奶山羊产奶性状候选基因的筛选及其多基因聚合效应的研究
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摘要
产奶性状是奶山羊的主要经济性状,包括产奶量、乳脂率和乳蛋白率等。目前,许多学者认为这些数量性状的表现不仅受微效多基因或QTL控制,而且也与主效基因调控密切相关。因此,寻找这些性状的主效基因或与之相连锁的分子标记,研究功能基因的调控机理,是开展奶山羊分子育种工作的前提。以分子标记辅助选择为核心的多基因聚合育种技术能直接在DNA水平上对产奶性状的基因型进行选择,克服了传统育种方法准确性低的问题,可显著加快遗传进展,提高育种效率。因此,将分子标记辅助育种技术与传统育种技术有效结合,集成创新新的育种技术体系是奶山羊育种发展的必然趋势。
本研究选择对产奶性状有关键调控作用的PRLR、ELF5、MTHFR和FOLR1基因,采用PCR-RFLP和DNA测序技术研究这4个基因在西农萨能和关中奶山羊中的SNPs及其与产奶性状的关联性；采用实时定量PCR技术检测PRLR、ELF5和FOLR1基因在奶山羊10个组织中的相对表达量；克隆奶山羊PRLR、ELF5(?)FOLR1基因完整的CDS区,并进行生物信息学分析；从PRLR、ELF5、MTHFR和FOLR1基因中筛选对产奶性状有显著影响的基因位点,利用数量遗传学分析方法研究其基因聚合效应对产奶性状的影响。主要研究结果如下：
1、PRLR基因的克隆、表达及其SNPs与产奶性状的关联分析
山羊PRLR基因CDS区全长1746bp,编码581个氨基酸。其与绵羊、牛、猪和人的氨基酸序列相似性分别为98%,92%,73%和68%,其二级结构包含105个α-螺旋,114个延伸链,22个β-转角和340个随机卷曲。PRLR在卵巢、子宫、输卵管和乳腺组织中均有表达,表明PRLR基因参与了奶山羊的泌乳等生殖生理活动。在PRLR基因中发现了5个SNPs,分别为位于内含子2的g.40452T>C和g.40471G>A,位于外显子9的g.61677G>A和g.61865G>A和位于3'UTR的g.62130C>T,其中，g.61677G>A和g.61865G>A分别导致PRLR氨基酸序列的第485处丝氨酸突变为天冬酰胺(Ser→Asn)和第548处的缬氨酸突变为蛋氨酸(Val→Met)。在西农萨能和关中奶山羊中，g.40452T>C和g.40471G>A位点以及g.61677G>A和g.61865G>A呈现的连锁不平衡(r2>0.33)。对于西农萨能奶山羊在g.40452T>C位点,TT基因型个体的第1泌乳期产奶量显著高于CC基因型个体(P<0.05)；在g.61677G>A位点,GG基因型个体的第1、3泌乳期产奶量和平均产奶量显著高于GA基因型个体(P<0.05)；在g.61865G>A位点,GG基因型个体的第2、3泌乳期产奶量和平均产奶量显著高于GA基因型个体(P<0.05)；在g.62130C>T位点,CC基因型个体的第1、3泌乳期产奶量和平均产：奶量显著高于CT型个体(P<0.05)。对于关中奶山羊,在g.61677G>A位点,GG基因型个体的第1、3泌乳期产奶量和平均产奶量显著高于GA基因型个体(P<0.05)；在g.61865G>A位点,GG基因型个体的第1、3泌乳期产奶量和平均产奶量显著高于GA基因型个体(P<0.05)：在g.62130C>T位点,CC基因型个体第2、3泌乳期产奶量和平均产奶量显著高于CT基因型个体(P<0.05)。g.61677G>A,g.61865G>A和g.62130C>T位点组合基因型与产奶性状的关联分析结果表明,这3个位点组合基因型对产奶量有显著影响,在西农萨能和关中奶山羊中,C2(GGGGCC)为最佳基因型组合。PRLR基因可用于产奶性状选择的奶山羊分子标记育种。
2、ELF5基因的克隆、表达及其SNPs与产奶性状的关联分析
山羊ELF5基因CDS区全长768bp,编码255个氨基酸。其与牛,绵羊,猪和人的氨基酸序列相似性分别为99%,99%,94%和94%,其二级结构包含110个α-螺旋,29个延伸链,6个β-转角和110个随机卷曲。ELF5基因在乳腺中的表达量明显高于其它组织,表明ELF5对泌乳活动有重要的调控作用。在西农萨能和关中奶山羊中,g.3694C>G位点偏离哈代温伯格平衡状态(P<0.05)。在g.3694C>G位点,对于这2个奶山羊品种,CC基因型个体的乳蛋白显著高于CG基因型个体(P<0.05)；对于西农萨能奶山羊,CC基因型个体的第3泌乳期产奶量显著高于CG基因型个体(P<0.05)。ELF5基因的g.3694C>G位点可用于产奶性状选择的奶山羊分子标记育种。
3、MTHFR基因的SNPs与产奶性状的关联分析
