监测对象地貌特征出发,提出了适用的动态监测指标,从三维和二维的角度对地形变化进行分析。
⑤对潮间带地形遥感动态监测体系进行了应用分析,提出了可以提高精度和控制经济成本的遥感影像的选择方法,即综合考虑影像的空间分辨率和光谱分辨率；提出了适合潮间带这一特殊地貌的遥感影像预处理方法,包括FLAASH辐射校正方法和LGCP法几何校正。
⑥在监测具体的某一潮间带时,对于近岸浅海地形,运用可见光水深法和含水量法的方法组合；对于近岸滩涂,运用含水量法和纳潮盆法的方法组合；对于沙脊群,运用沙脊特征线法和潮汐水道中轴线法。并选择南黄海辐射沙脊群为监测对象进行具体的案例分析,流程为监测对象分析、监测方法选择与执行、精度评价、最后得到监测结果,系统地完成了体系应用,证实了该体系具有较强的实际操作性和较广的应用范围。
Intertidal zone is an interactive area of land and sea and it is the reference object for the research of modern coastal dynamics and environmental changes and the main strip of development and utilization of marine resources. Intertidal zone is constantly affected by tide and undergoes exposure and submergence alternately. In addition of more and more impacts of human activities, the evolution of intertidal zone becomes more complicated and more frequently. In this case, it is very important to dynamic monitoring the intertidal terrain and accquiring the evolution.
Traditional topographic survey methods cannot meet the monitoring requirements because they have long cycle, small range, huge costs and limited terrain data. Remote sensing monitring methods have characteristics such as short cycle, large range, small costs and simultaneous monitoring. And they are able to provide the topography evolution of a long time span or a short period of time. So they have been widely applied to the intertidal terrain remote sensing dynamic monitoring and become a major means of dynamic monitoring.
Intertidal topographic changes include long-term changes brought by the tidal currents, medium-term changes brought by the developments and utilizations, and short-term changes brought by unexpected weather events such as storm surges. Dynamic monitoring of the intertidal terrain include large spatial scales monitoring such as monitoring the dynamic changes of the radial sand ridges, and medium spatial scales monitoring such as monitoring the topography around the ports and channels, and small-scale moniroring such as moitoring of tidal basin. Single remote sensing monitoring method is not suitable for the environmental complexity.
This thesis proposed an intertidal terrain remote sensing dynamic monitoring system (ITRSDMS) to monitor the intertidal zone with multi-dimensions and multi-perspectives by integrating with the theory of systems science as well as absorbing advantages of several monitoring methods. Remote sensing monitoring system is different from research of a separate remote sensing monitor method. Based on the holism, it combined partial description and overall description, qualitative description and quantitative description. The system could provide different proportions topographic monitoring comprhensivly. And it will provided data and technical support for the monitoring underwater topography of ports and channels, the monitoring of beach reclamation and Environment Protection.
This thesis aims to architecture of ITRSDMS which proposed different combination of remote sensing monitoring methods based on the charactristics of different intertidal topography and create a evaluation sub-system for ITRSDMS.
The conclusion of this thesis are as follows:
①Lucubrate the principles and methods of ITRSDMS based on the theory of systems science and systems methodology. Then the architecture of ITRSDMS was determined and it encompasses four elements, which are monitoring objects, monitoring methods, monitoring results and evaluation system. The process of the study of ITRSDMS are as follows:monitoring object analysis, monitoring methods, monitoring system technology research and evaluation sub-system research.
②Considering the particularities of the intertidal geomorphology and the goals of the system, we analyzed the suitable objects of those methods from geomorphological features, space and time scales and analyzed their costs from the data source, the technical maturity and monitoring results handler. It showed that:Visible-Light Bathymetry method is suitable for a wide range of long-term dynamic monitoring of the underwater terrain, Moisture-Content method is suitable for small outcrop short-term dynamic monitoring of tidal flat, Sand Ridge-Line is suitable for the middle-term dynamic monitoring of the range of sand ridges, Axial-Wire method is suitable for the middle-term dynamic monitoring in the various time scales in the range of tidal chennels, Tidal-Basin method is suitable for small-scale outcrop the tidal flat short-term dynamic monitoring.
③According to the basic concepts of evalutaion system and the content of ITRSDMS, technical specifications were proposed. The evaluation system of ITRSDMS was set up for quality control and accuracy evaluation. Each monitoring methods had its own monitoring objiects, data requirements and costs and was suit for a special geomorphic types. Combination of methods could be used to compensate for the limitations of a single method. There are two kinds of combination, one is a complementary combination and another is a optimized combination. The complementary combination of methods include: Visible-Light Bathymetry and Moisture-Content, Sand Ridge-Line and Axial-Wire. The optimized combination of methods include:Moisture-Content and Tidal-Basin, Moisture-Content and Sand Ridge-Line, Visible-Light Bathymetry and Axial-Wire.
