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中世纪欧洲海商法研究(11 至 15 世纪)
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摘要
中世纪是欧洲海商法演进的重要时期。尤其是11至15世纪,随着经济复苏和社会转型,航运贸易事业得到持续发展,在地中海、大西洋、北海至波罗的海的海岸地区,出现了为数众多的贸易城市,同时也产生了许多海商法典。这些海商法上承罗德-罗马海法传统,同时吸收了实践中不断形成的新的海商习惯,极大地充实了海商法的内容,从而奠定了近现代国际海商法的历史基础。
     中世纪海商法的内容有众多来源,其中最为重要的是罗马法和海商习惯。罗马法是中世纪海商法中旧的传统。罗马法在其法典化过程中,保存、发展和传播了古代海商法规则。海商习惯是中世纪海商法中新的因素。这一历史阶段在航运贸易实践中新形成的习惯,对已有的海商法规则作出较多的修改和充实。有时海商习惯甚至对成文法律具有适用上的优先性。
     11和12世纪是欧洲许多城市集中编纂档案资料和法律汇编的历史时期。第一批中世纪海商法即出现在这个时期。当时海商法的编纂技术比较原始,整部法律缺乏逻辑性和系统性,条文之间也存在矛盾和重复的情况,有时一部法律只是不同来源的规则的简单拼加。其法律文本形态各异,也比较简单,以实用为其主要特征。但正是这样一些法律汇编,为欧洲各地的船员们和商人们所熟悉,在航运贸易实践中起到保护权利、解决纷争和规范秩序的作用。
     一个有争议的问题是,海商法是否具有国际性或统一性。对此有不同的观点。但从中世纪海商法的形成和传播情况来看,海商法无疑是具备国际性的。不过,这并不是说不同地区的海商法的具体规则都相同或相近。
     首批比较重要的中世纪海商法出现在意大利和地中海其他地区。这些海商法见于约1010年的《阿马尔菲表》、约1063年的《特拉尼法令》、约1160年的《比萨习惯法》和12世纪的《耶路撒冷法令》等法律汇编当中。这几部海商法的出现标志了一个全新的海商法体系的诞生。
     地中海地区尤其是意大利,在11世纪以来的经济复兴和贸易发展中居于先发位置。如同银行、汇票等其他经济及法律领域的新“发明”一样,海商法更新发展的最初动力来源于这一地区活跃的贸易活动。阿马尔菲、特拉尼和比萨等城市比较早地开展了海商法编纂活动,这不是偶然的。而随着十字军东征的进行,地中海东西两部分之间的交通进一步贯通,欧洲与近东以至更远地方的贸易往来进一步增长。耶路撒冷拉丁王国的建立,部分地服务于欧洲人的贸易利益。于是我们看到了一种二元结构:在这个典型的封建王国的土地上,与封建法并存的,还有典型的市民法(海商法是其组成部分)。
     但中世纪最著名的海商法不是这几部较早时期的法律,而是另外三部法典:《康梭拉多海法》、《奥列隆案卷》和《维斯比海法》。这三部法律分别代表了地中海、大西洋和波罗的海沿岸地区的海商习惯内容及海商法发展水平。
     13世纪中期的《康梭拉多海法》诞生在西班牙半岛。这部法律以其丰富的内容和广泛的适用性而闻名。《海洋习惯》包含了大量的海商法实体规则,是这部法律中最古老和最核心的部分。从内容来看,《康梭拉多海法》较晚的文本还规定了法院裁判海事纠纷的程序规则,以及海上私掠和捕获方面的公法性规定。尽管有不同的评价,这部法律在事实上为欧洲各国所普遍接受,并被誉为“海洋普通法”。
     无论从时间上还是从地域上来说,13世纪晚期的《奥列隆案卷》都处在中世纪英法两国历史的交汇或结合部分。这部法律主要是13世纪欧洲葡萄酒贸易运输中的习惯或规则。从产生过程来看,其很可能是法国西海岸之外奥列隆岛上海事司法情况的实录。这部法律在欧洲大陆西北部、北部地区和英格兰都有重要的历史地位。在英法两国其很早已是正式的法律渊源。《达默判决集》、《佛兰德海法》和《维斯比海法》等著名海商法典的全部或主要部分,都是以这些法律所在地区的语言翻译了《奥列隆案卷》的内容而构成的。
     最终形成于15世纪下半叶的《维斯比海法》,其规则最初并非来源于哥特兰岛上的维斯比城,而是由吕贝克、佛兰德和荷兰三个地区的海商法规则所构成。这部法律规定了船长、船员和商人的权利义务,以及共同海损、船舶碰撞等方面的内容。《维斯比海法》在中世纪海商法和近代海商法之间起到桥梁作用,对中世纪晚期的《汉萨海法》和近代早期的《路易十四海事法令》产生过很大影响。但是,虽然这部法律一直享有盛誉,但已经不足以代表15世纪海商法的最新进展,因为更为体系化和现代化的海商法已经在产生的过程中。
     综观中世纪海商法的内容,可见其与长期的航运实践紧密相关。在共同的海上冒险活动中,船舶所有人、船长、船员和商人一起组成职业甚或命运的共同体。共同的航程和共同的风险是海商法的恒久主题。
     为共同进行海上航程,中世纪发展了船舶所有人、船长和船员、海商借贷、海商合伙、海上货物运输等方面的规则。为保持船上的纪律和秩序,船员们必须服从船长的指令。但相比于古代,船上社会的民主和文明程度有所提升,船员的权利、福利和尊严得到一定的尊重。以开展海上贸易为目的,多个船舶所有人即船舶共有人之间合作经营船舶,是比较常见的商业形式。在船舶所有人之外,还有其他人通过海商借贷和海商合伙等方式来投资远程贸易,以利用他人的劳动赚取高额利润。海商借贷具有货物抵押贷款、船舶抵押贷款和海洋兑换偿付等多种合同形式。海商合伙也发展出康孟达、索塞特及科洛那等复杂的合同形式。在当时的海上货物运输中,船上记录簿是一件新出现的事物。通过书面记载货物清单、船员名单及各种协议等事项,更好地明确了船货各方的权利义务范围。早期的提单即脱胎于这种船上记录簿,但在形态上由簿子变为单据进而成为单证,因而具有了流通性。至此,中世纪海上货物运输各方面都已经接近于现代的运输。
     为共同应对海上风险,中世纪海商法发展和完善了一整套特殊的法律规则,涉及船舶碰撞、共同海损、船难保护及海上救助、海事赔偿责任限制等方面。中世纪的船舶碰撞规则尚不发达,主要延续罗马法的规定,没有实质性变化。共同海损规则则呈现出地域性的特点,在被投弃货物和被保存货物的价值计算标准方面,不同地区有不同的规则。而这方面的规则,也是对任意两部海商法之间关系远近作出判断的一项重要标准。近代以前,封建的船难权即对他人在海难中残存的船舶及货物的占有以至劫掠,与对海难中船舶及货物的保护之间,存在过长期的斗争。另一方面,对于海上救助行为,法律总是给予报酬或奖励。在地中海地区,航运实践中很早已经出现海事赔偿责任限制的规定。这项制度在近代得到进一步确立,对减轻航运业的负担,鼓励更多的人从事海上冒险起到了积极作用。在现代科技有实质进展之前,碰撞、海难、海损始终是海上航行中挥之不去的风险。中世纪海商法在这些方面确立的基本规则,一直延续到近现代海商法当中。
     从中世纪史实来看,海商城市、海商法典及海事司法管辖的发展之间具有密切的历史性联系。海事司法机构既是认可和适用海商法规则的机构,又是记录、保存、更新海商法规则的机构,对海商法发展起到重要的推动作用。中世纪欧洲存在过的众多海事司法机构,以欧陆沿岸的海洋领事法院和英格兰的海事法院为两种主要的代表类型。
     海洋领事法院起源于意大利城市中的领事司法传统。这一传统在后来传遍欧洲南部和北部。最为著名的是阿拉贡王国的巴塞罗那海洋领事,一般都将其与《康梭拉多海法》的名字联系在一起。
     海事法院起源于英格兰海军上将职位。14世纪中叶,为增强对海洋的控制力,同时为应对其臣民从事海上劫掠带来的与邻国之间的外交麻烦,英格兰在海军上将职位上附设海事法院。17世纪之前,英格兰海事法院曾获得广泛的司法管辖权。
     中世纪欧洲海商法在几百年间的发展轨迹,沿欧洲南部、西部及北部海岸划了一个四分之三的圆圈。这也几乎是欧洲文明的整个海岸地带。海商法的发达,不仅为近代以来欧洲经济社会发展水平在世界范围内居于领先准备了法律条件,而且为欧洲文明进一步打下深深的海洋印记。
     今天,海商法已经成为我国法律制度体系的重要组成部分。在航运贸易事业发展和海洋强国建设进程中,海商法起到无可替代的作用。对于我国来说,海商法是清末修律以后才引入国内的舶来品。我国制定实施海商法的时间还不长。研究海商法的历史,不仅具有学术意义,而且有助于我们更好地了解海商法制度产生发展的历史环境,更好地理解和适用海商法的原则及规则。
The medieval period was an important period witnessing the evolution anddevelopment of European maritime law. Especially from the11thto the15thcentury,economic recovery and social transformation brought in a continuous development ofshipping and trade business. As a result, lots of trade cities and maritime codesappeared in the costal areas of the Mediterranean Sea, the Atlantic, the North Sea andthe Baltic Sea. Those maritime codes enriched the content of maritime law byinheriting the tradition of the Rhodian-Roman maritime law and absorbing newmaritime custom derived from practice. They set a historic foundation for moderninternational maritime law.
     Medieval maritime law had many sources. Among them, the most importantones were Roman law and maritime custom. Roman law represented the oldtradition in medieval maritime law. During the process of code formation, Romanlaw preserved, developed and disseminated rules of ancient maritime law. Maritimecustom was the new element of medieval maritime law. The new custom, whichderived from shipping and trade practice at the medieval period, greatly modified andenriched the existing maritime laws and regulations. Sometimes maritime customwas even applied prior to statutory laws.
     The11thand12thCenturies were the historic period during which manyEuropean cities intensively filed documents and compiled legal rules. The first medieval maritime laws just appeared during that time. At that time, the compilationtechnology of maritime law was comparatively primitive, so the whole legal systemlacked logic and systematicness. Some articles conflicted with each other, whilesome articles just duplicated other ones. Sometimes a law was merely a collectionof rules with different sources. The formats of the laws differed from each other, butthey shared two same characteristics which were simplicity and practicality. All ofthose law compilations were familiar to the seamen and businessmen all over Europe.The laws played an important role in rights protection, dispute resolution anddiscipline regulation.
     It is a disputable question whether maritime law is internationalized or unified.Different people have different opinions. Take the formation and dissemination ofmedieval maritime law into account, maritime law undoubtedly is internationalized.However, it doesn’t mean that maritime laws of different areas must share same orsimilar rules.
     The first important medieval maritime laws appeared in Italy and otherMediterranean regions. Those maritime laws can be found in the law compilationsincluding the Table of Amalfi (around1010A.D.), the Ordinances of Trani (around1063A.D.), the Constitutum Usus of Pisa (around1160A.D.) and the Assizes ofJerusalem (the12thCentury). The appearance of the above mentioned maritime lawsmarked the birth of a brand new maritime law system.
     Mediterranean regions, especially Italy, had taken a leading role in the economicrenaissance and trade development since the11thCentury. Like banks, drafts andother new “inventions” in the fields of economics and law, the original impetusbehind the update and development of maritime law was the active trade deals in thearea. It was not an accident that cities of Amalfi, Trani and Pisa firstly started thework of maritime law compilation. With the Crusades Expeditions, the eastern andwestern parts of the Mediterranean regions further connected. As a result, Europefurther increased its trade with Near East and other farther regions. Theestablishment of the Latin Kingdom of Jerusalem partly served the trade interests ofEurope. Therefore, a twofold structure had been established that feudal law and law of Burghers (maritime law was part of it) existed on the same land of the FeudalKingdom.
     However, the laws emerged at the very early stage were not the most famousmedieval maritime laws. The most famous ones were the Consulate of the Sea, theRolls of Oleron and the Wisby Sea-Laws. Those three laws respectively representedthe maritime custom and maritime law development of the Mediterranean Sea, theAltantic and the Baltic Sea.
     The Consulate of the Sea of the middle13thCentury was born in the SpanishPeninsula. It was famous for its fruitful contents and widely applications. TheCustoms of the Sea covered many substantive maritime rules. They were the mostancient and core part of the law. The later version of the Consulate of the Sea alsoincluded procedural rules governing court hearings of maritime disputes and publicrules of privateering and capture. Although different comments exist, the Consulateof the Sea was in fact widely accepted by European nations and was known as “thecommon law of the sea”.
     In terms of both time and geography, the Rolls of Oleron of the late13thCenturywas born in the medieval period when British history and French history connectedclosely. The law mainly covered the custom and rules on trade and transportation ofred wines in Europe in the13thCentury. From the perspective of its formationprocess, the law was probably a record of the maritime judicial activities happened onOleron Island which was off the west coastline of France. The law enjoyed animportant status in northwestern and northern parts of the continental Europe and inEngland. Both in England and France, it was regarded as an official legal source.All or main parts of some well-known maritime codes, including the Judgments ofDame, the Flanders Sea-Laws and the Wisby Sea-Laws, were merely translations ofthe Rolls of Oleron into local languages.
     The rules of the Wisby Sea-Laws, which were formed in the last half15thCentury, did not come from the Wisby City, which was located on Gotland Island.Instead, the law was constituted by maritime rules of Lubeck, Flanders and Holland.The law regulated rights and obligations of masters, crewmen and businessmen, general average and ship collision. The Wisby Sea-Laws acted as a bridge joiningthe medieval maritime law and the modern maritime law. It greatly influenced theHanseatic law of the sea, which was formed in late medieval period, and the MarineOrdinances of Louis XIV, which was formed in early modern period. Although itenjoyed a high reputation, the law could not represent the latest development ofmaritime law in the15thCentury. Formation of new maritime laws, which weremore systematic and modern, had been under process.
     Look through the medieval maritime law as a whole, we can find that the law isclosely connected to shipping practice. To carry out risky sea-based activities, shipowners, masters, crewmen and businessmen together formed an occupationalcommunity or even a destiny community. Common adventure and common ventureare the eternal themes of maritime law.
     To carry out common maritime adventure, rules regulating ship owners, mastersand crewmen, maritime loans, maritime partnership and carriage of goods by sea weredeveloped in the medieval period. To keep order and discipline on board, crewmenmust obey master’s orders. However, compared to the rules in ancient times,democracy and civilization standard increased in the society on board so that rights,welfare and dignity of the crewmen were respected to some extent. To do seabornetrade, it was a usual business mode that several ship owners teamed up to run a ship.That was called joint ownership. Beside ship owners, some people madeinvestments in foreign trade by the means of maritime loans and maritime partnership.They earned high profits from others’ labor. Maritime loans could be issued throughmany different types of contract, including respondentia, bottomry loan and cambiummaritimum. Maritime partnership had also developed some complicated types ofcontract, including commenda, societas and Colonna. At that time, quaternus, whichwas also known as book or register, was a newly emerged thing in the practice ofcarriage of goods by sea. It better clarified rights and obligations of ship owners andcargo owners by recording cargo lists, crewmen names and other agreements in awritten form. Early bills of lading come from this kind of quaternus. However, theformat changed from book to bill then to document so that the bill of lading became negotiable. Till then, medieval carriage of goods by sea had become similar tomodern transportation in each and every aspect.
     To mutually correspond to maritime risk, medieval maritime law developed andrefined a full set of special legal rules governing ship collision, general average,wreck protection, salvage and limitation of liability. The medieval rules on shipcollision were not developed yet. They mainly inherited the rules of Roman lawwithout any substantial change. Rules on general average reflected geographicdifference. For example, different regions had different rules calculating the valuesof jettison and saved cargo. Rules on calculation method can be used as animportant standard to decide whether any two maritime laws share a close relationshipor not. Before the modern times, there was a long-term fight between the protectionof ship and cargo and the feudal right of shipwreck, which was the right to possess oreven rob others’ ship and cargo survived from a wreck. On the other hand, lawalways remunerated and rewarded salvage activities. In Mediterranean regions, ruleson limitation of liability emerged in shipping practice long before. Limitation ofliability was further established in modern times, playing an active role in decreasingthe burden of the shipping industry and encouraging more people to join in maritimeadventures. Before modern technology had a material progress, collision, wreck andloss were the risks coming along with sea navigations all the time. The basic rulesestablished by medieval maritime law on these aspects had been inherited by modernmaritime law.
     Based on the historical documents of the medieval period, there was a stronghistoric connection among maritime cities, maritime codes and maritime jurisdiction.Maritime judicial authority was the authority not only recognize and apply maritimerules but also record, save and update maritime rules. It played an important role inpromoting maritime law development. In medieval times, Europe had manymaritime judicial authorities. Among them, the Court of the Consuls of the Sea andthe Court of Admiralty in England were two major types.
     The Court of the Consuls of the Sea stemmed from the consular judicial traditionin Italian cities. This tradition was later widely accepted in southern and northern parts of Europe. The most famous example was the Barcelona Consul of the Seafrom the Kingdom of Aragon, which was usually connected to the name of theConsulate of the Sea.
     The Court of Admiralty originated from the position of the Admiral in England.In the middle of the14thCentury, to strengthen its control over the sea and to handlediplomatic disputes with neighboring nations derived from sea robberies conducted byits citizens, England established the Court of Admiralty on the position of the Admiral.Before the17thCentury, the Court of Admiralty in England exercised a broadjurisdiction.