本研究在MTHFR基因中检测到6个SNPs,其中g.1372T>C、g.2578C>T、g.2609C>T和g.2742T>C位于5'UTR, g.5447G>A位于内含子4,g.14635G>A位于3'UTR。在西农萨能和关中奶山羊中,g.2609C>T, g.5447G>A和g.14635G>A位点偏离哈代温伯格平衡。对于西农萨能奶山羊,在g.2578C>T位点,CC基因型个体的乳蛋白和第3泌乳期产奶量显著高于TT基因型个体(P<0.05)；在g.5447G>A位点,AA基因型个体的乳蛋白显著高于GG基因型个体(P<0.05)；在g.14635G>A位点,AA基因型个体的第1泌乳期产奶量显著高于GA基因型个体(P<0.05)。对于关中奶山羊,在g.2578C>T位点,CC基因型个体的乳蛋白显著高于TT基因型个体(P<0.05),在g.5447G>A位点,AA和GA基因型个体的乳蛋白显著高于GG基因型个体(P<0.05)；在g.14635G>A位点,GG基因型个体的乳蛋白显著高于GA基因型个体(P<0.05)。g.2578C>T和g.5447G>A位点组合基因型与奶山羊产奶性状的关联分析结果表明,在西农萨能奶山羊中,C1(CCAA), C2(CCGA)和C3(CCGG)型个体的乳蛋白显著高于C7(TTGA)型个体(P<0.05)；在关中奶山羊品种中,C1(CCAA)型个体的乳蛋白显著高于C6(CTGG)、 C7(TTGA)和C8(TTGG)型个体(P<0.05)；C2(CCGA)型个体的的乳蛋白显著高于C6(CTGG)型个体(P<0.05),由此可知,C1(CCAA)和C2(CCGA)为最佳基因型组合。MTHFR基因能用于产奶性状选择的奶山羊分子标记育种。
4、FOLR1基因的克隆和表达
山羊FOLR1基因CDS区全长777bp,编码258个氨基酸。其与绵羊,牛,猪和人的氨基酸序列相似性分别为99%,96%,80%和80%,其二级结构包含83个α-螺旋,26个延伸链,5个β-转角和144个随机卷曲。FOLR1基因在奶山羊输卵管、肺和脾中的表达量较高,在卵巢、子宫和乳腺中的表达量次之,在心脏、肌肉、肝和肾中的表达量最低。FOLR1基因各引物的扩增产物中不存在多态性。
5、PRLR、MTHFR和ELF5基因聚合对产奶性状的效应分析
在西农萨能奶山羊中,C1(GGGGCCCC)组合基因型个体第3泌乳期的产奶量显著高于C8(GAGACCCT)和C10(GGGACCCT)型个体(P<0.05)；C1(GGGGCCCC)和C1(GAGACCCC)组合基因型个体的乳蛋白显著高于C6(GGGGCGTT)型个体(P<0.05)；该品种的最佳基因型组合为C1(GGGGCCCC)。在关中奶山羊中,C1(GGGGCCCC)和C2(GGGGCCCT)组合基因型个体的第2、3泌乳期和平均产奶量显著高于C3(GGGGCCTT)型个体(P<0.05),乳蛋白含量显著高于C6(GGGGCGTT)型个体(P<0.05)；该品种的最佳基因型组合为C1(GGGGCCCC)和C2(GGGGCCCT)。
Milk production traits are main economic traits in dairy goats, including milk yield, milk fat and milk protein rate and so on. At present, many scholars believe that the performance of these traits are not only controlled by minor-polygene or QTL, but also closely related to the regulation of major genes. Therefore, finding major genes of these traits or molecular markers linked with these traits and researching on the regulation mechanism of functional genes are the prerequisite of dairy goat molecular breeding work. Multigene pyramiding breeding technology centering on molecular marker-assisted selection could select genotypes of milk production traits in DNA level. It overcomes the disadvantage of low accuracy of conventional breeding technology, accelerates genetic progress and improves breeding efficiency. Making marker-assisted and conventional breeding technology to be combinated effictively and integrating innovation new breeding technology system are the trend of development of dairy goat breeding.
