扎龙湿地藻类植物群落结构特征及环境相关性研究
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摘要
扎龙湿地保护区位于黑龙江省西部，齐齐哈尔东南部，嫩江支流乌裕尔河、双阳河河流至下游，失去明显河道，河水漫溢形成大面积永久性和季节性淡水沼泽地。1987年被批准为国家级自然保护区，1992年被列入国际重要湿地名录，它是我国北方同纬度地区保留最完善、最原始、最开阔的湿地生态系统，这里完整保留下许多古老物种，是重要的天然基因库之一，也是东北亚候鸟迁徙地和珍稀水禽理想的栖息繁殖中心之一。根据扎龙湿地土地利用类型及生态环境的特点，本论文全面、系统地调查了扎龙湿地藻类植物群落结构的空间分布特征。运用了传统的藻类植物分析方法与多元统计方法相结合，分析理化指标对藻类植物属种分布的影响，以及藻类植物属种对理化因子的响应。并且应用地统计学方法与Monte-Carlo方法对扎龙湿地表层水体重金属含量的空间分布进行估测及健康风险的预测。运用藻类植物与理化指标相结合的方法评价了扎龙湿地水体营养状态，旨在为扎龙湿地水生生态系统研究提供藻类生物资料和参考依据，为深入研究湿地生物资源的持续性、保护和制定管理措施提供科学依据，对预警扎龙湿地水环境富营养化的发生具有重大意义。
通过对扎龙湿地藻类植物群落结构调查发现，扎龙湿地藻类植物种类繁多，群落组成较为复杂。本论文共鉴定藻类植物354个分类单位，隶属6门8纲21目33科80属，其中绿藻门11科36属148种，硅藻门10科24属119种，蓝藻门6科11属45种，裸藻门2科5属38种，甲藻门3科3属3种，金藻门1科1属1种。定量分析结果显示，藻类植物平均细胞密度为12.71×106个·L-1，硅藻门细胞密度最大，占藻类植物细胞密度的49.6%，其次为绿藻门和蓝藻门，分别占藻类植物细胞密度的26.2%和15.0%，且空间变化明显，排污区(17.51×106个·L-1)＞实验区(12.66×106个·L-1)＞缓冲区(11.92×106个·L-1)＞核心区(11.14×106个·L-1)；藻类植物优势种包括梅尼小环藻(Cyclotella meneghiniana)，普通小球藻(Chlorellavulgaris)，旋转囊裸藻(Trachelomonas volvocina)，菱形藻(Nitzschia)等。
基于主成分分析方法对扎龙湿地理化因子进行了分析。理化因子对环境变量的关系，前二个排序轴对环境变量的解释量达73.2%。运用典范对应分析对藻类植物属种与理化变量进行分析，得出前两轴总氮、总磷、高锰酸钾指数、电导率、酸碱度、浊度和叶绿素a这7个理化变量对物种数据解释率为50.2%，特征值分别为0.464和0.343。总磷、电导率、酸碱度对藻类植物属种分布影响较大，梅尼小环藻(Cyclotella meneghiniana)，箱形桥弯藻(Cymbella cistula)，华丽星杆藻(Asterionella formosa)，普通小球藻(Chlorella vulgaris)，旋转囊裸藻(Trachelomonasvolvocina)等对环境变量的响应较为明显。
应用地统计学方法分析扎龙湿地表层水体重金属含量的空间分布，并对重金属元素之间的相关性进行分析，判定了重金属元素的来源。扎龙湿地表层水的重金属元素来源包括一下3种途径：第一，工业污染和生活污染，如农副食品加工，造纸业、生活废水、生活废弃物排放(粪便、电池等)；第二，有机肥料污染，(农药、化肥等)；第三，交通污染，(汽车尾气排放等)。基于Monte-Carlo方法分析表层水体重金属的敏感度，得出要降低人的致癌性风险水平，需要控制Cr的含量。通过对数据的分析，我们对扎龙湿地健康风险进行了预测，得出扎龙湿地致癌风险低于国际辐射防护委员会(ICRP)推荐的最大可接受年风险水平(5.0×10-5)和终生可接受风险水平为(3.5×10-3)。
首次将藻类植物细胞密度、多样性指数、指示生物法、藻类优势种、污染指示种类、综合营养状态指数法相结合对扎龙湿地水体状态进行了综合评价。藻类植物细胞密度在7×106～27.9×106之间，贫营养型占11.1%，中营养型占88.9%，表明扎龙湿地水体处于中营养型；从藻类植物多样性来看，Shannon-Weaver多样性指数在1.26～2.96之间，Margalef丰富度指数在0.79～3.47之间，其中清洁类型占2%，轻度污染类型占32%，中度污染类型占56%，重度污染类型占10%。说明扎龙湿地水体大部分为中度污染类型；扎龙湿地藻类植物以α-中污带和β-中污带的指示种类数量居多；从综合营养状态指数法来看，扎龙湿地中营养占53.9%，富营养为47.1%，综合营养指数总体以中营养状态为主，水体处于中度污染状态。
Zhalong Wetland is located in the west of Heilongjiang province, the southeast ofQiqihar city, moving downstream from the branches of Nenjiang River, Wuyuer Riverand Shuangyang River. Without clear riverway, it features permanent and seasonallimnetic swampland due to the river overflowing. It was authorized as national naturalconservation area in1987, ranked as international significant wetland directory in1992.As well reserved wetland ecological system in the north of China of the same latitude, itis the most complete, original and open, where a lot of ancient species are preservedperfectly in the natural gene pool and it is one of the ideal perching and growing placefor migratory birds and precious waterfowl. According to the type of land utilizationand the feature of ecological environment in Zhalong wetland, a comprehensive andsystematic investigation has been made for spatial distribution of phytoplanktoncommunity structure of Zhalong Wetland, using the traditional analysis method onphytoplankton and multivariate statistics to analyze the impact on phytoplanktondistribution with physicochemical index and the response to environmental factors.Meanwhile, geostatistics and Monte-Carlo methods have been used to estimate spatialdistribution and forecast health risk of the heavy metal content in the surface water ofZhalong Wetland. Aiming to offer phytoplankton information and reference for theresearch on Zhalong Wetland aquatic ecosystem, a method of combining phytoplanktonand physiochemical index has been applied to assess water nutrition status in ZhalongWetland provides scientific reference for a further study on the sustainability, protectionand establishment of management measures of wetland living resources and which, isvery valuable to early warning of the aquatic eutrophication in Zhalong Wetland.
