新型永磁双馈发电机及其控制策略研究
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摘要
随着风电机组容量的扩大和并网要求的不断提高,能源和环保成为关系到全球可持续发展的重大问题,能源的高效利用和可再生能源的开发变得尤为重要。风力发电是目前既节能又环保的一项可再生能源利用技术。然而随着风电装机容量不断增加,风力发电在整个电力系统中所占比重越来越大,风电系统与电网之间的相互影响也越来越明显。由于风力发电系统大多分布在地形复杂、气候条件多变的偏远地区,并网的距离较远,且线路较长,因而电压波动也较大。此外,风速的随机性导致风力发电系统在电网故障发生时更容易产生震荡现象。为了解决这些问题,在实际的并网风力发电系统中就必须要求并网风力发电机组具备故障情况下低电压穿越能力,控制策略必须保证系统在电网故障时能够不间断运行,防止风力发电系统发生脱网,影响电力系统的稳定运行。
双馈感应风力发电机的相关研究很多,但主要集中在电机的控制策略的研究上,在电机本体的结构上有所创新和发展是比较困难的,如果从这方面入手,改善双馈发电机的运行性能,具有重要意义。本文主要以现有双馈型风力发电机的研究为基础,从双馈风力发电机本体结构和控制策略两方面同时入手,对传统的双馈风力发电机的结构进行了创新,提出了一种新型永磁双馈风力发电机。以电机的瞬态数学模型为基础,全面、深入地研究了该新型电机的结构、控制策略和动态性能。针对新型双馈发电机本身的结构特点,提出了相应的并网控制策略。
论文的研究内容主要有以下几个方面：
1、在分析永磁感应电机结构和工作原理的基础上,提出了新型永磁双馈发电机(permanent magnet doubly fed induction generator, PMDFIG)。首先进行了二维有限元电磁场仿真研究。建立了永磁双馈发电机三相静止坐标系和任意坐标系下的数学模型,在此基础上,构建了基于同步旋转坐标系下的永磁双馈电机的数学模型。建立了网侧变换器的数学模型,建立了转子侧变换器传统的双闭环矢量控制策略,从而为故障情况下永磁双馈风力发电系统的控制策略的有效实施提供了理论基础。稳态并网运行仿真分析验证了所建立的PMDFIG本体数学模型的正确性,并证明了在电网正常运行情况下PMDFIG风力发电系统比传统双馈风力发电系统并网运行的优越性。
2、研究了电网电压骤降故障下永磁双馈发电机系统性能、动态建模与不间断运行能力的控制设计,主要包括：分析了PMDFIG在电压骤降情况下风力发电系统的动态过渡过程,采用计及定子励磁电流变化的转子侧变换器控制策略,采用加入负载电流前馈补偿和电网电压前馈控制双闭环的网侧变换器控制策略。建立了该发电系统的动态控制仿真模型。动态仿真结果表明,与传统双馈发电机相比,电压骤降情况下PMDFIG系统能减小电网扰动过渡过程中发电机定转子过电流,从而降低对电网的冲击。仿真结果验证了所提出的计及定子励磁电流变化的转子侧变换器控制策略比传统双闭环控制策略在电网电压小幅跌落时的有效性。
3、当电网电压不平衡比较严重且发电机未采取相应的控制措施时,发电机将不得不与电网解列,这将影响电网运行的稳定性。因此在产生电压不平衡故障时,维持永磁双馈风力发电机与电网的稳定性是非常必要的。本文从不平衡故障下的电机数学模型出发,利用正负序分量分解法,推导了永磁双馈风力发电机在电压不平衡故障状态下的功率和转矩方程,根据永磁双馈发电机电网不平衡故障状态下的控制目标,通过仿真验证控制策略的有效性。
4、为了提高电网电压严重跌落故障下双馈发电机的低压穿越性能,研究了新型永磁双馈发电机新型的低电压穿越控制策略。首先研究了PMDFIG的传统Crowbar控制方式,分析了影响Crowbar控制电路的参数,确定了Crowbar控制电路电阻值的选取方法。建立了PMDFIG低电压穿越的Crowbar控制模型并进行了仿真分析。对永磁双馈发电机在电网电压严重跌落时,提出了计及定子励磁电流变化的永磁双馈发电机零转矩控制策略,分别采用传统Crowbar控制和计及定子励磁电流变化的零转矩控制策略进行了对比仿真。仿真结果表明,计及定子励磁电流变化的零转矩控制策略能够改善永磁双馈发电机低压穿越运行能力。
As the increased penetration of wind power generations in power, modern grid codes concerning grid-connected wind turbines are developed, energy and environmental issues is a major strategic issue related to global sustainable development. The efficient use and development of renewable energy has become particularly important. The wind is a renewable energy technology not only saving energy but also protecting environment. However, with the wind powder installed capacity increased, wind power proportion in the power system is growing. The interaction between the wind power system and power network is more and more obvious. As the wind power generation system are mostly located in complex terrain, changeable weather condition in remote mountainous, far away from the grid, and the line is longer, so the voltage fluctuates relatively largely. Because of the randomness of wind speed, resulting in wind power generation systemis easy to generate oscillation fault when faults occur in the grid. In order to solve these problems, in the grid connected wind power generation system must have low voltage ride through capability(LVRT). The control strategy can prevent the wind power generation system from the grid during the grid fault, which ensure the stable operation of power system.