In this study, PRLR, ELF5, MTHFR and FOLR1genes were selected as candidate genes because they played key regulatory roles in milk production traits. The study investigated the polymorphisms of PRLR, ELF5, MTHFR and FOLR1genes in Xinong Saanen (SN) and Guanzhong (GZ) dairy goat breeds by DNA sequencing and PCR-RFLP and analyzed the association of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) with milk production traits. In addition, the study detected the relative expression levels of PRLR, ELF5and FOLR1genes in10tissues of dairy goats by real time-PCR technology, and cloned the coding sequences (CDS) of these genes and analyzed the characteristics of nucleotide and amino acid sequences using bioinformatics. Finally, the research analyzed the pyramiding effect of PRLR, ELF5and MTHFR gene on milk production traits using the analysis method of quantitative genetics. The main results were as follows:
1. Molecular cloning, tissue expression and association analysis of SNPs with milk production traits in PRLR gene
Caprine PRLR gene coding sequence was1746bp, encoding581amino acids. Its amino acid sequence had high similarity with those of four species:Ovis aries(98%) Bos taurus (92%), Sus scrofa973%) and Homo sapiens (68%). The result of caprine PRLR amino acid sequence analysis showed that the secondary structure contains105alpha helix,114extended chains,22β-turns and340random coils. Caprine PRLR mRNA was expressed in ovary, uterus, oviduct and breast. It showed PRLR gene was involved in the reproductive physiology and lactation activities of dairy goats. Five SNPs were detected in PRLR gene. The g.40452T>C and g.40471G>A SNPs were in intron2. The g.61677G>A and g.61865G>A SNPs were in exon9, which led to p.Ser485Asn and p.Val548Met in PRLR amino acid, respectively. The g.62130C>T SNP was in3'UTR. In two dairy goat breeds, both g.40452T>C and g.40471G>A loci were closely linked (r2>0.33), in addition, the g.61677G>A and g.61865G>A loci also showed strong linkage disequilibrium (r2>0.33). In SN dairy goats, the individuals with TT genotype had higher milk yield than those with CC genotype at g.40452T>C locus for the first parity(P<0.05); at g.61677G>A locus for the first, third and average lactation, the individuals with GG genotype had higher milk yield than those with GA genotype (P<0.05); at g.61865G>A locus for the second, third and average lactation, the individuals with GG genotype had higher milk yield than those with GA genotype (P<0.05); at g.62130C>T locus for the first, third and average lactation, the individuals with CC genotype had higher milk yield than those with CT genotype (P<0.05). In GZ dairy goats, the individuals with GG genotype had higher milk yield than those with GA genotype (P<0.05) at g.61677G>A and g.61865G>A loci for the first, third and average lactation; at g.62130C>T locus for the second, third and average lactation, the individuals with CC genotype had higher milk yield than those with CT genotype (P<0.05). Association analysis of combination genotypes in g.61677G>A, g.61865G>A and g.62130C>T loci was done in two dairy goat breeds. The result showed that the three loci had significant effects on milk yield. In SN and GZ dairy goats, C2(GGGGCC) was the best combination genotype compared with other combination genotypes. PRLR gene could be used for molecular markers breeding of milk production traits in dairy goats.
