干旱区绿洲生态风险评估技术体系及应用研究
摘要
干旱区绿洲是以荒漠为基质、围绕绿洲构成的特殊生态系统,绿洲景观因为荒漠基质的包围而具有封闭性,且长期受干旱气候制约,显示出较明显的生态脆弱性。近年来随着人口增加,人们也逐渐意识到合理利用、开发干旱区绿洲的资源的重要性及其与社会经济可持续发展的制约关系。如何稳定干旱区的绿洲生态系统是干旱区生态环境保护的核心问题,这不仅要有宏观管理的战略,更需要相应的技术体系支撑管理决策的制定。
鉴于此,本研究在景观生态学原理基础上,采用GIS技术构建了干旱区绿洲生态风险评价体系。该技术体系能够评估人类干扰及自然因素对干旱区绿洲生态系统结构、功能及生态价值产生不利影响的可能性和大小。结果能够直观表达该影响在时间序列的变化及空间上的分布。具体来说本研究包括两方面内容：
(1)评估技术体系构建
本文基于美国生态风险评价框架,建立了干旱区生态风险评价框架。这一框架不仅能体现干旱区生态风险评价的基本内涵,又能作为干旱区生态风险评价开展的技术指导路线。
在上述框架基础上,本文进一步构建了干旱区生态风险评价步骤及指标体系。评价步骤主要包括：风险管理目标的确立；多风险源与风险受体的指标体系建立；表征压力响应和暴露评价的概念模型；基于GIS技术的数据处理；风险评估结果定级和可视化的表达等5部分内容。
(2)应用对比研究
本文将建立的方法体系运用在甘肃省黑河流域的实例研究中。甘肃省黑河流域是甘肃省非常重要的内陆河流域,气候干旱,生态环境极端脆弱。而黑河流域(甘肃段)所在区域也是整个黑河流域体系中人口最为密集,因此受自然灾害及人类干扰共同影响最为明显的区域。
运用本文构建的生态风险评价体系进行评价。评价结果表明,目前研究区域的生态风险水平为中等风险水平。从生态风险图来看,研究区域的生态风险水平的空间分布呈现出三个层次,以水域为核心的低风险-较低风险区,以荒漠与绿洲交接的中等风险区及与沙漠毗邻的较高-高风险区。而在过去十年间研究区域的生态风险值略有下降,从0.83下降到0.60。风险水平从高风险水平下降到中等风险水平。
具体来说：①从压力指标来看,研究区域综合风险概率略有下降,从0.27下降到0.22。这得益于两个方面,一方面是人们已经注重对干旱区这一脆弱生态系统的保护,不断加大环境保护力度,表现为人为干扰指数(HAI)有所降低。另一方面,研究区域在过去十余年中自然气候条件有所改善,自然灾害发生的频率略有下降,表现为旱涝灾害指数(Fc)有所下降。②从响应指标来看,研究区域景观的结构指数呈下降趋势,表现为越来越不稳定,其稳定性指数从0.48下降到0.41。具体表现为景观的多样性增加、优势度下降、景观的破碎程度升高,体现出更不均一的特点。③结合生产力指标可以看出,随着研究区近年的光热条件的改善,并辅以退耕还林、还草等措施,研究区域的净第一生产力有所恢复,从0.67上升至0.94。最后可以得出结论,研究区域生态风险值不断降低,表现为光热条件不断改善,人为干扰不断下降,区域生态系统朝着更为良性的方向发展。若在这个时期对研究区域土地资源加以合理规划及合理利用,最终可以使研究区域生态朝着更为有利的方向发展。
本文篇尾将本研究构建的方法体系与目前的生态风险评价的基本框架、区域生态风险评价的一般研究范式及干旱区的稳定性研究等前人的研究方法体系进行了对比研究。对比结果表明本研究构建的评估框架更具有指导意义；构建的概念模型更能体现干旱区绿洲生态系统的压力响应关系；基于GIS技术的评价方法更简便、更具操作性,可为干旱区绿洲生态系统的环境管理提供可量化的技术支持。
Arid-oasis areas become even more critical as1/3of the Chinese population lives in arid-oasis regions in recent years. From long-term sustainable economic development point of view, it is important to build an eco-risk assessment method fit for assessing arid-oasis areas by using regional eco-risk assessment theory. Arid-oasis area has typical landscape types different from other eco-system. Oasis land degradated these years because of the long term human impacts and nature disaster, which is different from the city areas and developed areas. So the previous method and technical system could not be a guid to conduct the arid-oasis assessment. Based on landscape ecological features of arid-oasis area and by using3S. our study attempts to construct an eco-risk assessment technical system to assess the potential risk caused by natural disaster and human activities in arid-oasis areas. The technical system could assess the change in the time series and spatial distribution. Finally, we conducted a study on the eco-risk assessment in the Heihe River Basin, which is a typical arid-oasis ecosystem in China, to verify the feasibility, intuition and generality of the technical system.
The study concluded following two parts:
1) Construct a eco-risk assessment technical system
In the theory research part, on the one hand, we modified the framework for eco-risk assessment conducted by the U.S.EPA, as a guidline to assess the eco-risk in arid-oasis areas. On the other hand, this paper constructed a eco-risk assessment technical system. The whole process is based on six major elements, the purpose of the assessment concerned by the risk manager and risk assessor, conceptual model characterizing risk and the assessment end point, tools of data procurement and data analysis, index system characterized the effects and the exposure, uncertainty analysis and final result of the eco-risk, including the change on the time series and the spatial distribution.
2) Comparative study on the application
To verify the feasibility, intuition and generality of the technical system conducted in the front part, we did a case study on The Heihe River Basin. The Heihe River Basin is located at98°00- 101°30'E,38°00'-42°30'N and has a drainage area of130,000km2. It consists of the upper mountainous area, the Middle Oasis area, and the lower terminal arid Oasis-Gobi-desert area. This paper focuses on the middle Oasis area, including8counties, Jinta, Jiuquan, Jiayuguan, Gaotai, Linze, Zhangye, Shandan, Mingle. This area has the The highest population density and the typical area influenced by the human activities and natural disaster.
In this case study, based on advanced remote sensing and Geographic Information Systems (GIS) technologies, the influences of precipitation, human activity and vegetation sensitivity are evaluated. The change of landscape index system could assess the eco-risk of The Heihe River Basin. The final value of eco-risk is classified into five levels: extreme low, low, moderate, high and extreme high. The results including:①The landscape eco-risk value (ERI) of the Heihe River Basin decreased from0.83to0.60, from the high-risk level down to the middle level. The results can be attributed to the better living conditions, the effective policy of environmental protection and effective Ecological Restoration over these years.②The spatial distribution could be divided into3regions, the high risk level region was influenced by the erosion of desert and water loss and soil erosion. For example, the northern area of the Heihe River Basin was in higher risk than other areas because where is next to the Badan Jara Desert and has been subjected to erosion due to scarce vegetation and serious water shortage in the past10years. The middle level region was influenced mainly by the human activities and natural erosion. The extreme low area was mainly influenced by the human activities.③The structure stability of landscape is decreased from0.48to0.41because of the decreasing landscape dominance and landscape diversity and increasing fragmentation.④The first net productivity index increased from0.67to0.94because of the better living conditions.⑤Finally, we can concluded that, from the results above, the eco-system of The Heihe River Basin Toward a more favorable direction In the final research, we conducted a comparative study. Our study showed that, the research method constructed in this study can objectively detect the spatial distribution of the landscape risk values in the arid oasis area and the time series change of the eco-risk. It could play a positive role in the future arid-oasis ecosystem eco-risk assessment and assist future environmental management.
