基于地域气候的适应性热舒适研究
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摘要
适应性是人体热舒适研究的重要领域，对于人们正确认识气候、建筑环境对热舒适的影响规律具有重要意义。人体对波动环境比稳态环境具有更好的适应能力，其感觉舒适的环境区间远远大于稳态空调房间。然而基于传统的稳态热环境设计理论把人们的舒适温度限定在较为狭窄的范围，忽视了千百年来人体生理在气候波动影响下自然形成的调节适应能力。此外，现有热适应模型将室内舒适温度完全归结于室外温度的影响，忽略了室外其他要素如湿度、太阳辐射、风速等对热舒适的影响。针对以上问题，结合我国多样化的气候特征，依据环境心理学、建筑气候学和人体热舒适的气候适应原理，在我国干冷干热等七个不同地域气候进行了大样本调查。通过现场测试和问卷调查，采用显著性检验、Probit概率模型、多元统计回归分析等，定量研究人体行为调节和主观反应与室内外气候的作用关系，探讨不同气候热湿特性对人体热适应的调节机理，建立预测人体中性温度的气候适应模型，提出合理的室内舒适温度边界条件的计算方法。得到的主要结论如下：
（1）结合人体生理学、环境心理学的相关理论进行了热适应和热舒适、气候和热舒适关系的分析。分析结果明确了气候、建筑和适应时间是影响适应性热舒适的主要因素，环境刺激的强度、波动程度和持续时间决定着人体热适应的水平；通过热适应的内在机制建立了较完善的热舒适气候适应机理。
（2）建立了包含我国典型地域气候特征的热舒适现场研究原始数据库，统计得到不同气候区建筑围护结构、室内外主要环境参数、人体主观问卷的地域分布特征，阐明了服装、开窗及热感觉等的分布规律以及随地域气候和季节的变化趋势。
（3）研究采用现场实测、问卷调查、数据统计分析方法确立了与中性温度密切相关的室外温度的时间尺度。通过单因素和多因素的多元统计分析方法，分析了人体中性温度和温度、湿度、风速和太阳辐射的关系，确定了温度和水汽压是影响人体热舒适的最主要的两个环境参数，建立了不同地域气候下中性温度和室外温度、水汽压之间的多元非线性回归模型，使中性温度的预测模型更加精确化。阐明了基于我国地域气候的中性温度的季节、地域和运行模式的分布规律，揭示了冬夏典型气候特征与热适应的相互关系。
（4）对国内外气候适应模型在我国不同气候区的适用性进行了验证，当某一地区的主导气候特征与形成中性温度预测模型的气候特征越接近，预测精度越高。在气候适应模型的基础上，通过研究该地域气候可接受温度与中性温度的偏移量来确定大多数人可接受温度的上下限，并对冬季和夏季可接受温度的上下边界进行限定，从而确定不同地域气候人们的可接受温度范围，建立舒适温度的边界条件计算方法。
本课题基于我国地域气候所建立的热舒适气候适应理论和模型，为准确预测实际建筑环境的室内热舒适计算参数提供科学的数据基础，为编制和修订建筑热工设计规范、建筑节能设计标准提供理论准备。
Adaptability is an important area of human thermal comfort studies, which is of greatsignificance for an accurate understanding of the climate, the built environment effect onhuman thermal comfort. The human body has better adaptability to fluctuation environmentsthan to steady-state environments. The temperature range people feel comfortable is fargreater than the steady-state air-conditioned rooms. However, the traditional steady-statethermal environment design theory ignores the adjusted adaptability to natural climatefluctuations thousands of years. In addition, the existing thermal adaptation model onlyconsidered the outdoor temperature effect on human thermal comfort, while it ignored theinfluence of humidity, solar radiation and other climate factors.
To solve above problems, combined with the diverse climatic characteristics of China,according to environment psychology, architecture climatology and thermal comfort climateadaptation principle, large samples were obtained in seven different climates of Chinatogether with field studies and subjective questionnaire. Significance test, Probit probabilitymodel and multivariate statistical analysis were used. The relationship between humanbehavior adjustment and psychological reaction with indoor and outdoor climates werequantified. The regulation mechanism of different heat and moisture effect on human thermaladaptation was discussed. The climate adaptation models of human neutral temperature wereestablished. The rational calculation method of indoor comfortable temperature boundaryconditions was proposed. The main conclusions are as follows:
Firstly, the relationship of thermal adaptation and thermal comfort, climate and thermalcomfort were analyzed. The results cleared that climate, building and adaptation time were the main influence factors of adaptive thermal comfort. The intensity and degree of fluctuationand duration time of environmental stimulus determined the level of human thermaladaptation. The climate adaptation mechanism of human thermal comfort was established bythe inherent mechanism of thermal adaptation.
Secondly, the raw database of thermal comfort field studies in different typical climatesof China was developed. The distribution of building envelope structure, indoor and outdoorenvironmental parameters, the human subjective questionnaires in different climates wereanalyzed. The trends of clothes, open the windows, and thermal sensation along with thechange of climates and seasons were illustrated.
Thirdly, the time scale of the outdoor air temperature closely related to the neutraltemperature was established. By means of multivariate regression statistical analysis, therelationships between human neutral temperature and outdoor temperature, humidity, windspeed, and solar radiation were analyzed. Temperature and vapor pressure were the mostimportant environment parameters influence to thermal comfort. The multivariate nonlinearregression models between the neutral temperature and temperature, vapor pressure fordifferent climates were established, which is more accurate than the single factor regressionmodel. The distribution of climate, season, and the running mode of neutral temperature inChina were clarified. The correlations between the typical climate and thermal adaptationwere revealed.
