安徽铜陵矿集区中酸性侵入岩及狮子山矿田铜多金属矿床
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摘要
包括斑岩型矿床、矽卡岩型矿床在内的与岩浆作用有关的热液矿床是提供铜、钼、金、多金属矿产资源的重要矿床类型,因此也是矿床学研究的热点和重点,理论成就丰硕。铜陵矿集区作为我国长江中下游构造-岩浆-成矿带中的一个重要的铜多金属成矿区,长期以来一直被列为我国矿产资源勘查的重要成矿区带,同时也是我国地质工作者尤其是矿床学家们研究的热点和重点地区,研究成果丰富,但也留有许多长期争议的关键地质问题。
铜陵矿集区中生代侵入岩发育,以中酸性岩为主。前人对该区侵入岩及其中的岩石包体开展了广泛深入的岩石学、岩石化学和地球化学研究,对该区中生代岩浆的起源和演化及成岩大地构造背景、成岩动力学过程进行了深入的探讨,但尚未达成广泛的共识。本文在全面收集前人研究资料和成果的基础上,系统总结了铜陵矿集区中生代侵入岩的空间分布特征,精确厘定了侵入岩的形成年龄,准确划分了侵入岩的岩石类型和岩石系列,并基于岩石主量元素、微量元素、稀土元素和Pb-Sr-Nd-O同位素地球化学特征,深入探讨了区域岩浆作用深部动力学过程及成岩机制。研究认为：铜陵矿集区中生代中酸性侵入岩的形成年龄集中于135～147Ma,为晚侏罗世-早白垩世岩浆作用产物,岩浆活动持续时间大约为10～15Ma；岩体总体受基底断裂制约,沿近东西向呈带状分布,受多期不同方向和性质的断裂控制,主要呈岩枝、岩墙和岩脉状浅成侵入产出；岩石矿物成分变化较大,但多以斜长石为主,依据实际矿物成分确定区内侵入岩主要为辉石闪长(玢)岩、石英(二长)闪长(玢)岩和花岗闪长(玢/斑)岩3类；岩石化学成分特点是Si02含量中等,略偏酸性或基性,富碱富钠,高钾准铝质,均属亚碱性高钾钙碱性系列；3类侵入岩具有相似的微量元素、稀土元素和Pb-Sr-Nd-O同位素地球化学特征,均与埃达克质岩石特征相似。侵入岩的地质地球化学特征反映原始岩浆起源于富集岩石圈地幔的熔融,幔源玄武质岩浆底侵并熔融下地壳形成埃达克质岩浆进而发生混合作用,可能是本区中酸性侵入岩浆形成的主要方式；岩浆演化可能经历了一个复杂过程,岩浆在地壳深部因温度梯度引起扩散对流作用,进而发生一定程度的熔离分异作用,形成带状岩浆房,同时伴随结晶分异作用；不同岩浆层中的岩浆与构造运动诱发的深断裂相沟通并随机地上升,脉动式侵位,形成的侵入体空间上相互穿插,时间上难分早晚；区域岩浆形成于挤压向拉张过渡的动力学背景之下,岩石圈地幔加厚后减压熔融并底侵下地壳岩石；岩浆活动的大地构造背景是大陆板块内部,岩浆作用与晚侏罗纪古太平洋板块的俯冲作用密切相关,但同时受到海西-印支期断裂坳陷及华北与扬子陆块碰撞造山作用形成的前中生代基底构造的制约。
铜陵矿集区铜多金属矿床在平面上主要沿近东西向基底断裂展布的铜陵-沙滩脚构造-岩浆带中部产出,集中分布于铜官山、狮子山、新桥、凤凰山、沙滩脚等5个矿田。矿床赋存于古生代志留系中-上统坟头组和茅山组至三叠系中统东马鞍山组地层及其附近岩体中,其中最主要赋矿层位是石炭系中-上统黄龙组和船山组白云岩和灰岩。矿化在垂向剖面上往往表现为上金(银)下铜(钼)以及上部浅成热液脉状矿化、中部矽卡岩型矿化和深部斑岩型矿化的分带现象。矿床成因类型多样,主要为矽卡岩型,其次为斑岩型和脉型,其中矽卡岩型有裂隙式、接触带式、层间式、层控式等矿化形式,斑岩型矿床的最新发现为矿集区深部和边部找矿提供了有益启示。矿床同位素年代学研究表明成矿作用与燕山期岩浆作用及其相关的热液作用密切相关,而海西期沉积事件中是否有火山喷发或火山喷流(或喷气)沉积成矿作用以及其对成矿的贡献尚需进一步探索和甄别。本文针对矿集区矿床成因机制及铜多金属矿化的空间分带特征,选择狮子山矿田开展了较为系统深入的地质和地球化学研究。