爆炸荷载下钢管混凝土柱抗爆性能研究
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摘要
建筑结构除了承受静动荷载以外，也可能遭受到由于爆炸恐怖袭击、偶然燃气爆炸等各种因素引发的爆炸冲击荷载。钢管混凝土结构由于其具有受力合理、承载力高、抗震性能好、施工方便、经济效益显著等优势而在土木工程中得到广泛应用。研究该结构在爆炸冲击荷载下的动态响应具有非常重要的理论意义及工程应用价值。本文采用理论分析、试验研究和数值模拟相结合的方法，对爆炸冲击波与钢管混凝土柱相互作用，爆炸荷载作用下钢管混凝土柱的动态响应、破坏模式和破坏机理等方面展开系统的研究。主要的研究工作和结论如下：
（1）对钢管混凝土柱构件进行了2发3柱在不同药量、不同比例距离下的静爆试验。测得柱迎爆面和背爆面柱的柱顶、柱中、柱底的超压分布，以及振动加速度和最终位移，为准确预测作用在钢管混凝土柱上的爆炸荷载和评估钢管混凝土柱的破坏形态及破坏机理提供试验依据。试验结果表明，对于刚度较大的结构构件来说，受迎爆面负压区、背爆面的影响很小，可以忽略不计，仅考虑迎爆面的正压区作用效应；当爆炸场中的反射环境较为简单时，测量柱迎爆面反射超压时，可以通过测量自由场中的反射超压近似得到；并且得到了试验爆炸荷载作用下相应的钢管混凝土柱的破坏形态。
（2）研究了爆炸冲击波与钢管混凝土柱之间的相互作用。通过试验结果中的钢管混凝土柱迎爆面的超压分布，与已有的经验超压公式进行比较，选择TM5-1300中的各爆炸特征参数，为本文爆炸荷载的预测依据，为研究爆炸荷载作用下钢管混凝土柱动态响应提供可靠的爆炸荷载预测。
（3）建立爆炸冲击波及其与钢管混凝土柱相互作用的数值模拟方法。基于显式动力学程序ANSYS/LS-DYNA，采用流固耦合法，通过选取合理的材料模型、沙漏控制方法、边界条件等因素，建立爆炸冲击波与钢管混凝土柱相互作用的数值模型。通过与试验结果的对比，验证数值方法的正确性，并进行了参数分析。研究结果表明，含钢率对爆炸波与柱相互作用的影响并不明显，截面形状和截面尺寸对爆炸波与柱相互作用的影响较为突出，相同的爆炸环境下，圆形截面柱迎爆面的爆炸荷载强度低于方形截面柱。
（4）基于等效单自由度体系对钢管混凝土柱的动态响应进行理论分析，引入圆形钢管混凝土柱等效迎爆面的概念，采用延性系数计算出了等效体系在三角形脉冲荷载下的最大动位移，并通过与试验的对比验证了理论计算的可靠性。
（5）建立钢管混凝土柱在爆炸荷载作用下动态响应的数值模拟方法。并将数值模拟结果、试验结果、理论计算结果进行对比分析。并通过大量的数值模拟，进行参数分析，结果表明，随比例距离的增大，柱中点的水平最大位移和残余位移明显减小，并且衰减很快，当比例距离大于0.3m/kg1/3时，可忽略比例距离对柱中水平位移的影响；降低加载速率和减小截面尺寸，能够有效的降低钢管混凝土柱在爆炸荷载下柱中的水平位移；提高混凝土和钢材的抗压强度、增大含钢率，均能在一定程度上提高钢管混凝土柱的抗爆性能；当方形截面柱边长等于圆形柱直径时，相比圆形柱截面，尽管方形钢管混凝土柱有近似于两倍的惯性矩，但是方柱的截面不利于爆炸荷载的绕射，其迎爆面积相当于圆柱等效迎爆面的四倍，因此，圆形截面柱有较强的抵御爆炸荷载的能力。
（6）钢管混凝土柱在爆炸荷载作用下的破坏模式分别为：“高峰值低持时”的冲量荷载作用下，易发生剪切破坏；“低峰值高持时”的准静态荷载作用下，易于发生弯曲变形；而在动力荷载的作用下，钢管混凝土柱倾向于发生弯剪破坏。
Except for static load, building structure might also experience explosive dynamicimpacts, such as terrorist bomb attack, gas explosion and etc. Because of sound stress balance,high bearing capacity, and convenient construction method, Concrete Filled Steel Tube (CFST)are comprehensively utilized in civil engineering. Therefore, academic researches on how theCFST would respond to dynamic changes carry significant theoretical meanings as well asapplication values. This essay employs methods of theoretical analysis, experimental studyand numerical modeling to facilitate the whole process; dynamic response, damage modes anddestruction mechanism are thoroughly discussed, using the methods mentioned above. Majorresearch work and outcomes are listed below:
(1)2shells,3tubes of static explosive experiments on CFST are deployed for differentexplosive amount and in predetermined distances. The researcher measured the overpressuredistribution (on top, in the middle and at the bottom), the vibrating acceleration and thedisplacement lengths on both the plane facing explosion and the one opposite; these dataprovides grounds for predicting explosive load and for evaluating damage modes, destructionmechanism of the CFST. As the experience states, for the structure of comparatively highstiffness, impacts to the negative pressure region of the front plane and the back plane isrelatively small and is neglectable; when the environment is simple, the overpressure put onthe front plane approximately equals to reflecting overpressure in the free field.