鉴于此,本研究在景观生态学原理基础上,采用GIS技术构建了干旱区绿洲生态风险评价体系。该技术体系能够评估人类干扰及自然因素对干旱区绿洲生态系统结构、功能及生态价值产生不利影响的可能性和大小。结果能够直观表达该影响在时间序列的变化及空间上的分布。具体来说本研究包括两方面内容：
(1)评估技术体系构建
本文基于美国生态风险评价框架,建立了干旱区生态风险评价框架。这一框架不仅能体现干旱区生态风险评价的基本内涵,又能作为干旱区生态风险评价开展的技术指导路线。
在上述框架基础上,本文进一步构建了干旱区生态风险评价步骤及指标体系。评价步骤主要包括：风险管理目标的确立；多风险源与风险受体的指标体系建立；表征压力响应和暴露评价的概念模型；基于GIS技术的数据处理；风险评估结果定级和可视化的表达等5部分内容。
(2)应用对比研究
本文将建立的方法体系运用在甘肃省黑河流域的实例研究中。甘肃省黑河流域是甘肃省非常重要的内陆河流域,气候干旱,生态环境极端脆弱。而黑河流域(甘肃段)所在区域也是整个黑河流域体系中人口最为密集,因此受自然灾害及人类干扰共同影响最为明显的区域。
运用本文构建的生态风险评价体系进行评价。评价结果表明,目前研究区域的生态风险水平为中等风险水平。从生态风险图来看,研究区域的生态风险水平的空间分布呈现出三个层次,以水域为核心的低风险-较低风险区,以荒漠与绿洲交接的中等风险区及与沙漠毗邻的较高-高风险区。而在过去十年间研究区域的生态风险值略有下降,从0.83下降到0.60。风险水平从高风险水平下降到中等风险水平。
具体来说：①从压力指标来看,研究区域综合风险概率略有下降,从0.27下降到0.22。这得益于两个方面,一方面是人们已经注重对干旱区这一脆弱生态系统的保护,不断加大环境保护力度,表现为人为干扰指数(HAI)有所降低。另一方面,研究区域在过去十余年中自然气候条件有所改善,自然灾害发生的频率略有下降,表现为旱涝灾害指数(Fc)有所下降。②从响应指标来看,研究区域景观的结构指数呈下降趋势,表现为越来越不稳定,其稳定性指数从0.48下降到0.41。具体表现为景观的多样性增加、优势度下降、景观的破碎程度升高,体现出更不均一的特点。③结合生产力指标可以看出,随着研究区近年的光热条件的改善,并辅以退耕还林、还草等措施,研究区域的净第一生产力有所恢复,从0.67上升至0.94。最后可以得出结论,研究区域生态风险值不断降低,表现为光热条件不断改善,人为干扰不断下降,区域生态系统朝着更为良性的方向发展。若在这个时期对研究区域土地资源加以合理规划及合理利用,最终可以使研究区域生态朝着更为有利的方向发展。
本文篇尾将本研究构建的方法体系与目前的生态风险评价的基本框架、区域生态风险评价的一般研究范式及干旱区的稳定性研究等前人的研究方法体系进行了对比研究。对比结果表明本研究构建的评估框架更具有指导意义；构建的概念模型更能体现干旱区绿洲生态系统的压力响应关系；基于GIS技术的评价方法更简便、更具操作性,可为干旱区绿洲生态系统的环境管理提供可量化的技术支持。
Arid-oasis areas become even more critical as1/3of the Chinese population lives in arid-oasis regions in recent years. From long-term sustainable economic development point of view, it is important to build an eco-risk assessment method fit for assessing arid-oasis areas by using regional eco-risk assessment theory. Arid-oasis area has typical landscape types different from other eco-system. Oasis land degradated these years because of the long term human impacts and nature disaster, which is different from the city areas and developed areas. So the previous method and technical system could not be a guid to conduct the arid-oasis assessment. Based on landscape ecological features of arid-oasis area and by using3S. our study attempts to construct an eco-risk assessment technical system to assess the potential risk caused by natural disaster and human activities in arid-oasis areas. The technical system could assess the change in the time series and spatial distribution. Finally, we conducted a study on the eco-risk assessment in the Heihe River Basin, which is a typical arid-oasis ecosystem in China, to verify the feasibility, intuition and generality of the technical system.
The study concluded following two parts:
1) Construct a eco-risk assessment technical system
In the theory research part, on the one hand, we modified the framework for eco-risk assessment conducted by the U.S.EPA, as a guidline to assess the eco-risk in arid-oasis areas. On the other hand, this paper constructed a eco-risk assessment technical system. The whole process is based on six major elements, the purpose of the assessment concerned by the risk manager and risk assessor, conceptual model characterizing risk and the assessment end point, tools of data procurement and data analysis, index system characterized the effects and the exposure, uncertainty analysis and final result of the eco-risk, including the change on the time series and the spatial distribution.
2) Comparative study on the application
To verify the feasibility, intuition and generality of the technical system conducted in the front part, we did a case study on The Heihe River Basin. The Heihe River Basin is located at98°00- 101°30'E,38°00'-42°30'N and has a drainage area of130,000km2. It consists of the upper mountainous area, the Middle Oasis area, and the lower terminal arid Oasis-Gobi-desert area. This paper focuses on the middle Oasis area, including8counties, Jinta, Jiuquan, Jiayuguan, Gaotai, Linze, Zhangye, Shandan, Mingle. This area has the The highest population density and the typical area influenced by the human activities and natural disaster.
In this case study, based on advanced remote sensing and Geographic Information Systems (GIS) technologies, the influences of precipitation, human activity and vegetation sensitivity are evaluated. The change of landscape index system could assess the eco-risk of The Heihe River Basin. The final value of eco-risk is classified into five levels: extreme low, low, moderate, high and extreme high. The results including:①The landscape eco-risk value (ERI) of the Heihe River Basin decreased from0.83to0.60, from the high-risk level down to the middle level. The results can be attributed to the better living conditions, the effective policy of environmental protection and effective Ecological Restoration over these years.②The spatial distribution could be divided into3regions, the high risk level region was influenced by the erosion of desert and water loss and soil erosion. For example, the northern area of the Heihe River Basin was in higher risk than other areas because where is next to the Badan Jara Desert and has been subjected to erosion due to scarce vegetation and serious water shortage in the past10years. The middle level region was influenced mainly by the human activities and natural erosion. The extreme low area was mainly influenced by the human activities.③The structure stability of landscape is decreased from0.48to0.41because of the decreasing landscape dominance and landscape diversity and increasing fragmentation.④The first net productivity index increased from0.67to0.94because of the better living conditions.⑤Finally, we can concluded that, from the results above, the eco-system of The Heihe River Basin Toward a more favorable direction In the final research, we conducted a comparative study. Our study showed that, the research method constructed in this study can objectively detect the spatial distribution of the landscape risk values in the arid oasis area and the time series change of the eco-risk. It could play a positive role in the future arid-oasis ecosystem eco-risk assessment and assist future environmental management.
引文
Ayre, Kimberley K.; Landis, W G A. Bayesian Approach to Landscape Ecological Risk Assessment Applied to the Upper Grande Ronde Watershed, Oregon [J]. Human and ecological risk assessment,2012(18) 946-970
BarnthouseLW, Suter (?) G W, Bartell S M.Quantifying risks of toxic chemical on aquatie PoP-pulations and ecosystems[J]. Chemos Phere,1988,17:1487
Bamthouse L W, Suter G W Ⅱ,Rose A E, et al. Estimating responses of fish populations to toxic contamination[J].Environmental Toxicology Chemistry.1987,6(8):11-24.
CaiY-R(蔡艳荣).2004 Environmental Impact Assessment Beijing China Environmental science Press,215-219 (in Chinese).
Calabreas EJ, Baldwin LA. Performing Ecological Risk Assessment. Chelsea: Lewis Publishers, 1993.
CaoH-F (曹洪法), Shen Y-W(沈英娃).Brief re-view: Ecological risk assessment research. Environmental Chemistry(环境化学),1991,10(3)：26-30(in Chinese)
Carolyn T H, Robin L G, Clenn W S Ⅱ, et al. Assessing Ecological Risk on a Regional Scale[J]. Environmental Management.1990,14(3):325-332.
Chen H, Liu J S, Cao Y, et al.Progresses of ecological rick assessment [J]. Acta Ecological Sinica.2006,26(5):1558-1566.
Claassen M. Ecological Risk Assessment as a Framework for Environmental Impact Assessment. Water Science Technology,1999,39(10-11):151-154
Colnar, Audrey M.; Landis, Wayne G.. Conceptual model development for invasive species and a regional risk assessment case study: The European green crab, Carcinus maenas, at Cherry Point, Washington, USA [J].Human and ecological risk assessment,2007(13):120-155.
Cook R B, Suter G W Ⅱ, Sain E R. Ecological Risk Assessment in a large river-reservoir.1. Introduction and background[J]. Environmental Toxicology Chemistry.1999,18:581-588.
Cormier S M, Smith M, Norton S, et al. Assessing ecological risk in watersheds:A case study of problem formulation in the Big Darby Creek Watershed,Ohio, USA[J]. Environmental toxicology chemistry.2000,19:1082-1096.
Efroymson, R A, Dale, V H, Baskaran L M. Planning transboundary ecological risk assessments at military installations [J]. Human and ecological risk assessment,2005,11:1193-1215
Environment Waikato. Application of the relative risk model (RRM) to investigate multiple risks the Miranda Ramsar Site: Environment Waika to Technical Report. Hamilton East: Environment Waikato,2007.
FitzpatrickM C, Weltzin J F. Invasive Plants: Ecological and Agricultural Aspects. Switzerland: Birkh user Verlag,2005.
Fu Z-Y (付在毅),Xu X-G(许学工)Regional ecological risk assessment. Advances in Earth Science (地球科学进展),2001,16(2)：267-271(in Chinese).
Glenn W, Suter Ⅱ, Susan B, et al. The evolution of frameworks for ecological risk assessment from the Red Book Ancestor [J].Human and Ecological Risk Assessment.2003,9:1349-1360.
Graham R L, Hunsaker C T,O, Neill R V. Ecological Risk Assessment at the region scale[J] Ecological application,1991,1:196-206.
H kanson L. An ecology risk index for aquatic pollution control: a sedimentological approach. Water Research,1980,14(8):995-1001.
HartHayesE, LandisW G. Regional ecological risk assessment of a near shoremarine environment: Cherry Point, WA. Human Ecological Risk assessment,2004,10(1):299-325.
Jimenez-Valverde, A.; Peterson, A. T.; Soberon, J. Use of niche models in invasive species risk assessments [J].BIOLOGICAL INVASIONS 2011(13) 2785-2797.
Lackey R L. Fisheries management: Integrating societal preference, decision analysis, and ecological risk assessment. Environmental Science and Policy,1998,1:329-335.
Landis W G., Durda, Judi L.; Brooks, Marjorie L.. Ecological risk assessment in the context of global climate change [J]. Environmental toxicology and chemistry,2013(32):79-92.
LandisW G. Ecological Risk assessment conceptual model formulation for non-indigenous species. Risk Analysis,2004,24(4):847-858.
Landis W G, Wiegers J A. Design considerations and a suggested approach for regional and comparative ecological risk assessment. Human and Ecological Risk Assessment,1997, 3(3):287-297.
Landis, Wayne G.; Wiegers, Janice K.. Ten years of the relative risk model and regional scale ecological risk assessment [J]. Humen and ecological risk assessment,2007(13):25-38.