结果表明：铜陵矿集区及狮子山矿田虽以矽卡岩型矿化为特征,但后期热液硫化物多金属矿化非常强烈,以致大多数矿床早期矽卡岩矿物组合受晚期叠加热液的强烈改造而改变甚至部分消失,多数矿床矽卡岩型矿石不发育,或矽卡岩中的矿化并不强；狮子山矿田各矿床的成矿作用一般可以划分为(早+晚)硅酸盐(矽卡岩)阶段、氧化物阶段、(早+晚)硫化物阶段和碳酸盐阶段,铜多金属矿化主要集中于硫化物阶段,部分铜矿化亦发育于硅酸盐阶段,部分金矿化亦发育于碳酸盐阶段。矿田内主要矿床的原生包裹体主要为富气相包裹体、富液相包裹体和含子矿物多相包裹体3种类型,不同成矿阶段流体包裹体的类型略有差异,但富气相包裹体常与富液相包裹体共生。成矿流体盐度较高、温度中等、弱酸性至弱碱性,在相同的成矿阶段,如硫化物阶段,金或金(铜)矿床成矿温度一般较铜(金)矿床低,反映金的沉淀成矿温度略低。热力学计算和分析表明,在成矿热液流体演化过程中,共存于同一成矿流体中的铜和金由于其络合物类型和溶解度的差异及其对物理化学条件变化作出的响应不同,使其在沉淀的时间和空间上表现出明显的差异,导致铜和金的时空分离;但与此同时,由于本区构造-岩浆作用及相关的热液活动的多期叠加、成矿热液流体的连续性演化以及成矿物理化学条件的波动性变化,往往又导致金矿化叠加在铜矿化之上,金矿化与铜矿化又表现出共生的现象。矿床H-O同位素地球化学特征反映成矿流体主要来源于岩浆,从成矿早阶段向晚阶段演化,大气降水混入不断增加。矿石铅主要来源于岩浆作用,虽然不能排除沉积铅的加入,但无疑沉积铅是次要的。硫同位素组成特征的简单类比表明,冬瓜山矿床硫化物的硫同位素组成与Sedex型矿床明显不同,硫酸盐的硫同位素组成与VHMS型矿床不同,而它们均与斑岩型矿床基本一致；虽然区域沉积岩的硫同位素组成特征显示其成岩过程中经历了明显的海水沉积作用和硫酸盐细菌还原作用,但热力学计算显示成矿热液中的硫来源于区内高钾钙碱性岩浆熔体分异的热液流体,没有保存海西期沉积硫的同位素证据。结合矿床地质特征可以认为,狮子山矿田各矿床为受统一的燕山期岩浆热液系统控制的斑岩-层控矽卡岩-浅成热液脉型铜多金属矿床。
The hydrothermal deposits related to magmatism, such as porphyry deposits and skarn deposits, are important deposits which produced Cu, Mo, Au and polymetals. So they have been becoming the hotspot and keystone of the economic geology and very high achievements have been reached. Tongling is one of the important Cu ore-concentration districts in the Middle-Lower Reaches of Yangtze River structural-magmatic-metallogenetic belt, which have long been listed as an important metallogenetic belt for exploration of mineral resources, and attracted many geological workers and researchers, especially economic geolgists in China to focus on. Abundant research reports and papers have been made and many new theritical ideas broght forth from the Tongling district, while some geological controversies over differing opinions for a long time are remained yet.
