拳击下肢专项力量特征研究及训练辅助器械的研制
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摘要
研究目的：
拳击击打技术是全身复合性多关节运动，本研究立足于深入分析不同出拳技术击打发力过程中，下肢蹬伸专项力量的快速力量属性特征，探讨下肢快速蹬地发力对出拳速度及击打效果的影响。
研发以提高下肢及躯干专项力量的辅助训练器械，以及与之配套使用的训练监控系统软件，以期为训练实践服务。
在专项力量转化期，以拳击下肢专项快速力量特征为理论基础，选取适宜的训练方法，利用所研制的器械及监控系统，与进行常规专项力量训练的对照组进行8周对比实验研究，验证所研发器械的实用性、稳定性和安全性，以及所采用的训练方法在专项力量训练中的应用效果。研究对象与方法：
本研究以16名优秀男子拳击运动员为测试和研究对象。
主要研究方法：
实验法：
两块三维测力台(Kistler，Switzerland)与高速红外摄像系统（Vicon，UK）同步，以中国功夫测试工程人为固定击打目标，采集运动员以前手直拳、后手直拳，后手勾拳，后手摆拳击打工程人下肢蹬地快速发力动力学及相关环节运动学参数，出拳速度，击打效果等指标。研究不同击打技术前、后脚蹬地发力快速力量属性特征，以及前、后脚快速发力对出拳速度、击打效果的影响。探索性研究法：
研发应用于拳击下肢专项力量训练的辅助训练器械和与之配套使用的监控系统软件。实证研究法：
在运动员专项力量转化期，安排8周力量训练对比试验。对照组安排常规专项力量训练内容，实验组采用自主研发的拳击专项力量训练系统进行专项力量训练。比较分析训练前后，实验组和对照组前手直拳下肢快速来力量参数、后手直拳蹬转功率和适宜负荷强度、出拳速度和击打效果变化；验证研发器械的实用性和安全性及专项力量训练的效果。
研究结果：
1、拳击前手直拳击打，积极蹬地发力阶段，前脚蹬地发力达到最大峰值的时间为0.084±0.018s、后脚为0.057±0.013s，双脚发力在50毫秒均达到较大的最大力量百分比。
2、拳击后手直拳击打，积极蹬地发力阶段，前脚蹬地发力达到最大峰值的时间为0.197±0.044s、后脚为0.133±0.031s，双脚发力在50毫秒均未达到较大的最大力量百分比。
3、前手直拳前脚蹬地快速发力参数与出拳速度和击打效果均呈显著相关，曲线拟合及回归分析显示蹬地前脚最大力量峰值，快速力量指数与出拳速度和击打效果均呈直线关系(P<0.01)。蹬地达到最大力量峰值的时间与出拳速度及击打效果呈曲线关系(P<0.01)。三种后手拳技术双脚的上述快速发力参数与出拳速度相关及曲线拟合、回归分析结果与前手直拳前脚研究结果相近。
4、研发的拳击专项力量训练与监控系统通过了相关权威部门鉴定，取得了国家实用新型专利和软件著作权，经试验验证该系统性能稳定，安全性高，测量精确。5、8周训练前后，实验组前手直拳下肢蹬地快速力量参数均有显著提高(P<0.05)，对照组变化不明显(P＞0.05)，实验组增加率均高于对照组(P<0.05)；实验组出拳速度与击打效果有显著提高(P<0.05)，对照组变化不明显(P＞0.05)，实验组增加率均高于对照组(P<0.05)。实验组后手直拳蹬转功率有显著提高(P<0.05)，对照组变化不明显(P＞0.05)，实验组增加率均高于对照组(P<0.05)；适宜负荷组内及组间比较均无显著性差异(P＞0.05)；实验组蹬转功率增加率与击打效果和出拳速度的增长率之间呈显著正相关(P<0.05)；实验组出拳速度与击打效果有显著提高(P<0.05)，对照组变化不明显(P＞0.05)，实验组增加率均高于对照组(P<0.05)。
结论：
1、拳击不同技术出拳击打下肢快速蹬地发力特征不同，前手直拳下肢快速发力特征为起动力量，后手直拳下肢快速发力爆发力特征明显。
2、前手直拳前脚快速蹬地发力是影响出拳速度和击打效果的重要因素，后手拳技术双脚蹬地快速度发力是影响出拳速度重要因素
3、拳击下肢快速蹬地快速发力对出拳速度及击打效果的影响同肢体快速发力对自身动作速度的影响显示出趋于一致的规律。
4、拳击专项力量训练与监控系统能够满足训练要求，实用性较强，可推广使用。
5、采用最大功率法、起动力量训练相结合，利用拳击专项力量训练系统，在专项力量转化期，进行系统的专项力量训练，能够有效发展运动员下肢蹬地专项力量，进而促进出拳速度和击打效果的增长。该方法训练与常规专项力量训练相比，对于提高专项快速力量，具有一定的优势。
Objective
Boxing punching technology is a general compound poly-joint movement all over the body.Basd on analyzing the special strength characteristics of the lower limb in different punchtechnology, this study focus on discussing the effects of lower limb fast drive force on the punchresult and punch speed.