     The development trail of the medieval European maritime law in the pasthundred years is like a three-fourth circle covering the south, west and northcoastlines of the Europe. The circle nearly covered all the coastal areas of Europecivilization as well. The development of maritime law not only laid the lawfoundation for Europe to lead in economic and social development all over the world,but also stamped a strong mark of sea on European civilization.
     Nowadays, maritime law has become an important part of our country’s legalsystem. It plays a unique role in developing shipping and trade and building greatsea power. For us, maritime law once was a foreign import transplanted into Chinathrough law revision in late Qing dynasty. It has not been a long time since wepromulgated and implemented our own maritime law. Conducting a research on thehistory of maritime law not only has the academic significance but also assist us tobetter understand the historic environment of the emergence and development ofmaritime law, and to better apply the principles and rules of maritime law.
引文
1[加拿大]威廉·台特雷著,《国际海商法》,张永坚译,法律出版社2005年版,第1页。
    2余甬帆著,《试探名词“海商法”之源》,载《中国海商法年刊》第18卷(2008年1月),第381-384页。
    3[美]G.吉尔摩、C.L.布莱克著,《海商法》(上),杨召南、毛俊纯、王君粹译,中国大百科全书出版社2000年版,第36页注[1]。
    1[美]G.吉尔摩、C.L.布莱克著,《海商法》(上),第1页。
    1Douglas M.Johnston,The Historical Foundations of World Order:the Tower and the Arena, MartinusNijhoff Publishers,LEIDEN,BOSTON,2008,p.43.
    1Travers Twiss,ed.,The Black Book of the Admiralty,Vol.III.,London:Longman&Co.,and Trubner&Co.,Patternoster Row,1874,pp.lxxxi-lxxxii.
    1关于中世纪的起止时间,当然可以列举很多的观点。这些观点大体相同。但也有分歧较大的。比如,金德尔伯格认为,欧洲的中世纪开始于公元前800年左右,在11和12世纪随着商业革命的到来而终结。而促使中世纪终结的刺激因素主要是十字军东征,十字军使西欧与许多奢侈品和其他新奇货物的贸易相联系。见[美]查尔斯·P.金德尔伯格著,《世界经济霸权:1500—1990》,高祖贵译,商务印书馆2003年版,第82页。
    2Joyce E.Salisbury(General Editor),The Greenwood Encyclopedia of Global Medieval Life andCulture,Volume I,Europe and the Americas, Greenwood Press2009,USA,p.15.雅克·勒高夫等人也持相同观点:文艺复兴时为弥合古代和现代这两个实在的、确切的、极富意义的历史时期之间的空隙,而创造出“中世纪”这一概念。见[法]雅克·勒高夫著,《历史与记忆》,方仁杰、倪复生译,中国人民大学出版社2010年版,第48页。
    3The Greenwood Encyclopedia of Global Medieval Life and Culture,Volume I,Europe and the Americas,p.15.
    1David M.Walker,The Oxford Companion to Law,Oxford:Clarendon Press,1980,p.819.就通史而言,一般认为,欧洲自15世纪开始步入近代史阶段。发生了君士坦丁堡陷落,拜占庭帝国灭亡,文艺复兴、启蒙运动及宗教改革开始,地理大发现,民族国家兴起等一系列标志性事件。经济社会生活出现重大变化。在法律史上,有罗马法的继受,近代法典的编纂等重要事件。特别在德国,罗马法作为一个整体被接受。在法律领域出现了加速发展的现象。法律思想和法律研究深受文艺复兴和启蒙运动的影响。
    2[美]道格拉斯·诺斯和罗伯斯·托马斯著,《西方世界的兴起》,厉以平和蔡磊译,华夏出版社2009年版,第39页。
    3Peter Bogucki&Pam J.Crabtree(Editors in Chief),Ancient Europe8000B.C.-A.D.1000:Encyclopedia of Barbarian World,Volume II,Bronze Age to Early Middle Ages(C.3000B.C.-A.D.1000),Charles Scribner’s Sons,p.355。
    4一个著名的例子是圣保罗所经受过的船难。而教会之舟(the ship of the Church)经常被想象和描述为一只在风浪中颠簸的船。
    1Jacques Le Goff,Translated by Janet Lloyd,The Birth of Europe,Blackwell Publishing Ltd,UK,2005,p.113.
    2[法]瑟诺博斯著,《法国史》(上),沈炼之译,商务印书馆1972年5月版。第134,194-195页。
    3M.D.A.Azuni,The Maritime Law of Europe,Vol I.,Translated from the French,New-York:I.Riley&Co.,1806,pp.262-263.
    2泰格和利维著,《法律与资本主义的兴起》,纪琨译、刘锋校,学林出版社1996年版,第8页。
    3W.Paul Gormley,The development of the Rhodian-Roman marit ime law to1681,with special emphasison the problem of collision,Inter-American Law Review,Vol.III,1961,p.336.
    4W.Paul Gormley,The development of the Rhodian-Roman marit ime law to1681,with special emphasison the problem of collision,Inter-American Law Review,Vol.III,pp.331-334,336-338,341.
    1[英]梅特兰等著,《欧陆法律史概览——事件,渊源,人物及运动》,屈文生等译,上海人民出版社2008年版,第133页。
    2[英]梅特兰等著,《欧陆法律史概览——事件,渊源,人物及运动》,第133页。
    3[加拿大]威廉·台特雷著,《国际海商法》,张永坚等译,法律出版社2005年版,第7页。
    4[美]约瑟夫·R.斯特雷耶著,《现代国家的起源》,华佳、王夏、宗福常译,格致出版社、上海人民出版社2011年版,第14页。
    1W.Paul Gormley,The development of the Rhodian-Roman marit ime law to1681,with special emphasison the problem of collision,Inter-American Law Review,Vol.III,p.339.
    2W.Paul Gormley,The development of the Rhodian-Roman marit ime law to1681,with special emphasison the problem of collision,Inter-American Law Review,Vol.III,pp.330-331,345.
    1[加拿大]威廉·台特雷著,《国际海商法》,张永坚等译,法律出版社2005年版,第7页。
    2[意]彼德罗·彭梵得著,《罗马法教科书》,黄风译,中国政法大学出版社1992年版,第16页。
    1[意]彼德罗·彭梵得著,《罗马法教科书》,第18页。
    2[英]靳克斯著,《英国法》,中国政法大学出版社2007年版,张季忻译,第20页。
    3[挪威]托布约尔·克努成著,《国际关系理论史导论》,余万里、何宗强译,天津人民出版社2004年版,第25页。
    4Shirley Robin Letwin,Edited by Noel B. Reynolds,On the History of the Idea of Law,CambridgeUniversity Press2005,New York,p.83,84.
    1Travers Twiss,ed.,The Black Book of the Admiralty,Vol.IV.,London:Longman&Co.,PatternosterRow,Trubner&Co.,Ludgate Hill,1876,p.xciv.
    2Frederic Rockwell Sanborn,Origins of the Early English Maritime and Commercial Law,New York,London:The Century Co.,1930.p.43-44.
    3Travers Twiss,ed.,The Black Book of the Admiralty,Vol.IV.,p.xciii.
    1Travers Twiss,ed.,The Black Book of the Admiralty,Vol.IV.,pp.xciii-xciv.
    2Travers Twiss,ed.,The Black Book of the Admiralty,Vol.IV.,p.xciv.
    3Frederic Rockwell Sanborn,Origins of the Early English Maritime and Commercial Law,p.45.
    1Travers Twiss,ed.,The Black Book of the Admiralty,Vol.IV.,p.xlii.
    2[法]雅克·勒高夫著,《历史与记忆》,第83页。
    3[法]雅克·勒高夫著,《历史与记忆》,第85页。
    4Pierre Flotte,13世纪中期—1302年,法国美男子菲利普时期的法学家。
    1Guillaume Durand,1230—1296年,法国教会法作者,著有《司法观察》(Speculum judiciale)。
    2Guillaume de Nogaret,1270-1313年,法国美男子菲利普时期的政治家。
    3Eike von Repgov,13世纪德国吏官,著有《萨克森明镜》(Le Miroir des Saxons)。
    4[法]罗贝尔·福西耶著,《这些中世纪的人——中世纪的日常生活》,周嫄译,上海社会科学院出版社2011年版,第202页。
    5[法]罗贝尔·福西耶著,《这些中世纪的人——中世纪的日常生活》,第202页。
    6Frederic Rockwell Sanborn,Origins of the Early English Maritime and Commercial Law,p.44.Alaosee p.52.学者们对12世纪之前是否有多部海商法被写成书面持谨慎态度。因为至少在西地中海地区,对海法内容加以证明,普遍地仍以专家的口头宣誓的方式来进行。本文认为,12世纪海商法的编纂,可以《阿马尔菲表》和《特拉尼决定》为例(详见第二章),但至少是不多见的。
    7[日]阿部谨也著,《中世纪星空下》,李玉满、陈娴若译,三联书店2011年版,第234页。
    1Benedict on Admiralty,Volume1,Jurisdiction and Principles,Steven F.Friedell,Matthew Bender&Co.Inc,2003,pp.1-14,1-20.
    2Travers Twiss,ed.,The Black Book of the Admiralty,Vol.IV.,p.li.
    1Frederic Rockwell Sanborn,Origins of the Early English Maritime and Commercial Law,p.52.
    2Travers Twiss,ed.,The Black Book of the Admiralty,Vol.II.,London:Longman&Co.,PatternosterRow,Trubner&Co.,Ludgate Hill,1873,p.xli.
    3Travers Twiss,ed.,The Black Book of the Admiralty,Vol.IV.,p.cxi.
    1Travers Twiss,ed.,The Black Book of the Admiralty,Vol.IV.,pp.liv,lvi.
    1[德]阿尔布雷希特·科德斯:《探究中世纪“统一商法”的法律本质》,周晨译,载《中德法学论坛(第2辑)》(2003),南京大学出版社2004年11月版,第199页以下。
    2David M. Walker,The Oxford Companion to Law,p.726.
    3[美]哈罗德·J·伯尔曼著,《法律与革命》(第一卷:西方法律传统的形成)(中文修订版),贺卫方、高鸿钧、张志铭、夏勇译,法律出版社2008年版,第368页。
    4Frederic Rockwell Sanborn,Origins of the Early English Maritime and Commercial Law,p.55.
    1Travers Twiss,ed.,The Black Book of the Admiralty,Vol.IV.,p.xliii.
    2Holdsworth, H.E.L., V. p.100,cite in Frederic Rockwell Sanborn,Origins of the Early EnglishMaritime and Commercial Law,p.55.
    3Travers Twiss,ed.,The Black Book of the Admiralty,Vol.III.,London:Longman&Co.,and Trubner&Co.,Patternoster Row,1874.pp. lxxx-lxxxi.
    2泰格和利维著,《法律与资本主义的兴起》,纪琨译,学林出版社1996年版,第76页。
    3在西语中还写作the Tabula Amalfitana,the Tavola Amalphitana,the Tabula di Amalfi,the AmalfitanTable,the Code of Amalfi,简写为the Table或the Tabula。又译作《阿马尔菲碑文》、《阿马尔菲法典》。Amalphi,当地居民现在写作Amalfi。
    4Travers Twiss,ed.,The Black Book of the Admiralty,Vol.III.,London:Longman&Co.,and Trubner&Co.,Patternoster Row,1874,p.lxiii.
    1费尔南·布罗代尔著,《15至18世纪的物质文明、经济和资本主义》(第三卷:世界的时间),施康强、顾良译,三联书店1993年版,第103-105页。
    2对阿马尔菲与威尼斯的比较,见费尔南·布罗代尔著,《15至18世纪的物质文明、经济和资本主义》(第三卷:世界的时间),第103页以下;泰格和利维著,《法律与资本主义的兴起》,第74页以下。
    3Travers Twiss,ed.,The Black Book of the Admiralty,Vol.IV.,London:Longman&Co.,PatternosterRow,Trubner&Co.,Ludgate Hill,1876,pp.xi,xiii-xiv.Frederic Rockwell Sanborn,Origins of theEarly English Maritime and Commercial Law,New York,London:The Century Co.,1930,pp.43,50-51.
    1Frederic Rockwell Sanborn,Origins of the Early English Maritime and Commercial Law,p.51andnote49.相近的观点,另见[美]James J.Donovan著,《船东责任限制的起源与发展》,段庆喜译,载梁慧星主编《民商法论丛》第37卷,法律出版社2007年版,第443页。这篇论文认为,《阿马尔菲表》大约编纂于11世纪,其最前面的部分可以追溯到1131年之前,有些部分则追溯到14世纪。以及,泰格和利维著,《法律与资本主义的兴起》,第76页。这部著作认为,这部法典颁布的时间最早在公元954年,最迟不晚于1010年。Also see W.Paul Gormley,The development of the Rhodian-Roman maritime law to1681,with special emphasis on the problem of collision,Inter-American Law Review,Vol.III,1961,p.331.这篇论文认为,《阿马尔菲表》制定于1000年。
    2Frederic Rockwell Sanborn,Origins of the Early English Maritime and Commercial Law,p.53.
    1Frederic Rockwell Sanborn,Origins of the Early English Maritime and Commercial Law,p.53.
    2W.Paul Gormley,The development of the Rhodian-Roman maritime law to1681,with special emphasison the problem of collision,Inter-American Law Review,Vol.III,p.331.
    3Benedict on Admiralty,Volume1,Jurisdiction and Principles,Steven F.Friedell,Matthew Bender&Co.Inc,2003,p.1-29.
    4The Black Book of the Admiralty,Vol.III.,p.lix.
    5M.D.A.Azuni,The Maritime Law of Europe,Vol I.,Translated from the French,New-York:I.Riley&Co.,1806,p.376.
    6M.D.A.Azuni,The Maritime Law of Europe,Vol I.,Translated from the French,pp.375-376.
    1The Black Book of the Admiralty,Vol.III.,p.lx.
    2Travers Twiss,ed.,The Black Book of the Admiralty,Vol.IV.,London:Longman&Co.,PatternosterRow,Trubner&Co.,Ludgate Hill,1876,p.cxxviii.
    3西语中还写作the Ordinance of Trani,the Decisions of Trani,the Maritime Ordinances of Trani,Laws of Trani,又译作《特拉尼决定》、《特拉尼海法》、《特拉尼法》、《特拉尼海员公会的领事判例集》。像其他一些古代法律一样,《特拉尼决定》被保存下来也出于偶然。1509年,费尔莫某位市民将这部法律的一个复本印刷在《费尔莫法规》(the Statutes of Fermo)的结尾部分。费尔莫是亚得里亚海边的另一个港口,在特拉尼以北。
    1The Black Book of the Admiralty,Vol.IV.,p.xci.Frederic Rockwell Sanborn,Origins of the EarlyEnglish Maritime and Commercial Law,p.46,note25and p.47-48. David M.Walker,The Oxford Companionto Law,Oxford:Clarendon Press,1980,p.1230.
    2Travers Twiss,ed.,The Black Book of the Admiralty,Vol.III.,London:Longman&Co.,and Trubner&Co.,Patternoster Row,1874,p.lxv.
    3Travers Twiss,ed.,The Black Book of the Admiralty,Vol.II.,London:Longman&Co.,PatternosterRow,Trubner&Co.,Ludgate Hill,1873,pp.xliii-xlvi.
    4W.Paul Gormley,The development of the Rhodian-Roman maritime law to1681,with special emphasison the problem of collision,Inter-American Law Review,Vol.III,p.331.
    5《不列颠百科全书》(17),中国大百科全书出版社1999年4月版,第174页。但这种表述并不严谨。可比较其他著作的表述:“现代海商法现存的最古老渊源是亚得里亚海湾沿岸的《特拉尼城海洋领事决定》(theDecisions of the Consuls of the Sea of the city of Trani)。”See Frederic Rockwell Sanborn,Originsof the Early English Maritime and Commercial Law,p.46.这与《不列颠百科全书》的表述相近,但显然是依据现存文本时间的早晚来确定哪部法律是中世纪第一部海商法。因为如上文所述,《阿马尔菲表》也制定于11世纪,甚至有证据表明编纂于1010年(早于1063年)。
    6Frederic Rockwell Sanborn,Origins of the Early English Maritime and Commercial Law,p.49.
    1Frederic Rockwell Sanborn,Origins of the Early English Maritime and Commercial Law,p.48.
    2Frederic Rockwell Sanborn,Origins of the Early English Maritime and Commercial Law,pp.43-44.
    3The Black Book of the Admiralty,Vol.IV.,p.cxxviii.
    1Frederic Rockwell Sanborn,Origins of the Early English Maritime and Commercial Law,pp.48-49.
    2Travers Twiss,ed.,The Black Book of the Admiralty,Vol.IV.,London:Longman&Co.,PatternosterRow,Trubner&Co.,Ludgate Hill,1876.p.cxxvii.
    1Frederic Rockwell Sanborn,Origins of the Early English Maritime and Commercial Law,p.47,note25.
    2《比萨习惯法》文本标注的日期为比萨时代的1161年,这相当于公元1160年。见[德]马克斯·韦伯著,《中世纪商业合伙史》,陶永新译,东方出版中心2010年版,第73页。
    3The Hon.Sir John Donaldson,C.S.Staughton,D.J.Wilson,The Law of General Average and theYork-Antwerp Rules(Tenth Edition),London(1975),Stevens&Sons,p.9.
    4Frederic Rockwell Sanborn,Origins of the Early English Maritime and Commercial Law,pp.55-56.
    5[德]马克斯·韦伯著,《中世纪商业合伙史》,第74页。
    6Frederic Rockwell Sanborn,Origins of the Early English Maritime and Commercial Law,pp.55-56.