④The evaluation system of ITRSDMS includes technical specifications, evaluation of remote sensing monitoring method selection, accuracy assessment and dynamic monitoring indicators. As a result, this evaluation subsystem showed evidences in practical applications and provided indicators supporting judgments when remote sensing technology applied for intertidal dynamic monitoring.
⑤Considering the spatial resolution and spectral resolution of the image, selection method can improve the precision and control of the economic costs of remote sensing images. FLAASH Radiation correction method and LGCP geometric correction are good remote sensing image preprocessing methods for intertidal topography.
⑥Based on the research of ITRSDMS, several combinations of remote sensing methods were proposed to achieve different monitoring purposes by taking into account the differences of locally topographic characteristics of intertidal zone. One example of the application of ITRSDMS was shown as a demonstration. ITRSDMS has a wide range of applications and could dynamic monitors a variety of intertidal terrain.
传统地形测量方法周期长、范围小、消耗大且获取的地形资料有限,无法满足潮间带地形动态监测需求；而遥感监测方法具有快速大面积同步监测的特点,能够提供较长时间跨度和短时间周期的地形变化。遥感技术已被广泛用于潮间带地形动态监测研究并成为主要的动态监测手段,但是目前多局限于对某个遥感监测方法的研究。
潮间带地形变化有潮流作用带来的长期变化,也有开发利用带来的中期变化,更有突发气象事件如风暴潮等带来的短时变化；对潮间带地形的动态监测有大空间尺度的监测如对辐射沙脊群的动态变化监测,有中尺度空间的监测如对港口航道附近地形变化的监测,也有小尺度微地貌的监测如对最小地貌单元纳潮盆地的动态监测。单一的遥感监测方法无法获取这些不同尺度的地形变化,也无法得到完整和全面的动态变化信息。
本文提出建立潮间带地形遥感动态监测体系来解决这一问题,即通过分析不同监测方法的特点,借助系统科学理论,建立潮间带地形遥感动态监测体系,从多维度、多视角监测潮滩,以期获得潮间带地形的动态变化情况,掌握潮间带的地形演变规律,为潮间带开发利用提供实时的地形数据,提供宏观和微观不同比例的监测,在港口航道水下地形监测、滩涂围垦工程监测和生态环境保护中提供数据支持和技术支持,为主管部门进行分析、做出决策提供重要的依据。
本文根据潮间带的特点,研究不同的遥感监测方法和方法组合,并针对遥感监测方法评价建立子体系,从而建立适合潮间带地形的遥感动态监测体系,达到对潮间带地形的全面动态监测。
研究结论如下：
①潮间带地形遥感动态监测体系的主要要素为监测对象、监测方法、监测结果和评价子体系,体系研究过程为：监测对象分析、监测方法分析、监测体系技术研究和评价子体系研究。
②从地貌特点、空间尺度和时间尺度三个方面进行了适用对象分析,从数据源、技术成熟度和监测结果处理程序三个角度总结了各遥感监测方法的使用成本。结果表明：可见光水深法适合大范围水下地形的长期动态监测,含水量法适合小范围出露潮滩的短期动态监测,沙脊特征线法适合中范围沙脊的各时间尺度动态监测,潮汐水道中轴线法适合中范围潮汐水道各时间尺度动态监测,纳潮盆法适合小范围出露潮滩短期动态监测；纳潮盆法使用成本较高,可见光水深法和含水量法使用成本中等,沙脊特征线法和潮汐水道中轴线法使用成本较低。
③提出用方法组合来弥补单一方法的局限,获得更全面和更详细的监测结果。方法组合有互补型组合和优化型组合两种。互补型方法组合有：可见光水深法和含水量法组合,沙脊特征线法和潮汐水道中轴线法组合；优化型方法组合有：含水量法和纳潮盆地法组合,含水量法和沙脊特征线法组合,可见光水深法和潮汐水道中轴线法组合
④建立了潮间带地形遥感动态监测体系的评价子体系,对整个体系进行质量控制和精度评价,内容包括：增补了遥感类技术规范,补充了遥感监测方法的技术依据；提出自然因子和经济因子两个评价指标用来对遥感监测方法选择进行评价,确保监测方法选择的合理；针对不同的遥感监测方法,提出不同的精度评价指标控制遥感监测方法的应用质量,也给出了各方法的精度范围；从监测对象地貌特征出发,提出了适用的动态监测指标,从三维和二维的角度对地形变化进行分析。
⑤对潮间带地形遥感动态监测体系进行了应用分析,提出了可以提高精度和控制经济成本的遥感影像的选择方法,即综合考虑影像的空间分辨率和光谱分辨率；提出了适合潮间带这一特殊地貌的遥感影像预处理方法,包括FLAASH辐射校正方法和LGCP法几何校正。
⑥在监测具体的某一潮间带时,对于近岸浅海地形,运用可见光水深法和含水量法的方法组合；对于近岸滩涂,运用含水量法和纳潮盆法的方法组合；对于沙脊群,运用沙脊特征线法和潮汐水道中轴线法。并选择南黄海辐射沙脊群为监测对象进行具体的案例分析,流程为监测对象分析、监测方法选择与执行、精度评价、最后得到监测结果,系统地完成了体系应用,证实了该体系具有较强的实际操作性和较广的应用范围。
Intertidal zone is an interactive area of land and sea and it is the reference object for the research of modern coastal dynamics and environmental changes and the main strip of development and utilization of marine resources. Intertidal zone is constantly affected by tide and undergoes exposure and submergence alternately. In addition of more and more impacts of human activities, the evolution of intertidal zone becomes more complicated and more frequently. In this case, it is very important to dynamic monitoring the intertidal terrain and accquiring the evolution.