Our study is to improve the equipment of the lower limbs and trunk special strength trainingand monitoring system software, in order to prvide services for practice training.
On the theoretical basis of boxing lower limb special fast strength characteristics, we use themaximum power method during the trainsition period of special strength traning. Using strengthtraining and combining conventional training, we use the boxing special strength training andmonitoring system for8weeks, the process compare with conventional strength training controlgroup. The experiments are verified the practical stability and safety and texted the effect ofspecial strength training methods.
Methods and Objects:
16elite male boxing athletes are tested and researched. Research methods includedocumentary research method, survey method, experimental method, mathematical statisticsmethod, exploratory study method, et al.
Experimental Methods:
Using two pieces of3D measuring force platforms (Kistler, Switzerland) and high-speedinfrared imagine system(Vicon, UK) synchronously, we keep the kung fu test engineering artificialas fixed hit goal, and collect the kinematics data of punch velocity and punch results of the fastdrive force of jab, back straight punch and back hook limb. At the last, we observe the differentpunch technologies of lower limb special strength characters and the effects of lower limb fastdrive force on the punch result and punch speed.Exploratory study method:
The study invent boxing auxiliary strength training equipment and software of the monitoringsystem that application to boxing special strength training, and implement the real-time dataacquisition combining the training parameters later processed effective combination.
Empirical method:
At the trasition phase, the experimental group undertake strength training for8weeks, andthe control group undertake general strength training content, the practice of the control group isconventional strength training, the experimental group use boxing special strength training system,additional special strength training content except the same content of control group. Comparewith the changing of the Jab lower lamb speed strength parameters between the experimentalgroup and the control group before and after the experiment. power number changes, and thesuccessful keep boxing feet turn power training before and after the experiment,and the changingof Pedal to turn power of back straight, training punch velocity and punch result. Our aim is toverify the practicability safety a of the invented equipment and special strength training result andto drive force are very important to improve the result of jab punch, Improving the double feetmaximum force and the speed of drive force are very important to improve the result of backstraight punch in active push-off phase.
Results:
1Jab punching, In the active push-off phase, the forefoot achieve peak force in0.084±0.018s, andthe time of backfoot is0.057±0.013s, the force can reach more higher percentage of maximumforce in50ms.
2Back straight punching, In the active push-off phase, the forefoot achieve peak force in0.197±0.044s s, and the time of backfoot is0.133±0.031s，the force can not reach more higherpercentage of maximum force in50ms.
3There are highest linear fitting degree between forefoot maximum strength/weight, speedstrength index/weight and punch speed punch result, showed a linear positive correlation (P<0.01);and there is highest curve fitting degree between the time reach maximum force peak and punchspeed punch result, showed a curvilinear relationship(P<0.01) And the other three backhandboxing technology double feet show the same feet above rapid hair force parameters and throw apunch velocity related and curve fitting method, regression analysis results and the former handkeep boxing forefoot results are close to each other.
