封育措施对退化沙质草地植被特征与土壤理化因子的影响研究
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摘要
沙质草地是中国北方干旱半干旱地区重要的土地资源，其严重的退化/沙漠化已成为中国北方主要的生态环境问题。围栏封育是当前退化草地主要的植被恢复和重建措施之一。开展围封对退化沙质草地土壤-植被系统影响的研究，不仅是准确评估该地区荒漠化现状及逆转程度的基础工作，也对该地区采取经济而有效的围封方式具有广泛的应用价值和指导意义。
本研究用空间代替时间的研究方法，通过对甘肃景泰绿洲边缘沙质草地在不同封育措施下生物多样性、构件生物量等植被特征与土壤水分、土壤养分及碳氮储量等土壤理化因子的变化研究，以掌握该地区沙质草地植被与土壤恢复对封育措施的响应机理，为我国西部生态环境建设和生态恢复提供科学依据。研究结果表明：
1、封育措施对沙质草地植物群落物种组成与多样性特征有显著影响。流动沙地上植物种仅有9种，经过19年的封育后，沙质草地植物种增加到18种。天然围封+人工抚育措施实施后，沙质草地群落的优势种主要为柠条和花棒等人工建植的灌木种，虽然物种丰富度较纯天然围封和短期人工抚育沙质草地为低，但人工建植灌木表现出良好的生长状态且处于优势地位。不同封育措施下群落物种多样性特征总的趋势为：封育19年（人工抚育19年）>封育19年（人工抚育5年）>封育10年（自然恢复）>流动沙地。
2、沙地植被的平均高度、平均密度、平均冠幅和平均盖度在不同封育管理措施下具有显著差异（P<0.05）。其各指标的大小均表现为：封育19年（人工抚育19年）>封育19年（人工抚育5年）>封育10年（自然恢复）>流动沙地。不同坡位比较结果显示，封育沙地植被平均高度、平均密度、平均冠幅和平均盖度受坡位影响较流动沙地显著（P<0.05）。
3、沙地群落总生物量随封育年限的增加而增大。在不同封育措施下，群落总生物量的排序为：封育19年（人工抚育19年）（94.41g/m~2）>封育19年（人工抚育5年）（60.08g/m~2）>封育10年（自然恢复）（58.22g/m~2）>流动沙地（33.75g/m~2）。但长期的封育（19年天然围封+19年人工抚育措施）并不能改变1年生草本和多年生草本植物的花、茎、叶和根构件对整个植株的贡献率；而灌木植物的花、茎、叶和根构件对植株的构成则有所变化。总体上，封育沙地的根冠比小于流动沙地，大部分植物构件对地上生物量的比率顺序为茎>叶>花>根，植物构件对个体生物量的比率顺序为叶>茎>花>根。
4、封育可使沙质草地土壤物理性质发生显著改善。砂粒、粉粒、粘粒含量、土壤容重、总孔隙度、最大含水量和紧实度在不同封育管理沙质草地之间具有显著差异（P<0.05）。和流动沙地相比，沙质草地随着封育年限的增加，土壤中砂粒含量明显减少，粘粒含量明显增加，土壤容重趋于降低，土壤总孔隙度和最大含水量都显著增加。3个封育沙质草地10cm深度处土壤含水量均低于流动沙地，不同封育类型下土壤储水量的大小依次为：流动沙地>封育19年（人工抚育5年）>封育10年（自然恢复）>封育19年（人工抚育19年）。不同坡位比较结果显示，封育沙地土壤物理性质受坡位影响比流动沙地显著（P<0.05）。
5、封育也使沙质草地土壤有机碳（SOC）和氮磷钾养分大量回归，促进了沙地向高质量土壤性状的良好演变。和流动沙地相比，封育19年（人工抚育19年）沙质草地0~20cm土层SOC、全N、全P和全K分别增加380.0%，238.9%，75.0%和59.6%。封育沙地土壤理化性质受坡位影响具有显著差异，而流动沙地各特征值受坡位影响不显著（P<0.05）；封育沙质草地SOC、氮磷钾全量和速效养分含量沿上坡到下坡呈增加趋势，而流动沙地中没有表现出相同的趋势。
6、在天然封育和人工抚育措施实施后，沙质草地0~40cm层土壤轻组及全土碳氮含量、单位面积有机碳和全氮储量都明显增加（P<0.05）。沙质草地土壤轻组碳（氮）占全土碳（氮）储量的比例，封育沙质草地高于流动沙地。与流动沙地比较，天然封育和人工抚育措施都能够有效地降低土壤有机无机复合度（HFOC/SOC）。总体上，0~20cm土层，HFOC/SOC基本表现为封育沙地大于流动沙地，HFOC/SOC变化规律与LFOC/SOC相反。
7、植被特征与土壤理化因子的相关分析表明，Margalef丰富度指数、Shannon-Wiener指数、Pielou均匀度指数和Simpson优势度指数与SOC、土壤轻组有机碳（LFOC）、速效氮和土壤含水量呈正相关，与速效磷、土壤容重和砂粒含量呈负相关；不同封育管理沙质草地地上、地下生物量和凋落物量均与SOC、全N、LFOC、轻组氮（LFN）、重组有机碳（HFOC）含量呈极显著正相关关系（P<0.01），而与土壤储水量和砂粒含量呈极显著负相关关系（P<0.01）；封育沙质草地SOC和全N含量的升高与土壤粘粉粒含量的增加呈极显著正相关（P<0.01），而与砂粒含量的减少呈极显著负相关（P<0.01）；SOC与全N、全K之间呈极显著正相关（P<0.01）；且SOC、全N、全K与植被平均高度、平均冠幅、总生物量等特征呈极显著（P<0.01）和显著（P<0.05）正相关；容重、砂粒含量与植被平均高度、平均冠幅、总生物量等特征间呈极显著负相关。
8、天然封育+人工抚育措施对沙质草地的影响和改善程度高于纯天然封育措施。对退化沙质草地采取围栏封育并配合人工造林、补植措施，可促使绿洲外围沙质草地植被与土壤间逐渐形成一个相互作用的良性循环系统，对促进退化草地正向演替和沙漠化的逆转具有积极而显著的作用。
