宁夏中部干旱区砂石覆盖对土壤水热特性及西瓜生长发育的影响
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摘要
砂田是分布在中国西北干旱半干旱地区具有综合效能的早作覆盖技术,具有明显改良和调节农田小环境的功效,通过砂石覆盖可起到调温、蓄水、保墒的效果。近年来宁夏砂田产业快速发展,已经成为当地的支柱产业。宁夏砂田种植的主要作物是西瓜,主产区位于宁夏中部干旱带环香山地区：香山地区是一个干旱少雨的区域,水分是本区域农业生产的主要限制性因子,由于水热同季,降雨集中于暖季,能为作物的正常生长发育提供了保障,有利于作物生长,能够使有限的降水得以充分利用。本试验于2010-2011年在宁夏中部干旱带砂田西瓜主产区以未铺设砂石的农田(CK)为对照,对砂石覆盖下的农田(GM)特性、土壤微生物区系及酶活性及其对西瓜生长发育的影响进行了研究。
主要研究结果及结论如下：
1.土壤入渗速率与降水强度之间存在极显著线性相关关系。土壤含水量在全生育期的各层次上,砂石覆盖的农田土壤含水量均高于对照(GM比CK平均高27.05%)。主要在于砂石覆盖的农田较未覆盖农田能更好的接纳雨水,作物生育期内砂石覆盖可明显减少土壤蒸发(GM比CK低57.69%),有明显的保墒、抗旱效果,覆盖改变了作物耗水模式,即减少前期蒸发,增加后期蒸腾；砂田根系层土壤含水量在各阶段分别为田间持水量的52.08%、78.93%、76.96%、72.63%和79.42%,CK分别为49.23%、58.06%、69.93%、66.26%和57.47%,GM处理土壤水分的范围与西瓜生长需求(60%-80%)非常吻合,而CK则低于西瓜的最低需求。
2.砂石层的热传导率为λ=0.8435J·m-1·S-1.K-1,热导率的大小受到孔隙度与湿度的影响。砂田中因有砂石的镇压作用,增加了表层土壤容重(CK:1.38g/cm3,GM:1.51g/cm3),减小土壤孔隙(CK:47.6%,GM:39.3%),当表层土壤水分时候增加时,容积热容和热导率也随之增加；由于砂田特有的减蒸效应,砂田中的土壤含水量也高于裸地,具有较高的热容(CK:0.9492×106J·m-3·K-1,GM:1.1689×106J·m-3·K-1)和热导率(CK:0.8921J·m-1·S-1·K-1,GM:1.3008J·m-1·S-1·K-1),因此砂石覆盖具有显著的调温效果,在低温时有明显的“增温效应”,而高温时又有“降温效应”,这种效应既可防止高温或者低温对植物根系造成的伤害,还可以有效缓解土壤温度剧变(0-10cm土层日较差平均CK：14.46℃,GM：5.42℃)给作物根系带来的不利影响,有利于作物生长发育。
3.砂石覆盖能明显增加土壤微生物数量,尤其是0-20cm土层。由于砂田覆盖处理的细菌、放线菌数量倍增导致其微生物类型间的数量差距过大,导致个体比例下降,均匀度降低。土壤温度和水分的改善对三种土壤酶活性都有积极的影响,但由于砂田处理温度大都低于对照,因此可以判定是水分条件的的显著改善影响到酶活性。
4.砂田西瓜出苗快而齐,茎、叶片充分发育,有利于果实膨大,获得高产,植株叶片叶绿素含量高,光合速率高,开花坐果期光合速率主要受气孔因素影响,最大光化学效率、PS Ⅱ潜在活性、光合性能指数高,而热耗散量子比率低,说明砂田的特殊构造有利于西瓜的生长发育。
另外,针对砂田中存在的一些问题进行了探讨,通过合理的轮作、间作或者机械耕作可以适当缓解随着种植年限的延长及西瓜连作带来的障碍造成的产量和品质的降低。
The gravel-sand mulched field as a dry farming covering technology has the comprehensive benefits. It can improve the microclimate significantly by adjusting the temperature, retaining water and preserving soil moisture in dry and semiarid region of northwest China. The gravel-sand mulched field watermelon industry has become the pillar industry in Ningxia. As a major crop, the main watermelon producing regions of the gravel-sand mulched field locates in the XiangShan mountain arid zone of central Ningxia. Water is the major restriction factor for the agricultural production in this region. Characteristics of soil hydro-thermal property and its effect on watermelon growth on gravel-sand mulching were studied for the year2010and2011in the main watermelon production region in arid zone of central Ningxia. In addition, soil microflora and enzyme activity were also analyzed.