4The boxing special strength training and monitoring systems through the relevant authoritiesappraisal, has obtained the national patent for utility model and software copyright.
5After8weeks training, the fast strength parameters of the experimental group Jab forefoot showa significant growth (P <0.05), the control group show the growth not significant (P>0.05), theincrease rate of the experimental group was higher than the control group (P <0.05). The punchspeed and punch resultf of the experimental group a significant growth (P <0.05), the controlgroup show the growth not significant (P>0.05), the increase rate of the experimental group washigher than the control group (P <0.05).The kicking transfer power of the experimental groupshow a significant growth (P <0.05), the control group show the growth not significant (P>0.05),the increase rate of the experimental group was higher than the control group (P <0.05). Theappropriate workload of the double groups show the growth not significant.(P <0.05), there is nosignificant difference between the two groups after the experiment (P <0.05). The punch speedand punch resultf of the experimental group a significant growth (P <0.05), the control group showthe growth not significant (P>0.05), the increase rate of the experimental group was higher thanthe control group (P <0.05).
Conclusion:
1The Boxing different technologies special strength characteristic and punches hit the lowerextremities, Jab punching double leg special strength consistent with starting power characteristics.Back straight punching double leg special strength consistent with starting power characteristics.
2Improving the fore leg maximum force and the speed of drive force are very important toimprove the result of jab punch, Improving the double feet maximum force and the speed ofdrive force are very important to improve the result of back straight punch in active push-offphase.
3As a whole body multi-joint project, The effect of lower lamb fast drive force on punch speed inboxing punch has the same law as same limb fast drive force effect it’s own movement speed.
4The boxing special strength training and monitoring systems can meet the training requirements,it has High practical value, and can be promote to using.
5Combined Maximum power, start strength training with conventional strength training, useingboxing special forces training system at transformation period, Special forces training systematic,can development of athletes lower limb special forces effective, thus contributing to the punchingspeed and the punch result growth effective. The training method has certain advantages toconventional strength training for improving special speed force,
拳击击打技术是全身复合性多关节运动，本研究立足于深入分析不同出拳技术击打发力过程中，下肢蹬伸专项力量的快速力量属性特征，探讨下肢快速蹬地发力对出拳速度及击打效果的影响。
研发以提高下肢及躯干专项力量的辅助训练器械，以及与之配套使用的训练监控系统软件，以期为训练实践服务。