Traditional topographic survey methods cannot meet the monitoring requirements because they have long cycle, small range, huge costs and limited terrain data. Remote sensing monitring methods have characteristics such as short cycle, large range, small costs and simultaneous monitoring. And they are able to provide the topography evolution of a long time span or a short period of time. So they have been widely applied to the intertidal terrain remote sensing dynamic monitoring and become a major means of dynamic monitoring.
Intertidal topographic changes include long-term changes brought by the tidal currents, medium-term changes brought by the developments and utilizations, and short-term changes brought by unexpected weather events such as storm surges. Dynamic monitoring of the intertidal terrain include large spatial scales monitoring such as monitoring the dynamic changes of the radial sand ridges, and medium spatial scales monitoring such as monitoring the topography around the ports and channels, and small-scale moniroring such as moitoring of tidal basin. Single remote sensing monitoring method is not suitable for the environmental complexity.
This thesis proposed an intertidal terrain remote sensing dynamic monitoring system (ITRSDMS) to monitor the intertidal zone with multi-dimensions and multi-perspectives by integrating with the theory of systems science as well as absorbing advantages of several monitoring methods. Remote sensing monitoring system is different from research of a separate remote sensing monitor method. Based on the holism, it combined partial description and overall description, qualitative description and quantitative description. The system could provide different proportions topographic monitoring comprhensivly. And it will provided data and technical support for the monitoring underwater topography of ports and channels, the monitoring of beach reclamation and Environment Protection.
This thesis aims to architecture of ITRSDMS which proposed different combination of remote sensing monitoring methods based on the charactristics of different intertidal topography and create a evaluation sub-system for ITRSDMS.
The conclusion of this thesis are as follows:
①Lucubrate the principles and methods of ITRSDMS based on the theory of systems science and systems methodology. Then the architecture of ITRSDMS was determined and it encompasses four elements, which are monitoring objects, monitoring methods, monitoring results and evaluation system. The process of the study of ITRSDMS are as follows:monitoring object analysis, monitoring methods, monitoring system technology research and evaluation sub-system research.
②Considering the particularities of the intertidal geomorphology and the goals of the system, we analyzed the suitable objects of those methods from geomorphological features, space and time scales and analyzed their costs from the data source, the technical maturity and monitoring results handler. It showed that:Visible-Light Bathymetry method is suitable for a wide range of long-term dynamic monitoring of the underwater terrain, Moisture-Content method is suitable for small outcrop short-term dynamic monitoring of tidal flat, Sand Ridge-Line is suitable for the middle-term dynamic monitoring of the range of sand ridges, Axial-Wire method is suitable for the middle-term dynamic monitoring in the various time scales in the range of tidal chennels, Tidal-Basin method is suitable for small-scale outcrop the tidal flat short-term dynamic monitoring.
③According to the basic concepts of evalutaion system and the content of ITRSDMS, technical specifications were proposed. The evaluation system of ITRSDMS was set up for quality control and accuracy evaluation. Each monitoring methods had its own monitoring objiects, data requirements and costs and was suit for a special geomorphic types. Combination of methods could be used to compensate for the limitations of a single method. There are two kinds of combination, one is a complementary combination and another is a optimized combination. The complementary combination of methods include: Visible-Light Bathymetry and Moisture-Content, Sand Ridge-Line and Axial-Wire. The optimized combination of methods include:Moisture-Content and Tidal-Basin, Moisture-Content and Sand Ridge-Line, Visible-Light Bathymetry and Axial-Wire.
④The evaluation system of ITRSDMS includes technical specifications, evaluation of remote sensing monitoring method selection, accuracy assessment and dynamic monitoring indicators. As a result, this evaluation subsystem showed evidences in practical applications and provided indicators supporting judgments when remote sensing technology applied for intertidal dynamic monitoring.
⑤Considering the spatial resolution and spectral resolution of the image, selection method can improve the precision and control of the economic costs of remote sensing images. FLAASH Radiation correction method and LGCP geometric correction are good remote sensing image preprocessing methods for intertidal topography.
⑥Based on the research of ITRSDMS, several combinations of remote sensing methods were proposed to achieve different monitoring purposes by taking into account the differences of locally topographic characteristics of intertidal zone. One example of the application of ITRSDMS was shown as a demonstration. ITRSDMS has a wide range of applications and could dynamic monitors a variety of intertidal terrain.
引文
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