    1Frederic Rockwell Sanborn,Origins of the Early English Maritime and Commercial Law,pp.55-56.
    2Frederic Rockwell Sanborn,Origins of the Early English Maritime and Commercial Law,pp.55-56.
    1[德]马克斯·韦伯著,《中世纪商业合伙史》,第73页。
    2The Black Book of the Admiralty,Vol.III.,pp.xxix-xxx.Frederic Rockwell Sanborn,Origins ofthe Early English Maritime and Commercial Law,pp.55-56,59-60.关于中世纪马赛的海商法,马祖尼曾专门论及:马赛共和国被明智地治理着,并长期保持自己的优良规则。颁布于13世纪的城市法令,包含许多有关航行、海商合同的章节,属于古代最文明的时期。马赛人可以自豪的是,他们古老的海法(navallaws)没有丢失,这些法律被铭记在心,代代相传,足以保存衡平的善意和热切的商业精神,使这座城市成为地中海地区最富庶的港口。See M.D.A.Azuni,The Maritime Law of Europe,Vol I.,Translated fromthe French,p.387.
    3西语中又写作the Assizes(Assises)de Jerusalem,Assises de Jèrusalem,有时简作the Assises,又译为《耶路撒冷拉丁王国法令》、《耶路撒冷王国法令》、《耶路撒冷法典》等。
    1《马克思、恩格斯通信选集》,苏联国家政治书籍出版社1953年版,第484页,转引自扎波罗夫著《十字军东征》,第114页。
    2《不列颠百科全书(国际中文版)》(8),中国大百科全书出版社1999年4月版,第554页。
    3Travers Twiss,ed.,The Black Book of the Admiralty,Vol.IV.,London:Longman&Co.,PatternosterRow,Trubner&Co.,Ludgate Hill,1876,pp.xcvii-xcviii.关于《耶路撒冷法令》的制定,布永的戈弗雷实际上只是确立了这部法律的基础。见《不列颠百科全书(国际中文版)》(8),第554页。所以,有学者认为,《市民法院法令集》形成于13世纪。
    1The Black Book of the Admiralty,Vol.IV.,p.cvi.
    2Benedict on Admiralty,Volume1,Jurisdiction and Principles,p.1-20.
    3The Black Book of the Admiralty,Vol.IV.,pp.xcviii,xcix.
    1The Black Book of the Admiralty,Vol.IV.,pp.c-ci.另见《不列颠百科全书(国际中文版)》(8),第554页。
    2The Black Book of the Admiralty,Vol.IV.,pp.ci,cvii.《高等法院法令集》本来没有留下复本。但耶路撒冷王国各地的高等法院保存了贵族和骑士的惯例及习惯。仅叙利亚就有二十二个高等法院。1187年耶路撒冷陷落之后,阿卡(Acre)既是这个拉丁王国的叙利亚的首府,又是拉丁法律制度的总部。阿卡高等法院就保存了原来的法律传统。而尼科西亚的法院与阿卡的法院之间关系密切。当1297年阿卡陷落之后,塞浦路斯又成为法兰克人在东方的主要基地。这使得该岛成为《高等法院法令集》的复原地和两部法令集保存及流传的中转站。See The Black Book of the Admiralty,Vol.IV.,pp.xcix,c,cii.
    3The Black Book of the Admiralty,Vol.IV.,p.cvii.
    1The Black Book of the Admiralty,Vol.IV.,pp.cii-ciii,cvii,cix-cx.
    2罗伯特·福西耶主编,《剑桥插图中世纪史(950—1250年)》,李增洪等译,山东画报出版社2008年版,第432页。另,本文对这些法律的名称作了重新翻译。
    3[比利时]亨利·皮雷纳著,《中世纪的城市》,陈国樑译,商务印书馆2006年版,第59-60页。
    1Frederic Rockwell Sanborn,Origins of the Early English Maritime and Commercial Law,p.59.
    1Benedict on Admiralty,Volume1,Jurisdiction and Principles,Steven F.Friedell,Matthew Bender&Co.Inc,2003,pp.1-27,1-28. W.Paul Gormley,The development of the Rhodian-Roman maritime lawto1681,with special emphasis on the problem of collision,Inter-American Law Review,Vol.III,p334.Bryan A.Garner(Editor in Chief),Black’s Law Dictionary(Ninth Edition),Thomson Reuters,2009,U.S.A.,p.350.
    2Frederic Rockwell Sanborn,Origins of the Early English Maritime and Commercial Law,New York,London:The Century Co.,1930.pp.82-83.James Kent,Commentaries on American Law,Vol.III.,TwelfthEdition,Edited by O.W.Holmes,Boston:Little,Brown,and Company,1873,p.9.The Black Book of theAdmiralty,Vol.III.,p.lxxix.M.D.A.Azuni,The Maritime Law of Europe,Vol I.,Translated fromthe French,New-York:I.Riley&Co.,1806,pp.336,349.
    3M.D.A.Azuni,The Maritime Law of Europe,Vol I.,Translated from the French,p.336.
    4有的英译本中,这份文件的标题为《承认》(Acceptations)。
    5M.D.A.Azuni,The Maritime Law of Europe,Vol I.,Translated from the French,pp.336seqq.TheConsulate of the Sea and Related Documents,Translated and edited by Stanley S.Jados,Universityof Alabama Press,1975,pp.xiii-xv,260-262.
    6James Kent,Commentaries on American Law,Vol.III.,Twelfth Edition,pp.8-9.M.D.A.Azuni,TheMaritime Law of Europe,Vol I.,Translated from the French,p.335. Benedict on Admiralty,Volume1,Jurisdiction and Principles,pp.1-27,1-28.
    1The Consulate of the Sea and Related Documents,Translated and edited by Stanley S.Jados,pp.260-262.
    1M.D.A.Azuni,The Maritime Law of Europe,Vol I.,Translated from the French,pp.337-339.
    1M.D.A.Azuni,The Maritime Law of Europe,Vol I.,Translated from the French,pp.339-341.
    2M.D.A.Azuni,The Maritime Law of Europe,Vol I.,Translated from the French,pp.349.
    3The Black Book of the Admiralty,Vol.III.,p.lviii.
    1Frederic Rockwell Sanborn,Origins of the Early English Maritime and Commercial Law,p.77.
    2The Black Book of the Admiralty,Vol.III.,p.lviii.
    3雷蒙德·卡尔著,《西班牙史》,潘诚译,东方出版中心2009年版,第55页。
    1中世纪加泰罗尼亚及巴塞罗那的历史,具体可参看雷蒙德·卡尔著,《西班牙史》,第55页以下;许昌财编著,《西班牙通史》,世界知识出版社2009年版,第200页以下。
    2雷蒙德·卡尔著,《西班牙史》,第76页。中世纪时,南意大利和西西里在政治上与意大利其他地区互不相干。在南意大利,最初是诺曼人建立的国家,后来这个国家先后由霍亨斯陶芬王朝和安茹王朝统治,最后由阿拉贡统治。那不勒斯和西西里在政治上与西班牙而不是与意大利发生联系。见[苏]B·Π·波将金等编,《外交史》(第一卷、上),三联书店1979年版,第251页。
    3[美]詹姆斯·w.汤普逊著,《中世纪晚期欧洲经济社会史》,徐家玲等译,商务印书馆1992年版,第476页。
    4[美]道格拉斯·诺斯和罗伯斯·托马斯著、厉以平和蔡磊译,《西方世界的兴起》,华夏出版社2009年版,第125页。
    5雷蒙德·卡尔著,《西班牙史》,第76页。
    6[比]亨利·皮朗著,《中世纪欧洲经济社会史》,乐文译,上海人民出版社2001年版,第150页。在此,航海技艺及因此获得的声誉是巴塞罗那兴起的关键因素之一。See The New Cambridge Medieval History,Volume v. c.1198-c.1300,Edited by David Abulafia,Cambridge University Press,1999,UK,p.659.
    1雷蒙德·卡尔著,《西班牙史》,第76页。[比]亨利·皮朗著,《中世纪欧洲经济社会史》,第150页。
    2The Black Book of the Admiralty,Vol.II.,p.lxvii.Frederic Rockwell Sanborn,Origins of theEarly English Maritime and Commercial Law,p.77.
    3The Black Book of the Admiralty,Vol.II.,pp.lxvi-lxvii.
    1Frederic Rockwell Sanborn,Origins of the Early English Maritime and Commercial Law,pp.77-78.
    2Frederic Rockwell Sanborn,Origins of the Early English Maritime and Commercial Law,p.80.
    3指阿拉贡的彼得四世在1336年和1343年之间编纂的一部用于指引巴伦西亚领事法院(the consularcourts at Valencia)的程序规则,在英语文献中又写作the judicial procedure of the Consuls ofValencia(巴伦西亚领事司法程序)、the Valencian Regulations(巴伦西亚规则)、Code of Valencia(巴伦西亚法典)、the Rules of Procedure(巴伦西亚的程序规则)、the Code of Procedure(巴伦西亚的程序法典)等。
    4Frederic Rockwell Sanborn,Origins of the Early English Maritime and Commercial Law,pp.80-82,87-88.The Black Book of the Admiralty,Vol.II.,p.lxvi.关于中世纪西班牙海事管辖权的发展,具体参见本论文第八章。
    1Frederic Rockwell Sanborn,Origins of the Early English Maritime and Commercial Law,pp.79-80.
    2Frederic Rockwell Sanborn,Origins of the Early English Maritime and Commercial Law,p.89.
    3Bryan A.Garner(Editor in Chief),Black’s Law Dictionary(Ninth Edition),p.350.The Black Bookof the Admiralty,Vol IV.,p.xxi.[美]James J.Donovan著,《船东责任限制的起源与发展》,段庆喜译,载梁慧星主编《民商法论丛》第37卷,法律出版社2007年版,第443页。其他相近的时间:约1300年,W.Paul Gormley,The development of the Rhodian-Roman maritime law to1681,with special emphasison the problem of collision,Inter-American Law Review,Vol.III,p.334;约1340年,The Black Bookof the Admiralty,Vol.III.,p.xxxiv.
    1The Black Book of the Admiralty,Vol.III.,p.lix.
    3The Black Book of the Admiralty,Vol.III.,p.lix.Frederic Rockwell Sanborn,Origins of the EarlyEnglish Maritime and Commercial Law,p.88,and note280.
    4Frederic Rockwell Sanborn,Origins of the Early English Maritime and Commercial Law,pp.83-84.有的论文提到,这部汇编可能在1484年之前约两个世纪就已经成形。见[美]James J.Donovan著,《船东责任限制的起源与发展》,载梁慧星主编《民商法论丛》第37卷,第443页。阿祖尼也提到,这部法律“据说在法兰西国王圣路易(Saint Lewis)的时代已经编纂了”,即13世纪20至70年代。See M.D.A.Azuni,The Maritime Law of Europe,Vol I.,Translated from the French,p.334.
    5Edited by David Abulafia,The New Cambridge Medieval History,Volume v. c.1198-c.1300,CambridgeUniversity Press,1999,UK,p.659.
    1Frederic Rockwell Sanborn,Origins of the Early English Maritime and Commercial Law,p.89.
    2The Black Book of the Admiralty,Vol.III.,pp.xxxiv-xxxv.Frederic Rockwell Sanborn,Originsof the Early English Maritime and Commercial Law, p.83.“Consulate of The Sea”, athttp://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Consulate_of_the_Sea,August21,2013.有的著作按照这个现存的最早版本,将《康梭拉多海法》定义为:15世纪在巴塞罗那以加泰罗尼亚语出版的海事习惯和规则,而未追溯其更早的历史。See David M.Walker,The Oxford Companion toLaw,Oxford:Clarendon Press,1980,p.275.
    1The Consulate of the Sea and Related Documents,Translated and edited by Stanley S.Jados,pp.xiii-xv.
    3特威斯在《海事黑皮书》第三卷中收入标题为《良好的习惯》的文本,共252条。这对应于1494年印刷本第二部分第一方面(“海上贸易中普遍接受的习惯”,第46条至第297条)的内容,条文数目也是一样的。
    2The Black Book of the Admiralty,Vol.III.,p.liv.
    3Benedict on Admiralty,Volume1,Jurisdiction and Principles,pp.1-27,1-28.
    4David M.Walker,The Oxford Companion to Law,p.275.
    1The Black Book of the Admiralty,Vol.III.,p.lxxv.W.Paul Gormley,The development of theRhodian-Roman maritime law to1681,with special emphasis on the problem of collision,Inter-American Law Review,Vol.III,p.334. M.D.A.Azuni,The Maritime Law of Europe,Vol I.,Translated from the French,p.330.另,关于程序法的内容,本论文第八章中有具体介绍。
    2The Black Book of the Admiralty,Vol.III.,pp.lxvii-lxviii.
    3The Black Book of the Admiralty,Vol.III.,p.lix.
    1The Black Book of the Admiralty,Vol.III.,p.lxxv.
    2Arthur Desjardins,Introduction Historique à l′étude du Droit Commercial Maritime,Paris,1890,p.62,cited in Frederic Rockwell Sanborn,Origins of the Early English Maritime and CommercialLaw,p.85.
    1The Black Book of the Admiralty,Vol.III.,pp.lxxviii-lxxix.
    1The Black Book of the Admiralty,Vol.III.,pp.lxxvii-lxxviii.
    2The Black Book of the Admiralty,Vol.III.,p.lxxvi.[美]阿瑟·努斯鲍姆著,《简明国际法史》,张小平译,法律出版社2011年版,第25页。
    3The Black Book of the Admiralty,Vol.III.,p.lxxvi.
    2[美]阿瑟·努斯鲍姆著,《简明国际法史》,第25页。
    3The Black Book of the Admiralty,Vol.III.,p.lxxvi.
    1The Black Book of the Admiralty,Vol.III.,pp.lxxiii-lxxiv.当时肯特在其著作中也说到,“那些最有资格判断其(《康梭拉多海法》)价值的学者和律师们长期以来一直期盼和呼吁(完成)其完整的英文译本。”See James Kent,Commentaries on American Law,Vol.III.,Twelfth Edition,p.9.
    2Frederic Rockwell Sanborn,Origins of the Early English Maritime and Commercial Law,p.86.
    3M.D.A.Azuni,The Maritime Law of Europe,Vol I.,Translated from the French,pp.334-335.
    4James Kent,Commentaries on American Law,Vol.III.,Twelfth Edition,p.9.Frederic RockwellSanborn,Origins of the Early English Maritime and Commercial Law,p.82.
    5Frederic Rockwell Sanborn,Origins of the Early English Maritime and Commercial Law,pp.84,86.The Black Book of the Admiralty,Vol.II.,pp.lxv-lxvi.
    6The Black Book of the Admiralty,Vol.III.,p.lxxx.
    7Frederic Rockwell Sanborn,Origins of the Early English Maritime and Commercial Law,p.83.
    1The Black Book of the Admiralty,Vol.III.,p.lxxx.Black Bk. of Adm. II, pp.lxv-lxvi.FredericRockwell Sanborn,Origins of the Early English Maritime and Commercial Law,p.86.
    2[美]约翰·H.威格摩尔著:《世界法系概览》(下),何勤华、李秀清、郭光东等译,上海人民出版社2004年版,第758-761页。
    3M.D.A.Azuni,The Maritime Law of Europe,Vol I.,Translated from the French,p.330. W.Paul Gormley,The development of the Rhodian-Roman maritime law to1681,with special emphasis on the problemof collision,Inter-American Law Review,Vol.III,p.333.
    4M.D.A.Azuni,The Maritime Law of Europe,Vol I.,Translated from the French,p.334.
    5James Kent,Commentaries on American Law,Vol.III.,Twelfth Edition,p.9.
    6M.D.A.Azuni,The Maritime Law of Europe,Vol I.,Translated from the French,p.328. James Kent,Commentaries on American Law,Vol.III.,Twelfth Edition,p.9.
    7W.Paul Gormley,The development of the Rhodian-Roman maritime law to1681,with special emphasison the problem of collision,Inter-American Law Review,Vol.III,p.333. M.D.A.Azuni,The MaritimeLaw of Europe,Vol I.,Translated from the French,p.330.
    1M.D.A.Azuni,The Maritime Law of Europe,Vol I.,Translated from the French,p.326.
    2James Kent,Commentaries on American Law,Vol.III.,Twelfth Edition,p.9.
    3Frederic Rockwell Sanborn,Origins of the Early English Maritime and Commercial Law,p.86,note269.
    4M.D.A.Azuni,The Maritime Law of Europe,Vol I.,Translated from the French,p.329.
    5James Kent,Commentaries on American Law,Vol.III.,Twelfth Edition,p.10.胡布纳称它是一大堆不成形的(规则),一部没有很好地加以整理的海商成文法和中世纪及黑暗时代特殊法令的编纂作品,混合了一部地方裁判的汇编。“这些法令”,他说,“可以约束那些制定它们的人们;但因为它们只是特殊的规则,其权威性没有进一步得到扩展;现在它们已经变得过时,而不再约束任何人。”See M.D.A.Azuni,TheMaritime Law of Europe,Vol I.,Translated from the French,pp.326-327.
    6James Kent,Commentaries on American Law,Vol.III.,Twelfth Edition,p.9.