Mesozoic intrusive rocks, predominated in intermediate-acid, are widespread in Tongling ore-concentration distric. The lithological, lithogeochemical and geochemical characteristics of the intrusive rocks and the enclaves inside the rocks were studied by the predecessors. And the generation and evolution, the geotectonic background of the magmas were also discussed. Based on the previous research data and achievements, for the Mesozoic magmatic rocks in Tongling district, the characteristics of the spatial distributions were systemtically summarized, the formation ages collated accurately, the types and the series divided exactly. According to the geochemical characteristics of major elements, trace elements, rare-earth elements, and Pb-Sr-Nd-O isotopes of the intrusive rocks, the geodynamic processes of the magma and the mechanisms of rock-forming were discussed. It is concluded that the intermediate-acid intrusive rocks in Tongling ore-concentration district was formed in late Jurassic to early Cretaceous (132～147Ma), and the duration of magmatic activities was approximately10to15Ma. The intrusive rocks distributed zonally along with E-W direction deep faults and formed hypabyssal intrusions mainly controlled by faults in different directions. The mineral compositions of intrusive rocks changed widely, but dominated by plagioclase. According to Q-A-P diagram, the intrusive rocks can be divided into pyroxene diorite, quartz diorite (or monodiorite) and granodiorite. All of the intrusive rocks show medium contant of SiO2, slightly acidic or basic, high K2O+Na2O and richer in Na2O than K2O, high K and metaluminous, which belong to high-K calc-alkaline series. The three types of the intrusive rocks show similar geochemical characteristics of trace elements, rare-earth elements and Pb-Sr-Nd-0isotopes, and these geochemical characteristics are similar to those of the adakite, suggesting that the magma was derived from enriched lithospheric mantle and the petrogenesis process went pass the mixing action of mantle-derived basaltic magma with adakite-like magma which formed in lower crust by underplating of the mantle-derived magma. Those three types of intrusive rocks interpenetrated with each other in spatial and overlapped with each other in temporal, indicating that the magma was likely derived from different layers of the magma chamber which was zonally distributed in the lower crust and that the magma took place connecting with deep faults induced by tectonic movements, randomly ascending; pulse intruding and then crystallizing. Due to the convection and diffusion which caused by temperature gradient, zonal magma layers in the deep magma chamber may occurred a certain degree of liquation and differentiation. The magma derived from the melting of the thickened lithosphere mantle and lower crust in geodynamics background from compression to extension. The magmatism was formed in the continental plates, closely relevant to subduction of the Paleo-Pacific plate, and also restricted by the fault depression in Hercynian-Indochina period and pre-Mesozoic basement which formed by the collisional orogenesis between north and south China blocks.
Tongling ore-concentration district is mainly existed at the middle part of Tongling-Shatanjiao tectonic-magmatic belt which is distributed along the near E-W direction basement fractures. The ore deposits are concentrated in5ore-fields those are Tongguanshan, Shizishan, Xinqiao, Fenghuangshan, and Shatanjiao. The ore bodies are occurred in the stratahorizons from the Fentou formation and Maoshan formation of middle-upper Silurian System to the Ma'anshan formation of middle Triassic. The most important ore-bearing layers are dolostone and limestone of the Huanglong formation and Chuanshan formation of middle-upper Carboniferous System. Mineralization in the vertical section show a zonal distribution phenomenon, i.e., the gold (silver) mineralization found in the upper layer and copper (molybdenum) in the lower layer, and, epithermal vein-like mineralization in the upper part, skarn-type mineralization in the middle part and porphyry mineralization in deep part. The types of deposit genesis are diversity, mainly skarn type, then porphyry and vein type. And there are several mineralization forms of skarn type those are fracture-fissure form, contact-belt form, interlayer form and layer-controlled form. The porphyry ore deposit newly found provide a beneficial inspiration for deeper and outer prospecting of ore deposits. The isotope chronology proves that the mineralization is closely related to the Yanshannian magmatism and its related hydrothermal activity. Whether there was any volcanic eruption or volcanic exhalation (spout) deposition mineralization in Hercynian sedimentary events, and its contributions to the mineralization, needs further exploration and reserch.