A lot of researches concerning doubly fed induction wind power generator were carried out, but the main focus in the research of control strategy on the generator, Innovation and development in the structure of generator is more difficult. From this aspect, the operation performance of doubly fed generator can be improved, it is quite meaningful. This paper mainly studies on the existing double fed wind generator as the foundation, from the two aspects of structure and control strategy of DFIG at the same time, based on structure of DFIG, puts forward a novel permanent magnet doubly fed wind power generator (PMDFIG). Based on the transient mathematical model of the generator, the structure, the control strategy and dynamic performance of PMDFIG are comprehensive studied. According to the structure characteristics of a new type of doubly fed generator, corresponding grid connected control strategy is proposed. The model of doubly fed wind power generator connected to the grid is proposed. The improved the performance is conducive under the stable operation of power grid.
The main contents of the dissertation are as follows:
(1)Based on the analysis of permanent magnet machine structure and working principle, a novel permanent magnet doubly fed wind power generator was proposed to overcome the disadvantages of the present DFIG. The novel permanent magnet doubly fed wind power generator has a permanent magnet rotor inside a wind rotor. The wind rotor is linked to the shaft, and the built-in permanent magnet rotor is free to rotate against the shaft. One of the notable features of the PMDFIG is that the power density is higher compared to a conventional DFIG. The two-dimensional finite element electromagnetic simulation is conducted. The mathematical model concerning PMDFIG are established in the three-phase stationary reference frame, two-phase stator stationary reference frame and two-phase rotating reference frame at arbitrary angular speed, respectively. The mathematical model concerning the grid side converter are established. The rotor side converter uses double closed loop control strategy oriented the stator voltage vector, which provides a theoretical basis for the effective implementation of control strategy of fault cases permanent magnet doubly fed wind power generation system. Steady simulation analysis verified that the established mathematical model is correct. We also prove that the PMDFIG has superiority than traditional doubly fed induction generation.
(2) The operation and control strategy of the PMDFIG wind power system are conducted when network voltage sag conditions. Control design of dynamic modeling and uninterrupted operation ability, Mainly includes:analysis of the dynamic process of PMDFIG when voltage sags, the rotor side converter control strategy considering the excitation current of stator, the load current feed forward compensation and voltage control for grid side converter control strategy.
(3) When the grid voltage imbalance is more serious and without corresponding control measures are taken, the generator will have to be out of the grid. Therefore the power grid control strategy will be put into effect. Therefore in the unbalanced fault conditions, it is necessary to study the stability of permanent magnet doubly fed wind generator and grid maintenance. Under unbalanced network voltage condition, by using the method of positive and negative sequence component decomposition, the control model,the power equations and torque equations are deduced. The control target of PMDFIG is carried out under fault conditions, and the effectiveness of the control strategy is verified by simulation.