在专项力量转化期，以拳击下肢专项快速力量特征为理论基础，选取适宜的训练方法，利用所研制的器械及监控系统，与进行常规专项力量训练的对照组进行8周对比实验研究，验证所研发器械的实用性、稳定性和安全性，以及所采用的训练方法在专项力量训练中的应用效果。研究对象与方法：
本研究以16名优秀男子拳击运动员为测试和研究对象。
主要研究方法：
实验法：
两块三维测力台(Kistler，Switzerland)与高速红外摄像系统（Vicon，UK）同步，以中国功夫测试工程人为固定击打目标，采集运动员以前手直拳、后手直拳，后手勾拳，后手摆拳击打工程人下肢蹬地快速发力动力学及相关环节运动学参数，出拳速度，击打效果等指标。研究不同击打技术前、后脚蹬地发力快速力量属性特征，以及前、后脚快速发力对出拳速度、击打效果的影响。探索性研究法：
研发应用于拳击下肢专项力量训练的辅助训练器械和与之配套使用的监控系统软件。实证研究法：
在运动员专项力量转化期，安排8周力量训练对比试验。对照组安排常规专项力量训练内容，实验组采用自主研发的拳击专项力量训练系统进行专项力量训练。比较分析训练前后，实验组和对照组前手直拳下肢快速来力量参数、后手直拳蹬转功率和适宜负荷强度、出拳速度和击打效果变化；验证研发器械的实用性和安全性及专项力量训练的效果。
研究结果：
1、拳击前手直拳击打，积极蹬地发力阶段，前脚蹬地发力达到最大峰值的时间为0.084±0.018s、后脚为0.057±0.013s，双脚发力在50毫秒均达到较大的最大力量百分比。
2、拳击后手直拳击打，积极蹬地发力阶段，前脚蹬地发力达到最大峰值的时间为0.197±0.044s、后脚为0.133±0.031s，双脚发力在50毫秒均未达到较大的最大力量百分比。
3、前手直拳前脚蹬地快速发力参数与出拳速度和击打效果均呈显著相关，曲线拟合及回归分析显示蹬地前脚最大力量峰值，快速力量指数与出拳速度和击打效果均呈直线关系(P<0.01)。蹬地达到最大力量峰值的时间与出拳速度及击打效果呈曲线关系(P<0.01)。三种后手拳技术双脚的上述快速发力参数与出拳速度相关及曲线拟合、回归分析结果与前手直拳前脚研究结果相近。
4、研发的拳击专项力量训练与监控系统通过了相关权威部门鉴定，取得了国家实用新型专利和软件著作权，经试验验证该系统性能稳定，安全性高，测量精确。5、8周训练前后，实验组前手直拳下肢蹬地快速力量参数均有显著提高(P<0.05)，对照组变化不明显(P＞0.05)，实验组增加率均高于对照组(P<0.05)；实验组出拳速度与击打效果有显著提高(P<0.05)，对照组变化不明显(P＞0.05)，实验组增加率均高于对照组(P<0.05)。实验组后手直拳蹬转功率有显著提高(P<0.05)，对照组变化不明显(P＞0.05)，实验组增加率均高于对照组(P<0.05)；适宜负荷组内及组间比较均无显著性差异(P＞0.05)；实验组蹬转功率增加率与击打效果和出拳速度的增长率之间呈显著正相关(P<0.05)；实验组出拳速度与击打效果有显著提高(P<0.05)，对照组变化不明显(P＞0.05)，实验组增加率均高于对照组(P<0.05)。
结论：
1、拳击不同技术出拳击打下肢快速蹬地发力特征不同，前手直拳下肢快速发力特征为起动力量，后手直拳下肢快速发力爆发力特征明显。
2、前手直拳前脚快速蹬地发力是影响出拳速度和击打效果的重要因素，后手拳技术双脚蹬地快速度发力是影响出拳速度重要因素
3、拳击下肢快速蹬地快速发力对出拳速度及击打效果的影响同肢体快速发力对自身动作速度的影响显示出趋于一致的规律。
4、拳击专项力量训练与监控系统能够满足训练要求，实用性较强，可推广使用。
5、采用最大功率法、起动力量训练相结合，利用拳击专项力量训练系统，在专项力量转化期，进行系统的专项力量训练，能够有效发展运动员下肢蹬地专项力量，进而促进出拳速度和击打效果的增长。该方法训练与常规专项力量训练相比，对于提高专项快速力量，具有一定的优势。
Objective
Boxing punching technology is a general compound poly-joint movement all over the body.Basd on analyzing the special strength characteristics of the lower limb in different punchtechnology, this study focus on discussing the effects of lower limb fast drive force on the punchresult and punch speed.
Our study is to improve the equipment of the lower limbs and trunk special strength trainingand monitoring system software, in order to prvide services for practice training.
On the theoretical basis of boxing lower limb special fast strength characteristics, we use themaximum power method during the trainsition period of special strength traning. Using strengthtraining and combining conventional training, we use the boxing special strength training andmonitoring system for8weeks, the process compare with conventional strength training controlgroup. The experiments are verified the practical stability and safety and texted the effect ofspecial strength training methods.
Methods and Objects:
16elite male boxing athletes are tested and researched. Research methods includedocumentary research method, survey method, experimental method, mathematical statisticsmethod, exploratory study method, et al.