The Shizishan ore-field was chosed to discuss the space zonal regularities and the genetic mechanism of the copper polymetallic ore deposits in Tongling ore district, based on systemical geological and geochemical studies. The result shows that although the mineralization characteristics of Tongling ore district and Shizishan ore-field is skarn type, the hydrothermal polymetallic sulfide mineralization took placed in late stage is very intensive, so that most minerals formed in early skarn stage in the deposits was strong reformed, even part of the minerals disappeared. The metallogenesis of the deposit in Shizishan ore-field can be divided into (early+late) silicate (skarn) stage, oxide stage,(early+late) sulfide stage and carbonate stage. The copper polymetallic mineralization mainly concentrated in the early and late sulfide stage, and copper mineralization of some deposits may concentrate in silicate stage and gold mineralization in carbonate stage. In the ore-field, the primary inclusions in the ores of the main deposits are mainly3types inclusions:gas-rich inclusions, liquid-rich inclusions and contaning daughter mineral multi-phase inclusions. The types of the fluid inclusions in different ore-forming stage vary slightly, but the gas-rich inclusions are always inter-grown with liquid-rich inclusions. The ore-forming fluids are high salinity, middle temperature, weak acidic to slightly alkaline. In the same ore-forming stage, such as sulfide stage, the ore-forming temperatures of the gold or gold (copper) deposits are often lower than those of copper (gold) deposits, reflecting that gold deposit in slightly lower temperature. According to thermodynamic calculations and analysis, in the evolution process of the ore-forming hydrothermal fluid, the coexisted copper and gold in ore-forming fluids precipited in different space and time because of the differences for the types and solubilities of gold and copper complexes and the respone to the physicochemical condition changes, which lead to the metal elements spatial and temporal separation. At the same time, the multi-stage superposition of the regional structure-magmatism and the related hydrothermal activity, the successive evolution of the ore-forming hydrothermal fluid, and the undulate change of the physicochemical condition of the mineralization, often lead to the coexistence between copper mineralization and gold mineralization. H-O isotope geochemical characteristics reflect that the ore-forming fluids come mainly from magma, and atmospheric precipitation increased in the ore-forming fluids from early to late stage. Lead isotopic compositions show that the ore-forming metal elements mainly come form the magmatism, and the metal lead come from the sedimentary rocks cannot be eliminated but is secondary undoubtedly. The sulfur-sulfide isotopic compositions of Dongguashan deposit are obviously different from those of Sedex deposit, VHMS deposit, and same as those of porphyry deposit by drawing a simple analogy of sulfur isotopic composition. Thermodynamics calculations show that the sulfur in the ore-forming solution came from hydrothermal fluids which were differentiated from high potassium calc-alkaline magmatic melt, and the ores did not save sulfur isotope evidence of Hercynian sedimentary mineralization, although sulfur isotope composition of regional sedimentary rock shows the diagenesis process had been undergone obviously sea deposation and sulfate bacteria reduction. Combined with geological features, it is regarded that the copper polymetallic deposits in Shizishan ore-field are belong to porphy-stratabound skarn-epithmal vein type deposits those are controlled by the unified Yanshanian magmatic hydrothermal system.