2. Molecular cloning, tissue expression and association analysis of SNPs with milk production traits in ELF5gene
Caprine ELF5gene coding sequence was768bp, encoding255amino acids. Its amino acid sequence had high similarity with those of four species:Bos taurus (99%), Ovis aries(99%), Sus scrofa(94%) and Homo sapiens (94%). The result of caprine ELF5amino acid sequence analysis showed that the secondary structure contained110alpha helix,29extended chains,6β-turns and110random coils. The expression level of ELF5gene in breast was significantly higher than other tissues which suggested that ELF5gene plays a key role in regulating the lactation activities. In SN and GZ dairy goats, the g.3694C>G locus was in Hardy-Weinberg disequilibrium (P<0.05), and the individuals with CC genotype had higher milk protein than those with CG genotype at g.3694C>G locus (P<0.05). In SN dairy goats, the individuals with CC genotype had higher milk yield than those with CG genotype at g.3694C>G locus for the third lactation (P<0.05). The g.3694C>G locus of ELF5gene could be used for molecular markers breeding of milk production traits in dairy goats.
3. Association analysis of SNPs with milk production traits in MTHFR gene
Six SNPs detected in MTHFR gene. The g.1372T>C, g.2578C>T, g.2609C>T and g.2742T>C were in5'UTR. The g.5447G>A was in intron4. The g.14635G>A was3'UTR. The g.2609C>T, g.5447G>A and g.14635G>A locus was in Hardy-Weinberg disequilibrium in SN and GZ dairy goats (P<0.05). In SN dairy goats, the individuals with CC genotype had higher milk yield than those with TT genotype at g.2578C>T locus for the third lactation (P<0.05), and the individuals with CC genotype had higher milk protein than those with TT genotype at g.2578C>T locus (P<0.05); at g.5447G>A locus, the individuals with AA genotype had higher milk protein than those with GG genotype (P<0.05); at g.14635G>A locus for the first lactation, the individuals with AA genotype had higher milk yield than those with GA genotype (P<0.05). In GZ dairy goats, the individuals with CC genotype had higher milk protein than those with TT genotype at g.2578C>T locus (P<0.05); at g.5447G>A locus, the individuals with AA and GA genotypes had higher milk protein than those with GG genotype (P<0.05); at g.14635G>A locus, the individuals with GG genotype had higher milk protein than those with GA genotype (P<0.05). Association analysis of combination genotypes in g.2578C>T and g.5447G>A loci was done in two dairy goat breeds. In SN dairy goats, the result showed that the individuals with C1(CCAA), C2(CCGA) and C3(CCGG) combination genotypes had higher milk protein than those with C7(TTGA)(P<0.05). In GZ dairy goats, the individuals with C1(CCAA) combination genotype had higher milk protein than those with C6(CTGG), C7(TTGA) and C8(TTGG)(P<0.05); the individuals with C2(CCGA) combination genotype had higher milk protein than those with C6(CTGG)(P<0.05). C1(CCAA) and C2(CCGA) were the best combination genotype compared with other combination genotypes. MTHFR gene could be used for molecular markers breeding of milk production traits in dairy goats.
4. Molecular cloning and tissue expression of FOLR1gene
Caprine FOLR1gene coding sequence was777bp, encoding258amino acids. Its amino acid sequence had high similarity with those of four species:Ovis aries(99%), Bos taurus (96%), Sus scrofa(80%) and Homo sapiens (80%). The result of caprine FOLR1amino acid sequence analysis showed that the secondary structure contained83alpha helix,26extended chains,5β-turns and144random coils. FOLR1mRNA had higher expression in the oviduct, lung and spleen, followed by the expression of the ovary, uterus and breast, and it was the lowest in the heart, muscle, liver and kidney. There was no polymorphism in the amplification products of different primer pairs.
5. Multigene pyramiding effect of PRLR, MTHFR and ELF5genes on milk production traits in goats
In SN dairy goats, the individuals with C1(GGGGCCCC) combination genotype had higher milk yield than those with C8(GAGACCCT) and C10(GGGACCCT) in the third lactation (P<0.05); the individuals with C1(GGGGCCCC) and C7(GAGACCCC) combination genotypes had higher milk protein than those with C6(GGGGCGTT)(P<0.05). C1(GGGGCCCC) were the best combination genotype in SN dairy goats. In GZ dairy goats, the individuals with C1(GGGGCCCC) and C2(GGGGCCCT) combination genotypes had higher milk yield than those with C3(GGGGCCTT) in the second, third and average lactation (P<0.05), in addition, the individuals with C1(GGGGCCCC) and C2(GGGGCCCT) had higher milk protein than those with C6(GGGGCGTT)(P<0.05):C1(GGGGCCCC) and C2(GGGGCCCT) were the best combination genotypes in GZ dairy goats.