Leuven R, Poudevigne I. Riverine landscape dynamics and ecological risk assessment. Freshwater Biology,2002,47:845-865
Lieth H. Modelling the primary productivity of the world. Deciduous Forest Biome Memo Rep, 1992:72-79.
Lieth H, Box E O X. Evapotranspiration and Primary Productivity: C.W.Thornthwaite Memorial Model, Publications in Climatalogy,1972.25 (2):37-46.
LuxonM, LandisW G. Regional Scale Ecological Risk Assessment Using the Relative Risk Model Boca Raton (FL):CRC,2005.
Mao X-L(毛晓苓),Ni J-R (倪晋). Recent pro-gress of ecological risk assessment. Acta. Scientiarum Naturalium Universitatis Pekinensis(北京大学学报·自然科学版),2005,41(4)：646-652 (in Chinese).
MHPPE. Premises for Risk Management: Risk Limits in the Context of Environmental Policy. Directorate general for environmental protection. The Netherlands: The Hague,1989.
Miller, Thaddeus K.; Allen, Craig R.; Landis, Wayne G.;. Risk assessment:Simultaneously prioritizing the control of invasive plant species and the conservation of rare plant species [J]. Biological conservation,2010(143):2070-2079.
Mller G Index of geo-accumulation in sediments of the Rhine River. Geojournal,1969,2(3): 108-118.
MoraesR, Molander S. A., procedure for ecological tiered assessment of risks (PETAR).Human and Ecological Risk Assessment,2004,10(2):349-371.
Noss R F. High risk ecosystems as focifor considering biodiversity and ecological integrity in ecological risk assessments. Environmental Science and Policy.2000,3(6):321-332.
NWRAS Review Group. Review of the National Weed Risk Assessment System. NRMSC 12 Canberra: A Sub-committee of the Natural Resources Policies and Programs Committee, 2006.
Obery A M, Landis W G A. Regional multiple stressor risk assessment of the Codorus Creek Watershed applying the relative risk mode.l Human and Ecological Risk Assessment,2002, 8(2):405-428.
O Neil P V, Gardner R H,Barnthouse L W,et al.Ecosystem rick analysis: A new methodology[J]. Environmental Toxicology Chemistry,1982,1(1):67-77.
Power M, McCarty LS. Trends in the Development of Ecological Risk Assessment and Management Framework.Human and Ecological Risk Assessment,2002,8(1):7-18.
Parkhurst B R, Bergmann H L, Marcus M D, et al. Prepared for WPCF Research Foundation, Technology Assessment[M]. Alexandria:Virginia,1990.
Rosana Moreas, Wayne G Landis and Sverker Molander. Regional risk assessment of a Brazilian Rain Forest[J]. Human and Ecological Risk assessment,2002,8(7):1779-1803.
Rubenstein M. Patterns in Problem Solving[M]. New Jersey: Prentice Hall Inc,1975.
Sluis, Michelle Zapp; Boswell, Kevin M.; Chumchal, Matthew M.. Reginal variation in mercury and stable isotopes of red snapper in the northern gulf of Mexico, USA[J]. Environmental toxicology and chemistry,2013(32):434-441.
Sanderson, J. S.; Rowan, N.; Wilding, T. Getting to scale with environmental flow assessment: the watershed flow evaluation tool[J]. River research and applications,2012 (28) 1369-1377.
Schleier, Jerome J., Ⅲ: Sing, Sharlene E.; Peterson, Robert K. D.. Regional ecological risk assessment for the introduction of Gambusia affinis (western mosquitofish) into Montana watersheds [J].BIOLOGICAL INVASIONS 2008(10) 1277-1287.
Scott, M J; Brandt, CA; Bunn, AL;. Modeling long-term risk to environmental and human systems at the Hanford Nuclear Reservation: Scope and findings from the initial model [J]. Environmental management,2005(35):84-98.
Sergeant A. Management Objectives for Ecological Risk Assessment Developments at US EPA. Environmental Science & Policy,2000,3:295-298.
Serveiss, Victor B.; Ohlson, Dan W. Using ecological risk assessment principles in a source water protection assessment [J].Human and ecological risk assessment,2007,13:402-417.
Springborn, Michael; Romagosa, Christina M.; Keller, Reuben P.. The value of nonindigenous species risk assessment in international trade [J].ECOLOGICAL ECONOMICS 2011(70) 2145-2153.
Suter G W II, Vaughan D S.Gardner R H.Risk assessment by Analysis of extrapolation error, a demonstration[J]. Environmental Toxicology Chemistry.1983,2(3):69-78.
Suter G W Ⅱ, Barnthouse L W, Baes C FⅢ,et al. Environmental rick analysis for direct coal liquefaction[R]. TN,USA: Oak Ridge National Laboratory,1984.
Suter ⅡIGW. Ecological Risk Assessment. Boca Raton, USA: Lewis Publishers,1993.
Suter Ⅱ GW, Efroymson R A, Sample BE,et al. Ecological Risk Assessment for Contaminated Sites. Boca Raton, USA: Lewis Publishers,2000.
Suter IIGW, Norton S B, Barnthouse L W. The evolution of frameworks for ecological risk assessment from the Red Book ancestor. Human and Ecological Risk Assessment,2003,9: 1349-1360.
Troyer ME, Brody M S. Managing Ecological Risks at EPA: Issues and Recommendations for Progress. Washington, DC: U. S. Environmental Protection Agency.1994.
Tarazona JV, Vega M M.2002. Hazard and risk assessment of chemicals for terrestrial ecosystems. Toxicology,181/182:187-191.
UKDOE. A Guide to Risk Assessment and Risk Management for Environmental Protection. Her Majesty.s Stationery Office, London, UK,1995
US EPA.1986. Guidelines for health risk assessment of chemical mixtures Federal Register, 51(185):34014-34025.
US EPA.1989. Risk Assessment for Superfund Volume 1-Human Health Evaluation. Manual.Washington DC:United States Environmental Protection Agency.
US EPA.1990. Technical Support Document on health risk assessment of chemical mixtures (EPA/600/8-90/064).
USEPA.Framework for Ecological Risk Assessment[S].Washington D C,Risk FM1992.
US EPA.1997. Office of science Policy. Washington DC: Office of Research and Development, United States Environmental Protection Agency.
United States Environmental Protection Agency. Ecological Risk Assessment Guidance for Superfund: Process for Designing and Conducting Ecologioal Risk Assessments Interim Final (EPA-540-R-97/006). Washington DC: United States Environmental Protection Agency,1997.
United States Environmental Protection Agency. Guidelines for Ecological Risk Assessment (EPA/630/R-95/002F). Washington DC: United States Environmental Protection Agency, 1998.
US EPA.Clinch and Powell Valley Watershed Ecological Risk Assessment [R],2002.
Van Sickle, John; Stoddard, John L.; Paulsen, Steven G.; Using relative risk to compare the effects of aquatic stressors at a regional scale[J]. ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT,2006,38: 1020-1030.
Von L C J, H, Herinens J L M. Risk Assessment of chemicals[S]. Kluwer, Dordrecht,1995.
Wiegers J K, Feder H M, Mortensen L S, Shaw D G, Wilson V J, Landis W G. A regional multiple-stressor rank based ecological risk assessment for the fjord of PortValdez, Alaska. Human and Ecological Risk Assessment,1998,4(5):1125-1173.
Wu J.1992.Balance of Nature and Environmental Protection: a Paradigm Shift.Proceedings of the 4th International Conference of Asia Experts. Portland: Portland State University: 1-20.
Wu J, Loucks O L.1995.From balance-of-nature to hierarchical patch dynamics; a paradigm shift in ecology. Quarterly Review of Biology,70:439-466.
Xiao D-N(肖笃宁),HuY-M(胡远满),Li X-Z (李秀珍),et al. Landscape Ecology Research on Wetland in Bohai Delta. Beijing: Science Press,2001 (in Chinese).
Xu X-G(许学工), LinH-P (林辉平),Fu Z-Y(付在毅).Regional ecological risk assessment of wetland in the Huanghe River Delta.Acta Scientiarum Naturalium Universitatis Pekinensis(北京大学学报·自然科学版),2001,37(1)：111-120(in Chinese).
Xuegong Xu, Huiping Lin,Zaiyi Fu. Probelems into the method of regional ecological risk assessment-a case study of wetland in the Yellow River Delta in China. Journal of Environmental Management.2004,70:253-262.
Yang Juan; Cai Yongli; Xiang Weining. Study on the procedure and approach for ecological risk regionalization [J]. New Zealand journal of agricultural research,2007,50:943-950.
常青,邱瑶,谢苗苗,彭建.基于土地破坏的矿区生态风险评价：理论与方法[J].生态学报,2012,(16)：5164-5174.
曹洪法,沈英娃.生态风险评价研究概述[J].环境化学,1991,10(3)：26-30.
曹宇,肖笃宁,欧阳华,陈高.额济纳天然绿洲景观演化驱动因子分析[J].生态学报,2004,(9)：1895-1902.
陈浮,葛小平,陈刚,彭补拙.城市边缘区景观变化与人为影响的空间分异研究[J].地理科学,2001,03：210-216.
陈栋,周新桥,江振河.转基因植物生态风险研究进展[J].广东农业科学,2004,(4)：12-17.
陈维强,李景文.额济纳绿洲景观格局与动态变化及其驱动力研究[D].北京林业大学.2010.
陈辉,刘劲松,曹宇,李双成,欧阳华.生态风险评价研究进展[J].生态学报,2006,(5)：1558-1566.
程曼,王让会.干旱对自然生态系统的影响及评估—以黑河流域生态系统为例[D].南京信息工程大学.2012.