    3埃莉诺(1122-1204),又写作Eleanora,Alienor,法国阿奎丹和加斯科涅的女公爵和普瓦图(Poitou)的女伯爵。1137年成为法兰西国王路易七世的王后。1145年,埃莉诺随同路易七世进行第二次十字军东征。1152年她同路易七世离婚,不久又和英格兰的亨利(后来的亨利二世)结婚。她是英格兰国王狮心理查和约翰的母亲。1189年亨利二世去世,理查继承王位,埃莉诺成为摄政王。
    4James Kent,Commentaries on American Law,Vol.III.,Twelfth Edition,p.10,note(b);[美]JamesJ.Donovan著,《船东责任限制的起源与发展》,段庆喜译,载梁慧星主编《民商法论丛》第37卷,法律出版社2007年版,第448页。
    1Travers Twiss,ed. The Black Book of the Admiralty,Vol IV.,London:Longman&Co.,PatternosterRow,Trubner&Co.,Ludgate Hill,1876,p.xxi.克莱拉克也持这种观点,见James Kent,Commentarieson American Law,Vol.III.,Twelfth Edition,p.10,note(b).另外,这里用“判决”(Judgments)一词,旨在说明这不是一般意义上的习惯,而是已经在奥列隆获得司法认可的“海洋习惯”(Customs of theSea),而这也反映了中世纪海商法中判决与习惯之间的关系。见The Black Book of the Admiralty,VolIV.,p.lxxxvii.
    2James Kent,Commentaries on American Law,Vol.III.,Twelfth Edition,p.10.
    3Frederic Rockwell Sanborn,Origins of the Early English Maritime and Commercial Law,p.63.
    4James Kent,Commentaries on American Law,Vol.III.,Twelfth Edition,p.10,note(c).
    5《奥列隆案卷》背后的历史名人的身影,除了埃莉诺和理查以外,还有人认为是奥托(Otto)或萨克森公爵制作了这部法律。可以确定的是,现在已经很少有人提及奥托或萨克森公爵的说法。See Timothy J.Runyan,The Rolls of Oleron and the Admiralty Court in Fourteenth Century England,The AmericanJournal of Legal History,Vol.19,1975,p.99.
    6Timothy J. Runyan,The Rolls of Oleron and the Admiralty Court in Fourteenth Century England,The American Journal of Legal History,Vol.19,p.98.
    1[美]道格拉斯·诺斯和罗伯斯·托马斯著,《西方世界的兴起》,厉以平和蔡磊译,华夏出版社2009年版,第39页。
    2[比]亨利·皮朗著,《中世纪欧洲经济社会史》,乐文译,上海人民出版社2001年版,第148页。
    3M.M.波斯坦、爱德华·米勒主编,《剑桥欧洲经济史(第二卷):中世纪的贸易和工业》,钟和等译,经济科学出版社2004年版,第145页;[比]亨利·皮朗著,《中世纪欧洲经济社会史》,第147页。
    4[比]亨利·皮朗著,《中世纪欧洲经济社会史》,第78-79页。
    5M.M.波斯坦、爱德华·米勒主编,《剑桥欧洲经济史(第二卷):中世纪的贸易和工业》,第145-146页。
    1[比]亨利·皮朗著,《中世纪欧洲经济社会史》,第148页;[美]道格拉斯·诺斯和罗伯斯·托马斯著,《西方世界的兴起》,第75页;M.M.波斯坦、爱德华·米勒主编,《剑桥欧洲经济史(第二卷):中世纪的贸易和工业》,第146页。
    2[美]道格拉斯·诺斯和罗伯斯·托马斯著,《西方世界的兴起》,第74页。
    3[比]亨利·皮朗著,《中世纪欧洲经济社会史》,第148页。
    4保罗·布特尔著,《大西洋史》,刘明周译,东方出版中心2011年版,第39页。
    5Timothy J. Runyan,The Rolls of Oleron and the Admiralty Court in Fourteenth Century England,The American Journal of Legal History,Vol.19,p.99.
    6The Black Book of the Admiralty,Vol IV,p.lxxxvii.另外,这里提到盐的贸易。当时法国也对外出口盐,船舶在运输酒的同时还装运一些食盐。部耳纽夫有盐矿,与拉罗谢尔距离又很近,有地理位置的便利。14世纪斯堪尼亚沿岸的青鱼捕捞业兴盛时,汉萨同盟的船舶从部耳纽夫运入的食盐也逐渐增加。见[比]亨利·皮朗著:《中世纪欧洲经济社会史》,第148页。
    7[比]亨利·皮朗著,《中世纪欧洲经济社会史》,第148页。
    8Timothy J. Runyan,The Rolls of Oleron and the Admiralty Court in Fourteenth Century England,The American Journal of Legal History,Vol.19,p.99.
    9The Black Book of the Admiralty,Vol IV.,p.xliv.
    3Frederic Rockwell Sanborn,Origins of the Early English Maritime and Commercial Law,p.70.
    4Edda Frankot,Medieval Maritime Law from Oléron to Wisby:Jurisdictions in the Law of the sea,Juan Pan-Montojo and Frederik Pedersen,ed.,Communities in European history:representations,jurisdictions,conflicts,p.154.
    1Travers Twiss,ed.,The Black Book of the Admiralty,Vol.II.,London:Longman&Co.,PatternosterRow,Trubner&Co.,Ludgate Hill,1873,p.xxxii.
    2The Black Book of the Admiralty,Vol.II.,p.lv.
    3The Black Book of the Admiralty,Vol.II.,p.xxxvii.
    4The Black Book of the Admiralty,Vol.IV.,p.lix.
    5Frederic Rockwell Sanborn,Origins of the Early English Maritime and Commercial Law,p.71.
    1The Black Book of the Admiralty,Vol.I.,pp.lxii-lxiii.Frederic Rockwell Sanborn,Origins ofthe Early English Maritime and Commercial Law,p.64,note128,德雅尔丹也同意这种观点。
    2W.Paul Gormley,The development of the Rhodian-Roman maritime law to1681,with special emphasison the problem of collision,Inter-American Law Review,Vol.III,p.336;Frederic Rockwell Sanborn,Origins of the Early English Maritime and Commercial Law,p.70.
    3中世纪的加斯科涅工商业相当繁荣,盛产酒类。英格兰要大量进口那里的酒,英国的谷物和纺织品也要经由加斯科涅运到波尔多和巴约纳两大港口,再运往其他地区。那里是英王的财富之源。仅1306-1307年英王就从加斯科涅领地获得1.7万英镑的收入。见钱乘旦、许洁明著,《英国通史》,上海社会科学院出版社2002年版,第73-74页。
    1参看钱乘旦、许洁明著,《英国通史》,特别是第44-46页,第55-56页,第73页,第81页。
    2钱乘旦、许洁明著,《英国通史》,第45-46页。
    3这是从中世纪葡萄酒贸易的产地和航路的起点对《奥列隆案卷》的来源或归属所作的理解。另有学者从这种贸易的运输角度提出这部法律属于英格兰的可能性,可以参考。因为加斯科涅与英格兰之间酒类贸易,大多由英格兰船舶提供运输,英格兰船员需要熟悉这些航运贸易的习惯。这一需要可能促进了这些法律在英格兰的编纂。See Timothy J.Runyan,The Rolls of Oleron and the Admiralty Court in FourteenthCentury England,The American Journal of Legal History,Vol.19,p.99.
    1The Black Book of the Admiralty,Vol.I.,I,p.lviii;Frederic Rockwell Sanborn,Origins of theEarly English Maritime and Commercial Law,p.70;Edda Frankot,Medieval Maritime Law from Oléron to Wisby:Jurisdictions in the Law of the sea,Juan Pan-Montojo and Frederik Pedersen,ed.,Communities in European history:representations,jurisdictions,conflicts,p.153.
    2The Black Book of the Admiralty,Vol.I.,p.lxi;Frederic Rockwell Sanborn,Origins of the EarlyEnglish Maritime and Commercial Law,p.70.
    3The Black Book of the Admiralty,Vol.IV.,p.xxxvii.
    4《海事黑皮书》中的几个文本,See The Black Book of the Admiralty,Vol.I.,p.88;Vol.II.,p.210;Vol.III.,p.4.
    5[加拿大]威廉·泰特雷著,《海商法术语》,陈海波、邬先江译,大连海事大学出版社2005年版,第23页。
    6James Kent,Commentaries on American Law,Vol.III.,Twelfth Edition,p.11;The Black Book ofthe Admiralty,Vol.IV.,p.lviii.
    7James Kent,Commentaries on American Law,Vol.III.,Twelfth Edition,p.11.
    8The Black Book of the Admiralty,Vol.IV.,pp.lvi-lvii.
    1Edda Frankot,Medieval Maritime Law from Oléron to Wisby:Jurisdictions in the Law of the sea,Juan Pan-Montojo and Frederik Pedersen,ed.,Communities in European history:representations,jurisdictions,conflicts,p.153.
    2The Black Book of the Admiralty,Vol.I.,p.lxiii;The Black Book of the Admiralty,Vol.IV.,pp.xliv,xlvi,xlvii,lxxxvii;Frederic Rockwell Sanborn,Origins of the Early English Maritimeand Commercial Law,pp.74-75;Benedict on Admiralty,Volume1,Jurisdiction and Principles,Steven F.Friedell,Matthew Bender&Co.Inc,2003,p.1-27;Also see Edda Frankot,Medieval MaritimeLaw from Oléron to Wisby:Jurisdictions in the Law of the sea,Juan Pan-Montojo and FrederikPedersen,ed.,Communities in European history:representations,jurisdictions,conflicts,p.153,该文将《奥列隆案卷》译成佛莱芒语或荷兰语的《达默判决集》的时间定为13世纪晚期或14世纪早期。
    3Frederic Rockwell Sanborn,Origins of the Early English Maritime and Commercial Law,p.75.另,达默(Damme,Dam),现为比利时的一座小城,位于布鲁日东北六公里,离海有一小短距离。中世纪时达默是佛兰德与法兰西进行酒类交易的港口,属布鲁日的外港。
    4Frederic Rockwell Sanborn,Origins of the Early English Maritime and Commercial Law,p.74;The Black Book of the Admiralty,Vol.III.,p.xviii.
    5The Black Book of the Admiralty,Vol.III.,p.xix;Frederic Rockwell Sanborn,Origins of theEarly English Maritime and Commercial Law,p.75.
    1The Black Book of the Admiralty,Vol.IV.,pp.xlvi,lxxxvii.Frederic Rockwell Sanborn,Originsof the Early English Maritime and Commercial Law,p.75.
    2The Black Book of the Admiralty,Vol.IV.,pp.xlvi,lxxvi.
    1Frederic Rockwell Sanborn,Origins of the Early English Maritime and Commercial Law,pp.68-69.
    2[比]亨利·皮朗著,《中世纪欧洲经济社会史》,第148页。当然,据此观点,《奥列隆案卷》不可能是在英格兰编纂的。
    3The Black Book of the Admiralty,Vol.IV.,p.xlvii;Frederic Rockwell Sanborn,Origins of theEarly English Maritime and Commercial Law,p.75.
    4The Black Book of the Admiralty,Vol.IV.,pp.xxvii,xliv.详细讨论,见本论文的维斯比海法一章。
    1The Black Book of the Admiralty,Vol.IV.,pp.xxxvi,xlvii,lxiv-lxv,lxxxvii.
    2The Black Book of the Admiralty,Vol.IV.,p.lxiv.
    3Timothy J.Runyan,The Rolls of Oleron and the Admiralty Court in Fourteenth Century England,The American Journal of Legal History,Vol.19,p.99;[加拿大]威廉·泰特雷著,《海商法术语》,第138页。
    4Frederic Rockwell Sanborn,Origins of the Early English Maritime and Commercial Law,p.63.
    5Timothy J. Runyan,The Rolls of Oleron and the Admiralty Court in Fourteenth Century England,The American Journal of Legal History,Vol.19,p.98;Frederic Rockwell Sanborn,Origins of theEarly English Maritime and Commercial Law,p.67.
    6Frederic Rockwell Sanborn,Origins of the Early English Maritime and Commercial Law,p.67.
    7Timothy J.Runyan,The Rolls of Oleron and the Admiralty Court in Fourteenth Century England,The American Journal of Legal History,Vol.19,p.98.
    1The Black Book of the Admiralty,Vol.IV.,p.cxi;Frederic Rockwell Sanborn,Origins of the EarlyEnglish Maritime and Commercial Law,p.63.另有论文提到,最早形式的《奥列隆案卷》由二十四条或二十六条组成,See Timothy J.Runyan,The Rolls of Oleron and the Admiralty Court in FourteenthCentury England,The American Journal of Legal History,Vol.19,p.98;而帕德修斯的《海事法汇编》(Collection des Lois Maritimes,1828-1845)中编入的《奥列隆案卷》是最全的版本,See DavidM.Walker,The Oxford Companion to Law,p.903.
    2对这二十四个条文的分析,See Frederic Rockwell Sanborn,Origins of the Early English Maritimeand Commercial Law,pp.64-67.
    3The Black Book of the Admiralty,Vol.I.,p.lxx;Frederic Rockwell Sanborn,Origins of the EarlyEnglish Maritime and Commercial Law,p.67.
    4Frederic Rockwell Sanborn,Origins of the Early English Maritime and Commercial Law,pp.67-70.
    1The Black Book of the Admiralty,Vol.II.,p.xxxiii-xxxiv;Vol.I.,p.lxx;Frederic Rockwell Sanborn,Origins of the Early English Maritime and Commercial Law,pp.71-72,68.
    2James Kent,Commentaries on American Law,Vol.III.,Twelfth Edition,p.10.
    3The Black Book of the Admiralty,Vol.II.,p.xlvii.
    4Frederic Rockwell Sanborn,Origins of the Early English Maritime and Commercial Law,p.63.
    5W.Paul Gormley,The development of the Rhodian-Roman maritime law to1681,with special emphasison the problem of collision,Inter-American Law Review,Vol.III,p.334;James Kent,Commentarieson American Law,Vol.III.,Twelfth Edition,p.11.
    6W.Paul Gormley,The development of the Rhodian-Roman maritime law to1681,with special emphasison the problem of collision,Inter-American Law Review,Vol.III,pp.334,345.
    1W.Paul Gormley,The development of the Rhodian-Roman maritime law to1681,with special emphasison the problem of collision,Inter-American Law Review,Vol.III,p.345.
    2James Kent,Commentaries on American Law,Vol.III.,Twelfth Edition,p.11.
    3Timothy J. Runyan,The Rolls of Oleron and the Admiralty Court in Fourteenth Century England,The American Journal of Legal History,Vol.19,pp.99-100.
    4上文提到的《奥列隆案卷》第十五条。
    5W.Paul Gormley,The development of the Rhodian-Roman maritime law to1681,with special emphasison the problem of collision,Inter-American Law Review,Vol.III,pp.334-335.
    6Frederic Rockwell Sanborn,Origins of the Early English Maritime and Commercial Law,p.59.
    1The Black Book of the Admiralty,Vol.II.,p.xlvii;The Black Book of the Admiralty,Vol.IV.,p.xxxvii;Frederic Rockwell Sanborn,Origins of the Early English Maritime and Commercial Law,pp.67,74;Timothy J. Runyan,The Rolls of Oleron and the Admiralty Court in Fourteenth CenturyEngland,The American Journal of Legal History,Vol.19,p.99;W.Paul Gormley,The developmentof the Rhodian-Roman maritime law to1681,with special emphasis on the problem of collision,Inter-American Law Review,Vol.III,p.336.《奥列隆案卷》在北欧的传播情况,also see Edda Frankot,Medieval Maritime Law from Oléron to Wisby:Jurisdictions in the Law of the sea,Juan Pan-Montojoand Frederik Pedersen,ed.,Communities in European history:representations,jurisdictions,conflicts.
    2Frederic Rockwell Sanborn,Origins of the Early English Maritime and Commercial Law,p.67,74;W.Paul Gormley,The development of the Rhodian-Roman maritime law to1681,with special emphasison the problem of collision,Inter-American Law Review,Vol.III,p.336.
    3Timothy J. Runyan,The Rolls of Oleron and the Admiralty Court in Fourteenth Century England,The American Journal of Legal History,Vol.19,p.98.
    4Frederic Rockwell Sanborn,Origins of the Early English Maritime and Commercial Law,p.67.虽然这一评价原来指的是《奥列隆案卷》的前二十四个条文,但在本文作者看来,当然也适于指这整部法律的风格。
    1W.Paul Gormley,The development of the Rhodian-Roman maritime law to1681,with special emphasison the problem of collision,Inter-American Law Review,Vol.III,p.334.
    2James Kent,Commentaries on American Law,Vol.III.,Twelfth Edition,p.11.
    3Edda Frankot,Medieval Maritime Law from Oléron to Wisby:Jurisdictions in the Law of the sea,Juan Pan-Montojo and Frederik Pedersen,ed.,Communities in European history:representations,jurisdictions,conflicts,p.153.
    4W.Paul Gormley,The development of the Rhodian-Roman maritime law to1681,with special emphasison the problem of collision,Inter-American Law Review,Vol.III,pp.332-335,339,345.
    1Frederic Rockwell Sanborn,Origins of the Early English Maritime and Commercial Law,p.70;Timothy J.Runyan,p.99;Edda Frankot,Medieval Maritime Law from Oléron to Wisby:Jurisdictionsin the Law of the sea,Juan Pan-Montojo and Frederik Pedersen,ed.,Communities in European history:representations,jurisdictions,conflicts,p.153.
    2The Black Book of the Admiralty,Vol.I.,pp.lxi-lxii;Frederic Rockwell Sanborn,Origins ofthe Early English Maritime and Commercial Law,p.70.
    3Frederic Rockwell Sanborn,Origins of the Early English Maritime and Commercial Law,p.70.