(2) This research studies the interaction between explosive blast and CFST. Bycomparing the facing-explosive overpressure distribution in the experiment with the existingoverpressure formula and by setting explosive characteristic parameter of TM5-1300as aprediction standard, the research provides reliable explosive load prediction for studyingCFST’s dynamic responding when facing explosive load.
(3) This dissertation develops numerical simulation for the interaction between explosiveblast and CFST. Based on explicit dynamic program ANSYS/LS-DYNA and employingfluid-solid coupling algorithm, the researcher forms the numerical model for the interactionbetween explosive blast and the CFST surface through choosing sound material model, applying hourglass control method and considering boundary conditions. The results provethe numerical reasoning right. After analyzing the parameters, the result states that steel ratiohas barely influence on the interaction, while shape and scale of the section has strong effects.In another word, under the same explosive extent, explosive load on the round section issmaller than the one on the rectangle section.
(4) This dissertation relies on equivalent single-degree-of-freedom system to study thedynamic response of the CFST. The author introduces the notion of equivalentexplosive-facing plane for CFST and applies ductility coefficient to calculate the maximumdynamic displacement under the triangle pulse load. The above process verifies the equivalentexplosive-facing plane method and the feasibility of theoretical calculation.
(5) This essay establishes numerical simulative method for the dynamic response andcross-over analyzes the simulative results, the experimental results and the theoreticalcalculation. After massive numerical simulation and parameter analysis, the finals show that,as the scale distance grows, the horizontal maximum displacement and the residualdisplacement drops significantly. When the scale distance is over0.3m/kg1/3, its influence onhorizontal displacement can be ruled out. Lowering loading rate and reducing the size of thesection can evidently bring down the column horizontal displacement. Improving thecompressive strength of concrete and steel and enlarging steel ratio would optimize antiknockperformance of the CFST. Although rectangle CFST has nearly twice the moment of inertiathan round CFST, it is hard for explosive load to diffraction; the plane facing explosive is fourtime of the round one. Thus, round section tube has higher explosive resistance.
(6) Typical destruction paradigm, according to various load type, can be categorized intoshear fracture, flexural mode and flexural damage. The results show that when the column issubjected to impulsive blast load, the column is inclined to be damage by shear; in thequasi-static region, however, the column is likely damage by flexural mode; and in the regionof dynamic loading, the failure of the column might be a combination of shear and flexuraldamage.
（1）对钢管混凝土柱构件进行了2发3柱在不同药量、不同比例距离下的静爆试验。测得柱迎爆面和背爆面柱的柱顶、柱中、柱底的超压分布，以及振动加速度和最终位移，为准确预测作用在钢管混凝土柱上的爆炸荷载和评估钢管混凝土柱的破坏形态及破坏机理提供试验依据。试验结果表明，对于刚度较大的结构构件来说，受迎爆面负压区、背爆面的影响很小，可以忽略不计，仅考虑迎爆面的正压区作用效应；当爆炸场中的反射环境较为简单时，测量柱迎爆面反射超压时，可以通过测量自由场中的反射超压近似得到；并且得到了试验爆炸荷载作用下相应的钢管混凝土柱的破坏形态。
（2）研究了爆炸冲击波与钢管混凝土柱之间的相互作用。通过试验结果中的钢管混凝土柱迎爆面的超压分布，与已有的经验超压公式进行比较，选择TM5-1300中的各爆炸特征参数，为本文爆炸荷载的预测依据，为研究爆炸荷载作用下钢管混凝土柱动态响应提供可靠的爆炸荷载预测。
（3）建立爆炸冲击波及其与钢管混凝土柱相互作用的数值模拟方法。基于显式动力学程序ANSYS/LS-DYNA，采用流固耦合法，通过选取合理的材料模型、沙漏控制方法、边界条件等因素，建立爆炸冲击波与钢管混凝土柱相互作用的数值模型。通过与试验结果的对比，验证数值方法的正确性，并进行了参数分析。研究结果表明，含钢率对爆炸波与柱相互作用的影响并不明显，截面形状和截面尺寸对爆炸波与柱相互作用的影响较为突出，相同的爆炸环境下，圆形截面柱迎爆面的爆炸荷载强度低于方形截面柱。
（4）基于等效单自由度体系对钢管混凝土柱的动态响应进行理论分析，引入圆形钢管混凝土柱等效迎爆面的概念，采用延性系数计算出了等效体系在三角形脉冲荷载下的最大动位移，并通过与试验的对比验证了理论计算的可靠性。
（5）建立钢管混凝土柱在爆炸荷载作用下动态响应的数值模拟方法。并将数值模拟结果、试验结果、理论计算结果进行对比分析。并通过大量的数值模拟，进行参数分析，结果表明，随比例距离的增大，柱中点的水平最大位移和残余位移明显减小，并且衰减很快，当比例距离大于0.3m/kg1/3时，可忽略比例距离对柱中水平位移的影响；降低加载速率和减小截面尺寸，能够有效的降低钢管混凝土柱在爆炸荷载下柱中的水平位移；提高混凝土和钢材的抗压强度、增大含钢率，均能在一定程度上提高钢管混凝土柱的抗爆性能；当方形截面柱边长等于圆形柱直径时，相比圆形柱截面，尽管方形钢管混凝土柱有近似于两倍的惯性矩，但是方柱的截面不利于爆炸荷载的绕射，其迎爆面积相当于圆柱等效迎爆面的四倍，因此，圆形截面柱有较强的抵御爆炸荷载的能力。
（6）钢管混凝土柱在爆炸荷载作用下的破坏模式分别为：“高峰值低持时”的冲量荷载作用下，易发生剪切破坏；“低峰值高持时”的准静态荷载作用下，易于发生弯曲变形；而在动力荷载的作用下，钢管混凝土柱倾向于发生弯剪破坏。