After the investigation of phytoplankton community structure in Zhalong Wetland,it is found that there are a wide range of phytoplankton and complicated communitycomposition in this area. In the paper, there are354phytoplankton taxa being identifiedwith6divisions,8classes,21orders,33families80genera wherein Chlorophyta11families,36genera,148species, Bacillariophyta10families,24genera,119species,Cyanophyta6families11genera45species, Euglenophyta2families,5genera,38 species, Pyrroptata3families,3genera,3species, Chrysophyta1family,1genus,1species. It reveals in the quantitative analysis result that the average cell density ofphytoplankton is12.71x106L-1, wherein Bacillariophyta takes up49.6%as the largestcell density, Chlorophyta and Cyanophyta taking the second and the third placerespectively26.2%and15.0%with obvious spatial change. Discharge area(17.51×106L-1)＞experimental area(12.66×106L-1)＞buffer zone(11.92×106L-1)＞corearea(11.14×106L-1). The dominant species include Cyclotell meneghiniana, Chlorellavulgaris, Trachelomonas volvocina and Nitzschia.
The environmental factors in Zhalong Wetland have been analyzed based on themethod of principal component analysis. The first two ordination axes explain73.2%according to the physicochemical factors to the environmental variation. By theexample correspondence analysis, the7environmental variations, namely, total nitrogen,total phosphorus, potassium permanganate index, conductivity rate, pH value, turbidityand chlorophyll a, explain50.2%to species data, and characteristic value is0.464and0.343respectively. Total phosphorus, conductivity rate and pH value have a big impacton species distribution of phytoplankton, whereas some respond distinctively toenvironmental variation, namely, Cyclotella meneghiniana, Cymbella cistula,Asterionella formosa, Chlorella vulgaris and Trachelomonas volvocina.
The analysis on spatial distribution of heavy metal concentration of the surfacewater in Zhalong Wetland by means of geography statistics method and on thecorrelation among heavy metals determines the source of heavy metal, including3origins: first, industrial and living pollution, such as farm products processing,paper-making industry, domestic wastewater and domestic waste discharge, such asfeces and cells; second, organic fertilizer pollution, such as pesticide and chemicalfertilizer; third, traffic pollution, such as traffic emission. Based on Monte-Carloanalysis on the sensitivity of heavy metals in the surface water, it is concluded that Crconcentration should be controlled to lower the carcinogenic risk to human being. It canalso be concluded through data analysis and health risk forecast that the carncinogenicrisk in Zhalong Wetland is lower than the maximum acceptable annual risk level,5.0×10-5, and lifetime acceptable risk level,3.5×10-3, recommended by ICRP.