    4The Black Book of the Admiralty,Vol.I.,p.xxviii;The Black Book of the Admiralty,Vol.III.,p.xi;Timothy J. Runyan,The Rolls of Oleron and the Admiralty Court in Fourteenth Century England,The American Journal of Legal History,Vol.19,p.99;Edda Frankot,Medieval Maritime Law fromOléron to Wisby:Jurisdictions in the Law of the sea,Juan Pan-Montojo and Frederik Pedersen,ed.,Communities in European history:representations,jurisdictions,conflicts,p.153;DavidM.Walker,The Oxford Companion to Law,p.903.[美]James J.Donovan著,《船东责任限制的起源与发展》,载梁慧星主编《民商法论丛》第37卷,第449页。
    5Timothy J. Runyan,The Rolls of Oleron and the Admiralty Court in Fourteenth Century England,The American Journal of Legal History,Vol.19,p.97.
    6W.Paul Gormley,The development of the Rhodian-Roman maritime law to1681,with special emphasison the problem of collision,Inter-American Law Review,Vol.III,p.335.
    1Timothy J.Runyan,The Rolls of Oleron and the Admiralty Court in Fourteenth Century England,The American Journal of Legal History,Vol.19,p.96.另参看W.Paul Gormley,The development ofthe Rhodian-Roman maritime law to1681,with special emphasis on the problem of collision,Inter-American Law Review,Vol.III,p.334.
    2W.Paul Gormley,The development of the Rhodian-Roman maritime law to1681,with special emphasison the problem of collision,Inter-American Law Review,Vol.III,pp.334-336.
    1这些案例如:Walton v. The Ship Neptune,1Peters Adm.142;Natterstrom v. Ship Hazard,in theDistrict Court of Massachusetts,2Hall’s L.J.359;Sims v. Jackson,1Peters Adm.157.See JamesKent,Commentaries on American Law,Vol.III.,Twelfth Edition,p.11.note(a).同注,《奥列隆案卷》被收入美国出版的《彼得斯的海事决定》(Peters’s Admiralty Decisions)第一卷的附录中,同时收入的还有《维斯比海法》、《汉萨城镇法》和《路易十四海事法令》。
    2W.Paul Gormley,The development of the Rhodian-Roman maritime law to1681,with special emphasison the problem of collision,Inter-American Law Review,Vol.III,p.335.
    3W.Paul Gormley,The development of the Rhodian-Roman maritime law to1681,with special emphasison the problem of collision,Inter-American Law Review,Vol.III,p.334.其他相近的评论,见[美]JamesJ.Donovan著,《船东责任限制的起源与发展》,载梁慧星主编《民商法论丛》第37卷,第449页。
    1[美]汤普逊著,《中世纪经济社会史》(上),耿淡如译,商务印书馆1961年版,第356页。
    2维斯比(Wisby)的意思是名叫“Wi”或“Wy”的村庄,“by”一词在瑞典语中表示村庄。Wisby又写作Wisbuy,Visby。维斯比城系12世纪中期命名。直到11世纪,维斯比还并不重要。而在德意志人在此定居之前,维斯比也未成为一个城市。见[美]汤普逊著,《中世纪经济社会史》(下),耿淡如译,商务印书馆1963年版,第138页。哥特兰岛是波罗的海中的一个小岛。维斯比的发展主要在于其便利的自然位置。这座城市位于波的尼亚湾(Bothnia)入口处,是当时欧洲贸易商频繁进出的港口,他们从佛兰德和荷兰带来棉布和亚麻布,从阿奎丹和加斯科涅带来酒、油和盐进行交易,同时从来自瑞典、芬兰和埃斯特尼亚(Esthonia)的商人们那里买得谷物、木材、柏油等货物而带回。
    3[瑞典]安德生著,《瑞典史》(上),苏公隽译,商务印书馆1972年版,第99页。
    4[美]汤普逊著,《中世纪经济社会史》(下),第95,138页。[瑞典]安德生著,《瑞典史》(上),第101、106页。
    1Travers Twiss,ed. The Black Book of the Admiralty,Vol IV.,London:Longman&Co.,PatternosterRow,Trubner&Co.,Ludgate Hill,1876,pp.xxii,xxv.
    2西语文献中还可见到下列表述:the Sea-Laws of Wisby,the sea law of Wisby,the Wisby Sea Law,the Maritime Law/Laws of Wisby,Law/Laws of Wisby,the codes of Wisby,Wisby water recht,den waterrechte van Wisby。又译作《维斯比海商法》、《维斯比法典》、《维斯比法规》,其早期文本又作《哥特兰海法》(the Gotland Sea-Laws,the Sea Laws of Gotland,the Gotland Sea Law,Gotland SeaLaws,Gotlandic water recht,Gotlandic water law,Hogheste Water-Recht)。
    3The Black Book of the Admiralty,Vol IV.,p.xxi.
    4Frederic Rockwell Sanborn,Origins of the Early English Maritime and Commercial Law,New York,London:The Century Co.,1930,p.75.
    1The Black Book of the Admiralty,Vol IV.,p.xxiii-xxv.
    2Frederic Rockwell Sanborn,Origins of the Early English Maritime and Commercial Law,p.75.
    3The Black Book of the Admiralty,Vol IV.,p.xxv.同页,另一份1299年授予在里加进行交易的外国商人的特许状规定,在相同事务上,由商人们选举的法官,应当根据吕贝克的法律实现公正。因为这时吕贝克已经取代维斯比掌握了对里加贸易的控制权。
    4The Black Book of the Admiralty,Vol IV.,pp.xxiii-xxvi,lxxxiii-lxxxv.《维斯比镇法》与《哥特兰法》(the Laws of Gotland,Guta-Lag)有很大差异,后者是用以统治整个哥特兰岛的,用古瑞典语写成。
    1The Black Book of the Admiralty,Vol IV.,p.lxxxv.
    2关于吕贝克城的早期历史,参见[美]詹姆斯·W.汤普逊著,《中世纪晚期欧洲经济社会史》,徐家玲等译,商务印书馆1992年10月版,第245页。[瑞典]安德生著,《瑞典史》(上),第99、101页。[美]汤普逊著,《中世纪经济社会史》(下),第95、115、118页。
    3[美]汤普逊著,《中世纪经济社会史》(下)以上第118-119页.
    4The Black Book of the Admiralty,Vol IV.,p.lxiii.
    5[美]詹姆斯·W.汤普逊著,《中世纪晚期欧洲经济社会史》,第254页。
    1The Black Book of the Admiralty,Vol IV.,p.lxiii.
    2Frederic Rockwell Sanborn,Origins of the Early English Maritime and Commercial Law,p.76.TheBlack Book of the Admiralty,Vol IV.,p.xxii.
    3The Black Book of the Admiralty,Vol IV.,p.xxii.
    4The Black Book of the Admiralty,Vol IV.,p.xxii.
    5Edda Frankot,Medieval Maritime Law from Oléron to Wisby:Jurisdictions in the Law of the sea,Juan Pan-Montojo and Frederik Pedersen,ed.,Communities in European history:representations,jurisdictions,conflicts,Pisa:Edizioni Plus-Pisa University Press,2007,pp.153-154.
    1The Black Book of the Admiralty,Vol IV.,pp.xlv-xlvi.
    2Edda Frankot,Medieval Maritime Law from Oléron to Wisby:Jurisdictions in the Law of the sea,Juan Pan-Montojo and Frederik Pedersen,ed.,Communities in European history:representations,jurisdictions,conflicts,p.154.
    3Edda Frankot,Medieval Maritime Law from Oléron to Wisby:Jurisdictions in the Law of the sea,Juan Pan-Montojo and Frederik Pedersen,ed.,Communities in European history:representations,jurisdictions,conflicts,p.154.
    1The Black Book of the Admiralty,Vol IV.,p.lxxvi.
    2The Black Book of the Admiralty,Vol IV.,p.xxvii.
    3Edda Frankot,Medieval Maritime Law from Oléron to Wisby:Jurisdictions in the Law of the sea,Juan Pan-Montojo and Frederik Pedersen,ed.,Communities in European history:representations,jurisdictions,conflicts,p.154.此外,这十四个条文中有十二条也存在于吕贝克及但泽的海法当中。See The Black Book of the Admiralty,Vol IV.,p.xxxviii.
    4The Black Book of the Admiralty,Vol IV.,pp.xxxix,lxii-lxiii,lxxiv.
    1The Black Book of the Admiralty,Vol IV.,pp.xxvii,xliv.还有一种可能性,这部分译自《奥列隆案卷》的一个加斯科文本,即加斯科而不是佛兰德是这个中间环节。See The Black Book of the Admiralty,Vol IV.,p.xxvii.比如下文提到的包含了《维斯比海法》第二部分内容的但泽文本,就有自己的特点,其中有几条在《海事黑皮书》中《奥列隆案卷》的盎格鲁—诺曼语文本中有其对应部分,而与《布鲁日紫皮书》中的文本不同,所以与佛兰德没有直接关系。有充分理由可以相信该文本是经由一个独立的加斯科渠道而来的。See The Black Book of the Admiralty,Vol IV.,p.lxxxviii.
    2The Black Book of the Admiralty,Vol IV.,p.lxxxvii.
    3M.D.A.Azuni,The Maritime Law of Europe,Vol I.,Translated from the French,New-York:I.Riley&Co.,1806,pp.383-384.James Kent,Commentaries on American Law,Vol.III.,Twelfth Edition,Edited by O.W.Holmes,Boston:Little,Brown,and Company,1873,p.11.Frederic Rockwell Sanborn,pp.75-76.Travers Twiss,ed.,The Black Book of the Admiralty,Vol.III.,London:Longman&Co.,and Trubner&Co.,Patternoster Row,1874,pp.xix-xx.
    1The Black Book of the Admiralty,Vol IV.,pp.xxxiii,xxxvi,lxiv-lxv,lxxxvii.
    2Frederic Rockwell Sanborn,Origins of the Early English Maritime and Commercial Law,pp.76-77.TheBlack Book of the Admiralty,Vol IV.,p.xxxiii页.
    3这是指一些保存在荷兰档案馆里的文本的情况,而哥本哈根文本和更古老的但泽文本的这部分法律是二十六个条文。See The Black Book of the Admiralty,Vol IV.,p.xxxiv.
    4The Black Book of the Admiralty,Vol IV.,pp.xxviii,xxxiv.
    1Edda Frankot,Medieval Maritime Law from Oléron to Wisby:Jurisdictions in the Law of the sea,Juan Pan-Montojo and Frederik Pedersen,ed.,Communities in European history:representations,jurisdictions,conflicts,p.153.
    2Edda Frankot,Medieval Maritime Law from Oléron to Wisby:Jurisdictions in the Law of the sea,Juan Pan-Montojo and Frederik Pedersen,ed.,Communities in European history:representations,jurisdictions,conflicts,p.153.
    1The Black Book of the Admiralty,Vol IV.,pp.xlvii-xlviii.
    2费赫特河通向须德海,邻近默伊登(Muiden),在阿姆斯特丹以东有小段距离的地方。
    3马尔森,费赫特河上的一个小村庄,距离乌特勒支有小段距离。
    4The Black Book of the Admiralty,Vol IV.,p.xlix.[美]詹姆斯·W.汤普逊著,《中世纪晚期欧洲经济社会史》,第466-467页。
    1The Black Book of the Admiralty,Vol IV.,pp.lxix,xxxii.
    2Edda Frankot,Medieval Maritime Law from Oléron to Wisby:Jurisdictions in the Law of the sea,Juan Pan-Montojo and Frederik Pedersen,ed.,Communities in European history:representations,jurisdictions,conflicts,p.154.
    3The Black Book of the Admiralty,Vol IV.,pp.lxxix,lxxiv.
    4Edda Frankot,Medieval Maritime Law from Oléron to Wisby:Jurisdictions in the Law of the sea,Juan Pan-Montojo and Frederik Pedersen,ed.,Communities in European history:representations,jurisdictions,conflicts,p.154.
    5The Black Book of the Admiralty,Vol IV.,p.lxxiii-lxxiv.
    6Edda Frankot,Medieval Maritime Law from Oléron to Wisby:Jurisdictions in the Law of the sea,Juan Pan-Montojo and Frederik Pedersen,ed.,Communities in European history:representations,jurisdictions,conflicts,p.154.
    7Frederic Rockwell Sanborn,p.77.The Black Book of the Admiralty,Vol IV.,p.lxxiii.
    1The Black Book of the Admiralty,Vol IV.,p.xxxviii.
    2[美]詹姆斯·W.汤普逊著,《中世纪晚期欧洲经济社会史》,第258、261页。关于中世纪条顿骑士团的历史,参见该书244页以下。
    3The Black Book of the Admiralty,Vol IV.,p.xxxix,xxxviii.另外,前文及后文都将提到:但泽并未满足于条顿骑士团从吕贝克获得的海法。但泽于是在1447年请求维斯比将其一部很有名的《海法》送给它。而但泽得到的这部《海法》的内容,相当于后来的《维斯比海法》的第二和第三部分,即佛兰德和荷兰的海法,而没有吕贝克海法在内。See The Black Book of the Admiralty,Vol IV.,p.lxiii.
    4The Black Book of the Admiralty,Vol IV.,p.xxxviii.
    1The Black Book of the Admiralty,Vol IV.,pp.xxxiv,xxxvii,xl-xlii,liii,lxxiv.
    2The Black Book of the Admiralty,Vol IV.,p.lxxvii.另,在《维斯比海法》1505年印刷本及两份吕贝克文本的第三部分,有特别用于汉萨同盟的商人和船员,以及汉萨同盟各港口的船只的词语。说明这部分法律受到汉萨同盟航运的影响。See The Black Book of the Admiralty,Vol IV.,pp.lxxvii-lxxviii.
    3The Black Book of the Admiralty,Vol IV.,p.xlvii.
    4Edda Frankot,Medieval Maritime Law from Oléron to Wisby:Jurisdictions in the Law of the sea,Juan Pan-Montojo and Frederik Pedersen,ed.,Communities in European history:representations,jurisdictions,conflicts,pp.153-154.
    1Edda Frankot,Medieval Maritime Law from Oléron to Wisby:Jurisdictions in the Law of the sea,Juan Pan-Montojo and Frederik Pedersen,ed.,Communities in European history:representations,jurisdictions,conflicts,p.153.
    2Edda Frankot,Medieval Maritime Law from Oléron to Wisby:Jurisdictions in the Law of the sea,Juan Pan-Montojo and Frederik Pedersen,ed.,Communities in European history:representations,jurisdictions,conflicts,p.154.
    2The Black Book of the Admiralty,Vol IV.,pp.xxvii,xxxiv.另,戈弗雷·冯·盖门,有时写作VonGemen,但有的英语文献将其当作the press of Godfrey of Gemen。
    3Edda Frankot,Medieval Maritime Law from Oléron to Wisby:Jurisdictions in the Law of the sea,Juan Pan-Montojo and Frederik Pedersen,ed.,Communities in European history:representations,jurisdictions,conflicts,p.154.
    1Hyr eeyndet dat Gotlansche Water-Recht dat de gemeyne Kopman unn Schippers geordineret unnghemaket hebben to Wisby,dat sik alle man hyr na richten mach.The Black Book of the Admiralty,Vol IV.,pp.xxviii,xli.此处系据英译文译出。Also see Edda Frankot,Medieval Maritime Law fromOléron to Wisby:Jurisdictions in the Law of the sea,Juan Pan-Montojo and Frederik Pedersen,ed.,Communities in European history:representations,jurisdictions,conflicts,p.154,英译文略有不同。
    2The Black Book of the Admiralty,Vol IV.,p.xxix.
    3Edda Frankot,Medieval Maritime Law from Oléron to Wisby:Jurisdictions in the Law of the sea,Juan Pan-Montojo and Frederik Pedersen,ed.,Communities in European history:representations,jurisdictions,conflicts,pp.154-155.
    1The Black Book of the Admiralty,Vol IV.,pp.xxxv,lii-liii,lx. Edda Frankot,Medieval MaritimeLaw from Oléron to Wisby:Jurisdictions in the Law of the sea,Juan Pan-Montojo and FrederikPedersen,ed.,Communities in European history:representations,jurisdictions,conflicts,p.155.
    2The Black Book of the Admiralty,Vol IV.,p.liii.
    5W.Paul Gormley,The development of the Rhodian-Roman maritime law to1681,with special emphasison the problem of collision,Inter-American Law Review,Vol.III,p.337.
    1The Black Book of the Admiralty,Vol IV.,pp.55-129.
    1Benedict on Admiralty,Volume1,Jurisdiction and Principles,p.1-27.
    1[美]汤普逊著,《中世纪经济社会史》(上册),第357页。
    2M.D.A.Azuni,The Maritime Law of Europe,Vol I.,Translated from the French,p.383.
    3Frederic Rockwell Sanborn,Origins of the Early English Maritime and Commercial Law,p.75. W.PaulGormley,The development of the Rhodian-Roman maritime law to1681,with special emphasis on theproblem of collision,Inter-American Law Review,Vol.III,p.337.
    4James Kent,Commentaries on American Law,Vol.III.,Twelfth Edition,p.11.M.D.A.Azuni,TheMaritime Law of Europe,Vol I.,Translated from the French,pp.383-384.
    5W.Paul Gormley,The development of the Rhodian-Roman maritime law to1681,with special emphasison the problem of collision,Inter-American Law Review,Vol.III,p.337.
    6W.Paul Gormley,The development of the Rhodian-Roman maritime law to1681,with special emphasison the problem of collision,Inter-American Law Review,Vol.III,p.337.
    1Edda Frankot,Medieval Maritime Law from Oléron to Wisby:Jurisdictions in the Law of the sea,Juan Pan-Montojo and Frederik Pedersen,ed.,Communities in European history:representations,jurisdictions,conflicts,p.155.