Experimental Methods:
Using two pieces of3D measuring force platforms (Kistler, Switzerland) and high-speedinfrared imagine system(Vicon, UK) synchronously, we keep the kung fu test engineering artificialas fixed hit goal, and collect the kinematics data of punch velocity and punch results of the fastdrive force of jab, back straight punch and back hook limb. At the last, we observe the differentpunch technologies of lower limb special strength characters and the effects of lower limb fastdrive force on the punch result and punch speed.Exploratory study method:
The study invent boxing auxiliary strength training equipment and software of the monitoringsystem that application to boxing special strength training, and implement the real-time dataacquisition combining the training parameters later processed effective combination.
Empirical method:
At the trasition phase, the experimental group undertake strength training for8weeks, andthe control group undertake general strength training content, the practice of the control group isconventional strength training, the experimental group use boxing special strength training system,additional special strength training content except the same content of control group. Comparewith the changing of the Jab lower lamb speed strength parameters between the experimentalgroup and the control group before and after the experiment. power number changes, and thesuccessful keep boxing feet turn power training before and after the experiment,and the changingof Pedal to turn power of back straight, training punch velocity and punch result. Our aim is toverify the practicability safety a of the invented equipment and special strength training result andto drive force are very important to improve the result of jab punch, Improving the double feetmaximum force and the speed of drive force are very important to improve the result of backstraight punch in active push-off phase.
Results:
1Jab punching, In the active push-off phase, the forefoot achieve peak force in0.084±0.018s, andthe time of backfoot is0.057±0.013s, the force can reach more higher percentage of maximumforce in50ms.
2Back straight punching, In the active push-off phase, the forefoot achieve peak force in0.197±0.044s s, and the time of backfoot is0.133±0.031s，the force can not reach more higherpercentage of maximum force in50ms.
3There are highest linear fitting degree between forefoot maximum strength/weight, speedstrength index/weight and punch speed punch result, showed a linear positive correlation (P<0.01);and there is highest curve fitting degree between the time reach maximum force peak and punchspeed punch result, showed a curvilinear relationship(P<0.01) And the other three backhandboxing technology double feet show the same feet above rapid hair force parameters and throw apunch velocity related and curve fitting method, regression analysis results and the former handkeep boxing forefoot results are close to each other.
4The boxing special strength training and monitoring systems through the relevant authoritiesappraisal, has obtained the national patent for utility model and software copyright.
5After8weeks training, the fast strength parameters of the experimental group Jab forefoot showa significant growth (P <0.05), the control group show the growth not significant (P>0.05), theincrease rate of the experimental group was higher than the control group (P <0.05). The punchspeed and punch resultf of the experimental group a significant growth (P <0.05), the controlgroup show the growth not significant (P>0.05), the increase rate of the experimental group washigher than the control group (P <0.05).The kicking transfer power of the experimental groupshow a significant growth (P <0.05), the control group show the growth not significant (P>0.05),the increase rate of the experimental group was higher than the control group (P <0.05). Theappropriate workload of the double groups show the growth not significant.(P <0.05), there is nosignificant difference between the two groups after the experiment (P <0.05). The punch speedand punch resultf of the experimental group a significant growth (P <0.05), the control group showthe growth not significant (P>0.05), the increase rate of the experimental group was higher thanthe control group (P <0.05).
Conclusion:
1The Boxing different technologies special strength characteristic and punches hit the lowerextremities, Jab punching double leg special strength consistent with starting power characteristics.Back straight punching double leg special strength consistent with starting power characteristics.
2Improving the fore leg maximum force and the speed of drive force are very important toimprove the result of jab punch, Improving the double feet maximum force and the speed ofdrive force are very important to improve the result of back straight punch in active push-offphase.
3As a whole body multi-joint project, The effect of lower lamb fast drive force on punch speed inboxing punch has the same law as same limb fast drive force effect it’s own movement speed.
4The boxing special strength training and monitoring systems can meet the training requirements,it has High practical value, and can be promote to using.
5Combined Maximum power, start strength training with conventional strength training, useingboxing special forces training system at transformation period, Special forces training systematic,can development of athletes lower limb special forces effective, thus contributing to the punchingspeed and the punch result growth effective. The training method has certain advantages toconventional strength training for improving special speed force,
引文
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