The water status in Zhalong Wetland has been comprehensively assessed by meansof phytoplankton cell density, diversity index, biological indicator and comprehensive nutrition status index. The data of phytoplankton, in which cell density is7×106～27.9×106, oligotrophic status11.1%, mesotrophic status88.9%, manifests that the waterin Zhalong Wetland belongs to mesotrophic status. In light of the diversity ofphytoplankton, Shannon-Weaver diversity index lies between1.26and2.96, Margalefdiversity index between0.79and3.47, in which the oligotrophic status takes up2%,slight contamination type32%, moderate contamination type56%, heavy contamination10%. The data shows that most of the Zhalong water belongs to moderatecontamination type. Indicated species of α-moderate contamination area and β-moderatecontamination area take majority amount in phytoplankton of Zhalong Wetland. In linewith comprehensive nutrition status index, in Zhalong Wetland mesotrophic takes up53.9%, eutrophy47.1%. The mesotrophic status takes a majority part in thecomprehensive nutrition index and the water stays in a moderate contamination status.
通过对扎龙湿地藻类植物群落结构调查发现，扎龙湿地藻类植物种类繁多，群落组成较为复杂。本论文共鉴定藻类植物354个分类单位，隶属6门8纲21目33科80属，其中绿藻门11科36属148种，硅藻门10科24属119种，蓝藻门6科11属45种，裸藻门2科5属38种，甲藻门3科3属3种，金藻门1科1属1种。定量分析结果显示，藻类植物平均细胞密度为12.71×106个·L-1，硅藻门细胞密度最大，占藻类植物细胞密度的49.6%，其次为绿藻门和蓝藻门，分别占藻类植物细胞密度的26.2%和15.0%，且空间变化明显，排污区(17.51×106个·L-1)＞实验区(12.66×106个·L-1)＞缓冲区(11.92×106个·L-1)＞核心区(11.14×106个·L-1)；藻类植物优势种包括梅尼小环藻(Cyclotella meneghiniana)，普通小球藻(Chlorellavulgaris)，旋转囊裸藻(Trachelomonas volvocina)，菱形藻(Nitzschia)等。
基于主成分分析方法对扎龙湿地理化因子进行了分析。理化因子对环境变量的关系，前二个排序轴对环境变量的解释量达73.2%。运用典范对应分析对藻类植物属种与理化变量进行分析，得出前两轴总氮、总磷、高锰酸钾指数、电导率、酸碱度、浊度和叶绿素a这7个理化变量对物种数据解释率为50.2%，特征值分别为0.464和0.343。总磷、电导率、酸碱度对藻类植物属种分布影响较大，梅尼小环藻(Cyclotella meneghiniana)，箱形桥弯藻(Cymbella cistula)，华丽星杆藻(Asterionella formosa)，普通小球藻(Chlorella vulgaris)，旋转囊裸藻(Trachelomonasvolvocina)等对环境变量的响应较为明显。
应用地统计学方法分析扎龙湿地表层水体重金属含量的空间分布，并对重金属元素之间的相关性进行分析，判定了重金属元素的来源。扎龙湿地表层水的重金属元素来源包括一下3种途径：第一，工业污染和生活污染，如农副食品加工，造纸业、生活废水、生活废弃物排放(粪便、电池等)；第二，有机肥料污染，(农药、化肥等)；第三，交通污染，(汽车尾气排放等)。基于Monte-Carlo方法分析表层水体重金属的敏感度，得出要降低人的致癌性风险水平，需要控制Cr的含量。通过对数据的分析，我们对扎龙湿地健康风险进行了预测，得出扎龙湿地致癌风险低于国际辐射防护委员会(ICRP)推荐的最大可接受年风险水平(5.0×10-5)和终生可接受风险水平为(3.5×10-3)。
首次将藻类植物细胞密度、多样性指数、指示生物法、藻类优势种、污染指示种类、综合营养状态指数法相结合对扎龙湿地水体状态进行了综合评价。藻类植物细胞密度在7×106～27.9×106之间，贫营养型占11.1%，中营养型占88.9%，表明扎龙湿地水体处于中营养型；从藻类植物多样性来看，Shannon-Weaver多样性指数在1.26～2.96之间，Margalef丰富度指数在0.79～3.47之间，其中清洁类型占2%，轻度污染类型占32%，中度污染类型占56%，重度污染类型占10%。说明扎龙湿地水体大部分为中度污染类型；扎龙湿地藻类植物以α-中污带和β-中污带的指示种类数量居多；从综合营养状态指数法来看，扎龙湿地中营养占53.9%，富营养为47.1%，综合营养指数总体以中营养状态为主，水体处于中度污染状态。
Zhalong Wetland is located in the west of Heilongjiang province, the southeast ofQiqihar city, moving downstream from the branches of Nenjiang River, Wuyuer Riverand Shuangyang River. Without clear riverway, it features permanent and seasonallimnetic swampland due to the river overflowing. It was authorized as national naturalconservation area in1987, ranked as international significant wetland directory in1992.As well reserved wetland ecological system in the north of China of the same latitude, itis the most complete, original and open, where a lot of ancient species are preservedperfectly in the natural gene pool and it is one of the ideal perching and growing placefor migratory birds and precious waterfowl. According to the type of land utilizationand the feature of ecological environment in Zhalong wetland, a comprehensive andsystematic investigation has been made for spatial distribution of phytoplanktoncommunity structure of Zhalong Wetland, using the traditional analysis method onphytoplankton and multivariate statistics to analyze the impact on phytoplanktondistribution with physicochemical index and the response to environmental factors.Meanwhile, geostatistics and Monte-Carlo methods have been used to estimate spatialdistribution and forecast health risk of the heavy metal content in the surface water ofZhalong Wetland. Aiming to offer phytoplankton information and reference for theresearch on Zhalong Wetland aquatic ecosystem, a method of combining phytoplanktonand physiochemical index has been applied to assess water nutrition status in ZhalongWetland provides scientific reference for a further study on the sustainability, protectionand establishment of management measures of wetland living resources and which, isvery valuable to early warning of the aquatic eutrophication in Zhalong Wetland.