本研究选择对产奶性状有关键调控作用的PRLR、ELF5、MTHFR和FOLR1基因,采用PCR-RFLP和DNA测序技术研究这4个基因在西农萨能和关中奶山羊中的SNPs及其与产奶性状的关联性；采用实时定量PCR技术检测PRLR、ELF5和FOLR1基因在奶山羊10个组织中的相对表达量；克隆奶山羊PRLR、ELF5(?)FOLR1基因完整的CDS区,并进行生物信息学分析；从PRLR、ELF5、MTHFR和FOLR1基因中筛选对产奶性状有显著影响的基因位点,利用数量遗传学分析方法研究其基因聚合效应对产奶性状的影响。主要研究结果如下：
1、PRLR基因的克隆、表达及其SNPs与产奶性状的关联分析
山羊PRLR基因CDS区全长1746bp,编码581个氨基酸。其与绵羊、牛、猪和人的氨基酸序列相似性分别为98%,92%,73%和68%,其二级结构包含105个α-螺旋,114个延伸链,22个β-转角和340个随机卷曲。PRLR在卵巢、子宫、输卵管和乳腺组织中均有表达,表明PRLR基因参与了奶山羊的泌乳等生殖生理活动。在PRLR基因中发现了5个SNPs,分别为位于内含子2的g.40452T>C和g.40471G>A,位于外显子9的g.61677G>A和g.61865G>A和位于3'UTR的g.62130C>T,其中，g.61677G>A和g.61865G>A分别导致PRLR氨基酸序列的第485处丝氨酸突变为天冬酰胺(Ser→Asn)和第548处的缬氨酸突变为蛋氨酸(Val→Met)。在西农萨能和关中奶山羊中，g.40452T>C和g.40471G>A位点以及g.61677G>A和g.61865G>A呈现的连锁不平衡(r2>0.33)。对于西农萨能奶山羊在g.40452T>C位点,TT基因型个体的第1泌乳期产奶量显著高于CC基因型个体(P<0.05)；在g.61677G>A位点,GG基因型个体的第1、3泌乳期产奶量和平均产奶量显著高于GA基因型个体(P<0.05)；在g.61865G>A位点,GG基因型个体的第2、3泌乳期产奶量和平均产奶量显著高于GA基因型个体(P<0.05)；在g.62130C>T位点,CC基因型个体的第1、3泌乳期产奶量和平均产：奶量显著高于CT型个体(P<0.05)。对于关中奶山羊,在g.61677G>A位点,GG基因型个体的第1、3泌乳期产奶量和平均产奶量显著高于GA基因型个体(P<0.05)；在g.61865G>A位点,GG基因型个体的第1、3泌乳期产奶量和平均产奶量显著高于GA基因型个体(P<0.05)：在g.62130C>T位点,CC基因型个体第2、3泌乳期产奶量和平均产奶量显著高于CT基因型个体(P<0.05)。g.61677G>A,g.61865G>A和g.62130C>T位点组合基因型与产奶性状的关联分析结果表明,这3个位点组合基因型对产奶量有显著影响,在西农萨能和关中奶山羊中,C2(GGGGCC)为最佳基因型组合。PRLR基因可用于产奶性状选择的奶山羊分子标记育种。
2、ELF5基因的克隆、表达及其SNPs与产奶性状的关联分析
山羊ELF5基因CDS区全长768bp,编码255个氨基酸。其与牛,绵羊,猪和人的氨基酸序列相似性分别为99%,99%,94%和94%,其二级结构包含110个α-螺旋,29个延伸链,6个β-转角和110个随机卷曲。ELF5基因在乳腺中的表达量明显高于其它组织,表明ELF5对泌乳活动有重要的调控作用。在西农萨能和关中奶山羊中,g.3694C>G位点偏离哈代温伯格平衡状态(P<0.05)。在g.3694C>G位点,对于这2个奶山羊品种,CC基因型个体的乳蛋白显著高于CG基因型个体(P<0.05)；对于西农萨能奶山羊,CC基因型个体的第3泌乳期产奶量显著高于CG基因型个体(P<0.05)。ELF5基因的g.3694C>G位点可用于产奶性状选择的奶山羊分子标记育种。
3、MTHFR基因的SNPs与产奶性状的关联分析
本研究在MTHFR基因中检测到6个SNPs,其中g.1372T>C、g.2578C>T、g.2609C>T和g.2742T>C位于5'UTR, g.5447G>A位于内含子4,g.14635G>A位于3'UTR。在西农萨能和关中奶山羊中,g.2609C>T, g.5447G>A和g.14635G>A位点偏离哈代温伯格平衡。对于西农萨能奶山羊,在g.2578C>T位点,CC基因型个体的乳蛋白和第3泌乳期产奶量显著高于TT基因型个体(P<0.05)；在g.5447G>A位点,AA基因型个体的乳蛋白显著高于GG基因型个体(P<0.05)；在g.14635G>A位点,AA基因型个体的第1泌乳期产奶量显著高于GA基因型个体(P<0.05)。