党安荣等.ERDAS IMAGINE遥感影像处理教程[M].北京：清华大学出版社.2010.
丁晖,石碧青,徐海根.外来物种风险评估指标体系和评估方法.生态与农村环境学报.2006,22(2)：92-96.
丁一汇,王守荣.中国西北地区气候与生态环境概论[M].北京：气象出版社,2001.
樊自立.塔里木盆地绿洲形成与演变[J].地理学报,1993.48(5)：421-426.
丰江帆,滕学伟,伍耀东,孙保华.基于GIS的造纸企业生态风险评价初探[J].环境工程,2006,24(5)：72-75.
付光辉.土地整理生态风险评价研究.南京：南京农业大学,2007.
傅明杰,陈利项,马克明,等.2001.景观生态学原理及应用.北京：科学出版社.
傅小锋.干早区绿洲发展与环境协调研究[J].中国沙漠,2000,(2)：96-99.
付在毅,许学工,林辉平,王究礼.辽河三角洲湿地区域生态风险评价.生态学报,2001,21(3)：365-373.
高志海,丁峰,魏怀东.甘肃河西地区土地荒漠化的现状、成因及其防治[J].自然报,2001,4：70-75.
贡璐,鞠强,潘晓玲.博斯腾湖区域景观生态风险评价研究.干旱区资源与环境,2007,21(1)：27-31.
郭述茂.基于3S技术的高寒草地植被覆盖度分布特征及动态变化研究[R].兰州：兰州大学,2009.
韩德林.绿洲系统与绿洲地理建设[J].干旱区地理,1992,15(增刊)：5-11.
何瑞银,沈明霞,从静华.植被信息提取过程中ETM+遥感影像的分类方法[J].江苏农业学报,2008,01：29-32.
何云峰,朱广‘伟,陈英旭,田光明,陈华林.运河(杭州段)沉积物中重金属的潜在生态风险研究[J]浙江大学学报(农业与生命科学版),2002,(6)：82-87.
胡天印,黄华,郭水良,方芳.城市郊区外来杂草生态位特点及对生物多样性影响研究.广西植物,2007,27(6)：873-881.
胡隐昌,李勇,罗建仁,谭细畅.水生动物外来物种入侵风险评估系统的建立.华中科技大学学报(自然科学版),2006,34(10)：113-115.
胡宁静,李泽琴,黄朋,程温莹,陶成.江西贵溪冶炼厂重金属环境污染特征及生态风险评价[J].地球科学进展,2004,(S1)：467-.471.
黄河,曹宇.干旱地区植被景观格局与水生态过程研究一以黑河下游绿洲为例[D].浙江大学.2011.
黄建辉,1994.生态系统内的物种多样性对稳定性的影响；中国科学院生物多样性委员会.生物多样性研究原理与方法.北京：中国科学技术出版社：178—191.
黄丽华,胡志瑛,舒艳,韩笑.黄河中上游能源化工区重点产业发展战略生态风险评价[J].四川环境,2011,(02)：57-63.
黄培祐.绿洲的界外区与干旱区生态环境建设[J].干旱区资源与环境,1995,5(2)：38-44.
黄盛璋.论绿洲研究与绿洲学[J].中国历史地理论丛,1990,(2)：1-24.
黄文房.绿洲发展与生态环境建设[M].乌鲁木齐：新疆科技卫生出版社,1998.
侯绍钢,张晏卿.生态风险评价进展.安阳工学院学报,2006,1：5-8.
贾宝全,慈龙骏.绿洲景观生态研究[M].北京：科学出版社,2003.
贾宝全,慈龙骏.绿洲景观生态规划研究—以新疆石河子垦区150团场为例[J].干旱区地理,1999,(4)：62-70.
贾文明,周益林,丁胜利,段霞瑜.外来有害生物风险分析的方法和技术.西北农林科技大学学报(自然科学版),2005,33(增刊)：195-200.
贾振邦,赵智杰,杨小毛,刘家宝,陈志远.洋涌河、茅洲河和东宝河沉积物中重金属的污染及评价.环境化学,2001,20(3)：212-219.
李程程,南忠仁,王若凡等.基于RS/GIS技术的干旱区绿洲生态风险评价研究[D].兰州大学,2012.
李海洋.遥感图象分类方法综述[J].林业科技情报,2008,No.14101：4-5.
李小宁,贡璐.阿克苏绿洲演变及其发育度评价[D].新疆大学.2011.
李谢辉,李景宜.我国生态风险评价研究[J].干旱区资源与环境,2008,(3)：70-74.
李谢辉,李吉均,李景宜.基于GIS的渭河下游河流沿线区域生态风险评价[A].中国地理学会.地理学核心问题与主线—中国地理学会2011年学术年会暨中国科学院新疆生态与地理研究所建所五十年庆典论文摘要集[C].中国地理学会：,2011：1.
李谢辉.渭河下游河流沿线区域生态风险评价及管理研究[D].兰州大学,2008.
李谢辉,王磊,李景宜.基于GIS的渭河下游河流沿线区域生态风险评价[J].生态学报,2009,(10)：5523-5534.
李云玲,严登华,裴源生,秦大庸.黑河流域景观动态变化研究[J].河海大学学报(自然科学版).2005.1(33),9-10.
李自珍,何俊红.生态风险评价与风险决策模型及应用——以河西走廊荒漠绿洲开发为例[J].兰州大学学报,1999,3：149-156.
李自珍,李维德,石洪华,贾晓红.生态风险灰色评价模型及其在绿洲盐渍化农田生态系统中的 应用[J].中国沙漠,2002,(6)：95-100.
梁英.冀北土地利用变化的生态风险评价[D].河北师范大学,2010.
凌虹,孙翔,朱晓东,王惠中,李扬帆.基于化工发展胁迫的连云港生态风险预警研究[J].安全与环境学报,2010,(4)：111-116.
刘成,王兆印,何耘,吴永胜.环渤海湾诸河口潜在生态风险评价[J].环境科学研究,2002,(5)：33-37.
刘恒,钟华平,顾颖.西北干旱内陆河区水资源利用与绿洲演变规律研究—以石羊河流域下游民勤盆地为例[J].水科学进展,2001,(3)：378-384.
刘洪杰.Miami模型的生态学应用[J].生态科学,1997,(1)：54-57.
刘建平,赵英时.高光谱遥感数据解译的最佳波段选择方法研究[J].中国科学院研究生院学报,1999,02：153-161.
刘晶,滕彦国,崔艳芳,王金生.土壤重金属污染生态风险评价方法综述.环境监测管理与技术,2007,19(3)：6-11.
刘文新,栾兆坤,汤鸿霄.乐安江沉积物中金属污染的潜在生态风险评价[J].生态学报,1999,(2)：64-69.
刘秀娟.绿洲的形成机制和分类体系[J].新疆环境保护,1995,(1)：1-6.
刘勇.基于空间信息技术的土地生态风险评价研究[D].上海大学,2009.
刘增文,李素雅.1997.生态系统稳定性研究的历史与现状.生态学杂志,(1692)；58-61.
卢宏玮,曾光明等.洞庭湖流域区域生态风险评价[J].生态学报,2003,(12)：2520-2530.
路永正,阎百兴,李宏伟,王明君,郭立英.松花江鱼类中汞含量的演变趋势及其生态风险评价.农业环境科学学报,2008,27(6)：2430-2433.
毛小苓,刘阳生.国内外环境风险评价研究进展[J].应用基础与工程科学学报,2003,(3)：266-273.
毛小苓,倪晋仁.生态风险评价研究述评[J].北京大学学报(自然科学版),2005,(4)：646-654.
马金卫,吴晓青,周迪,王周龙.海岸带城镇空间扩展情景模拟及其生态风险评价[J].资源科学,2012,(1)：185-194.
马喜军,陆兆华,常志华.盐城海滨湿地的生态风险评价方法.中国环境监测,2007,23(4)：80-84.
马娅娟,傅桦.浅析生态风险及其评价方法的要点.首都师范大学学报(自然科学版).2004,25(4)：80-84.
马媛,师庆东,潘晓玲.西部干旱区生态景观格局动态分析[J].干旱区地理,2004,04：516-519.
蒙吉军,赵春红.区域生态风险评价指标体系.应用生态学报,2009,20(4)：983-990.
聂新艳,王文杰,秦建新,李甜甜,刘军会,吴昊,冯宇.规划环评中区域生态风险评价框架研究[J].环境工程技术学报,2012,(2)：154-161.
聂新艳.规划环评中区域生态风险评价技术研究[D].湖南师范大学学位评定委员会办公室：2009年.
殴健,卢昌义.厦门市外来物种入侵现状及其风险评价指标体系.生态学杂志,2006,25(10)： 1240-1244.
潘晓玲.干旱区绿洲生态系统动态稳定性的初步研究[J].第四纪研究,2001,(4)：345-351.
潘晓玲,潘小珍,李永东.论我国西北干旱区的可持续发展[J].地域研究与开发,2001,20(3)：18-22.
潘雅婧,王仰麟,彭建,韩忆楠.矿区生态风险评价研究述评[J].生态学报,2012,(20)：6566-6574.
彭景,李泽琴,侯家渝.地积累指数法及生态危害指数评价法在十壤重金属污染重的应用及探讨.广东微量元素科学,2007,14(8)：13-17.
阮晓红,宫莹,宋世霞.浅谈洪泛区生态毒理性风险评价[J].水资源保护,2003,(2)：11-13.
尚惠华,金洪钧,崔玉霞.水环境毒物污染点源的生态风险管理现状与展望[J].应用生态学报,2002,(5)：620-624.