After the investigation of phytoplankton community structure in Zhalong Wetland,it is found that there are a wide range of phytoplankton and complicated communitycomposition in this area. In the paper, there are354phytoplankton taxa being identifiedwith6divisions,8classes,21orders,33families80genera wherein Chlorophyta11families,36genera,148species, Bacillariophyta10families,24genera,119species,Cyanophyta6families11genera45species, Euglenophyta2families,5genera,38 species, Pyrroptata3families,3genera,3species, Chrysophyta1family,1genus,1species. It reveals in the quantitative analysis result that the average cell density ofphytoplankton is12.71x106L-1, wherein Bacillariophyta takes up49.6%as the largestcell density, Chlorophyta and Cyanophyta taking the second and the third placerespectively26.2%and15.0%with obvious spatial change. Discharge area(17.51×106L-1)＞experimental area(12.66×106L-1)＞buffer zone(11.92×106L-1)＞corearea(11.14×106L-1). The dominant species include Cyclotell meneghiniana, Chlorellavulgaris, Trachelomonas volvocina and Nitzschia.
The environmental factors in Zhalong Wetland have been analyzed based on themethod of principal component analysis. The first two ordination axes explain73.2%according to the physicochemical factors to the environmental variation. By theexample correspondence analysis, the7environmental variations, namely, total nitrogen,total phosphorus, potassium permanganate index, conductivity rate, pH value, turbidityand chlorophyll a, explain50.2%to species data, and characteristic value is0.464and0.343respectively. Total phosphorus, conductivity rate and pH value have a big impacton species distribution of phytoplankton, whereas some respond distinctively toenvironmental variation, namely, Cyclotella meneghiniana, Cymbella cistula,Asterionella formosa, Chlorella vulgaris and Trachelomonas volvocina.
The analysis on spatial distribution of heavy metal concentration of the surfacewater in Zhalong Wetland by means of geography statistics method and on thecorrelation among heavy metals determines the source of heavy metal, including3origins: first, industrial and living pollution, such as farm products processing,paper-making industry, domestic wastewater and domestic waste discharge, such asfeces and cells; second, organic fertilizer pollution, such as pesticide and chemicalfertilizer; third, traffic pollution, such as traffic emission. Based on Monte-Carloanalysis on the sensitivity of heavy metals in the surface water, it is concluded that Crconcentration should be controlled to lower the carcinogenic risk to human being. It canalso be concluded through data analysis and health risk forecast that the carncinogenicrisk in Zhalong Wetland is lower than the maximum acceptable annual risk level,5.0×10-5, and lifetime acceptable risk level,3.5×10-3, recommended by ICRP.
The water status in Zhalong Wetland has been comprehensively assessed by meansof phytoplankton cell density, diversity index, biological indicator and comprehensive nutrition status index. The data of phytoplankton, in which cell density is7×106～27.9×106, oligotrophic status11.1%, mesotrophic status88.9%, manifests that the waterin Zhalong Wetland belongs to mesotrophic status. In light of the diversity ofphytoplankton, Shannon-Weaver diversity index lies between1.26and2.96, Margalefdiversity index between0.79and3.47, in which the oligotrophic status takes up2%,slight contamination type32%, moderate contamination type56%, heavy contamination10%. The data shows that most of the Zhalong water belongs to moderatecontamination type. Indicated species of α-moderate contamination area and β-moderatecontamination area take majority amount in phytoplankton of Zhalong Wetland. In linewith comprehensive nutrition status index, in Zhalong Wetland mesotrophic takes up53.9%, eutrophy47.1%. The mesotrophic status takes a majority part in thecomprehensive nutrition index and the water stays in a moderate contamination status.
引文
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