Sandy Grassland is the important land resource in Arid and semi-arid regions innorthern China and its serious degradation and desertification has become the vitalecological environment problem in northern China. At present, exclosure is one of thesignificant measures in dealing with the restoration and reconstruction of soil andplant of degraded sandy grassland. The survey of exclosure effects on soil and plantsystem is not only the element task to exactly estimate the desertification status andthe degree of reverse of the region but also has the extensive application value andguiding significance in applying the economic and effective exclosure methods.
Through the alternation study in different measures on plant characteristics ofbiological diversity and structural component biomass and soil physicochemicalproperties of soil moisture, soil nutrient, soil organic carbon and nitrogen stores ofsandy grassland of Gansu Jingtai oasis edge, the research gets hold of the responsemechanism between the sandy grassland plant and soil restoration and the exclosuremeasure which has provided the scientific basis for China’s western ecologicalenvironment construction and restoration. The study result show:
1. The effects of exclosure on species composition and diversity characteristicsof plant community of sandy grassland are extraordinary.Desert plant species haveincreased from nine kinds in mobile sandy grassland to18kinds in19-year-oldexclosure (19-year-old artificial restoration). After the application of natural exclosureplus artificial exclosure, the dominant species in sandy grassland are mainly artificialshrub species such as caragana microphylla and hedysarum solarium. Although thespecies richness is inferior to that cultivated by natural exclosure and short-termartificial nurture, artificial shrub species presents perfect growing status and stands ina dominant position. The total trend of species diversity characteristics is:19-year-oldexclosure (19-year-old artificial restoration)>19-year-old exclosure (5-year-oldartificial restoration)>10-year-old exclosure (natural restoration)> mobile sand.
2. The average index of height, density, canopy and coverage of plant underdifferent exclosure management measure has an obvious difference (P<0.05). Theindex all show as:19-year-old exclosure (19-year-old artificial restoration)>19-year-old exclosure (5-year-old artificial restoration)>10-year-old exclosure(natural restoration)>mobile sand. Through multiple comparisons in different slopepositions, the results show that the plant average height, average density, averagecanopy and average coverage in sandy grassland are more likely to be influenced bythe slope positions than mobile sand(P<0.05).