申元村.绿洲形成条件与良性演替调控研究[J].干旱区资源与环境,1995,(3)：44-48.
沈珍瑶,杨志峰.黄河流域水资源可再生性评价指标体系与评价方法[J].自然资源学报,2002,(2)：188-197.
沈英娃,曹洪法.生态风险评价方法简述.中国环境科学,1991,11(6)：464.-468.
宋红敏,张清芬,韩雪梅,余岩,徐汝梅.CLIMEX:预测物种分布区的软件.昆虫知识,2004,41(4)：379-386.
汤萃文,杨国靖,任珺,苏研科,肖笃宁.石羊河、黑河流域上游山地景观格局特征比较[J].冰川冻土,2010,32(5),1013-1014.
唐敬春,尤宏,孟宪林,王静.杀虫剂环境风险评价工作的进展与探讨[J].重庆环境科学,2003,(3)：40-42+45-62.
汤奇成.中国干旱区洪涝灾害的研究[J].干旱区资源与境,1996,(01)：38-45.
王宏卫,段天东,刘志辉.干旱区绿洲景观空间分异特征及其生态建设方略研究[J].新疆大学学报(自然科学版),2007,(1)：81-85.
王辉,徐向宏,徐当会,陈翔舜.河西走廊荒漠化地区景观格局的动态变化[J].中国水土保持科学.2003,1(2),45-46.
王小龙.海岛生态系统风险评价方法及应用研究.北京：中国科学院研究生院,2006.
王迅,基3S技术的甘南地区生态风险评价研究[D].兰州大学,2010.
王仰麟,蒙吉军,刘黎明,等.综合风险防范——中国综合生态与食物安全风险[M].北京：科学出版社,2011,
王印,王军军,秦宁,吴文婧,朱樱,徐福留.应用物种敏感性分布评估DDT和林丹对淡水生物的生态风险.环境科学学报.2009,29(11)：2407-2414.
王永兴,张小雷,阚耀平.绿洲地域系统及其演变规律的初步研究[J].干旱区地理,1999,(1)：62-68.
王玉莉,李世祥Landsat-7 ETM+遥感影像的图像处理方法研究[C]：2009全国数学地球科学与地学信息学术会议.广州,2009.
王运生.生态位模型在外来入侵物种风险评估中的应用研究.湖南：湖南农业大学，2007.
王忠静,王海峰,雷志栋.干旱内陆河区绿洲稳定性分析[J].水利学报,2002,(5)：26-30.
王子健,吕怡兵,王毅,马梅.淮河水体取代苯类污染及其生态风险[J].环境科学学报,2002,(3)：300-304.
文军,唐代剑.千岛湖区域生态风险评价研究(摘要)[J].桂林旅游高等专科学校学报,2005,(2)：17-22.
邬建国,1996.生态学范式变迁综论.生态学报,16(5)：449-460.
邬建国,2007.景观生态学—格局、过程、尺度与等级(第二版).北京：高等教育出版社.
吴婧,张一心,张颖.中国战略环境评价实施进展[J].生态经济.2011,9：24-29.
巫丽芸,区域景观生态风险评价及生态风险管理研究：[R].福建：福建农业大学,2001.
夏南凯,乔玮,刘晟.基于土地利用视角的区域生态风险指数评价方法分析[J].城市规划学刊,2011,(01)：53-57.
肖笃宁,陈文波,郭福良.论生态安全的基本概念和研究内容.应用生态学报,2002,13(3)：354-358
肖笃宁,李秀珍,高俊等.景观生态学[M].北京：科学出版社.2003.
肖笃宁,李秀珍,高峻,常禹,张娜,李团胜.2010.景观生态学(第二版).北京：科学出版社.
肖笃宁,钟林生.景观分类与评价的生态原则[J].应用生态学报,1998,9(2)：217-221.
肖风劲,欧阳华,程淑兰,张强.中国森林健康生态风险评价[J].应用生态学报,2004,(2)：349-353.
肖睿洋,禹果,于春霞,王子健.天津地区土壤中遗传毒性物质的分布规律[J].环境科学学报,2005,(10)：1403-1407.
谢强,方创琳.河西走廊生态重建与经济可持续发展情势分析[J].干旱区地理,2001,01：74-79.
徐镜波,王咏.生态风险评价[J].松辽学刊(自然科学版),1999,(2)：10-13.
徐昕.上海滨海地区景观格局与生态风险评价研究[D].上海师范大学,2008.
许学工,林辉平,付在毅,布仁仓.黄河三角洲湿地区域生态风险评价[J].北京大学学报(自然科学版),2001,(1)：111-120.
徐争启,倪师军,庹先国,张成江.潜在生态危害指数法评价中重金属毒性系数计算.环境科学与技术,2008,31(2)：112-115.
杨娟.岛屿生态风险评价的理论与方法[D].华东师范大学,2007.
殷浩文.水环境生态风险评价程序[J].上海环境科学,1995,(11)：11-14.
殷浩文.生态风险评价[D].上海：华东理工大学出版社,2001,1-155.
于广丽,李文增,陈光磊.基于PRA入侵植物对河南省生态风险性研究.河南师范大学学报(自然科学版),2009,37(4)：133-135.
袁国映.干旱区绿洲农业生态系统特征及持续发展关键问题[J].新疆环境保护,1994,16(4)：54-57.
曾辉,郭庆华,喻红.东莞市风岗镇景观人工改造活动的空间分析[J].生态学报,1999,03：10-15.
曾辉,刘国军.基于景观结构的区域生态风险分析[J].中国环境科学,1999,(5)：454-457.
张传国,方创琳,全华.干旱区绿洲承载力研究的全新审视与展望[J].资源科学,2002,(2)：42-48.
张林源,王乃昂.中国的沙漠和绿洲[M].兰州：甘肃教育出版社,1994
张咏春,林玉锁,孙勤芳等,有害废物生态风险评价[J].中国环境出版社,2002.
张咏春.有害废物生态风险评价.北京：中国环境科学出版社,2002：181-183.
赵文智,庄艳丽.中国干旱区绿洲稳定性研究[J].干旱区研究,2008,(2)：155-162.
赵弈,李月辉.1999.论景观的稳定性.见：肖笃宁.景观生态学研究进展.长沙：湖南科学技术出版社：106-111.
郑景明,李俊清,孙启祥,周金星.外来木本植物入侵的生态预测与风险评价综述.生态学报,2008,28(11)：5549-5560.
周晓蔚,王丽萍,郑丙辉.基于三角模糊数的沉积物污染生态风险评价.环境科学,2008,29(11)：3206-3212.
周婷,蒙吉军.区域生态风险评价方法研究进展.生态学杂志,2009,28(4)：762-767.
周平,蒙吉军.区域生态风险管理研究进展.生态学报,2009,29(4)：2097-2104.
周启星,王如松,城镇化过程生态风险评价案例研究[J].生态学报,1998(4)：338-342.
周秀艳,李宇斌,王恩德,刘秀云.辽东湾湿地重金属污染及潜在生态风险评价[J].环境科学与技术,2004,(5)：60-62+117.
中国环境保护部.规划环评技术导则(试行)HJ/T130-2003[S].2003.
衷平,沈珍瑶,杨志峰.石羊河流域生态风险敏感性因子的确定[J].干旱区研究,2003,(3)：180-186.
BarnthouseLW, Suter (?) G W, Bartell S M.Quantifying risks of toxic chemical on aquatie PoP-pulations and ecosystems[J]. Chemos Phere,1988,17:1487
Bamthouse L W, Suter G W Ⅱ,Rose A E, et al. Estimating responses of fish populations to toxic contamination[J].Environmental Toxicology Chemistry.1987,6(8):11-24.
CaiY-R(蔡艳荣).2004 Environmental Impact Assessment Beijing China Environmental science Press,215-219 (in Chinese).
Calabreas EJ, Baldwin LA. Performing Ecological Risk Assessment. Chelsea: Lewis Publishers, 1993.
CaoH-F (曹洪法), Shen Y-W(沈英娃).Brief re-view: Ecological risk assessment research. Environmental Chemistry(环境化学),1991,10(3)：26-30(in Chinese)
Carolyn T H, Robin L G, Clenn W S Ⅱ, et al. Assessing Ecological Risk on a Regional Scale[J]. Environmental Management.1990,14(3):325-332.
Chen H, Liu J S, Cao Y, et al.Progresses of ecological rick assessment [J]. Acta Ecological Sinica.2006,26(5):1558-1566.
Claassen M. Ecological Risk Assessment as a Framework for Environmental Impact Assessment. Water Science Technology,1999,39(10-11):151-154
Colnar, Audrey M.; Landis, Wayne G.. Conceptual model development for invasive species and a regional risk assessment case study: The European green crab, Carcinus maenas, at Cherry Point, Washington, USA [J].Human and ecological risk assessment,2007(13):120-155.
Cook R B, Suter G W Ⅱ, Sain E R. Ecological Risk Assessment in a large river-reservoir.1. Introduction and background[J]. Environmental Toxicology Chemistry.1999,18:581-588.
Cormier S M, Smith M, Norton S, et al. Assessing ecological risk in watersheds:A case study of problem formulation in the Big Darby Creek Watershed,Ohio, USA[J]. Environmental toxicology chemistry.2000,19:1082-1096.
Efroymson, R A, Dale, V H, Baskaran L M. Planning transboundary ecological risk assessments at military installations [J]. Human and ecological risk assessment,2005,11:1193-1215
Environment Waikato. Application of the relative risk model (RRM) to investigate multiple risks the Miranda Ramsar Site: Environment Waika to Technical Report. Hamilton East: Environment Waikato,2007.