    2威格摩尔(Wigmore)指出:这时期各个最为重要的海商法典实际上已经从罗德岛转移到波罗的海,通过13世纪从事海上贸易的商人们,罗德和罗马法被“传送”(carried)到波罗的海区域。而在这一过程中,决定性的因素是发展起来的贸易中心和文明中心的转移。W.Paul Gormley,The development of theRhodian-Roman maritime law to1681,with special emphasis on the problem of collision,Inter-American Law Review,Vol.III,p.337-338.
    3The Black Book of the Admiralty,Vol IV.,p.lxxxvi.W.Paul Gormley,The development of theRhodian-Roman maritime law to1681,with special emphasis on the problem of collision,Inter-American Law Review,Vol.III,p.336.
    2Edda Frankot,Medieval Maritime Law from Oléron to Wisby:Jurisdictions in the Law of the sea,Juan Pan-Montojo and Frederik Pedersen,ed.,Communities in European history:representations,jurisdictions,conflicts,p.155.
    3W.Paul Gormley,The development of the Rhodian-Roman maritime law to1681,with special emphasison the problem of collision,Inter-American Law Review,Vol.III,p.338.
    1W.Paul Gormley,The development of the Rhodian-Roman maritime law to1681,with special emphasison the problem of collision,Inter-American Law Review,Vol.III,pp.338-339.
    1Frederic Rockwell Sanborn,Origins of the Early English Maritime and Commercial Law,New York,London:The Century Co.,1930,p.95.
    2宋宁而著,《18-19世纪英国船员群体研究》,载徐祥民主编《海洋法律、社会与管理》(2010年卷、总第
    2卷),海洋出版社2010年版,第135-136页。
    3[法]让·韦尔东著,《中世纪的旅行》,赵克非译,中国人民大学出版社2007年版,第86页。
    1[俄]克鲁泡特金著,《互助论——进化的一个要素》,李平沤译,商务印书馆1963年版,第157页。
    2Travers Twiss,ed.,The Black Book of the Admiralty,Vol.IV.,London:Longman&Co.,PatternosterRow,Trubner&Co.,Ludgate Hill,1876.p.lxxxviii.
    1Frederic Rockwell Sanborn,Origins of the Early English Maritime and Commercial Law,pp.48,96.
    2[日]阿部谨也著,《中世纪星空下》,李玉满、陈娴若译,三联书店2011年4月版,第94页。
    3刘景华主编,《走向重商时代——社会转折中的西欧商人和城市》,中国社会科学出版社2007年版,第221页。
    1陈思伟,《古希腊海事贷款研究》,西南大学硕士学位论文,2007年,第3页。
    2海商借贷有时被认为是保险的古老形式。另外,有证据显示,在古代和中世纪海商借贷曾被用作纯粹“碰运气”(aleatory)的合同。而与海商借贷相似的合同在陆上贸易中也得到应用,经过更为广泛的发展,在中世纪形成了为应付偶然事故、以安全到达为条件的普遍的借贷形式。See Frederic Rockwell Sanborn,Origins of the Early English Maritime and Commercial Law,pp.101-102.
    1陈思伟,《古希腊海事贷款研究》,第13页。
    2陈思伟,《古希腊海事贷款研究》,第8、13页。
    3[意]桑德罗·斯契巴尼选编,《契约之债与准契约之债》,丁玫译,中国政法大学出版社1998年版,第89页。
    4[意]桑德罗·斯契巴尼选编,《契约之债与准契约之债》,第89-93页。
    1[意]桑德罗·斯契巴尼选编,《契约之债与准契约之债》,第89-93页。[意]彼德罗·彭梵得著,《罗马法教科书》,黄风译,中国政法大学出版社1992年版,第364页。
    2M.M.波斯坦和H.J.哈巴库克主编,《剑桥欧洲经济史》(第三卷:中世纪的经济组织和经济政策),王春法主译,经济科学出版社2002年版,第45页。但中世纪海商法一些术语的内涵并不是完全确定的。贝洛特(Bellot)认为,bottomry,respondentia等术语不仅用于与船舶和货物相关的借款,而且用于纯粹的航程冒险时的借款合同。比如,某人借给商人1000元,用于一项有利可图的贸易,当航程安全地完成时,他可以收回借款并获得特别的利息。而这种协议有时也称为f nus nauticum,或usura maritima。See FredericRockwell Sanborn,Origins of the Early English Maritime and Commercial Law,p.107,note365.另,这里的f nus nauticum,应指以航程安全完成作为还款付息条件的海商借贷,前述罗马法上的faenusnauticum,De nautico foenore用法相同,但上文foenus nauticum(普通海洋贷款)则不以航程安全完成为条件,对此下文还要说及。这也是某些术语含义不够清晰的例子。
    3M.M.波斯坦和H.J.哈巴库克主编,《剑桥欧洲经济史》(第三卷:中世纪的经济组织和经济政策),第45页。
    1Frederic Rockwell Sanborn,Origins of the Early English Maritime and Commercial Law,p.101.
    2Frederic Rockwell Sanborn,Origins of the Early English Maritime and Commercial Law,p.102.
    3Frederic Rockwell Sanborn,Origins of the Early English Maritime and Commercial Law,pp.101-103.
    4[德]P.科斯洛夫斯基著,《资本主义的伦理学》,王彤译,中国社会科学出版社1996年版,第16-17页。
    5Frederic Rockwell Sanborn,Origins of the Early English Maritime and Commercial Law,p.102.
    6[美]P.金德尔伯格著,《西欧金融史》,徐子健、何建雄、朱忠译,中国金融出版社1991年版,第60页。
    1Frederic Rockwell Sanborn,Origins of the Early English Maritime and Commercial Law,p.102.
    2[法]P.布瓦松纳著,《中世纪欧洲生活和劳动(5至15世纪)》,潘源来译,商务印书馆1985年版,第169-170页。另外,有观点认为,中世纪有多种交易合同,利息的数额可以不受任何限制。一种是在外国订立的附有利息的合同,或者借款将在外国偿还。另一种是收回借款的权利面临风险。由于商业上的利益,以及出借人甘冒的特别风险,各贸易国家一般都将这些协议认作有效,而不管利息或奖金是多少。See FredericRockwell Sanborn,Origins of the Early English Maritime and Commercial Law,p.107,note365.
    3Frederic Rockwell Sanborn,Origins of the Early English Maritime and Commercial Law,pp.101-102.
    1Frederic Rockwell Sanborn,Origins of the Early English Maritime and Commercial Law,p.107,note365.
    2Frederic Rockwell Sanborn,Origins of the Early English Maritime and Commercial Law,pp.101-103.
    3Frederic Rockwell Sanborn,Origins of the Early English Maritime and Commercial Law,pp.101,107,note365.
    1Frederic Rockwell Sanborn,Origins of the Early English Maritime and Commercial Law,p.101,107-108.
    2M.M.波斯坦和H.J.哈巴库克主编,《剑桥欧洲经济史》(第三卷:中世纪的经济组织和经济政策),第45页。
    3Frederic Rockwell Sanborn,Origins of the Early English Maritime and Commercial Law,p.101页,note328.
    1M.M.波斯坦和H.J.哈巴库克主编,《剑桥欧洲经济史》(第三卷:中世纪的经济组织和经济政策),第45-46页。Frederic Rockwell Sanborn,Origins of the Early English Maritime and Commercial Law,p.103.
    2M.M.波斯坦和H.J.哈巴库克主编,《剑桥欧洲经济史》(第三卷:中世纪的经济组织和经济政策),第45-46页。Frederic Rockwell Sanborn,Origins of the Early English Maritime and Commercial Law,p.103,也有相同论述:这仅仅是一个交换,如同小麦和羊肉的交换,尽管返还的钱币的价值可能远大于接受的钱币的价值,但并不构成高利贷。另,由上述1157年的合同时间可知,海洋兑换合同在贸易实践中的使用,远在该项教会禁令颁布之前。
    3Frederic Rockwell Sanborn,Origins of the Early English Maritime and Commercial Law,p.103.
    4M.M.波斯坦和H.J.哈巴库克主编,《剑桥欧洲经济史》(第三卷:中世纪的经济组织和经济政策),第47页。
    1Walter Jaeger,Partnership or Joint Venture,Notre Dame Lawyer37(1961),p.138.转引自罗玉珍主编《民事主体论》,中国政法大学出版社1992年版,第12页。
    2李丽著,《有限责任合伙史话》,载方流芳主编,《法大评论》(第五卷),中国政法大学出版社2006年版,第175页。
    3[日]大塚久雄著,《股份公司发展史论》,胡企林等译,中国人民大学出版社2002年版,第88页。
    4[日]大塚久雄著,《股份公司发展史论》,第93页。
    5[日]大塚久雄著,《股份公司发展史论》,第93-95页,第126页注③。
    1Frederic Rockwell Sanborn,Origins of the Early English Maritime and Commercial Law,pp.104-105.
    2值得研究的是,康孟达同时被认为与近现代的海商借贷、合伙、海事赔偿责任限制、公司(至少对大陆法系来说)、保险等法律制度有紧密的历史联系,甚至是这些制度的一种历史来源或历史基础。
    3[日]大塚久雄著,《股份公司发展史论》,第92-93页。
    4布罗代尔著,《15至18世纪的物质文明、经济和资本主义》(第二卷:形形色色的交换),顾良译,三联书店1993年版,第470页。
    1Frederic Rockwell Sanborn,Origins of the Early English Maritime and Commercial Law,pp.104-105.
    2布罗代尔著,《15至18世纪的物质文明、经济和资本主义》(第二卷:形形色色的交换),第469-470页。
    3布罗代尔著,《15至18世纪的物质文明、经济和资本主义》(第二卷:形形色色的交换),第470页。
    4Frederic Rockwell Sanborn,Origins of the Early English Maritime and Commercial Law,p.105.
    5有学者指出,索塞特合同通常是为一次航程而订立的,是一种短期行为。见布罗代尔著,《15至18世纪的物质文明、经济和资本主义》(第二卷:形形色色的交换),第470页。
    6根据韦伯的观点,“索塞特”这一术语在中世纪意大利文献中,不是指某种单独构建起来的法律关系,而是指各种关系构成的总的范畴。这些关系具有十分不同的法律结构,其共同特征是商业由数人在共同账户下经营,这种经营与利润、风险、企业耗费或所有这些因素的整体相关。见[德]马克斯·韦伯著,《中世纪商业合伙史》,陶永新译,东方出版中心2010年版,第12页。
    1阿夫纳·格雷夫著,《大裂变:中世纪贸易制度比较和西方的兴起》,郑江淮等译,中信出版社2008年版,第209页。[日]大塚久雄著,《股份公司发展史论》,第94页,也有相同论述:索塞特与康孟达不同,是双方出资,借款人也要为海商贸易出资,结果是产生一种“公司财产”。马克·布洛赫则从另一个角度指出,如果乘船出海的合伙人不为海上贸易提供资金或为数甚少的话,这便是劳资分工的早期形式。见布罗代尔著,《15至18世纪的物质文明、经济和资本主义》(第二卷:形形色色的交换),第470页。
    2[日]大塚久雄著,《股份公司发展史论》,第91-92页。
    3泰格和利维著,《法律与资本主义的兴起》,纪琨译,学林出版社1996年版,第76页。
    4阿夫纳·格雷夫著,《大裂变:中世纪贸易制度比较和西方的兴起》,第209-210页,及第210页的注①。
    1Frederic Rockwell Sanborn,Origins of the Early English Maritime and Commercial Law,pp.105-106.
    1[意]彼德罗·彭梵得著,《罗马法教科书》,第407页。
    2[X]v tonne ij ponchions of wyne and a barrel of apples all marked with this marke for to beconsigned and well condicioned from this aforesaid toune of Roan unto the citie of London exceptidthe casalties and dangers of the sea.
    3The wiche fardells and bailes I knowledge to have receyved of yow John de Fica Spaynyard dryeand wel condicioned whiche I shall delyver God preservinge me and my shipp.See Daniel E.Murray,History and Development of the Bill of Lading,University of Miami Law Review,Vol.37,1982-1983,p.691.
    1Frederic Rockwell Sanborn,Origins of the Early English Maritime and Commercial Law,pp.98,100.
    2Frederic Rockwell Sanborn,Origins of the Early English Maritime and Commercial Law,pp.100-101.
    1Frederic Rockwell Sanborn,Origins of the Early English Maritime and Commercial Law,p.99.
    2Chester B.McLaughlin,The Evolution of the Ocean Bill of Lading,Yale Law Journal,Vol.35,1925-1926,pp.550-551.Frederic Rockwell Sanborn,Origins of the Early English Maritime andCommercial Law,p.90.
    1Frederic Rockwell Sanborn,Origins of the Early English Maritime and Commercial Law,pp.90,98.
    2Chester B.McLaughlin,The Evolution of the Ocean Bill of Lading,Yale Law Journal,Vol.35,p.551.
    1Chester B.McLaughlin,The Evolution of the Ocean Bill of Lading,Yale Law Journal,Vol.35,pp.551-552.
    2Chester B.McLaughlin,The Evolution of the Ocean Bill of Lading,Yale Law Journal,Vol.35,pp.550-551.
    3See Frederic Rockwell Sanborn,Origins of the Early English Maritime and Commercial Law,p.98.另,可流通性是提单的重要功能,在货物运输过程中,可凭买卖提单达到与买卖货物本身相同的目的,除记名收货人之外,承运人在目的港只需向提单持有人交货即可,提单取得了代替货物本身在市场上流通的功能。但提单的流通只有准流通性,票据才具有完全的流通性,这与无因性有关。
    4Chester B.McLaughlin,The Evolution of the Ocean Bill of Lading,Yale Law Journal,Vol.35,p.551.
    1Chester B.McLaughlin,The Evolution of the Ocean Bill of Lading,Yale Law Journal,Vol.35,p.551.另外,有学者出版了几份早期提单的文本,其中最早的一份是1390年6月25日的提单。See FredericRockwell Sanborn,Origins of the Early English Maritime and Commercial Law,p.99.
    2Daniel E.Murray,History and Development of the Bill of Lading,University of Miami Law Review,Vol.37,p.690. Chester B.McLaughlin,The Evolution of the Ocean Bill of Lading,Yale Law Journal,Vol.35,p.552.
    3112bags of allam whiche goyth for tonne pype markyd with the marke in the margent to be delyverydwell condyshioned in the ryver of Themys.
    4the nombre and quantetie of one hundreth and fyftie tonnes of wyne full and ullagid,which wynesthe sayede maister confessyth to have receyved for the sayede Naudyn Revell.
    5Daniel E.Murray,History and Development of the Bill of Lading,University of Miami Law Review,Vol.37,pp.690-691.
    1Chester B.McLaughlin,The Evolution of the Ocean Bill of Lading,Yale Law Journal,Vol.35,pp.552-553.
    2Daniel E.Murray,History and Development of the Bill of Lading,University of Miami Law Review,Vol.37,pp.691-692.这部法律还认为,对于写上以箱子或包裹运送的货物状况的提单,有必要限制签发了这类提单的船长的责任。因为船长不可能知道货物的实际状况。“关于质量,仅指外部的和明显的质量状况。”对船长来说,在清洁提单中插进一个条款,表明其关于质量和数量的陈述建立在托运人表述的基础之上。这些都已成为惯例。当对货物数量或质量发生争议时,提单上的上述定义或条款界定可以保护船长。
    3Chester B.McLaughlin,The Evolution of the Ocean Bill of Lading,Yale Law Journal,Vol.35,p.553.
    1成伯清著,《走出现代性——当代西方社会学理论的重新定向》,社会科学文献出版社2006年版,第239页。
    2[加拿大]威廉·泰特雷著,《海商法术语》,陈海波、邬先江译,大连海事大学出版社2005年10月版,第46-47页。
    3W.Paul Gormley,The development of the Rhodian-Roman maritime law to1681,with special emphasison the problem of collision,Inter-American Law Review,Vol.III,1961,p.327.Also see FredericRockwell Sanborn,Origins of the Early English Maritime and Commercial Law,New York,London:The Century Co.,1930,p.117.罗马法关于碰撞没有特殊规则,适用的只是普通规则。
    1W.Paul Gormley,The development of the Rhodian-Roman maritime law to1681,with special emphasison the problem of collision,Inter-American Law Review,Vol.III,pp.327-328.
    2W.Paul Gormley,The development of the Rhodian-Roman maritime law to1681,with special emphasison the problem of collision,Inter-American Law Review,Vol.III,pp.341-342.
    3David R.Owen,The Origins and Development of Marine Collision Law,Tulane Law Review,Volume51,Number4,June1977,p.765.
    1W.Paul Gormley,The development of the Rhodian-Roman maritime law to1681,with special emphasison the problem of collision,Inter-American Law Review,Vol.III,p.330.
    2Frederic Rockwell Sanborn,Origins of the Early English Maritime and Commercial Law,p.117.Alsosee W.Paul Gormley,The development of the Rhodian-Roman maritime law to1681,with special emphasison the problem of collision,Inter-American Law Review,Vol.III,p.330.桑德鲍(Sandborn)认为,地中海地区诸法典几乎没有涉及到碰撞。这些法律看来假定了在一起碰撞中谁有过错是容易被认定的。
    3David R.Owen,The Origins and Development of Marine Collision Law,Tulane Law Review,Vol.51,1977,pp.761-762.