对于关中奶山羊,在g.2578C>T位点,CC基因型个体的乳蛋白显著高于TT基因型个体(P<0.05),在g.5447G>A位点,AA和GA基因型个体的乳蛋白显著高于GG基因型个体(P<0.05)；在g.14635G>A位点,GG基因型个体的乳蛋白显著高于GA基因型个体(P<0.05)。g.2578C>T和g.5447G>A位点组合基因型与奶山羊产奶性状的关联分析结果表明,在西农萨能奶山羊中,C1(CCAA), C2(CCGA)和C3(CCGG)型个体的乳蛋白显著高于C7(TTGA)型个体(P<0.05)；在关中奶山羊品种中,C1(CCAA)型个体的乳蛋白显著高于C6(CTGG)、 C7(TTGA)和C8(TTGG)型个体(P<0.05)；C2(CCGA)型个体的的乳蛋白显著高于C6(CTGG)型个体(P<0.05),由此可知,C1(CCAA)和C2(CCGA)为最佳基因型组合。MTHFR基因能用于产奶性状选择的奶山羊分子标记育种。
4、FOLR1基因的克隆和表达
山羊FOLR1基因CDS区全长777bp,编码258个氨基酸。其与绵羊,牛,猪和人的氨基酸序列相似性分别为99%,96%,80%和80%,其二级结构包含83个α-螺旋,26个延伸链,5个β-转角和144个随机卷曲。FOLR1基因在奶山羊输卵管、肺和脾中的表达量较高,在卵巢、子宫和乳腺中的表达量次之,在心脏、肌肉、肝和肾中的表达量最低。FOLR1基因各引物的扩增产物中不存在多态性。
5、PRLR、MTHFR和ELF5基因聚合对产奶性状的效应分析
在西农萨能奶山羊中,C1(GGGGCCCC)组合基因型个体第3泌乳期的产奶量显著高于C8(GAGACCCT)和C10(GGGACCCT)型个体(P<0.05)；C1(GGGGCCCC)和C1(GAGACCCC)组合基因型个体的乳蛋白显著高于C6(GGGGCGTT)型个体(P<0.05)；该品种的最佳基因型组合为C1(GGGGCCCC)。在关中奶山羊中,C1(GGGGCCCC)和C2(GGGGCCCT)组合基因型个体的第2、3泌乳期和平均产奶量显著高于C3(GGGGCCTT)型个体(P<0.05),乳蛋白含量显著高于C6(GGGGCGTT)型个体(P<0.05)；该品种的最佳基因型组合为C1(GGGGCCCC)和C2(GGGGCCCT)。
Milk production traits are main economic traits in dairy goats, including milk yield, milk fat and milk protein rate and so on. At present, many scholars believe that the performance of these traits are not only controlled by minor-polygene or QTL, but also closely related to the regulation of major genes. Therefore, finding major genes of these traits or molecular markers linked with these traits and researching on the regulation mechanism of functional genes are the prerequisite of dairy goat molecular breeding work. Multigene pyramiding breeding technology centering on molecular marker-assisted selection could select genotypes of milk production traits in DNA level. It overcomes the disadvantage of low accuracy of conventional breeding technology, accelerates genetic progress and improves breeding efficiency. Making marker-assisted and conventional breeding technology to be combinated effictively and integrating innovation new breeding technology system are the trend of development of dairy goat breeding.