FitzpatrickM C, Weltzin J F. Invasive Plants: Ecological and Agricultural Aspects. Switzerland: Birkh user Verlag,2005.
Fu Z-Y (付在毅),Xu X-G(许学工)Regional ecological risk assessment. Advances in Earth Science (地球科学进展),2001,16(2)：267-271(in Chinese).
Glenn W, Suter Ⅱ, Susan B, et al. The evolution of frameworks for ecological risk assessment from the Red Book Ancestor [J].Human and Ecological Risk Assessment.2003,9:1349-1360.
Graham R L, Hunsaker C T,O, Neill R V. Ecological Risk Assessment at the region scale[J] Ecological application,1991,1:196-206.
H kanson L. An ecology risk index for aquatic pollution control: a sedimentological approach. Water Research,1980,14(8):995-1001.
HartHayesE, LandisW G. Regional ecological risk assessment of a near shoremarine environment: Cherry Point, WA. Human Ecological Risk assessment,2004,10(1):299-325.
Jimenez-Valverde, A.; Peterson, A. T.; Soberon, J. Use of niche models in invasive species risk assessments [J].BIOLOGICAL INVASIONS 2011(13) 2785-2797.
Lackey R L. Fisheries management: Integrating societal preference, decision analysis, and ecological risk assessment. Environmental Science and Policy,1998,1:329-335.
Landis W G., Durda, Judi L.; Brooks, Marjorie L.. Ecological risk assessment in the context of global climate change [J]. Environmental toxicology and chemistry,2013(32):79-92.
LandisW G. Ecological Risk assessment conceptual model formulation for non-indigenous species. Risk Analysis,2004,24(4):847-858.
Landis W G, Wiegers J A. Design considerations and a suggested approach for regional and comparative ecological risk assessment. Human and Ecological Risk Assessment,1997, 3(3):287-297.
Landis, Wayne G.; Wiegers, Janice K.. Ten years of the relative risk model and regional scale ecological risk assessment [J]. Humen and ecological risk assessment,2007(13):25-38.
Leuven R, Poudevigne I. Riverine landscape dynamics and ecological risk assessment. Freshwater Biology,2002,47:845-865
Lieth H. Modelling the primary productivity of the world. Deciduous Forest Biome Memo Rep, 1992:72-79.
Lieth H, Box E O X. Evapotranspiration and Primary Productivity: C.W.Thornthwaite Memorial Model, Publications in Climatalogy,1972.25 (2):37-46.
LuxonM, LandisW G. Regional Scale Ecological Risk Assessment Using the Relative Risk Model Boca Raton (FL):CRC,2005.
Mao X-L(毛晓苓),Ni J-R (倪晋). Recent pro-gress of ecological risk assessment. Acta. Scientiarum Naturalium Universitatis Pekinensis(北京大学学报·自然科学版),2005,41(4)：646-652 (in Chinese).
MHPPE. Premises for Risk Management: Risk Limits in the Context of Environmental Policy. Directorate general for environmental protection. The Netherlands: The Hague,1989.
Miller, Thaddeus K.; Allen, Craig R.; Landis, Wayne G.;. Risk assessment:Simultaneously prioritizing the control of invasive plant species and the conservation of rare plant species [J]. Biological conservation,2010(143):2070-2079.
Mller G Index of geo-accumulation in sediments of the Rhine River. Geojournal,1969,2(3): 108-118.
MoraesR, Molander S. A., procedure for ecological tiered assessment of risks (PETAR).Human and Ecological Risk Assessment,2004,10(2):349-371.
Noss R F. High risk ecosystems as focifor considering biodiversity and ecological integrity in ecological risk assessments. Environmental Science and Policy.2000,3(6):321-332.
NWRAS Review Group. Review of the National Weed Risk Assessment System. NRMSC 12 Canberra: A Sub-committee of the Natural Resources Policies and Programs Committee, 2006.
Obery A M, Landis W G A. Regional multiple stressor risk assessment of the Codorus Creek Watershed applying the relative risk mode.l Human and Ecological Risk Assessment,2002, 8(2):405-428.
O Neil P V, Gardner R H,Barnthouse L W,et al.Ecosystem rick analysis: A new methodology[J]. Environmental Toxicology Chemistry,1982,1(1):67-77.
Power M, McCarty LS. Trends in the Development of Ecological Risk Assessment and Management Framework.Human and Ecological Risk Assessment,2002,8(1):7-18.
Parkhurst B R, Bergmann H L, Marcus M D, et al. Prepared for WPCF Research Foundation, Technology Assessment[M]. Alexandria:Virginia,1990.
Rosana Moreas, Wayne G Landis and Sverker Molander. Regional risk assessment of a Brazilian Rain Forest[J]. Human and Ecological Risk assessment,2002,8(7):1779-1803.
Rubenstein M. Patterns in Problem Solving[M]. New Jersey: Prentice Hall Inc,1975.
Sluis, Michelle Zapp; Boswell, Kevin M.; Chumchal, Matthew M.. Reginal variation in mercury and stable isotopes of red snapper in the northern gulf of Mexico, USA[J]. Environmental toxicology and chemistry,2013(32):434-441.
Sanderson, J. S.; Rowan, N.; Wilding, T. Getting to scale with environmental flow assessment: the watershed flow evaluation tool[J]. River research and applications,2012 (28) 1369-1377.
Schleier, Jerome J., Ⅲ: Sing, Sharlene E.; Peterson, Robert K. D.. Regional ecological risk assessment for the introduction of Gambusia affinis (western mosquitofish) into Montana watersheds [J].BIOLOGICAL INVASIONS 2008(10) 1277-1287.
Scott, M J; Brandt, CA; Bunn, AL;. Modeling long-term risk to environmental and human systems at the Hanford Nuclear Reservation: Scope and findings from the initial model [J]. Environmental management,2005(35):84-98.
Sergeant A. Management Objectives for Ecological Risk Assessment Developments at US EPA. Environmental Science & Policy,2000,3:295-298.
Serveiss, Victor B.; Ohlson, Dan W. Using ecological risk assessment principles in a source water protection assessment [J].Human and ecological risk assessment,2007,13:402-417.
Springborn, Michael; Romagosa, Christina M.; Keller, Reuben P.. The value of nonindigenous species risk assessment in international trade [J].ECOLOGICAL ECONOMICS 2011(70) 2145-2153.
Suter G W II, Vaughan D S.Gardner R H.Risk assessment by Analysis of extrapolation error, a demonstration[J]. Environmental Toxicology Chemistry.1983,2(3):69-78.
Suter G W Ⅱ, Barnthouse L W, Baes C FⅢ,et al. Environmental rick analysis for direct coal liquefaction[R]. TN,USA: Oak Ridge National Laboratory,1984.
Suter ⅡIGW. Ecological Risk Assessment. Boca Raton, USA: Lewis Publishers,1993.
Suter Ⅱ GW, Efroymson R A, Sample BE,et al. Ecological Risk Assessment for Contaminated Sites. Boca Raton, USA: Lewis Publishers,2000.
Suter IIGW, Norton S B, Barnthouse L W. The evolution of frameworks for ecological risk assessment from the Red Book ancestor. Human and Ecological Risk Assessment,2003,9: 1349-1360.
Troyer ME, Brody M S. Managing Ecological Risks at EPA: Issues and Recommendations for Progress. Washington, DC: U. S. Environmental Protection Agency.1994.
Tarazona JV, Vega M M.2002. Hazard and risk assessment of chemicals for terrestrial ecosystems. Toxicology,181/182:187-191.
UKDOE. A Guide to Risk Assessment and Risk Management for Environmental Protection. Her Majesty.s Stationery Office, London, UK,1995
US EPA.1986. Guidelines for health risk assessment of chemical mixtures Federal Register, 51(185):34014-34025.
US EPA.1989. Risk Assessment for Superfund Volume 1-Human Health Evaluation. Manual.Washington DC:United States Environmental Protection Agency.
US EPA.1990. Technical Support Document on health risk assessment of chemical mixtures (EPA/600/8-90/064).
USEPA.Framework for Ecological Risk Assessment[S].Washington D C,Risk FM1992.
US EPA.1997. Office of science Policy. Washington DC: Office of Research and Development, United States Environmental Protection Agency.
United States Environmental Protection Agency. Ecological Risk Assessment Guidance for Superfund: Process for Designing and Conducting Ecologioal Risk Assessments Interim Final (EPA-540-R-97/006). Washington DC: United States Environmental Protection Agency,1997.
United States Environmental Protection Agency. Guidelines for Ecological Risk Assessment (EPA/630/R-95/002F). Washington DC: United States Environmental Protection Agency, 1998.
US EPA.Clinch and Powell Valley Watershed Ecological Risk Assessment [R],2002.
Van Sickle, John; Stoddard, John L.; Paulsen, Steven G.; Using relative risk to compare the effects of aquatic stressors at a regional scale[J]. ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT,2006,38: 1020-1030.
Von L C J, H, Herinens J L M. Risk Assessment of chemicals[S]. Kluwer, Dordrecht,1995.
Wiegers J K, Feder H M, Mortensen L S, Shaw D G, Wilson V J, Landis W G. A regional multiple-stressor rank based ecological risk assessment for the fjord of PortValdez, Alaska. Human and Ecological Risk Assessment,1998,4(5):1125-1173.
Wu J.1992.Balance of Nature and Environmental Protection: a Paradigm Shift.Proceedings of the 4th International Conference of Asia Experts. Portland: Portland State University: 1-20.
Wu J, Loucks O L.1995.From balance-of-nature to hierarchical patch dynamics; a paradigm shift in ecology. Quarterly Review of Biology,70:439-466.