铜陵矿集区中生代侵入岩发育,以中酸性岩为主。前人对该区侵入岩及其中的岩石包体开展了广泛深入的岩石学、岩石化学和地球化学研究,对该区中生代岩浆的起源和演化及成岩大地构造背景、成岩动力学过程进行了深入的探讨,但尚未达成广泛的共识。本文在全面收集前人研究资料和成果的基础上,系统总结了铜陵矿集区中生代侵入岩的空间分布特征,精确厘定了侵入岩的形成年龄,准确划分了侵入岩的岩石类型和岩石系列,并基于岩石主量元素、微量元素、稀土元素和Pb-Sr-Nd-O同位素地球化学特征,深入探讨了区域岩浆作用深部动力学过程及成岩机制。研究认为：铜陵矿集区中生代中酸性侵入岩的形成年龄集中于135～147Ma,为晚侏罗世-早白垩世岩浆作用产物,岩浆活动持续时间大约为10～15Ma；岩体总体受基底断裂制约,沿近东西向呈带状分布,受多期不同方向和性质的断裂控制,主要呈岩枝、岩墙和岩脉状浅成侵入产出；岩石矿物成分变化较大,但多以斜长石为主,依据实际矿物成分确定区内侵入岩主要为辉石闪长(玢)岩、石英(二长)闪长(玢)岩和花岗闪长(玢/斑)岩3类；岩石化学成分特点是Si02含量中等,略偏酸性或基性,富碱富钠,高钾准铝质,均属亚碱性高钾钙碱性系列；3类侵入岩具有相似的微量元素、稀土元素和Pb-Sr-Nd-O同位素地球化学特征,均与埃达克质岩石特征相似。侵入岩的地质地球化学特征反映原始岩浆起源于富集岩石圈地幔的熔融,幔源玄武质岩浆底侵并熔融下地壳形成埃达克质岩浆进而发生混合作用,可能是本区中酸性侵入岩浆形成的主要方式；岩浆演化可能经历了一个复杂过程,岩浆在地壳深部因温度梯度引起扩散对流作用,进而发生一定程度的熔离分异作用,形成带状岩浆房,同时伴随结晶分异作用；不同岩浆层中的岩浆与构造运动诱发的深断裂相沟通并随机地上升,脉动式侵位,形成的侵入体空间上相互穿插,时间上难分早晚；区域岩浆形成于挤压向拉张过渡的动力学背景之下,岩石圈地幔加厚后减压熔融并底侵下地壳岩石；岩浆活动的大地构造背景是大陆板块内部,岩浆作用与晚侏罗纪古太平洋板块的俯冲作用密切相关,但同时受到海西-印支期断裂坳陷及华北与扬子陆块碰撞造山作用形成的前中生代基底构造的制约。
铜陵矿集区铜多金属矿床在平面上主要沿近东西向基底断裂展布的铜陵-沙滩脚构造-岩浆带中部产出,集中分布于铜官山、狮子山、新桥、凤凰山、沙滩脚等5个矿田。矿床赋存于古生代志留系中-上统坟头组和茅山组至三叠系中统东马鞍山组地层及其附近岩体中,其中最主要赋矿层位是石炭系中-上统黄龙组和船山组白云岩和灰岩。矿化在垂向剖面上往往表现为上金(银)下铜(钼)以及上部浅成热液脉状矿化、中部矽卡岩型矿化和深部斑岩型矿化的分带现象。矿床成因类型多样,主要为矽卡岩型,其次为斑岩型和脉型,其中矽卡岩型有裂隙式、接触带式、层间式、层控式等矿化形式,斑岩型矿床的最新发现为矿集区深部和边部找矿提供了有益启示。矿床同位素年代学研究表明成矿作用与燕山期岩浆作用及其相关的热液作用密切相关,而海西期沉积事件中是否有火山喷发或火山喷流(或喷气)沉积成矿作用以及其对成矿的贡献尚需进一步探索和甄别。本文针对矿集区矿床成因机制及铜多金属矿化的空间分带特征,选择狮子山矿田开展了较为系统深入的地质和地球化学研究。结果表明：铜陵矿集区及狮子山矿田虽以矽卡岩型矿化为特征,但后期热液硫化物多金属矿化非常强烈,以致大多数矿床早期矽卡岩矿物组合受晚期叠加热液的强烈改造而改变甚至部分消失,多数矿床矽卡岩型矿石不发育,或矽卡岩中的矿化并不强；狮子山矿田各矿床的成矿作用一般可以划分为(早+晚)硅酸盐(矽卡岩)阶段、氧化物阶段、(早+晚)硫化物阶段和碳酸盐阶段,铜多金属矿化主要集中于硫化物阶段,部分铜矿化亦发育于硅酸盐阶段,部分金矿化亦发育于碳酸盐阶段。矿田内主要矿床的原生包裹体主要为富气相包裹体、富液相包裹体和含子矿物多相包裹体3种类型,不同成矿阶段流体包裹体的类型略有差异,但富气相包裹体常与富液相包裹体共生。成矿流体盐度较高、温度中等、弱酸性至弱碱性,在相同的成矿阶段,如硫化物阶段,金或金(铜)矿床成矿温度一般较铜(金)矿床低,反映金的沉淀成矿温度略低。热力学计算和分析表明,在成矿热液流体演化过程中,共存于同一成矿流体中的铜和金由于其络合物类型和溶解度的差异及其对物理化学条件变化作出的响应不同,使其在沉淀的时间和空间上表现出明显的差异,导致铜和金的时空分离;但与此同时,由于本区构造-岩浆作用及相关的热液活动的多期叠加、成矿热液流体的连续性演化以及成矿物理化学条件的波动性变化,往往又导致金矿化叠加在铜矿化之上,金矿化与铜矿化又表现出共生的现象。矿床H-O同位素地球化学特征反映成矿流体主要来源于岩浆,从成矿早阶段向晚阶段演化,大气降水混入不断增加。矿石铅主要来源于岩浆作用,虽然不能排除沉积铅的加入,但无疑沉积铅是次要的。硫同位素组成特征的简单类比表明,冬瓜山矿床硫化物的硫同位素组成与Sedex型矿床明显不同,硫酸盐的硫同位素组成与VHMS型矿床不同,而它们均与斑岩型矿床基本一致；虽然区域沉积岩的硫同位素组成特征显示其成岩过程中经历了明显的海水沉积作用和硫酸盐细菌还原作用,但热力学计算显示成矿热液中的硫来源于区内高钾钙碱性岩浆熔体分异的热液流体,没有保存海西期沉积硫的同位素证据。结合矿床地质特征可以认为,狮子山矿田各矿床为受统一的燕山期岩浆热液系统控制的斑岩-层控矽卡岩-浅成热液脉型铜多金属矿床。
The hydrothermal deposits related to magmatism, such as porphyry deposits and skarn deposits, are important deposits which produced Cu, Mo, Au and polymetals. So they have been becoming the hotspot and keystone of the economic geology and very high achievements have been reached. Tongling is one of the important Cu ore-concentration districts in the Middle-Lower Reaches of Yangtze River structural-magmatic-metallogenetic belt, which have long been listed as an important metallogenetic belt for exploration of mineral resources, and attracted many geological workers and researchers, especially economic geolgists in China to focus on. Abundant research reports and papers have been made and many new theritical ideas broght forth from the Tongling district, while some geological controversies over differing opinions for a long time are remained yet.