3. The total biomass of sand community increased with exclosure lasting. Theorder of total biomass under different exclosure management is:19-year-old exclosure (19-year-old artificial restoration)(94.41g/m~2)>19-year-old exclosure (5-year-oldartificial restoration)(60.08g/m~2)>10-year-old exclosure (natural restoration)(58.22g/m~2)> mobile sand (33.75g/m~2). But long time exclosure (19-year-old exclosure and19-year-old artificial restoration) that can’t change the contribution rate of flowers,stems, leaves and the root to the whole plant. However, the flowers, stems, leaves andthe root modular of suffurticosa plant change the whole composition of the wholeplant. In general, root shoot ratio in exclosure sample plot is smaller than that ofmobile sand. The ratio order of most plant modular with aboveground biomass is:stems> leaves> flowers> root, and the ratio list of plant modular with individualbiomass is: leaves> stems> flowers> root.
4. The exclosure measure can significantly improve soil physical properties ofsandy grassland. Compared with mobile sand, with the rise of years of exclosure, thesand content is significantly reduced, the content of clay particle increase dramatically.Soil bulk density tends to decrease, total soil porosity and maximum moisture contentare both increase obviously. The10cm depth of soil water content of three exclosuresandy grasslands lower than mobile sand. The order of soil water storage is: mobilesand>19-year-old exclosure (5-year-old artificial restoration)>10-year-old exclosure(natural restoration)>19-year-old exclosure (19-year-old artificial restoration).Through the comparisons of different slope positions, the result shows that soilphysical properties in exclosure sandy land is more likely to be influenced by theslope positions than mobile sandy(P<0.05).
5. The SOC and N P K nutrient have a significant regression directed by sandygrassland exclosure, it can promote sand soil property developed. Compared withmobile sand,19-year-old exclosure (19-year-old artificial restoration) sandy grassland(0~20cm), SOC、total N and total P and total K increase380.0%,238.9%,75.0%and59.6%, respectively. Soil physicochemical properties in exclosure sandy grassland isinfluenced by slopes positions obviously. However, the characteristics of the mobilesandy have a tiny influence by the slop positions (P<0.05). Exclosure sandy grasslandSOC, total N and total P and total K and available nutrient content increase greatlyfrom upper slop positions to foot slop positions. However, the mobile sandy doesn’tpresent an obvious tendency.
6. After the application of natural exclosure and artificial exclosure, in sandygrassland0~40cm, light fraction and the total content of carbon and nitrogen, unitarea of organic carbon and the content of total nitrogen increased greatly(P<0.05).The proportion of soil light fraction orgnic carbon or nitrogen with totalorgnic carbon or nitrogen, the exclosure sandy grassland is higher than the mobilesand. Compared with mobile sand, natural exclosure and artificial restoration can botheffectively reduce HFOC/SOC. In general, in0~20cm， HFOC/SOC basically demonstrates that exclosure sandy land is higher than mobile sand. However, theHFOC/SOC and LFOC/SOC change opponently.
7. The correlation analysis of plant characteristics and soil physicochemicalproperties show, the index of Margalef, Shannon-Wiener, Pielou and Simpsona havepositive correlation with SOC, LFOC, available nitrogen and soil moisture content,and they have a negative correlation with available phosphorus, soil bulk density andsand. The above ground biomass, underground biomass and the content of litter fall indifferent exclosure sandy grassland have a positive correlation with SOC, total N,LFOC, LFN and HFOC（P<0.01）, however, they have a negative correlation with soilwater storage and sand content(P<0.01).The rise of the SOC and total N in exclosuresandy grassland have a significantly positive correlation with the rise of soil clayparticle content (P<0.01), but it has a significantly negative correlation with thedecrease of the content of sand (P<0.01).The content of SOC and total N and total Khas a significantly positive correlation (P<0.01). Meanwhile, the content of SOC, totalN and total K have an significantly positive correlation with the average height ofplant, the average cnopy and total biomass characteristics (P<0.01) and （P<0.05）,respectively. The characteristics of soil bulk density and the content of sand have anobvious negative correlation with the average height of plant, the average canopy, andtotal biomass.