Xiao D-N(肖笃宁),HuY-M(胡远满),Li X-Z (李秀珍),et al. Landscape Ecology Research on Wetland in Bohai Delta. Beijing: Science Press,2001 (in Chinese).
Xu X-G(许学工), LinH-P (林辉平),Fu Z-Y(付在毅).Regional ecological risk assessment of wetland in the Huanghe River Delta.Acta Scientiarum Naturalium Universitatis Pekinensis(北京大学学报·自然科学版),2001,37(1)：111-120(in Chinese).
Xuegong Xu, Huiping Lin,Zaiyi Fu. Probelems into the method of regional ecological risk assessment-a case study of wetland in the Yellow River Delta in China. Journal of Environmental Management.2004,70:253-262.
Yang Juan; Cai Yongli; Xiang Weining. Study on the procedure and approach for ecological risk regionalization [J]. New Zealand journal of agricultural research,2007,50:943-950.
常青,邱瑶,谢苗苗,彭建.基于土地破坏的矿区生态风险评价：理论与方法[J].生态学报,2012,(16)：5164-5174.
曹洪法,沈英娃.生态风险评价研究概述[J].环境化学,1991,10(3)：26-30.
曹宇,肖笃宁,欧阳华,陈高.额济纳天然绿洲景观演化驱动因子分析[J].生态学报,2004,(9)：1895-1902.
陈浮,葛小平,陈刚,彭补拙.城市边缘区景观变化与人为影响的空间分异研究[J].地理科学,2001,03：210-216.
陈栋,周新桥,江振河.转基因植物生态风险研究进展[J].广东农业科学,2004,(4)：12-17.
陈维强,李景文.额济纳绿洲景观格局与动态变化及其驱动力研究[D].北京林业大学.2010.
陈辉,刘劲松,曹宇,李双成,欧阳华.生态风险评价研究进展[J].生态学报,2006,(5)：1558-1566.
程曼,王让会.干旱对自然生态系统的影响及评估—以黑河流域生态系统为例[D].南京信息工程大学.2012.
党安荣等.ERDAS IMAGINE遥感影像处理教程[M].北京：清华大学出版社.2010.
丁晖,石碧青,徐海根.外来物种风险评估指标体系和评估方法.生态与农村环境学报.2006,22(2)：92-96.
丁一汇,王守荣.中国西北地区气候与生态环境概论[M].北京：气象出版社,2001.
樊自立.塔里木盆地绿洲形成与演变[J].地理学报,1993.48(5)：421-426.
丰江帆,滕学伟,伍耀东,孙保华.基于GIS的造纸企业生态风险评价初探[J].环境工程,2006,24(5)：72-75.
付光辉.土地整理生态风险评价研究.南京：南京农业大学,2007.
傅明杰,陈利项,马克明,等.2001.景观生态学原理及应用.北京：科学出版社.
傅小锋.干早区绿洲发展与环境协调研究[J].中国沙漠,2000,(2)：96-99.
付在毅,许学工,林辉平,王究礼.辽河三角洲湿地区域生态风险评价.生态学报,2001,21(3)：365-373.
高志海,丁峰,魏怀东.甘肃河西地区土地荒漠化的现状、成因及其防治[J].自然报,2001,4：70-75.
贡璐,鞠强,潘晓玲.博斯腾湖区域景观生态风险评价研究.干旱区资源与环境,2007,21(1)：27-31.
郭述茂.基于3S技术的高寒草地植被覆盖度分布特征及动态变化研究[R].兰州：兰州大学,2009.
韩德林.绿洲系统与绿洲地理建设[J].干旱区地理,1992,15(增刊)：5-11.
何瑞银,沈明霞,从静华.植被信息提取过程中ETM+遥感影像的分类方法[J].江苏农业学报,2008,01：29-32.
何云峰,朱广‘伟,陈英旭,田光明,陈华林.运河(杭州段)沉积物中重金属的潜在生态风险研究[J]浙江大学学报(农业与生命科学版),2002,(6)：82-87.
胡天印,黄华,郭水良,方芳.城市郊区外来杂草生态位特点及对生物多样性影响研究.广西植物,2007,27(6)：873-881.
胡隐昌,李勇,罗建仁,谭细畅.水生动物外来物种入侵风险评估系统的建立.华中科技大学学报(自然科学版),2006,34(10)：113-115.
胡宁静,李泽琴,黄朋,程温莹,陶成.江西贵溪冶炼厂重金属环境污染特征及生态风险评价[J].地球科学进展,2004,(S1)：467-.471.
黄河,曹宇.干旱地区植被景观格局与水生态过程研究一以黑河下游绿洲为例[D].浙江大学.2011.
黄建辉,1994.生态系统内的物种多样性对稳定性的影响；中国科学院生物多样性委员会.生物多样性研究原理与方法.北京：中国科学技术出版社：178—191.
黄丽华,胡志瑛,舒艳,韩笑.黄河中上游能源化工区重点产业发展战略生态风险评价[J].四川环境,2011,(02)：57-63.
黄培祐.绿洲的界外区与干旱区生态环境建设[J].干旱区资源与环境,1995,5(2)：38-44.
黄盛璋.论绿洲研究与绿洲学[J].中国历史地理论丛,1990,(2)：1-24.
黄文房.绿洲发展与生态环境建设[M].乌鲁木齐：新疆科技卫生出版社,1998.
侯绍钢,张晏卿.生态风险评价进展.安阳工学院学报,2006,1：5-8.
贾宝全,慈龙骏.绿洲景观生态研究[M].北京：科学出版社,2003.
贾宝全,慈龙骏.绿洲景观生态规划研究—以新疆石河子垦区150团场为例[J].干旱区地理,1999,(4)：62-70.
贾文明,周益林,丁胜利,段霞瑜.外来有害生物风险分析的方法和技术.西北农林科技大学学报(自然科学版),2005,33(增刊)：195-200.
贾振邦,赵智杰,杨小毛,刘家宝,陈志远.洋涌河、茅洲河和东宝河沉积物中重金属的污染及评价.环境化学,2001,20(3)：212-219.
李程程,南忠仁,王若凡等.基于RS/GIS技术的干旱区绿洲生态风险评价研究[D].兰州大学,2012.
李海洋.遥感图象分类方法综述[J].林业科技情报,2008,No.14101：4-5.
李小宁,贡璐.阿克苏绿洲演变及其发育度评价[D].新疆大学.2011.
李谢辉,李景宜.我国生态风险评价研究[J].干旱区资源与环境,2008,(3)：70-74.
李谢辉,李吉均,李景宜.基于GIS的渭河下游河流沿线区域生态风险评价[A].中国地理学会.地理学核心问题与主线—中国地理学会2011年学术年会暨中国科学院新疆生态与地理研究所建所五十年庆典论文摘要集[C].中国地理学会：,2011：1.
李谢辉.渭河下游河流沿线区域生态风险评价及管理研究[D].兰州大学,2008.
李谢辉,王磊,李景宜.基于GIS的渭河下游河流沿线区域生态风险评价[J].生态学报,2009,(10)：5523-5534.
李云玲,严登华,裴源生,秦大庸.黑河流域景观动态变化研究[J].河海大学学报(自然科学版).2005.1(33),9-10.
李自珍,何俊红.生态风险评价与风险决策模型及应用——以河西走廊荒漠绿洲开发为例[J].兰州大学学报,1999,3：149-156.
李自珍,李维德,石洪华,贾晓红.生态风险灰色评价模型及其在绿洲盐渍化农田生态系统中的 应用[J].中国沙漠,2002,(6)：95-100.
梁英.冀北土地利用变化的生态风险评价[D].河北师范大学,2010.
凌虹,孙翔,朱晓东,王惠中,李扬帆.基于化工发展胁迫的连云港生态风险预警研究[J].安全与环境学报,2010,(4)：111-116.
刘成,王兆印,何耘,吴永胜.环渤海湾诸河口潜在生态风险评价[J].环境科学研究,2002,(5)：33-37.
刘恒,钟华平,顾颖.西北干旱内陆河区水资源利用与绿洲演变规律研究—以石羊河流域下游民勤盆地为例[J].水科学进展,2001,(3)：378-384.
刘洪杰.Miami模型的生态学应用[J].生态科学,1997,(1)：54-57.
刘建平,赵英时.高光谱遥感数据解译的最佳波段选择方法研究[J].中国科学院研究生院学报,1999,02：153-161.
刘晶,滕彦国,崔艳芳,王金生.土壤重金属污染生态风险评价方法综述.环境监测管理与技术,2007,19(3)：6-11.
刘文新,栾兆坤,汤鸿霄.乐安江沉积物中金属污染的潜在生态风险评价[J].生态学报,1999,(2)：64-69.
刘秀娟.绿洲的形成机制和分类体系[J].新疆环境保护,1995,(1)：1-6.
刘勇.基于空间信息技术的土地生态风险评价研究[D].上海大学,2009.
刘增文,李素雅.1997.生态系统稳定性研究的历史与现状.生态学杂志,(1692)；58-61.
卢宏玮,曾光明等.洞庭湖流域区域生态风险评价[J].生态学报,2003,(12)：2520-2530.
路永正,阎百兴,李宏伟,王明君,郭立英.松花江鱼类中汞含量的演变趋势及其生态风险评价.农业环境科学学报,2008,27(6)：2430-2433.
毛小苓,刘阳生.国内外环境风险评价研究进展[J].应用基础与工程科学学报,2003,(3)：266-273.
毛小苓,倪晋仁.生态风险评价研究述评[J].北京大学学报(自然科学版),2005,(4)：646-654.