Mesozoic intrusive rocks, predominated in intermediate-acid, are widespread in Tongling ore-concentration distric. The lithological, lithogeochemical and geochemical characteristics of the intrusive rocks and the enclaves inside the rocks were studied by the predecessors. And the generation and evolution, the geotectonic background of the magmas were also discussed. Based on the previous research data and achievements, for the Mesozoic magmatic rocks in Tongling district, the characteristics of the spatial distributions were systemtically summarized, the formation ages collated accurately, the types and the series divided exactly. According to the geochemical characteristics of major elements, trace elements, rare-earth elements, and Pb-Sr-Nd-O isotopes of the intrusive rocks, the geodynamic processes of the magma and the mechanisms of rock-forming were discussed. It is concluded that the intermediate-acid intrusive rocks in Tongling ore-concentration district was formed in late Jurassic to early Cretaceous (132～147Ma), and the duration of magmatic activities was approximately10to15Ma. The intrusive rocks distributed zonally along with E-W direction deep faults and formed hypabyssal intrusions mainly controlled by faults in different directions. The mineral compositions of intrusive rocks changed widely, but dominated by plagioclase. According to Q-A-P diagram, the intrusive rocks can be divided into pyroxene diorite, quartz diorite (or monodiorite) and granodiorite. All of the intrusive rocks show medium contant of SiO2, slightly acidic or basic, high K2O+Na2O and richer in Na2O than K2O, high K and metaluminous, which belong to high-K calc-alkaline series. The three types of the intrusive rocks show similar geochemical characteristics of trace elements, rare-earth elements and Pb-Sr-Nd-0isotopes, and these geochemical characteristics are similar to those of the adakite, suggesting that the magma was derived from enriched lithospheric mantle and the petrogenesis process went pass the mixing action of mantle-derived basaltic magma with adakite-like magma which formed in lower crust by underplating of the mantle-derived magma. Those three types of intrusive rocks interpenetrated with each other in spatial and overlapped with each other in temporal, indicating that the magma was likely derived from different layers of the magma chamber which was zonally distributed in the lower crust and that the magma took place connecting with deep faults induced by tectonic movements, randomly ascending; pulse intruding and then crystallizing. Due to the convection and diffusion which caused by temperature gradient, zonal magma layers in the deep magma chamber may occurred a certain degree of liquation and differentiation. The magma derived from the melting of the thickened lithosphere mantle and lower crust in geodynamics background from compression to extension. The magmatism was formed in the continental plates, closely relevant to subduction of the Paleo-Pacific plate, and also restricted by the fault depression in Hercynian-Indochina period and pre-Mesozoic basement which formed by the collisional orogenesis between north and south China blocks.