    4David R.Owen,The Origins and Development of Marine Collision Law,Tulane Law Review,Vol.51,pp.761-762.Also see W.Paul Gormley,The development of the Rhodian-Roman maritime law to1681,with special emphasis on the problem of collision,Inter-American Law Review,Vol.III,p.330.后文中对这项规定的表述有所不同:当一艘船舶正确地锚泊,保持良好的了望时,该船长和航行官员必须赔偿他造成的损失的百分之十,他的全部责任不超过一百livere。
    1David R.Owen,The Origins and Development of Marine Collision Law,Tulane Law Review,Vol.51,p.762.W.Paul Gormley,The development of the Rhodian-Roman maritime law to1681,with specialemphasis on the problem of collision,Inter-American Law Review,Vol.III,pp.331,335.FredericRockwell Sanborn,Origins of the Early English Maritime and Commercial Law,p.117.
    2David R.Owen,The Origins and Development of Marine Collision Law,Tulane Law Review,Vol.51,p.762.W.Paul Gormley,The development of the Rhodian-Roman maritime law to1681,with specialemphasis on the problem of collision,Inter-American Law Review,Vol.III,p.335.
    3W.Paul Gormley,The development of the Rhodian-Roman maritime law to1681,with special emphasison the problem of collision,Inter-American Law Review,Vol.III,pp.335-336.
    4W.Paul Gormley,The development of the Rhodian-Roman maritime law to1681,with special emphasison the problem of collision,Inter-American Law Review,Vol.III,pp.330,335-336. Frederic RockwellSanborn,Origins of the Early English Maritime and Commercial Law,p.118.
    1David R.Owen,The Origins and Development of Marine Collision Law,Tulane Law Review,Vol.51,pp.762-763.
    2David R.Owen,The Origins and Development of Marine Collision Law,Tulane Law Review,Vol.51,pp.764-763.W.Paul Gormley,The development of the Rhodian-Roman maritime law to1681,with specialemphasis on the problem of collision,Inter-American Law Review,Vol.III,p.335.
    1David R.Owen,The Origins and Development of Marine Collision Law,Tulane Law Review,Vol.51,pp.761,762,764.
    2蔡存强、杲庆林编著,《船舶值班与避碰》,人民交通出版社2005年版,第1页。直到1776年,英国海军修改了等级制原则,确定船舶间责任以船舶的不同受风舷为依据,而不考虑驾驶船舶的指挥官的职位、资历及其他差别,明确船舶间避让责任的确定,以避让操纵的能力优劣为依据。这项原则被普遍地沿用至今。18世纪,海上航行步入“汽船时代”。英国伦敦引航公会制定《汽船航行规则》,并由英国议会于1846年颁布。其中规定“狭水道右行”、“两船在交叉相遇局面中均应向右转向、互从对方船的左舷驶过”等避让规则。同书,第1-2页。
    1The Hon.Sir John Donaldson,C.S.Staughton,D.J.Wilson,The Law of General Average and theYork-Antwerp Rules,Tenth Edition,London:Stevens&Sons,1975,pp.9-10.Also see Frederic RockwellSanborn,Origins of the Early English Maritime and Commercial Law,p.111,note387.在中世纪拉丁语中,an avaria是指一项费用或损失,并且该词特别适用于在航行过程中发生的,或者与航行有关的损失。
    2《圭东海商法》是1556-1584年期间一部著名的保险法汇编,是为了提供给当时新建立的鲁昂领事法院之用的。这部法律还涉及海商法的其他部分,例如租船、抵押及共同海损。
    1The Hon.Sir John Donaldson,C.S.Staughton,D.J.Wilson,The Law of General Average and theYork-Antwerp Rules,Tenth Edition,pp.10-11.
    2The Hon.Sir John Donaldson,C.S.Staughton,D.J.Wilson,The Law of General Average and theYork-Antwerp Rules,Tenth Edition,p.11.另,司玉琢主编,《海商法》,法律出版社2003年版,第282页。据这本书,《路易十四海事法令》第一次以法律形式提出了与今天的单独海损和共同海损相类似的定义。可参考。
    3The Hon.Sir John Donaldson,C.S.Staughton,D.J.Wilson,The Law of General Average and theYork-Antwerp Rules,Tenth Edition,p.11,and note35。另,司玉琢主编,《海商法》,第282页。这本书认为,《鹿特丹法令》确立了共同海损的准确定义,即为了保护船舶和货物,或者为了防止发生更大损害而主动采取措施所造成的损害,可以作为共同海损,由船货各方分摊。可参考。
    1[意]彼德罗·彭梵得著,《罗马法教科书》,黄风译,中国政法大学出版社1992年版,第409页。
    2Frederic Rockwell Sanborn,Origins of the Early English Maritime and Commercial Law,p.109.
    3Frederic Rockwell Sanborn,Origins of the Early English Maritime and Commercial Law,pp.108-109.
    4Frederic Rockwell Sanborn,Origins of the Early English Maritime and Commercial Law,p.110.
    1Frank L.Maraist,Admiralty,1988,p.136.转引自王国华著,《国际海商法律问题研究》,辽宁大学出版社2006年版,第85页。王恩韶、许履刚著《共同海损》,大连海事大学出版社1996年8月版,第23页。
    2[意]彼德罗·彭梵得著,《罗马法教科书》,第409页。Frederic Rockwell Sanborn,Origins of the EarlyEnglish Maritime and Commercial Law,p.109.
    3Travers Twiss,ed.,The Black Book of the Admiralty,Vol.III.,London:Longman&Co.,and Trubner&Co.,Patternoster Row,1874,p.lxxviii. Frederic Rockwell Sanborn,Origins of the Early EnglishMaritime and Commercial Law,pp.109-110.
    1Frederic Rockwell Sanborn,Origins of the Early English Maritime and Commercial Law,p.110页.The Black Book of the Admiralty,Vol.III.,p.lxxviii.Travers Twiss,ed.,The Black Book ofthe Admiralty,Vol.IV.,London:Longman&Co.,Patternoster Row,Trubner&Co.,Ludgate Hill,1876,p.cvi.另,在塞浦路斯岛,拉丁人(适用《耶路撒冷法令》)和希腊人(适用罗马法和《巴西尔法典》)分别有自己的海商法。这两种海商法的投弃规则都与《康梭拉多海法》不同。See The Black Book of theAdmiralty,Vol.III.,p.lvii.
    2Frederic Rockwell Sanborn,Origins of the Early English Maritime and Commercial Law,p.110.TheBlack Book of the Admiralty,Vol.III.,p.lxxviii.
    3The Black Book of the Admiralty,Vol.III.,p.lxxviii-lxxix.
    4Frederic Rockwell Sanborn,Origins of the Early English Maritime and Commercial Law,p.111.
    1The Black Book of the Admiralty,Vol.IV.,p.lxxxiv.
    2Frederic Rockwell Sanborn,Origins of the Early English Maritime and Commercial Law,pp.108-109,111.
    3[意]彼德罗·彭梵得著,《罗马法教科书》,第409页。
    4Frederic Rockwell Sanborn,Origins of the Early English Maritime and Commercial Law,pp.111-113.
    1Frederic Rockwell Sanborn,Origins of the Early English Maritime and Commercial Law,p.111.
    2Frederic Rockwell Sanborn,Origins of the Early English Maritime and Commercial Law,p.112.
    3Frederic Rockwell Sanborn,Origins of the Early English Maritime and Commercial Law,pp.43-44.另,如果一名商人上岸并不得不支付赎金,他没有理由要求分担损失。如果海盗登上一艘船舶并且在收取旅客们的现金和珠宝的条件下让船离开,这时有理由要求分担损失。见同书,第111页。
    4Nevenka Bogojevic-Gluscevic,The law and practice of average in medieval towns of the EasternAdriatic,Journal of Maritime Law&Commerce,2005(1),pp.21-59.转引自何丽新、陈永灿著,《索马里海盗赎金的共同海损性质论》,载《中国海商法年刊》第二十一卷第三期(总第二十六期),第33页。
    1Frederic Rockwell Sanborn,Origins of the Early English Maritime and Commercial Law,pp.109,111-112.
    1Frederic Rockwell Sanborn,Origins of the Early English Maritime and Commercial Law,p.114.
    2Frederic Rockwell Sanborn,Origins of the Early English Maritime and Commercial Law,pp.114-115.
    1Travers Twiss,ed.,The Black Book of the Admiralty,Vol.II.,London:Longman&Co.,PatternosterRow,Trubner&Co.,Ludgate Hill,1873,p.lxxxii. Frederic Rockwell Sanborn,Origins of the EarlyEnglish Maritime and Commercial Law,pp.115-117.另可参见,[美]汤普逊著,《中世纪经济社会史》(下册),耿淡如译,商务印书馆1963年版,第180-182页。
    2Travers Twiss,ed.,The Black Book of the Admiralty,Vol.IV.,London:Longman&Co.,PatternosterRow,Trubner&Co.,Ludgate Hill,1876,p.xlii-xliii.
    1Frederic Rockwell Sanborn,Origins of the Early English Maritime and Commercial Law,pp.116-117.
    2Frederic Rockwell Sanborn,Origins of the Early English Maritime and Commercial Law,pp.113-114.
    1[美]小奥利弗·温德尔·霍姆斯著,《普通法》,冉昊、姚中秋译,中国政法大学出版社2006年1月版,第27页。
    2[美]小奥利弗·温德尔·霍姆斯著,《普通法》,第8、28页。
    1[美]小奥利弗·温德尔·霍姆斯著,《普通法》,第6、24页。
    2Frederic Rockwell Sanborn,Origins of the Early English Maritime and Commercial Law,p.118.
    3[美]小奥利弗·温德尔·霍姆斯著,《普通法》,第24-25页。
    1[美]James J.Donovan著,《船东责任限制的起源与发展》,段庆喜译,载梁慧星主编《民商法论丛》第37卷,法律出版社2007年版,第442-444页。Frederic Rockwell Sanborn,Origins of the Early EnglishMaritime and Commercial Law,pp.120-121.
    2[美]James J.Donovan著,《船东责任限制的起源与发展》,载梁慧星主编《民商法论丛》第37卷,第445-446页。
    1Frederic Rockwell Sanborn,Origins of the Early English Maritime and Commercial Law,pp.121-122.另见[美]James J.Donovan著,《船东责任限制的起源与发展》,载梁慧星主编《民商法论丛》第37卷,第444-446页。
    1英国的海事法院,通常称作admiralty court或court of admiralty,但有时也称作maritime courts,See David M.Walker,The Oxford Companion to Law,Oxford:Clarendon Press,1980,p.806.
    2古希腊时期,雅典人为处理大量的海上贸易纠纷,设立过一个由海事法官(nautodikai,Marine judges)组成的法庭,专门审理提交到雅典的案件。见萨拉·B.波默罗伊、斯坦利·M.伯斯坦、沃尔特·唐兰、珍妮弗·托尔伯特·罗伯茨著,《古希腊政治、社会和文化史(第二版)》,傅洁莹、龚萍、周平译,上海三联书店2010年版,第270页。
    1[比利时]亨利·皮雷纳著,《中世纪的城市》,陈国樑译,商务印书馆2006年版,第111页。
    2[比利时]亨利·皮雷纳著,《中世纪的城市》,第111-112页。Frederic Rockwell Sanborn,Origins of theEarly English Maritime and Commercial Law,New York,London:The Century Co.,1930,p.50.
    3[比利时]亨利·皮雷纳著,《中世纪的城市》,第111页注②。
    4Frederic Rockwell Sanborn,Origins of the Early English Maritime and Commercial Law,p.50.
    5[美]阿瑟·努斯鲍姆著,《简明国际法史》,张小平译,法律出版社2011年版,第39页。杨泽伟著,《宏观国际法史》,武汉大学出版社2001年版,第33页。
    1[比利时]亨利·皮雷纳著,《中世纪的城市》,第128-129页。也有观点认为,领事作为由选举产生的公职人员出现在城市的商事法庭中,是在10世纪的地中海地区,以及后来的欧洲北部沿海地区。见杨泽伟,第33页。
    2[美]阿瑟·努斯鲍姆著,《简明国际法史》,第39页。
    3但也有观点认为,特拉尼海洋领事的历史也许没有11世纪那么久远。另外,有观点认为,在10世纪,不可能存在一个由海洋领事们主持的海事法院;海事法院的建立属于稍晚的时期。See Frederic RockwellSanborn,Origins of the Early English Maritime and Commercial Law,p.51.据此,特拉尼的海洋领事(11世纪)可能被认为是最早的。
    4Travers Twiss,ed.,The Black Book of the Admiralty,Vol.IV.,London:Longman&Co.,PatternosterRow,Trubner&Co.,Ludgate Hill,1876,p.xci.
    5Frederic Rockwell Sanborn,Origins of the Early English Maritime and Commercial Law,pp.47-48.
    1Frederic Rockwell Sanborn,Origins of the Early English Maritime and Commercial Law,p.57.
    2Frederic Rockwell Sanborn,Origins of the Early English Maritime and Commercial Law,p.57.
    3Frederic Rockwell Sanborn,Origins of the Early English Maritime and Commercial Law,pp.86-87.
    1Travers Twiss,ed.,The Black Book of the Admiralty,Vol.II.,London:Longman&Co.,PatternosterRow,Trubner&Co.,Ludgate Hill,1873,pp.lxvi-lxvii.Frederic Rockwell Sanborn,pp.77-78.
    2The Black Book of the Admiralty,Vol.IV.,pp.xci-xcii.
    3The Black Book of the Admiralty,Vol.II.,p.lxvi.Frederic Rockwell Sanborn,pp.80-81.
    4The Black Book of the Admiralty,Vol.IV.,p.xcii.Frederic Rockwell Sanborn,p.81.
    1Frederic Rockwell Sanborn,Origins of the Early English Maritime and Commercial Law,p.81.
    2Frederic Rockwell Sanborn,Origins of the Early English Maritime and Commercial Law,pp.88-89.
    3Frederic Rockwell Sanborn,Origins of the Early English Maritime and Commercial Law,p.86,and note270.
    4The Black Book of the Admiralty,Vol.IV.,p.xcv.
    1Frederic Rockwell Sanborn,Origins of the Early English Maritime and Commercial Law,pp.87-88.Travers Twiss,ed.,The Black Book of the Admiralty,Vol.III.,London:Longman&Co.,and Trubner&Co.,Patternoster Row,1874,pp.lxxv-lxxiv.The Black Book of the Admiralty,Vol.IV.,p.xcv.
    2The Black Book of the Admiralty,Vol.IV.,pp.xcv-xcvi.
    3Frederic Rockwell Sanborn,Origins of the Early English Maritime and Commercial Law,p.81-82,88.
    1The Black Book of the Admiralty,Vol.IV.,p.xcii.Also see William Searle Holdsworth,TheDevelopment of the Law Merchant and Its Courts,Select essays in Anglo-American Legal History,Volume I,p.293.这是海洋领事在宣告他们的决定之前的惯例,即要向海商专家们和商人专家们咨询。而在英格兰高等海事法院中,要由德特福德—斯特隆德教区的海商促进公会两名退休船长(the ElderBrethren of the Trinity House of Deptford-le-Stroud)的协助,而该法院的书记官(registrar),在诉讼程序的随后阶段,有两名商人的协助。这对于法官来说也是惯例。
    2Frederic Rockwell Sanborn,Origins of the Early English Maritime and Commercial Law,pp.82,88.
    3[美]G.吉尔摩、C.L.布莱克著,《海商法》(上),杨召南、毛俊纯、王君粹译,中国大百科全书出版社2000年版,第5页。
    4[美]G.吉尔摩、C.L.布莱克著,《海商法》(上),第5页。
    1David M.Walker,The Oxford Companion to Law,p.32.[美]G.吉尔摩、C.L.布莱克著,《海商法》(上),第5页。在英格兰,直到爱德华三世统治时期,商人法的两个分支即海商法和狭义的商人法都是由地方法院实施的。See William Searle Holdsworth,The Development of the Law Merchant and Its Courts,Select essays in Anglo-American Legal History,Volume I,p.294.
    2William Searle Holdsworth,The Development of the Law Merchant and Its Courts,Select essaysin Anglo-American Legal History,Volume I,p.294.
    3William Searle Holdsworth,The Development of the Law Merchant and Its Courts,Select essaysin Anglo-American Legal History,Volume I,pp.294-295.
    4泰格和利维著,《法律与资本主义的兴起》,纪琨译,学林出版社1996年版,第44页。
    5William Searle Holdsworth,The Development of the Law Merchant and Its Courts,Select essaysin Anglo-American Legal History,Volume I,p.295.当五港的沃登勋爵(the Lord Warden)的一般民事管辖权在1856年被废止时,其海事管辖权被保留下来。1869年,当海事管辖权被给予新的郡法院(thecounty courts)时,规定沃登勋爵管辖范围内的郡法院的海事案件仍要上诉至沃登勋爵。这项海事管辖权也没有受到1873年《司法法》(the Judicature Act)的触及,而仍然得以保留。
    1泰格和利维著,《法律与资本主义的兴起》,第44页。
    2余甬帆著,《试探名词“海商法”之源》,载《中国海商法年刊》第18卷(2008年1月),第382-384页。
    3David M.Walker,The Oxford Companion to Law,p.31.《不列颠百科全书(国际中文版)》(8),中国大百科全书出版社1999年4月版,第71页。
    1William Searle Holdsworth,The Development of the Law Merchant and Its Courts,Select essaysin Anglo-American Legal History,Volume I,p.304,and note3。
    2William Searle Holdsworth,The Development of the Law Merchant and Its Courts,Select essaysin Anglo-American Legal History,Volume I,p.305.
    3William Searle Holdsworth,The Development of the Law Merchant and Its Courts,Select essaysin Anglo-American Legal History,Volume I,p.306-307.
    4[美]G.吉尔摩、C.L.布莱克著,《海商法》(上),第41页注[29]。
    1William Searle Holdsworth,The Development of the Law Merchant and Its Courts,Select essaysin Anglo-American Legal History,Volume I,p.307.