马金卫,吴晓青,周迪,王周龙.海岸带城镇空间扩展情景模拟及其生态风险评价[J].资源科学,2012,(1)：185-194.
马喜军,陆兆华,常志华.盐城海滨湿地的生态风险评价方法.中国环境监测,2007,23(4)：80-84.
马娅娟,傅桦.浅析生态风险及其评价方法的要点.首都师范大学学报(自然科学版).2004,25(4)：80-84.
马媛,师庆东,潘晓玲.西部干旱区生态景观格局动态分析[J].干旱区地理,2004,04：516-519.
蒙吉军,赵春红.区域生态风险评价指标体系.应用生态学报,2009,20(4)：983-990.
聂新艳,王文杰,秦建新,李甜甜,刘军会,吴昊,冯宇.规划环评中区域生态风险评价框架研究[J].环境工程技术学报,2012,(2)：154-161.
聂新艳.规划环评中区域生态风险评价技术研究[D].湖南师范大学学位评定委员会办公室：2009年.
殴健,卢昌义.厦门市外来物种入侵现状及其风险评价指标体系.生态学杂志,2006,25(10)： 1240-1244.
潘晓玲.干旱区绿洲生态系统动态稳定性的初步研究[J].第四纪研究,2001,(4)：345-351.
潘晓玲,潘小珍,李永东.论我国西北干旱区的可持续发展[J].地域研究与开发,2001,20(3)：18-22.
潘雅婧,王仰麟,彭建,韩忆楠.矿区生态风险评价研究述评[J].生态学报,2012,(20)：6566-6574.
彭景,李泽琴,侯家渝.地积累指数法及生态危害指数评价法在十壤重金属污染重的应用及探讨.广东微量元素科学,2007,14(8)：13-17.
阮晓红,宫莹,宋世霞.浅谈洪泛区生态毒理性风险评价[J].水资源保护,2003,(2)：11-13.
尚惠华,金洪钧,崔玉霞.水环境毒物污染点源的生态风险管理现状与展望[J].应用生态学报,2002,(5)：620-624.
申元村.绿洲形成条件与良性演替调控研究[J].干旱区资源与环境,1995,(3)：44-48.
沈珍瑶,杨志峰.黄河流域水资源可再生性评价指标体系与评价方法[J].自然资源学报,2002,(2)：188-197.
沈英娃,曹洪法.生态风险评价方法简述.中国环境科学,1991,11(6)：464.-468.
宋红敏,张清芬,韩雪梅,余岩,徐汝梅.CLIMEX:预测物种分布区的软件.昆虫知识,2004,41(4)：379-386.
汤萃文,杨国靖,任珺,苏研科,肖笃宁.石羊河、黑河流域上游山地景观格局特征比较[J].冰川冻土,2010,32(5),1013-1014.
唐敬春,尤宏,孟宪林,王静.杀虫剂环境风险评价工作的进展与探讨[J].重庆环境科学,2003,(3)：40-42+45-62.
汤奇成.中国干旱区洪涝灾害的研究[J].干旱区资源与境,1996,(01)：38-45.
王宏卫,段天东,刘志辉.干旱区绿洲景观空间分异特征及其生态建设方略研究[J].新疆大学学报(自然科学版),2007,(1)：81-85.
王辉,徐向宏,徐当会,陈翔舜.河西走廊荒漠化地区景观格局的动态变化[J].中国水土保持科学.2003,1(2),45-46.
王小龙.海岛生态系统风险评价方法及应用研究.北京：中国科学院研究生院,2006.
王迅,基3S技术的甘南地区生态风险评价研究[D].兰州大学,2010.
王仰麟,蒙吉军,刘黎明,等.综合风险防范——中国综合生态与食物安全风险[M].北京：科学出版社,2011,
王印,王军军,秦宁,吴文婧,朱樱,徐福留.应用物种敏感性分布评估DDT和林丹对淡水生物的生态风险.环境科学学报.2009,29(11)：2407-2414.
王永兴,张小雷,阚耀平.绿洲地域系统及其演变规律的初步研究[J].干旱区地理,1999,(1)：62-68.
王玉莉,李世祥Landsat-7 ETM+遥感影像的图像处理方法研究[C]：2009全国数学地球科学与地学信息学术会议.广州,2009.
王运生.生态位模型在外来入侵物种风险评估中的应用研究.湖南：湖南农业大学，2007.
王忠静,王海峰,雷志栋.干旱内陆河区绿洲稳定性分析[J].水利学报,2002,(5)：26-30.
王子健,吕怡兵,王毅,马梅.淮河水体取代苯类污染及其生态风险[J].环境科学学报,2002,(3)：300-304.
文军,唐代剑.千岛湖区域生态风险评价研究(摘要)[J].桂林旅游高等专科学校学报,2005,(2)：17-22.
邬建国,1996.生态学范式变迁综论.生态学报,16(5)：449-460.
邬建国,2007.景观生态学—格局、过程、尺度与等级(第二版).北京：高等教育出版社.
吴婧,张一心,张颖.中国战略环境评价实施进展[J].生态经济.2011,9：24-29.
巫丽芸,区域景观生态风险评价及生态风险管理研究：[R].福建：福建农业大学,2001.
夏南凯,乔玮,刘晟.基于土地利用视角的区域生态风险指数评价方法分析[J].城市规划学刊,2011,(01)：53-57.
肖笃宁,陈文波,郭福良.论生态安全的基本概念和研究内容.应用生态学报,2002,13(3)：354-358
肖笃宁,李秀珍,高俊等.景观生态学[M].北京：科学出版社.2003.
肖笃宁,李秀珍,高峻,常禹,张娜,李团胜.2010.景观生态学(第二版).北京：科学出版社.
肖笃宁,钟林生.景观分类与评价的生态原则[J].应用生态学报,1998,9(2)：217-221.
肖风劲,欧阳华,程淑兰,张强.中国森林健康生态风险评价[J].应用生态学报,2004,(2)：349-353.
肖睿洋,禹果,于春霞,王子健.天津地区土壤中遗传毒性物质的分布规律[J].环境科学学报,2005,(10)：1403-1407.
谢强,方创琳.河西走廊生态重建与经济可持续发展情势分析[J].干旱区地理,2001,01：74-79.
徐镜波,王咏.生态风险评价[J].松辽学刊(自然科学版),1999,(2)：10-13.
徐昕.上海滨海地区景观格局与生态风险评价研究[D].上海师范大学,2008.
许学工,林辉平,付在毅,布仁仓.黄河三角洲湿地区域生态风险评价[J].北京大学学报(自然科学版),2001,(1)：111-120.
徐争启,倪师军,庹先国,张成江.潜在生态危害指数法评价中重金属毒性系数计算.环境科学与技术,2008,31(2)：112-115.
杨娟.岛屿生态风险评价的理论与方法[D].华东师范大学,2007.
殷浩文.水环境生态风险评价程序[J].上海环境科学,1995,(11)：11-14.
殷浩文.生态风险评价[D].上海：华东理工大学出版社,2001,1-155.
于广丽,李文增,陈光磊.基于PRA入侵植物对河南省生态风险性研究.河南师范大学学报(自然科学版),2009,37(4)：133-135.
袁国映.干旱区绿洲农业生态系统特征及持续发展关键问题[J].新疆环境保护,1994,16(4)：54-57.
曾辉,郭庆华,喻红.东莞市风岗镇景观人工改造活动的空间分析[J].生态学报,1999,03：10-15.
曾辉,刘国军.基于景观结构的区域生态风险分析[J].中国环境科学,1999,(5)：454-457.
张传国,方创琳,全华.干旱区绿洲承载力研究的全新审视与展望[J].资源科学,2002,(2)：42-48.
张林源,王乃昂.中国的沙漠和绿洲[M].兰州：甘肃教育出版社,1994
张咏春,林玉锁,孙勤芳等,有害废物生态风险评价[J].中国环境出版社,2002.
张咏春.有害废物生态风险评价.北京：中国环境科学出版社,2002：181-183.
赵文智,庄艳丽.中国干旱区绿洲稳定性研究[J].干旱区研究,2008,(2)：155-162.
赵弈,李月辉.1999.论景观的稳定性.见：肖笃宁.景观生态学研究进展.长沙：湖南科学技术出版社：106-111.
郑景明,李俊清,孙启祥,周金星.外来木本植物入侵的生态预测与风险评价综述.生态学报,2008,28(11)：5549-5560.
周晓蔚,王丽萍,郑丙辉.基于三角模糊数的沉积物污染生态风险评价.环境科学,2008,29(11)：3206-3212.
周婷,蒙吉军.区域生态风险评价方法研究进展.生态学杂志,2009,28(4)：762-767.
周平,蒙吉军.区域生态风险管理研究进展.生态学报,2009,29(4)：2097-2104.
周启星,王如松,城镇化过程生态风险评价案例研究[J].生态学报,1998(4)：338-342.
周秀艳,李宇斌,王恩德,刘秀云.辽东湾湿地重金属污染及潜在生态风险评价[J].环境科学与技术,2004,(5)：60-62+117.
中国环境保护部.规划环评技术导则(试行)HJ/T130-2003[S].2003.
衷平,沈珍瑶,杨志峰.石羊河流域生态风险敏感性因子的确定[J].干旱区研究,2003,(3)：180-186.
© 2004-2018 中国地质图书馆版权所有 京ICP备05064691号 京公网安备11010802017129号 地址：北京市海淀区学院路29号 邮编：100083 电话：办公室：(+86 10)66554848；文献借阅、咨询服务、科技查新：66554700 |