8. The effects and improved degree of the measure of natural exclosure andartificial restoration in sandy grassland are higher than that of pure natural exclosure.After the measure of exclosure and afforestation and replanting, a mutual effectbenign recycling system between plant and soil are being formed in sandy grasslandof oasis edge. The mesures can promote the deteriorated grasslands favorableevolution, and have energetic action in desertification reversed.
本研究用空间代替时间的研究方法，通过对甘肃景泰绿洲边缘沙质草地在不同封育措施下生物多样性、构件生物量等植被特征与土壤水分、土壤养分及碳氮储量等土壤理化因子的变化研究，以掌握该地区沙质草地植被与土壤恢复对封育措施的响应机理，为我国西部生态环境建设和生态恢复提供科学依据。研究结果表明：
1、封育措施对沙质草地植物群落物种组成与多样性特征有显著影响。流动沙地上植物种仅有9种，经过19年的封育后，沙质草地植物种增加到18种。天然围封+人工抚育措施实施后，沙质草地群落的优势种主要为柠条和花棒等人工建植的灌木种，虽然物种丰富度较纯天然围封和短期人工抚育沙质草地为低，但人工建植灌木表现出良好的生长状态且处于优势地位。不同封育措施下群落物种多样性特征总的趋势为：封育19年（人工抚育19年）>封育19年（人工抚育5年）>封育10年（自然恢复）>流动沙地。
2、沙地植被的平均高度、平均密度、平均冠幅和平均盖度在不同封育管理措施下具有显著差异（P<0.05）。其各指标的大小均表现为：封育19年（人工抚育19年）>封育19年（人工抚育5年）>封育10年（自然恢复）>流动沙地。不同坡位比较结果显示，封育沙地植被平均高度、平均密度、平均冠幅和平均盖度受坡位影响较流动沙地显著（P<0.05）。
3、沙地群落总生物量随封育年限的增加而增大。在不同封育措施下，群落总生物量的排序为：封育19年（人工抚育19年）（94.41g/m~2）>封育19年（人工抚育5年）（60.08g/m~2）>封育10年（自然恢复）（58.22g/m~2）>流动沙地（33.75g/m~2）。但长期的封育（19年天然围封+19年人工抚育措施）并不能改变1年生草本和多年生草本植物的花、茎、叶和根构件对整个植株的贡献率；而灌木植物的花、茎、叶和根构件对植株的构成则有所变化。总体上，封育沙地的根冠比小于流动沙地，大部分植物构件对地上生物量的比率顺序为茎>叶>花>根，植物构件对个体生物量的比率顺序为叶>茎>花>根。
4、封育可使沙质草地土壤物理性质发生显著改善。砂粒、粉粒、粘粒含量、土壤容重、总孔隙度、最大含水量和紧实度在不同封育管理沙质草地之间具有显著差异（P<0.05）。和流动沙地相比，沙质草地随着封育年限的增加，土壤中砂粒含量明显减少，粘粒含量明显增加，土壤容重趋于降低，土壤总孔隙度和最大含水量都显著增加。3个封育沙质草地10cm深度处土壤含水量均低于流动沙地，不同封育类型下土壤储水量的大小依次为：流动沙地>封育19年（人工抚育5年）>封育10年（自然恢复）>封育19年（人工抚育19年）。不同坡位比较结果显示，封育沙地土壤物理性质受坡位影响比流动沙地显著（P<0.05）。
5、封育也使沙质草地土壤有机碳（SOC）和氮磷钾养分大量回归，促进了沙地向高质量土壤性状的良好演变。和流动沙地相比，封育19年（人工抚育19年）沙质草地0~20cm土层SOC、全N、全P和全K分别增加380.0%，238.9%，75.0%和59.6%。封育沙地土壤理化性质受坡位影响具有显著差异，而流动沙地各特征值受坡位影响不显著（P<0.05）；封育沙质草地SOC、氮磷钾全量和速效养分含量沿上坡到下坡呈增加趋势，而流动沙地中没有表现出相同的趋势。
6、在天然封育和人工抚育措施实施后，沙质草地0~40cm层土壤轻组及全土碳氮含量、单位面积有机碳和全氮储量都明显增加（P<0.05）。沙质草地土壤轻组碳（氮）占全土碳（氮）储量的比例，封育沙质草地高于流动沙地。与流动沙地比较，天然封育和人工抚育措施都能够有效地降低土壤有机无机复合度（HFOC/SOC）。总体上，0~20cm土层，HFOC/SOC基本表现为封育沙地大于流动沙地，HFOC/SOC变化规律与LFOC/SOC相反。
7、植被特征与土壤理化因子的相关分析表明，Margalef丰富度指数、Shannon-Wiener指数、Pielou均匀度指数和Simpson优势度指数与SOC、土壤轻组有机碳（LFOC）、速效氮和土壤含水量呈正相关，与速效磷、土壤容重和砂粒含量呈负相关；不同封育管理沙质草地地上、地下生物量和凋落物量均与SOC、全N、LFOC、轻组氮（LFN）、重组有机碳（HFOC）含量呈极显著正相关关系（P<0.01），而与土壤储水量和砂粒含量呈极显著负相关关系（P<0.01）；封育沙质草地SOC和全N含量的升高与土壤粘粉粒含量的增加呈极显著正相关（P<0.01），而与砂粒含量的减少呈极显著负相关（P<0.01）；SOC与全N、全K之间呈极显著正相关（P<0.01）；且SOC、全N、全K与植被平均高度、平均冠幅、总生物量等特征呈极显著（P<0.01）和显著（P<0.05）正相关；容重、砂粒含量与植被平均高度、平均冠幅、总生物量等特征间呈极显著负相关。
8、天然封育+人工抚育措施对沙质草地的影响和改善程度高于纯天然封育措施。对退化沙质草地采取围栏封育并配合人工造林、补植措施，可促使绿洲外围沙质草地植被与土壤间逐渐形成一个相互作用的良性循环系统，对促进退化草地正向演替和沙漠化的逆转具有积极而显著的作用。