Fourthly, Based on the climate adaptation model, the offset was determined byacceptable temperature and the neutral temperature, and the upper and lower boundary ofacceptable temperature in winter and summer were limited. The majority acceptabletemperature scope of different climates was obtained by above methods. The calculationmethod of comfortable temperature boundary condition was developed.
The thermal comfort climate adaptation theory and model based on regional climates inChina provide a scientific data foundation to accurate predict the indoor thermal comfortcalculation parameters in the real building, and provide theoretical preparations for thecompilation and revision of building thermal design code and building energy efficiencydesign standards.
（1）结合人体生理学、环境心理学的相关理论进行了热适应和热舒适、气候和热舒适关系的分析。分析结果明确了气候、建筑和适应时间是影响适应性热舒适的主要因素，环境刺激的强度、波动程度和持续时间决定着人体热适应的水平；通过热适应的内在机制建立了较完善的热舒适气候适应机理。
（2）建立了包含我国典型地域气候特征的热舒适现场研究原始数据库，统计得到不同气候区建筑围护结构、室内外主要环境参数、人体主观问卷的地域分布特征，阐明了服装、开窗及热感觉等的分布规律以及随地域气候和季节的变化趋势。
（3）研究采用现场实测、问卷调查、数据统计分析方法确立了与中性温度密切相关的室外温度的时间尺度。通过单因素和多因素的多元统计分析方法，分析了人体中性温度和温度、湿度、风速和太阳辐射的关系，确定了温度和水汽压是影响人体热舒适的最主要的两个环境参数，建立了不同地域气候下中性温度和室外温度、水汽压之间的多元非线性回归模型，使中性温度的预测模型更加精确化。阐明了基于我国地域气候的中性温度的季节、地域和运行模式的分布规律，揭示了冬夏典型气候特征与热适应的相互关系。
（4）对国内外气候适应模型在我国不同气候区的适用性进行了验证，当某一地区的主导气候特征与形成中性温度预测模型的气候特征越接近，预测精度越高。在气候适应模型的基础上，通过研究该地域气候可接受温度与中性温度的偏移量来确定大多数人可接受温度的上下限，并对冬季和夏季可接受温度的上下边界进行限定，从而确定不同地域气候人们的可接受温度范围，建立舒适温度的边界条件计算方法。
本课题基于我国地域气候所建立的热舒适气候适应理论和模型，为准确预测实际建筑环境的室内热舒适计算参数提供科学的数据基础，为编制和修订建筑热工设计规范、建筑节能设计标准提供理论准备。
Adaptability is an important area of human thermal comfort studies, which is of greatsignificance for an accurate understanding of the climate, the built environment effect onhuman thermal comfort. The human body has better adaptability to fluctuation environmentsthan to steady-state environments. The temperature range people feel comfortable is fargreater than the steady-state air-conditioned rooms. However, the traditional steady-statethermal environment design theory ignores the adjusted adaptability to natural climatefluctuations thousands of years. In addition, the existing thermal adaptation model onlyconsidered the outdoor temperature effect on human thermal comfort, while it ignored theinfluence of humidity, solar radiation and other climate factors.
To solve above problems, combined with the diverse climatic characteristics of China,according to environment psychology, architecture climatology and thermal comfort climateadaptation principle, large samples were obtained in seven different climates of Chinatogether with field studies and subjective questionnaire. Significance test, Probit probabilitymodel and multivariate statistical analysis were used. The relationship between humanbehavior adjustment and psychological reaction with indoor and outdoor climates werequantified. The regulation mechanism of different heat and moisture effect on human thermaladaptation was discussed. The climate adaptation models of human neutral temperature wereestablished. The rational calculation method of indoor comfortable temperature boundaryconditions was proposed. The main conclusions are as follows:
Firstly, the relationship of thermal adaptation and thermal comfort, climate and thermalcomfort were analyzed. The results cleared that climate, building and adaptation time were the main influence factors of adaptive thermal comfort. The intensity and degree of fluctuationand duration time of environmental stimulus determined the level of human thermaladaptation. The climate adaptation mechanism of human thermal comfort was established bythe inherent mechanism of thermal adaptation.
Secondly, the raw database of thermal comfort field studies in different typical climatesof China was developed. The distribution of building envelope structure, indoor and outdoorenvironmental parameters, the human subjective questionnaires in different climates wereanalyzed. The trends of clothes, open the windows, and thermal sensation along with thechange of climates and seasons were illustrated.
Thirdly, the time scale of the outdoor air temperature closely related to the neutraltemperature was established. By means of multivariate regression statistical analysis, therelationships between human neutral temperature and outdoor temperature, humidity, windspeed, and solar radiation were analyzed. Temperature and vapor pressure were the mostimportant environment parameters influence to thermal comfort. The multivariate nonlinearregression models between the neutral temperature and temperature, vapor pressure fordifferent climates were established, which is more accurate than the single factor regressionmodel. The distribution of climate, season, and the running mode of neutral temperature inChina were clarified. The correlations between the typical climate and thermal adaptationwere revealed.
Fourthly, Based on the climate adaptation model, the offset was determined byacceptable temperature and the neutral temperature, and the upper and lower boundary ofacceptable temperature in winter and summer were limited. The majority acceptabletemperature scope of different climates was obtained by above methods. The calculationmethod of comfortable temperature boundary condition was developed.
The thermal comfort climate adaptation theory and model based on regional climates inChina provide a scientific data foundation to accurate predict the indoor thermal comfortcalculation parameters in the real building, and provide theoretical preparations for thecompilation and revision of building thermal design code and building energy efficiencydesign standards.
引文
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