(4)To improve LVRT performance of PMDFIG under severe grid voltage fault, the dissertation designs and develops a new rotor-side converter strategy for a new type PMDFIG. Firstly, the traditional PMDFIG control method of Crowbar is carried out, the influence of the parameters of Crowbar controller are emphasized and the Crowbar control circuit resistance values are determined. A crowbar circuit control model and simulation are analyzed. Under severely grid voltage dip, the control strategy of the permanent magnet doubly fed generator is put forward, excitation current of stator changes of zero torque, Zero torque respectively by traditional Crowbar control and stator excitation current change control strategies are compared and simulated. The simulation results show that, the change of zero torque and stator excitation current control strategy of doubly fed generator can improve low voltage ride through operation ability.
双馈感应风力发电机的相关研究很多,但主要集中在电机的控制策略的研究上,在电机本体的结构上有所创新和发展是比较困难的,如果从这方面入手,改善双馈发电机的运行性能,具有重要意义。本文主要以现有双馈型风力发电机的研究为基础,从双馈风力发电机本体结构和控制策略两方面同时入手,对传统的双馈风力发电机的结构进行了创新,提出了一种新型永磁双馈风力发电机。以电机的瞬态数学模型为基础,全面、深入地研究了该新型电机的结构、控制策略和动态性能。针对新型双馈发电机本身的结构特点,提出了相应的并网控制策略。
论文的研究内容主要有以下几个方面：
1、在分析永磁感应电机结构和工作原理的基础上,提出了新型永磁双馈发电机(permanent magnet doubly fed induction generator, PMDFIG)。首先进行了二维有限元电磁场仿真研究。建立了永磁双馈发电机三相静止坐标系和任意坐标系下的数学模型,在此基础上,构建了基于同步旋转坐标系下的永磁双馈电机的数学模型。建立了网侧变换器的数学模型,建立了转子侧变换器传统的双闭环矢量控制策略,从而为故障情况下永磁双馈风力发电系统的控制策略的有效实施提供了理论基础。稳态并网运行仿真分析验证了所建立的PMDFIG本体数学模型的正确性,并证明了在电网正常运行情况下PMDFIG风力发电系统比传统双馈风力发电系统并网运行的优越性。
2、研究了电网电压骤降故障下永磁双馈发电机系统性能、动态建模与不间断运行能力的控制设计,主要包括：分析了PMDFIG在电压骤降情况下风力发电系统的动态过渡过程,采用计及定子励磁电流变化的转子侧变换器控制策略,采用加入负载电流前馈补偿和电网电压前馈控制双闭环的网侧变换器控制策略。建立了该发电系统的动态控制仿真模型。动态仿真结果表明,与传统双馈发电机相比,电压骤降情况下PMDFIG系统能减小电网扰动过渡过程中发电机定转子过电流,从而降低对电网的冲击。仿真结果验证了所提出的计及定子励磁电流变化的转子侧变换器控制策略比传统双闭环控制策略在电网电压小幅跌落时的有效性。
3、当电网电压不平衡比较严重且发电机未采取相应的控制措施时,发电机将不得不与电网解列,这将影响电网运行的稳定性。因此在产生电压不平衡故障时,维持永磁双馈风力发电机与电网的稳定性是非常必要的。本文从不平衡故障下的电机数学模型出发,利用正负序分量分解法,推导了永磁双馈风力发电机在电压不平衡故障状态下的功率和转矩方程,根据永磁双馈发电机电网不平衡故障状态下的控制目标,通过仿真验证控制策略的有效性。
4、为了提高电网电压严重跌落故障下双馈发电机的低压穿越性能,研究了新型永磁双馈发电机新型的低电压穿越控制策略。首先研究了PMDFIG的传统Crowbar控制方式,分析了影响Crowbar控制电路的参数,确定了Crowbar控制电路电阻值的选取方法。建立了PMDFIG低电压穿越的Crowbar控制模型并进行了仿真分析。对永磁双馈发电机在电网电压严重跌落时,提出了计及定子励磁电流变化的永磁双馈发电机零转矩控制策略,分别采用传统Crowbar控制和计及定子励磁电流变化的零转矩控制策略进行了对比仿真。仿真结果表明,计及定子励磁电流变化的零转矩控制策略能够改善永磁双馈发电机低压穿越运行能力。
As the increased penetration of wind power generations in power, modern grid codes concerning grid-connected wind turbines are developed, energy and environmental issues is a major strategic issue related to global sustainable development. The efficient use and development of renewable energy has become particularly important. The wind is a renewable energy technology not only saving energy but also protecting environment. However, with the wind powder installed capacity increased, wind power proportion in the power system is growing. The interaction between the wind power system and power network is more and more obvious. As the wind power generation system are mostly located in complex terrain, changeable weather condition in remote mountainous, far away from the grid, and the line is longer, so the voltage fluctuates relatively largely. Because of the randomness of wind speed, resulting in wind power generation systemis easy to generate oscillation fault when faults occur in the grid. In order to solve these problems, in the grid connected wind power generation system must have low voltage ride through capability(LVRT). The control strategy can prevent the wind power generation system from the grid during the grid fault, which ensure the stable operation of power system.