In this study, PRLR, ELF5, MTHFR and FOLR1genes were selected as candidate genes because they played key regulatory roles in milk production traits. The study investigated the polymorphisms of PRLR, ELF5, MTHFR and FOLR1genes in Xinong Saanen (SN) and Guanzhong (GZ) dairy goat breeds by DNA sequencing and PCR-RFLP and analyzed the association of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) with milk production traits. In addition, the study detected the relative expression levels of PRLR, ELF5and FOLR1genes in10tissues of dairy goats by real time-PCR technology, and cloned the coding sequences (CDS) of these genes and analyzed the characteristics of nucleotide and amino acid sequences using bioinformatics. Finally, the research analyzed the pyramiding effect of PRLR, ELF5and MTHFR gene on milk production traits using the analysis method of quantitative genetics. The main results were as follows:
1. Molecular cloning, tissue expression and association analysis of SNPs with milk production traits in PRLR gene
Caprine PRLR gene coding sequence was1746bp, encoding581amino acids. Its amino acid sequence had high similarity with those of four species:Ovis aries(98%) Bos taurus (92%), Sus scrofa973%) and Homo sapiens (68%). The result of caprine PRLR amino acid sequence analysis showed that the secondary structure contains105alpha helix,114extended chains,22β-turns and340random coils. Caprine PRLR mRNA was expressed in ovary, uterus, oviduct and breast. It showed PRLR gene was involved in the reproductive physiology and lactation activities of dairy goats. Five SNPs were detected in PRLR gene. The g.40452T>C and g.40471G>A SNPs were in intron2. The g.61677G>A and g.61865G>A SNPs were in exon9, which led to p.Ser485Asn and p.Val548Met in PRLR amino acid, respectively. The g.62130C>T SNP was in3'UTR. In two dairy goat breeds, both g.40452T>C and g.40471G>A loci were closely linked (r2>0.33), in addition, the g.61677G>A and g.61865G>A loci also showed strong linkage disequilibrium (r2>0.33). In SN dairy goats, the individuals with TT genotype had higher milk yield than those with CC genotype at g.40452T>C locus for the first parity(P<0.05); at g.61677G>A locus for the first, third and average lactation, the individuals with GG genotype had higher milk yield than those with GA genotype (P<0.05); at g.61865G>A locus for the second, third and average lactation, the individuals with GG genotype had higher milk yield than those with GA genotype (P<0.05); at g.62130C>T locus for the first, third and average lactation, the individuals with CC genotype had higher milk yield than those with CT genotype (P<0.05). In GZ dairy goats, the individuals with GG genotype had higher milk yield than those with GA genotype (P<0.05) at g.61677G>A and g.61865G>A loci for the first, third and average lactation; at g.62130C>T locus for the second, third and average lactation, the individuals with CC genotype had higher milk yield than those with CT genotype (P<0.05). Association analysis of combination genotypes in g.61677G>A, g.61865G>A and g.62130C>T loci was done in two dairy goat breeds. The result showed that the three loci had significant effects on milk yield. In SN and GZ dairy goats, C2(GGGGCC) was the best combination genotype compared with other combination genotypes. PRLR gene could be used for molecular markers breeding of milk production traits in dairy goats.
2. Molecular cloning, tissue expression and association analysis of SNPs with milk production traits in ELF5gene
Caprine ELF5gene coding sequence was768bp, encoding255amino acids. Its amino acid sequence had high similarity with those of four species:Bos taurus (99%), Ovis aries(99%), Sus scrofa(94%) and Homo sapiens (94%). The result of caprine ELF5amino acid sequence analysis showed that the secondary structure contained110alpha helix,29extended chains,6β-turns and110random coils. The expression level of ELF5gene in breast was significantly higher than other tissues which suggested that ELF5gene plays a key role in regulating the lactation activities. In SN and GZ dairy goats, the g.3694C>G locus was in Hardy-Weinberg disequilibrium (P<0.05), and the individuals with CC genotype had higher milk protein than those with CG genotype at g.3694C>G locus (P<0.05). In SN dairy goats, the individuals with CC genotype had higher milk yield than those with CG genotype at g.3694C>G locus for the third lactation (P<0.05). The g.3694C>G locus of ELF5gene could be used for molecular markers breeding of milk production traits in dairy goats.