Sandy Grassland is the important land resource in Arid and semi-arid regions innorthern China and its serious degradation and desertification has become the vitalecological environment problem in northern China. At present, exclosure is one of thesignificant measures in dealing with the restoration and reconstruction of soil andplant of degraded sandy grassland. The survey of exclosure effects on soil and plantsystem is not only the element task to exactly estimate the desertification status andthe degree of reverse of the region but also has the extensive application value andguiding significance in applying the economic and effective exclosure methods.
Through the alternation study in different measures on plant characteristics ofbiological diversity and structural component biomass and soil physicochemicalproperties of soil moisture, soil nutrient, soil organic carbon and nitrogen stores ofsandy grassland of Gansu Jingtai oasis edge, the research gets hold of the responsemechanism between the sandy grassland plant and soil restoration and the exclosuremeasure which has provided the scientific basis for China’s western ecologicalenvironment construction and restoration. The study result show:
1. The effects of exclosure on species composition and diversity characteristicsof plant community of sandy grassland are extraordinary.Desert plant species haveincreased from nine kinds in mobile sandy grassland to18kinds in19-year-oldexclosure (19-year-old artificial restoration). After the application of natural exclosureplus artificial exclosure, the dominant species in sandy grassland are mainly artificialshrub species such as caragana microphylla and hedysarum solarium. Although thespecies richness is inferior to that cultivated by natural exclosure and short-termartificial nurture, artificial shrub species presents perfect growing status and stands ina dominant position. The total trend of species diversity characteristics is:19-year-oldexclosure (19-year-old artificial restoration)>19-year-old exclosure (5-year-oldartificial restoration)>10-year-old exclosure (natural restoration)> mobile sand.
2. The average index of height, density, canopy and coverage of plant underdifferent exclosure management measure has an obvious difference (P<0.05). Theindex all show as:19-year-old exclosure (19-year-old artificial restoration)>19-year-old exclosure (5-year-old artificial restoration)>10-year-old exclosure(natural restoration)>mobile sand. Through multiple comparisons in different slopepositions, the results show that the plant average height, average density, averagecanopy and average coverage in sandy grassland are more likely to be influenced bythe slope positions than mobile sand(P<0.05).