A lot of researches concerning doubly fed induction wind power generator were carried out, but the main focus in the research of control strategy on the generator, Innovation and development in the structure of generator is more difficult. From this aspect, the operation performance of doubly fed generator can be improved, it is quite meaningful. This paper mainly studies on the existing double fed wind generator as the foundation, from the two aspects of structure and control strategy of DFIG at the same time, based on structure of DFIG, puts forward a novel permanent magnet doubly fed wind power generator (PMDFIG). Based on the transient mathematical model of the generator, the structure, the control strategy and dynamic performance of PMDFIG are comprehensive studied. According to the structure characteristics of a new type of doubly fed generator, corresponding grid connected control strategy is proposed. The model of doubly fed wind power generator connected to the grid is proposed. The improved the performance is conducive under the stable operation of power grid.
The main contents of the dissertation are as follows:
(1)Based on the analysis of permanent magnet machine structure and working principle, a novel permanent magnet doubly fed wind power generator was proposed to overcome the disadvantages of the present DFIG. The novel permanent magnet doubly fed wind power generator has a permanent magnet rotor inside a wind rotor. The wind rotor is linked to the shaft, and the built-in permanent magnet rotor is free to rotate against the shaft. One of the notable features of the PMDFIG is that the power density is higher compared to a conventional DFIG. The two-dimensional finite element electromagnetic simulation is conducted. The mathematical model concerning PMDFIG are established in the three-phase stationary reference frame, two-phase stator stationary reference frame and two-phase rotating reference frame at arbitrary angular speed, respectively. The mathematical model concerning the grid side converter are established. The rotor side converter uses double closed loop control strategy oriented the stator voltage vector, which provides a theoretical basis for the effective implementation of control strategy of fault cases permanent magnet doubly fed wind power generation system. Steady simulation analysis verified that the established mathematical model is correct. We also prove that the PMDFIG has superiority than traditional doubly fed induction generation.
(2) The operation and control strategy of the PMDFIG wind power system are conducted when network voltage sag conditions. Control design of dynamic modeling and uninterrupted operation ability, Mainly includes:analysis of the dynamic process of PMDFIG when voltage sags, the rotor side converter control strategy considering the excitation current of stator, the load current feed forward compensation and voltage control for grid side converter control strategy.
(3) When the grid voltage imbalance is more serious and without corresponding control measures are taken, the generator will have to be out of the grid. Therefore the power grid control strategy will be put into effect. Therefore in the unbalanced fault conditions, it is necessary to study the stability of permanent magnet doubly fed wind generator and grid maintenance. Under unbalanced network voltage condition, by using the method of positive and negative sequence component decomposition, the control model,the power equations and torque equations are deduced. The control target of PMDFIG is carried out under fault conditions, and the effectiveness of the control strategy is verified by simulation.
(4)To improve LVRT performance of PMDFIG under severe grid voltage fault, the dissertation designs and develops a new rotor-side converter strategy for a new type PMDFIG. Firstly, the traditional PMDFIG control method of Crowbar is carried out, the influence of the parameters of Crowbar controller are emphasized and the Crowbar control circuit resistance values are determined. A crowbar circuit control model and simulation are analyzed. Under severely grid voltage dip, the control strategy of the permanent magnet doubly fed generator is put forward, excitation current of stator changes of zero torque, Zero torque respectively by traditional Crowbar control and stator excitation current change control strategies are compared and simulated. The simulation results show that, the change of zero torque and stator excitation current control strategy of doubly fed generator can improve low voltage ride through operation ability.
引文
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