3. Association analysis of SNPs with milk production traits in MTHFR gene
Six SNPs detected in MTHFR gene. The g.1372T>C, g.2578C>T, g.2609C>T and g.2742T>C were in5'UTR. The g.5447G>A was in intron4. The g.14635G>A was3'UTR. The g.2609C>T, g.5447G>A and g.14635G>A locus was in Hardy-Weinberg disequilibrium in SN and GZ dairy goats (P<0.05). In SN dairy goats, the individuals with CC genotype had higher milk yield than those with TT genotype at g.2578C>T locus for the third lactation (P<0.05), and the individuals with CC genotype had higher milk protein than those with TT genotype at g.2578C>T locus (P<0.05); at g.5447G>A locus, the individuals with AA genotype had higher milk protein than those with GG genotype (P<0.05); at g.14635G>A locus for the first lactation, the individuals with AA genotype had higher milk yield than those with GA genotype (P<0.05). In GZ dairy goats, the individuals with CC genotype had higher milk protein than those with TT genotype at g.2578C>T locus (P<0.05); at g.5447G>A locus, the individuals with AA and GA genotypes had higher milk protein than those with GG genotype (P<0.05); at g.14635G>A locus, the individuals with GG genotype had higher milk protein than those with GA genotype (P<0.05). Association analysis of combination genotypes in g.2578C>T and g.5447G>A loci was done in two dairy goat breeds. In SN dairy goats, the result showed that the individuals with C1(CCAA), C2(CCGA) and C3(CCGG) combination genotypes had higher milk protein than those with C7(TTGA)(P<0.05). In GZ dairy goats, the individuals with C1(CCAA) combination genotype had higher milk protein than those with C6(CTGG), C7(TTGA) and C8(TTGG)(P<0.05); the individuals with C2(CCGA) combination genotype had higher milk protein than those with C6(CTGG)(P<0.05). C1(CCAA) and C2(CCGA) were the best combination genotype compared with other combination genotypes. MTHFR gene could be used for molecular markers breeding of milk production traits in dairy goats.
4. Molecular cloning and tissue expression of FOLR1gene
Caprine FOLR1gene coding sequence was777bp, encoding258amino acids. Its amino acid sequence had high similarity with those of four species:Ovis aries(99%), Bos taurus (96%), Sus scrofa(80%) and Homo sapiens (80%). The result of caprine FOLR1amino acid sequence analysis showed that the secondary structure contained83alpha helix,26extended chains,5β-turns and144random coils. FOLR1mRNA had higher expression in the oviduct, lung and spleen, followed by the expression of the ovary, uterus and breast, and it was the lowest in the heart, muscle, liver and kidney. There was no polymorphism in the amplification products of different primer pairs.
5. Multigene pyramiding effect of PRLR, MTHFR and ELF5genes on milk production traits in goats
In SN dairy goats, the individuals with C1(GGGGCCCC) combination genotype had higher milk yield than those with C8(GAGACCCT) and C10(GGGACCCT) in the third lactation (P<0.05); the individuals with C1(GGGGCCCC) and C7(GAGACCCC) combination genotypes had higher milk protein than those with C6(GGGGCGTT)(P<0.05). C1(GGGGCCCC) were the best combination genotype in SN dairy goats. In GZ dairy goats, the individuals with C1(GGGGCCCC) and C2(GGGGCCCT) combination genotypes had higher milk yield than those with C3(GGGGCCTT) in the second, third and average lactation (P<0.05), in addition, the individuals with C1(GGGGCCCC) and C2(GGGGCCCT) had higher milk protein than those with C6(GGGGCGTT)(P<0.05):C1(GGGGCCCC) and C2(GGGGCCCT) were the best combination genotypes in GZ dairy goats.
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