Main results and conclusions for this study are listed as follows:
1. Significant correlations were observed between soil infiltration rate and precipitation intensity. Almost all soil moisture contents were higher than the control (GM was27.05%higher than CK). Gravel-sand absorbed rainwater better than CK and kept lower cropland water consumption and significantly reduced soil evaporation by57.69%. Crop water consumption pattern reduced early evaporation and increased late transpiration, which was changed by mulching. The soil water content in GM was52.08%,78.93%,76.96%,72.63%and79.42%of field moisture capacity respectively. That of CK was49.23%、58.06%、69.93%、66.26%and57.47%respectively. The soil water content of GM fell in the range of the watermelon growth requirement, i.e.60-80%, while CK was lower than the growth requirement.
2. The thermal conductivity of gravel-sand was λ=0.8435J·m-1·S-1·K-1. The gravel sand was demonstrated to be a good thermal insulation material and its thermal conductivity was affected by porosity and humidity. Because of the suppression from gravel sand, the soil unit weight was increased (CK:1.38g/cm3, GM:1.51g/cm3) and soil porosity decreased (CK:47.6%, GM:39.3%). When the water content in surface soil increased, the volumetric heat capacity and heat conductivity increased. For the decreasing evaporation, the water content in sand soil was higher than bare land, and the heat capacity (CK:0.9492×106J·m-3·K-1,GM:1.1689×106J·m-3·K-1) and heat conductivity (CK:0.8921J·m-1·S-1·K-1, GM:1.3008J·m-1·S-1·K-1) were high. As such, Gravel-sand had significant effect of thermoregulation, improved the temperature in low temperature conditions and dropped the temperature in high temperature conditions. The above effect could not only prevent injuries caused by the high temperature of plant roots, but also alleviated soil temperature change and promoted crop growth and development. The daily temperature range in0-10cm soil layer in the growth period in2010was for14.46℃CK and5.42℃for GM.
3. Amounts of soil microorganisms significantly increased on GM, especially within0-20cm soil layer. Evenness index decreased since the number of gaps was too large on several main microbes. Soil enzyme activity could improve significantly influenced by soil moisture and temperature, especially soil moisture.
4. Watermelon on the gravel-sand mulched field of the speed of emergence was fast and the rate of emergence was high. Vines grew faster than CK, with promoted crop growth and development, enhanced disease resistance and increased yield. SPAD, Pn, Fv/Fm, Fv/Fo, PI on GM were higher than CK. Fo/Fm was lower than CK. Special characteristics on the gravel-sand mulched field was conducive to positively affected growth, yield and quality of watermelon.
In addition, the existing problems in the gravel-sand mulched field were also discussed. Continuous cropping obstacles with prolonged planting affected the quantity and quality of watermelon, which could be removed through reasonable crop rotation and intercropping.
主要研究结果及结论如下：
1.土壤入渗速率与降水强度之间存在极显著线性相关关系。土壤含水量在全生育期的各层次上,砂石覆盖的农田土壤含水量均高于对照(GM比CK平均高27.05%)。主要在于砂石覆盖的农田较未覆盖农田能更好的接纳雨水,作物生育期内砂石覆盖可明显减少土壤蒸发(GM比CK低57.69%),有明显的保墒、抗旱效果,覆盖改变了作物耗水模式,即减少前期蒸发,增加后期蒸腾；砂田根系层土壤含水量在各阶段分别为田间持水量的52.08%、78.93%、76.96%、72.63%和79.42%,CK分别为49.23%、58.06%、69.93%、66.26%和57.47%,GM处理土壤水分的范围与西瓜生长需求(60%-80%)非常吻合,而CK则低于西瓜的最低需求。
2.砂石层的热传导率为λ=0.8435J·m-1·S-1.K-1,热导率的大小受到孔隙度与湿度的影响。砂田中因有砂石的镇压作用,增加了表层土壤容重(CK:1.38g/cm3,GM:1.51g/cm3),减小土壤孔隙(CK:47.6%,GM:39.3%),当表层土壤水分时候增加时,容积热容和热导率也随之增加；由于砂田特有的减蒸效应,砂田中的土壤含水量也高于裸地,具有较高的热容(CK:0.9492×106J·m-3·K-1,GM:1.1689×106J·m-3·K-1)和热导率(CK:0.8921J·m-1·S-1·K-1,GM:1.3008J·m-1·S-1·K-1),因此砂石覆盖具有显著的调温效果,在低温时有明显的“增温效应”,而高温时又有“降温效应”,这种效应既可防止高温或者低温对植物根系造成的伤害,还可以有效缓解土壤温度剧变(0-10cm土层日较差平均CK：14.46℃,GM：5.42℃)给作物根系带来的不利影响,有利于作物生长发育。
3.砂石覆盖能明显增加土壤微生物数量,尤其是0-20cm土层。由于砂田覆盖处理的细菌、放线菌数量倍增导致其微生物类型间的数量差距过大,导致个体比例下降,均匀度降低。土壤温度和水分的改善对三种土壤酶活性都有积极的影响,但由于砂田处理温度大都低于对照,因此可以判定是水分条件的的显著改善影响到酶活性。
4.砂田西瓜出苗快而齐,茎、叶片充分发育,有利于果实膨大,获得高产,植株叶片叶绿素含量高,光合速率高,开花坐果期光合速率主要受气孔因素影响,最大光化学效率、PS Ⅱ潜在活性、光合性能指数高,而热耗散量子比率低,说明砂田的特殊构造有利于西瓜的生长发育。