Except for static load, building structure might also experience explosive dynamicimpacts, such as terrorist bomb attack, gas explosion and etc. Because of sound stress balance,high bearing capacity, and convenient construction method, Concrete Filled Steel Tube (CFST)are comprehensively utilized in civil engineering. Therefore, academic researches on how theCFST would respond to dynamic changes carry significant theoretical meanings as well asapplication values. This essay employs methods of theoretical analysis, experimental studyand numerical modeling to facilitate the whole process; dynamic response, damage modes anddestruction mechanism are thoroughly discussed, using the methods mentioned above. Majorresearch work and outcomes are listed below:
(1)2shells,3tubes of static explosive experiments on CFST are deployed for differentexplosive amount and in predetermined distances. The researcher measured the overpressuredistribution (on top, in the middle and at the bottom), the vibrating acceleration and thedisplacement lengths on both the plane facing explosion and the one opposite; these dataprovides grounds for predicting explosive load and for evaluating damage modes, destructionmechanism of the CFST. As the experience states, for the structure of comparatively highstiffness, impacts to the negative pressure region of the front plane and the back plane isrelatively small and is neglectable; when the environment is simple, the overpressure put onthe front plane approximately equals to reflecting overpressure in the free field.
(2) This research studies the interaction between explosive blast and CFST. Bycomparing the facing-explosive overpressure distribution in the experiment with the existingoverpressure formula and by setting explosive characteristic parameter of TM5-1300as aprediction standard, the research provides reliable explosive load prediction for studyingCFST’s dynamic responding when facing explosive load.
(3) This dissertation develops numerical simulation for the interaction between explosiveblast and CFST. Based on explicit dynamic program ANSYS/LS-DYNA and employingfluid-solid coupling algorithm, the researcher forms the numerical model for the interactionbetween explosive blast and the CFST surface through choosing sound material model, applying hourglass control method and considering boundary conditions. The results provethe numerical reasoning right. After analyzing the parameters, the result states that steel ratiohas barely influence on the interaction, while shape and scale of the section has strong effects.In another word, under the same explosive extent, explosive load on the round section issmaller than the one on the rectangle section.
(4) This dissertation relies on equivalent single-degree-of-freedom system to study thedynamic response of the CFST. The author introduces the notion of equivalentexplosive-facing plane for CFST and applies ductility coefficient to calculate the maximumdynamic displacement under the triangle pulse load. The above process verifies the equivalentexplosive-facing plane method and the feasibility of theoretical calculation.
(5) This essay establishes numerical simulative method for the dynamic response andcross-over analyzes the simulative results, the experimental results and the theoreticalcalculation. After massive numerical simulation and parameter analysis, the finals show that,as the scale distance grows, the horizontal maximum displacement and the residualdisplacement drops significantly. When the scale distance is over0.3m/kg1/3, its influence onhorizontal displacement can be ruled out. Lowering loading rate and reducing the size of thesection can evidently bring down the column horizontal displacement. Improving thecompressive strength of concrete and steel and enlarging steel ratio would optimize antiknockperformance of the CFST. Although rectangle CFST has nearly twice the moment of inertiathan round CFST, it is hard for explosive load to diffraction; the plane facing explosive is fourtime of the round one. Thus, round section tube has higher explosive resistance.
(6) Typical destruction paradigm, according to various load type, can be categorized intoshear fracture, flexural mode and flexural damage. The results show that when the column issubjected to impulsive blast load, the column is inclined to be damage by shear; in thequasi-static region, however, the column is likely damage by flexural mode; and in the regionof dynamic loading, the failure of the column might be a combination of shear and flexuraldamage.
引文
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