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山地城市风貌区道路交通适应性评价与优化研究
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摘要
山地城市风貌区地处山地城市中心地带,通常是山地城市的源发地,在沟壑纵横的山地峡谷深处孕育了城市的雏形,见证了城市的发展。这一区域既饱含粗狂豪放的山地文化,同时也兼具精致细腻的历史文脉;既具有丰富多彩的自然环境,又兼具魅力独特的少数民族文化,内涵较一般城市历史街区更为丰富,同时生态资源也更加脆弱。改革开放以来,城市道路交通运输的快速发展导致风貌区被无序蔓延,造成山水格局的破坏,风貌特色的丧失,历史文脉的割裂,区域内传统的山水环境与历史建筑、街巷肌理受到了前所未有的挑战。
     本文正是在这样的背景下开展的研究,其目的是针对山地城市风貌区道路交通发展中存在的各种问题,通过适应性这一柔性概念,将道路交通发展的硬质过程与风貌区环境保护的软质过程相结合,从评价与优化两种体系入手,探讨山地城市风貌区这一特殊城市区域的道路交通优化理论与方法,充实现代城市交通运输理论体系。主要研究内容如下:
     1、结合山地城市风貌区道路交通特征,按照既注重道路交通实际效果,又注重保护风貌区自然生态、历史环境的原则,构建道路交通适应性评价指标体系,评价方法采用可拓理论评价法。给出了指标提取的方法,其中,定性指标道路景观尝试采用心理物理学研究法提取。
     2、在兼顾考虑风貌区历史文脉与自然环境的基础上,提出基于CSS理念的山地城市风貌区道路系统适应性优化阶段设计及道路层次化优化方法,对主要道路、支路和巷道、步行系统进行了研究。重点研究了主要道路改扩建算法,设计了基于自适应双倍体遗传算法(ADGA),给出了数学模型、数据结构及算法流程。
     3、在对风貌区交通结构主要影响因素进行分析的基础上,设计了基于交通效率和节能减排的风貌区交通结构适应性优化模型,给出了参数提取和模型计算方法。提出了社区公交主导下的风貌区交通结构优化方法。重点探讨了风貌区引入社区公交的必要性及优化要点。
     4、针对影响山地城市风貌区的主要交通流,提出交通流适应性一体化优化思路。区域外围采取过境交通分流、道路拥挤收费及合理设置红绿波带进行优化。区域内部通过交通组织微循环、路权分配优化及停车管理优化缓解交通压力。重点交叉口采取交通组织优化、信号灯定时控制与动态控制相结合的方案。提出了基于Elman神经网络的交通流预测与基于网格启发式算法的信号灯控制技术。
     5、对山地城市遵义老城风貌区道路交通适应性进行实证分析。根据前文所提出的评价与优化方法,首先对区域的道路交通状况进行适应性评价,然后分别从道路系统、交通结构及交通流三个方面进行适应性优化,为指导山地城市风貌区道路交通可持续发展提供理论依据。
The mountainous townscape region, located in the heartland of a mountainous city, isoften the origin of this city. Characterized by the intersecting mountains and valleys, thisregion contains the rudiment of the city and also witnesses the development of the city. In thisarea, there is not only the bold and unconstrained mountain culture but the delicate andexquisite historical context, as well as both the colorful natural environment and thecharismatic minority culture. Therefore, its contents are always more resourceful than those ofan ordinary urban street and, in the meantime, its natural resources are more fragile than thelatter. Since the reform and opening policy was implemented, the rapid development of theurban road traffic has led the ceaseless expansion of the townscape region and thus thedeterioration of the natural structure, loss of geological features and destruction of thehistorical context. As a result, the harmony between the natural environment, historicalarchitecture and streets texture is facing an unprecedentedly great challenge.
     Set in such a background, this paper is aimed at studying various problems appearing inthe development of road traffic in the mountainous townscape region. Based on theapplication of the flexible concept of “adaptability”, this paper integrates the hard process ofroad traffic development with the soft process of townscape region environmental protection,and builds the evaluation and optimization systems, in order to discuss the theory and methodof optimizing the road traffic of the special area, and thus enrich the existing theoreticalsystem about modern urban traffic. The main research contents are as follows:
     1. According to the features of the road traffic in the mountainous townscape region, thispaper constructs an adaptability evaluation system for the road traffic by considering both thepractical effect of the road traffic and the principle of protecting the natural ecology andhistorical environment. In this process, the extension theory is adopted as the evaluatingmethod. In addition, it proposes a method to extract the index, where the qualitative index forthe road landscape is extracted by trying the psychophysical research method.
     2. While considering the historical context and natural environment of the mountainoustownscape region, this paper proposes an adaptability optimization phase design for the roadsystem based on the CSS concept and a road layering optimizing method for this area, and then mainly studies the main road, laneway and pedestrian system. Focusing on main roadreorganization and expansion algorithm, it designs the Adaptive Diploid Genetic Algorithm(ADGA)and provides the corresponding mathematical model, data structure and algorithmflow.
     3. After analyzed the major factors affecting the traffic structure of the mountainoustownscape region, this paper designs an adaptability optimization model for the trafficstructure of this area based on the traffic efficiency and energy conservation, and it alsoprovides the parameter extracting method and model algorithm. Furthermore, it proposes atraffic structure optimization method considering community-bus, and stresses on discussingthe necessities and optimizing points.
     4. Responding to the main traffic flow affecting the mountainous townscape region, thispaper proposes a integration optimization conception of the traffic flow adaptability: theperipheral area adopts cross-border traffic diversion, road congestion fees and appropriatelyset traffic lights to optimize the traffic condition; the inner area applies the traffic organizationmicrocirculation, right of road distribution optimization and parking managementoptimization to mediate the traffic pressure; and the key-point crossings use the trafficorganization optimization and signal lamps control to allocate the traffic flow. Then, this partproposes the prediction method of the traffic flow based on Elman neural network, and thecontrol technologies of signal lamps.
     5. This paper also undertakes an empirical analysis on the adaptability of the road trafficin the old town of Zunyi City. Based on the evaluation and optimization method mentionedbefore, this paper evaluates the adaptability of the road traffic condition of this area firstly,and then proposes adaptability optimization recommendations from the road system, trafficstructure and traffic flow, thereby providing theoretical evidence for the sustainabledevelopment of the road traffic in the mountainous townscape region.
引文
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