    2张乃和主编,《英国文艺复兴时期的法律与社会》,黑龙江人民出版社2007年版,第125页。
    3William Searle Holdsworth,The Development of the Law Merchant and Its Courts,Select essaysin Anglo-American Legal History,Volume I,p.307.
    2[英]约翰·福蒂斯丘爵士著,《论英格兰的法律与政制》,[英]谢利·洛克伍德编,袁瑜琤译,北京大学出版社,第79页。
    3泰格和利维著,《法律与资本主义的兴起》,第44页。
    1R.C.van Caenegem,European Law in the Past and the Future:Unity and Diversity over Two Millennia,Cambridge University Press2004,UK,pp.20-21.
    1The Black Book of the Admiralty,Vol.IV.,pp.xcvii-xcix.
    2The Black Book of the Admiralty,Vol.IV.,p.cv.
    3The Black Book of the Admiralty,Vol.IV.,pp.lxxxix-xc.
    1The Black Book of the Admiralty,Vol.IV.,p.lxxxix.
    2W.Paul Gormley,The development of the Rhodian-Roman maritime law to1681,with special emphasison the problem of collision,Inter-American Law Review,Vol.III,1961,p336.
    3The Black Book of the Admiralty,Vol.IV.,p.xlvi.
    4The Black Book of the Admiralty,Vol.IV.,p.xcvi.
    5The Black Book of the Admiralty,Vol.IV.,pp.xxiii-xxiv.
    6The Black Book of the Admiralty,Vol.IV.,p.xxxvii.
    1The Black Book of the Admiralty,Vol.IV.,pp.xxxviii-xxxix.
    2The Black Book of the Admiralty,Vol.IV.,p.xc.
    3[美]G.吉尔摩、C.L.布莱克著,《海商法》(上),第3页。
    1Frederic Rockwell Sanborn,Origins of the Early English Maritime and Commercial Law,pp.89-90.
    1W.Paul Gormley,The development of the Rhodian-Roman maritime law to1681,with special emphasison the problem of collision,Inter-American Law Review,Vol.III,1961,p.339.
    1Benedict on Admiralty,Volume1,Jurisdiction and Principles,Steven F.Friedell,Matthew Bender&Co.Inc,2003,pp.1-29,1-30.
    2Frederic Rockwell Sanborn,Origins of the Early English Maritime and Commercial Law,New York,London:The Century Co.,1930,pp.53-54.
    1[美]约翰·H.威格摩尔著,《世界法系概览》(下),何勤华、李秀清、郭光东等译,上海人民出版社2004年版,第750页。
    2[法]伏尔泰著,《风俗论》(上),商务印书馆,第62页。
    3[美]A.T.马汉著,《海权对历史的影响》,安常容和成忠勤译,解放军出版社2006年版,第68页。
    1.[苏]扎波罗夫著:《十字军东征》,哲安译,三联书店1959年版。
    2.[美]汤普逊著:《中世纪经济社会史(300-1300年)》(上),耿淡如译,商务印书馆1961年版。
    3.[美]汤普逊著:《中世纪经济社会史(300-1300年)》(下),耿淡如译,商务印书馆1963年版。
    4.[法]瑟诺博斯著:《法国史》(上),沈炼之译,商务印书馆1972年5月版。
    5.[瑞典]安德生著:《瑞典史》(上),苏公隽译,商务印书馆1972年版。
    6.帕利·劳林著:《丹麦王国史》,华中师范学院翻译组译,湖北人民出版社1973年版。
    7.[比]让·东特著:《比利时史》,南京大学外文系法文翻译组译,江苏人民出版社1973年版。
    8.[塞]C·斯布里达奇斯博士著:《塞浦路斯简史》,北京第二外国语学院英语系翻译组译,北京人民出版社1973年版。
    9.[法]P.布瓦松纳著:《中世纪欧洲生活和劳动(5至15世纪)》,潘源来译,商务印书馆1985年版。
    10.[英]R·P·格兰姆编著:《简明海商法》,李林、黄顺刚、蔡茂华译,上海翻译出版公司1986年版。
    11.[美]P.金德尔伯格著:《西欧金融史》,徐子健、何建雄、朱忠译,中国金融出版社1991年版。
    12.[美]詹姆斯·w.汤普逊著,《中世纪晚期欧洲经济社会史》,徐家玲等译,商务印书馆1992年版。
    13.[意]彼德罗·彭梵得著:《罗马法教科书》,黄风译,中国政法大学出版社1992年版。
    14.费尔南·布罗代尔著:《15至18世纪的物质文明、经济和资本主义》(第二卷:形形色色的交换),顾良译,三联书店1993年版。
    15.费尔南·布罗代尔著:《15至18世纪的物质文明、经济和资本主义》(第三卷:世界的时间),施康强、顾良译,三联书店1993年版。
    16.[英]施米托夫著:《国际贸易法文选》,赵秀文选译,中国大百科全书出版社1993年版。
    17.泰格和利维著:《法律与资本主义的兴起》,纪琨译,学林出版社1996年版。
    18.何勤华著:《西方法学史》(第二版),中国政法大学出版社1996年版。
    19.丁玫著:《罗马法契约责任》,中国政法大学出版社1998年版。
    20.[美]G.吉尔摩、C.L.布莱克著:《海商法》(上、下),杨召南、毛俊纯、王君粹译,中国大百科全书出版社2000年版。
    21.[比]亨利·皮朗著:《中世纪欧洲经济社会史》,乐文译,上海人民出版社2001年版。
    22.钱乘旦、许洁明著:《英国通史》,上海社会科学院出版社2002年版。
    23.[日]大塚久雄著:《股份公司发展史论》,胡企林等译,中国人民大学出版社2002年版。
    24.[美]约翰·H.威格摩尔著:《世界法系概览》(下),何勤华、李秀清、郭光东等译,上海人民出版社2004年版。
    25.[加拿大]威廉·台特雷著:《国际海商法》,张永坚等译,法律出版社2005年版。
    26.[加拿大]威廉·泰特雷著:《海商法术语》,陈海波、邬先江译,大连海事大学出版社2005年版。
    27.[美]小奥利弗·温德尔·霍姆斯著:《普通法》,冉昊、姚中秋译,中国政法大学出版社2006年版。
    28.[比]亨利·皮雷纳著:《中世纪的城市》,陈国樑译,商务印书馆2006年版。
    29.[美]朱迪斯·M·本内特、C·沃伦·霍利斯特著:《欧洲中世纪史》(第10版),杨宁、李韵译,上海社会科学院出版社年2007年版。
    30.[英]杰弗里·帕克著:《城邦——从古希腊到当代》,石衡潭译,山东画报出版社2007年版。
    31.[法]让·韦尔东著:《中世纪的旅行》,赵克非译,中国人民大学出版社2007年版。
    32.[英]靳克斯著:《英国法》,张季忻译、陈融勘校,中国政法大学出版社2007年版。
    33.阿夫纳·格雷夫著:《大裂变:中世纪贸易制度比较和西方的兴起》,郑江淮等译,中信出版社2008年版。
    34.[英]梅特兰等著:《欧陆法律史概览——事件,渊源,人物及运动》,屈文生等译,上海人民出版社2008年版。
    35.[美]哈罗德·J.伯尔曼著:《法律与革命》(第一卷:西方法律传统的形成)(中文修订版),贺卫方、高鸿钧、张志铭、夏勇译,法律出版社2008年版。
    36.沈芝著:《行会与市民社会》,中国社会科学出版社2009年版。
    37.雷蒙德·卡尔著:《西班牙史》,潘诚译,东方出版中心2009年版。
    38.许昌财编著:《西班牙通史》,世界知识出版社2009年版。
    39.[美]马克·T.胡克著:《荷兰史》,黄毅翔译,东方出版中心2009年版。
    40.[美]道格拉斯·诺斯和罗伯斯·托马斯著:《西方世界的兴起》,厉以平和蔡磊译,华夏出版社2009年版。
    41.[德]马克斯·韦伯著:《中世纪商业合伙史》,陶永新译,东方出版中心2010年版。
    42.萨拉·B.波默罗伊、斯坦利·M.伯斯坦、沃尔特·唐兰、珍妮弗·托尔伯特·罗伯茨著:《古希腊政治、社会和文化史(第二版)》,傅洁莹、龚萍、周平译,上海三联书店2010年版。
    43.保罗·布特尔著:《大西洋史》,刘明周译,东方出版中心2011年版。
    44.[英]约翰·朱利叶斯·诺威奇著:《地中海史》(上),殷亚平等译,东方出版中心2011年版。
    45.[比]亨利·皮朗著:《穆罕默德和查理曼》,王晋新译,上海三联书店2011年版。
    46.[日]阿部谨也著:《中世纪星空下》,李玉满、陈娴若译,三联书店2011年版。
    47.王小波著:《<罗得海商法>研究》,中国政法大学出版社2011年版。
    48.[美]阿瑟·努斯鲍姆著:《简明国际法史》,张小平译,法律出版社2011年版。
    49.向前著:《国际商法自治性研究》,法律出版社2011年版。
    50.谷浩著:《全球化背景下的国际海上保险立法:变革、协调和特点》,法律出版社2011年版。
    51.[法]雅克·勒高夫著:《中世纪文明(400-1500年)》,徐家玲译,格致出版社、上海人民出版社2011年版。
    52.[法]罗贝尔·福西耶著:《这些中世纪的人——中世纪的日常生活》,周嫄译,上海社会科学院出版社2011年版。
    53.[荷]维姆·布洛克曼、彼得·霍彭布劳沃著:《中世纪欧洲史》,乔修峰、卢伟译,花城出版社2012年版。
    1.刘启戈、李雅书选译:《中世纪中期的西欧》(世界史资料丛刊初集),三联书店1957年版。
    2.[意]桑德罗·斯契巴尼选编:《契约之债与准契约之债》,丁玫译,中国政法大学出版社1998年版。
    3.王海明主编:《船舶保险》,中国金融出版社2001年版。
    4.M.M.波斯坦和H.J.哈巴库克主编:《剑桥欧洲经济史》(第三卷:中世纪的经济组织和经济政策),王春法主译,经济科学出版社2002年版。
    5.M.M.波斯坦、爱德华·米勒主编:《剑桥欧洲经济史》(第二卷):中世纪的贸易和工业,钟和等译,经济科学出版社2004年版。
    6.罗伯特·福西耶主编:《剑桥插图中世纪史(950—1250年)》,李增洪等译,山东画报出版社2008年版。
    7.刘景华主编:《走向重商时代——社会转折中的西欧商人和城市》,中国社会科学出版社2007年版。
    8.张乃和主编:《英国文艺复兴时期的法律与社会》,黑龙江人民出版社2007年版。
    9.[法]乔治·杜比主编:《法国史》(上),吕一民、沈坚、黄艳红等译,商务印书馆2010年版。
    1.朱曾杰:《试论国际海事立法的统一活动》,载《中国海商法年刊》第1卷(1990年)。
    2.司玉琢:《论现代国际海事立法的特点与发展趋势》,载《中国海商法年刊》第5卷(1994年)。
    3.张明远、司玉琢:《世纪之交海商法走势探析》,载《中国海商法年刊》第8卷(1997年)。
    4.叶秋华:《资本主义民商法的摇篮——西欧中世纪城市法、商法与海商法》,载《中国人民大学学报》2000年第1期。
    5.史际春、陈岳琴:《论商法》,载《中国法学》2001年第4期。
    6.毛健铭:《西方商事法起源研究》,载《现代法学》第24卷第6期(2002年12月)
    7.朱慈蕴、毛健铭:《商法探源——论中世纪的商人法》,载《法制与社会发展》2003年第4期(总第52期)。
    8.蔡立东:《公司制度生长的历史逻辑》,载《当代法学》第18卷第6期(2004年11月)。
    9.何勤华、李求轶:《海事法系的形成与生长》,载《中国律师和法学家》总第一卷,第5期(2005年10月)。
    10.梅宏:《环境时代海商法的制度创新》,载《福建政法管理干部学院学报》,总第25期(2005年9月)。
    11.曹彩容、梅宏:《环境时代海商法理念的变革、更新》,载《海洋开发与管理》2006年第2期。
    12.李中原:《罗马法在中世纪的成长》,载《环球法律评论》2006年第1期。
    13.孙希尧:《国际海事商人法断思——一个民间法的角度》,载《甘肃政法学院学报》总第95期(2007年11月)。
    14.余甬帆:《试探名词“海商法”之源》,载《中国海商法年刊》第18卷(2008年1月)。
    15.陈思伟:《试析古希腊海事贷款高利率成因》,载《古代文明》第2卷第4期(2008年10月)。
    16.马得懿:《海上货物运输法理论流变的哲学回应》(一)(二),载《国际商务——对外经济贸易大学学报》2009年第2、3期。
    17.司玉琢:《面向海洋世纪,确立海法研究体系》,载《中国海商法年刊》第21卷第2期(2010年6月)。
    18.何丽新、陈永灿:《索马里海盗赎金的共同海损性质论》,载《中国海商法年刊》第21卷第3期(2010年9月)。
    1.李丽:《有限责任合伙史话》,载方流芳主编,《法大评论》(第五卷),中国政法大学出版社2006年。
    2.李燕:《英国商法的定位之研究》,载中国人民大学法学院《人大法律评论》编辑委员会编,《人大法律评论》2003年卷(总第五辑),中国人民大学出版社2004年版。
    3.史际春、姚海放:《再论商法》,载中国人民大学法学院《人大法律评论》编辑委员会编,《人大法律评论》2003年卷(总第五辑),中国人民大学出版社2004年版。
    4.郑远民:《现代商人法发展趋势研究》,载中国社会科学院法学博士后流动站主编:《中国社会科学院法学博士后论丛(第三卷)》,中国社会科学出版社2008年版。
    5.宋宁而:《18-19世纪英国船员群体研究》,载徐祥民主编《海洋法律、社会与管理》(2010年卷、总第2卷),海洋出版社2010年版。
    6.解正山:《中世纪欧洲商人法庭探微》,载华东政法大学法律史研究中心编:《法史学与社会科学》,法律出版社2011年版。
    1.郑曦:《各国海商法基础理论的比较研究》,大连海事大学硕士学位论文,2001年。
    2.陈颐,《从中世纪商人法到近代民商法典——1000—1807年欧陆贸易史中的法律变迁》,华东政法学院硕士学位论文,2002年。
    3.臧宝军,《英国商法的现代化》,山东师范大学硕士学位论文,2004年。
    4.陈思伟:《古希腊海事贷款研究》,西南大学硕士学位论文,2007年。
    5.汪永利:《海商法相对独立性研究》,大连海事大学硕士学位论文,2009年。
    6.肖崇俊:《英国海事法院的历史探析(1360-1873)》,华东政法大学硕士学位论文,2010年。
    1.《英国法史札记:适用商人法的法院》,http://freerain.fyfz.cn/b/579688(访问日期:2013年8月27日)。
    2.[澳大利亚]John Mo著、黄永申译,《国际商法的历史与海商法》,http://www.bloglegal.com/blog/cgi/shownews/2600047497(访问日期:2013年8月27日)。
    3.[加拿大]威廉·泰特利,《海事海商法的简明历史》,http://www.chinalawedu.com/news/16900/177/2003/11/zh7971215634172113002100827_75718.htm(访问日期:2013年8月28日)。
    1.[德]阿尔布雷希特·科德斯(Albrecht Cordes):《探究中世纪“统一商法”的法律本质》(周晨译),载中德法学研究所主办、中德法学论坛杂志编辑部编辑《中德法学论坛(第2辑)》(2003),南京大学出版社2004年版。
    2.[美]James J.Donovan:《船东责任限制的起源与发展》(段庆喜译),载梁慧星主编《民商法论丛》第37卷,法律出版社2007年版。
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    1.Justinian's Digest-Book XIV(Title I-II)(529-565A.D.),athttp://www.admiraltylawguide.com/documents/digestxiv.html,August27,2013.
    2.Maritime Ordinances of Trani(1063A.D.),athttp://www.admiraltylawguide.com/documents/trani.html,August27,2013.
    3.Port of Arles:The Navigation Code(1150),athttp://www.admiraltylawguide.com/documents/arles.html,August27,2013.
    4.James I of Aragon:The Barcelona Navigation Act of1227,athttp://www.admiraltylawguide.com/documents/barcelona1227.html,August27,2013.
    5.James I of Aragon:The Barcelona Maritime Code of1258,athttp://www.admiraltylawguide.com/documents/barcelona1258.html,August27,2013.
    6.The Rules of Oleron(circa1266),athttp://www.admiraltylawguide.com/documents/oleron.html,August27,2013.
    7.The Laws of the Hanse Towns(circa1597),athttp://www.admiraltylawguide.com/documents/hanse.html,August27,2013.
    8.“Consulate of The Sea”,athttp://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Consulate_of_the_Sea,August21,2013.
    9.“Black Book of the Admiralty”,athttp://everything2.com/title/Black+Book+of+the+Admiralty,August27,2013.
    10.Christopher Minelli,The Classical Legacy of Admiralty: ThePre-Roman World(Part One of a Two-Part Series),athttp://www.law.illinois.edu/bljournal/post/2007/02/15/The-Classical-Legacy-of-Admiralty-The-Pre-Roman-World-(Part-One-of-a-Two-Part-Series).aspx,August28,2013.
    11.Christopher Minelli,The Classical Legacy of Admiralty: The RomanExperience(Part Two of a Two-Part Series),athttp://www.law.illinois.edu/bljournal/post/2007/03/15/The-Classical-Legacy-of-Admiralty-The-Roman-Experience-(Part-Two-of-a-Two-Part-Series).aspx,August28,2013.

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