另外,针对砂田中存在的一些问题进行了探讨,通过合理的轮作、间作或者机械耕作可以适当缓解随着种植年限的延长及西瓜连作带来的障碍造成的产量和品质的降低。
The gravel-sand mulched field as a dry farming covering technology has the comprehensive benefits. It can improve the microclimate significantly by adjusting the temperature, retaining water and preserving soil moisture in dry and semiarid region of northwest China. The gravel-sand mulched field watermelon industry has become the pillar industry in Ningxia. As a major crop, the main watermelon producing regions of the gravel-sand mulched field locates in the XiangShan mountain arid zone of central Ningxia. Water is the major restriction factor for the agricultural production in this region. Characteristics of soil hydro-thermal property and its effect on watermelon growth on gravel-sand mulching were studied for the year2010and2011in the main watermelon production region in arid zone of central Ningxia. In addition, soil microflora and enzyme activity were also analyzed.
Main results and conclusions for this study are listed as follows:
1. Significant correlations were observed between soil infiltration rate and precipitation intensity. Almost all soil moisture contents were higher than the control (GM was27.05%higher than CK). Gravel-sand absorbed rainwater better than CK and kept lower cropland water consumption and significantly reduced soil evaporation by57.69%. Crop water consumption pattern reduced early evaporation and increased late transpiration, which was changed by mulching. The soil water content in GM was52.08%,78.93%,76.96%,72.63%and79.42%of field moisture capacity respectively. That of CK was49.23%、58.06%、69.93%、66.26%and57.47%respectively. The soil water content of GM fell in the range of the watermelon growth requirement, i.e.60-80%, while CK was lower than the growth requirement.
2. The thermal conductivity of gravel-sand was λ=0.8435J·m-1·S-1·K-1. The gravel sand was demonstrated to be a good thermal insulation material and its thermal conductivity was affected by porosity and humidity. Because of the suppression from gravel sand, the soil unit weight was increased (CK:1.38g/cm3, GM:1.51g/cm3) and soil porosity decreased (CK:47.6%, GM:39.3%). When the water content in surface soil increased, the volumetric heat capacity and heat conductivity increased. For the decreasing evaporation, the water content in sand soil was higher than bare land, and the heat capacity (CK:0.9492×106J·m-3·K-1,GM:1.1689×106J·m-3·K-1) and heat conductivity (CK:0.8921J·m-1·S-1·K-1, GM:1.3008J·m-1·S-1·K-1) were high. As such, Gravel-sand had significant effect of thermoregulation, improved the temperature in low temperature conditions and dropped the temperature in high temperature conditions. The above effect could not only prevent injuries caused by the high temperature of plant roots, but also alleviated soil temperature change and promoted crop growth and development. The daily temperature range in0-10cm soil layer in the growth period in2010was for14.46℃CK and5.42℃for GM.
3. Amounts of soil microorganisms significantly increased on GM, especially within0-20cm soil layer. Evenness index decreased since the number of gaps was too large on several main microbes. Soil enzyme activity could improve significantly influenced by soil moisture and temperature, especially soil moisture.
4. Watermelon on the gravel-sand mulched field of the speed of emergence was fast and the rate of emergence was high. Vines grew faster than CK, with promoted crop growth and development, enhanced disease resistance and increased yield. SPAD, Pn, Fv/Fm, Fv/Fo, PI on GM were higher than CK. Fo/Fm was lower than CK. Special characteristics on the gravel-sand mulched field was conducive to positively affected growth, yield and quality of watermelon.
In addition, the existing problems in the gravel-sand mulched field were also discussed. Continuous cropping obstacles with prolonged planting affected the quantity and quality of watermelon, which could be removed through reasonable crop rotation and intercropping.
引文
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