Tongling ore-concentration district is mainly existed at the middle part of Tongling-Shatanjiao tectonic-magmatic belt which is distributed along the near E-W direction basement fractures. The ore deposits are concentrated in5ore-fields those are Tongguanshan, Shizishan, Xinqiao, Fenghuangshan, and Shatanjiao. The ore bodies are occurred in the stratahorizons from the Fentou formation and Maoshan formation of middle-upper Silurian System to the Ma'anshan formation of middle Triassic. The most important ore-bearing layers are dolostone and limestone of the Huanglong formation and Chuanshan formation of middle-upper Carboniferous System. Mineralization in the vertical section show a zonal distribution phenomenon, i.e., the gold (silver) mineralization found in the upper layer and copper (molybdenum) in the lower layer, and, epithermal vein-like mineralization in the upper part, skarn-type mineralization in the middle part and porphyry mineralization in deep part. The types of deposit genesis are diversity, mainly skarn type, then porphyry and vein type. And there are several mineralization forms of skarn type those are fracture-fissure form, contact-belt form, interlayer form and layer-controlled form. The porphyry ore deposit newly found provide a beneficial inspiration for deeper and outer prospecting of ore deposits. The isotope chronology proves that the mineralization is closely related to the Yanshannian magmatism and its related hydrothermal activity. Whether there was any volcanic eruption or volcanic exhalation (spout) deposition mineralization in Hercynian sedimentary events, and its contributions to the mineralization, needs further exploration and reserch.
The Shizishan ore-field was chosed to discuss the space zonal regularities and the genetic mechanism of the copper polymetallic ore deposits in Tongling ore district, based on systemical geological and geochemical studies. The result shows that although the mineralization characteristics of Tongling ore district and Shizishan ore-field is skarn type, the hydrothermal polymetallic sulfide mineralization took placed in late stage is very intensive, so that most minerals formed in early skarn stage in the deposits was strong reformed, even part of the minerals disappeared. The metallogenesis of the deposit in Shizishan ore-field can be divided into (early+late) silicate (skarn) stage, oxide stage,(early+late) sulfide stage and carbonate stage. The copper polymetallic mineralization mainly concentrated in the early and late sulfide stage, and copper mineralization of some deposits may concentrate in silicate stage and gold mineralization in carbonate stage. In the ore-field, the primary inclusions in the ores of the main deposits are mainly3types inclusions:gas-rich inclusions, liquid-rich inclusions and contaning daughter mineral multi-phase inclusions. The types of the fluid inclusions in different ore-forming stage vary slightly, but the gas-rich inclusions are always inter-grown with liquid-rich inclusions. The ore-forming fluids are high salinity, middle temperature, weak acidic to slightly alkaline. In the same ore-forming stage, such as sulfide stage, the ore-forming temperatures of the gold or gold (copper) deposits are often lower than those of copper (gold) deposits, reflecting that gold deposit in slightly lower temperature. According to thermodynamic calculations and analysis, in the evolution process of the ore-forming hydrothermal fluid, the coexisted copper and gold in ore-forming fluids precipited in different space and time because of the differences for the types and solubilities of gold and copper complexes and the respone to the physicochemical condition changes, which lead to the metal elements spatial and temporal separation. At the same time, the multi-stage superposition of the regional structure-magmatism and the related hydrothermal activity, the successive evolution of the ore-forming hydrothermal fluid, and the undulate change of the physicochemical condition of the mineralization, often lead to the coexistence between copper mineralization and gold mineralization. H-O isotope geochemical characteristics reflect that the ore-forming fluids come mainly from magma, and atmospheric precipitation increased in the ore-forming fluids from early to late stage. Lead isotopic compositions show that the ore-forming metal elements mainly come form the magmatism, and the metal lead come from the sedimentary rocks cannot be eliminated but is secondary undoubtedly. The sulfur-sulfide isotopic compositions of Dongguashan deposit are obviously different from those of Sedex deposit, VHMS deposit, and same as those of porphyry deposit by drawing a simple analogy of sulfur isotopic composition. Thermodynamics calculations show that the sulfur in the ore-forming solution came from hydrothermal fluids which were differentiated from high potassium calc-alkaline magmatic melt, and the ores did not save sulfur isotope evidence of Hercynian sedimentary mineralization, although sulfur isotope composition of regional sedimentary rock shows the diagenesis process had been undergone obviously sea deposation and sulfate bacteria reduction. Combined with geological features, it is regarded that the copper polymetallic deposits in Shizishan ore-field are belong to porphy-stratabound skarn-epithmal vein type deposits those are controlled by the unified Yanshanian magmatic hydrothermal system.
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