3. The total biomass of sand community increased with exclosure lasting. Theorder of total biomass under different exclosure management is:19-year-old exclosure (19-year-old artificial restoration)(94.41g/m~2)>19-year-old exclosure (5-year-oldartificial restoration)(60.08g/m~2)>10-year-old exclosure (natural restoration)(58.22g/m~2)> mobile sand (33.75g/m~2). But long time exclosure (19-year-old exclosure and19-year-old artificial restoration) that can’t change the contribution rate of flowers,stems, leaves and the root to the whole plant. However, the flowers, stems, leaves andthe root modular of suffurticosa plant change the whole composition of the wholeplant. In general, root shoot ratio in exclosure sample plot is smaller than that ofmobile sand. The ratio order of most plant modular with aboveground biomass is:stems> leaves> flowers> root, and the ratio list of plant modular with individualbiomass is: leaves> stems> flowers> root.
4. The exclosure measure can significantly improve soil physical properties ofsandy grassland. Compared with mobile sand, with the rise of years of exclosure, thesand content is significantly reduced, the content of clay particle increase dramatically.Soil bulk density tends to decrease, total soil porosity and maximum moisture contentare both increase obviously. The10cm depth of soil water content of three exclosuresandy grasslands lower than mobile sand. The order of soil water storage is: mobilesand>19-year-old exclosure (5-year-old artificial restoration)>10-year-old exclosure(natural restoration)>19-year-old exclosure (19-year-old artificial restoration).Through the comparisons of different slope positions, the result shows that soilphysical properties in exclosure sandy land is more likely to be influenced by theslope positions than mobile sandy(P<0.05).
5. The SOC and N P K nutrient have a significant regression directed by sandygrassland exclosure, it can promote sand soil property developed. Compared withmobile sand,19-year-old exclosure (19-year-old artificial restoration) sandy grassland(0~20cm), SOC、total N and total P and total K increase380.0%,238.9%,75.0%and59.6%, respectively. Soil physicochemical properties in exclosure sandy grassland isinfluenced by slopes positions obviously. However, the characteristics of the mobilesandy have a tiny influence by the slop positions (P<0.05). Exclosure sandy grasslandSOC, total N and total P and total K and available nutrient content increase greatlyfrom upper slop positions to foot slop positions. However, the mobile sandy doesn’tpresent an obvious tendency.
6. After the application of natural exclosure and artificial exclosure, in sandygrassland0~40cm, light fraction and the total content of carbon and nitrogen, unitarea of organic carbon and the content of total nitrogen increased greatly(P<0.05).The proportion of soil light fraction orgnic carbon or nitrogen with totalorgnic carbon or nitrogen, the exclosure sandy grassland is higher than the mobilesand. Compared with mobile sand, natural exclosure and artificial restoration can botheffectively reduce HFOC/SOC. In general, in0~20cm， HFOC/SOC basically demonstrates that exclosure sandy land is higher than mobile sand. However, theHFOC/SOC and LFOC/SOC change opponently.
7. The correlation analysis of plant characteristics and soil physicochemicalproperties show, the index of Margalef, Shannon-Wiener, Pielou and Simpsona havepositive correlation with SOC, LFOC, available nitrogen and soil moisture content,and they have a negative correlation with available phosphorus, soil bulk density andsand. The above ground biomass, underground biomass and the content of litter fall indifferent exclosure sandy grassland have a positive correlation with SOC, total N,LFOC, LFN and HFOC（P<0.01）, however, they have a negative correlation with soilwater storage and sand content(P<0.01).The rise of the SOC and total N in exclosuresandy grassland have a significantly positive correlation with the rise of soil clayparticle content (P<0.01), but it has a significantly negative correlation with thedecrease of the content of sand (P<0.01).The content of SOC and total N and total Khas a significantly positive correlation (P<0.01). Meanwhile, the content of SOC, totalN and total K have an significantly positive correlation with the average height ofplant, the average cnopy and total biomass characteristics (P<0.01) and （P<0.05）,respectively. The characteristics of soil bulk density and the content of sand have anobvious negative correlation with the average height of plant, the average canopy, andtotal biomass.
8. The effects and improved degree of the measure of natural exclosure andartificial restoration in sandy grassland are higher than that of pure natural exclosure.After the measure of exclosure and afforestation and replanting, a mutual effectbenign recycling system between plant and soil are being formed in sandy grasslandof oasis edge. The mesures can promote the deteriorated grasslands favorableevolution, and have energetic action in desertification reversed.
引文
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