城市湿地资源评价和生态系统服务价值研究
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摘要
湿地被誉为“地球之肾”、“天然物种库”、“生命摇篮”、“文明发源地”和“水禽乐园”,和海洋、森林一起并称为地球上三大重要生态系统。湿地是功能独一无二而不可替代的自然综合体,是保障国家和全球的生态环境安全和社会可持续发展的重要战略资源,能够为人类社会提供多种关乎其生存和发展的产品和服务。湿地的资源评价已经由过去仅局限于湿地特征描述的定性评价,发展到采用数学模型的定量评价,其中就包括生态系统服务价值研究。许多关于湿地生态系统资源评价和服务价值定量评估的研究陆续展开,但是现阶段,湿地生态系统资源评价和服务价值定量评估方兴未艾,评价方法和评价体系还有待于进一步完善；研究对象也主要是非城市自然湿地,其研究对象范围还需要进一步扩展。
城市作为一个以人类行为为主导、自然生态系统为依托、生态过程复杂的动态的社会-经济-自然复合生态系统,城市湿地作为历史最重要的载体,是城市起源的核心,是现代化城市的中心,是城市中的稀缺资源、生命之源和活力之源。城市湿地作为位于城市中的一个特殊的生态系统,一个独特的自然地理要素,是不可替代的重要资源,也具有独一无二的生态系统服务功能。城市湿地为公众的生产和生活提供物质生产、涵养水源、水质净化、休闲旅游、文化科研教育、固碳释氧、蒸腾吸热、栖息地等多项重要的生态系统服务功能,还包括存在价值、选择价值和遗产价值等非使用价值。这些功能和价值为公众享用,但是因为不用支付而长期得不到重视。针对城市湿地资源评价和生态系统服务价值研究开展得较少,关于城市湿地蒸腾吸热价值和非使用价值的研究鲜有报道。
本研究综合应用城市生态学、环境生态学、资源与环境经济学、生态经济学和系统工程学等理论和方法,在全国范围内选取了具有代表性的北京奥林匹克森林公园人工湿地、杭州西湖和武汉月湖3个典型城市湿地作为研究对象,系统进行了城市湿地资源评价和生态系统服务价值研究,为后续城市湿地生态系统研究提供了参考依据,为城市湿地可持续发展提供了理论依据。本研究取得了如下进展：
(1)采用压力-状态-响应模型,结合德尔菲法和层次分析法,构建了城市湿地资源评价系统,定量化北京奥林匹克森林公园人工湿地、杭州西湖和武汉月湖3个典型城市湿地资源评价结果,为城市湿地的资源评价研究和可持续保护提供参考依据。
(2)3个城市湿地资源综合评价结果排序为：杭州西湖>北京奥林匹克森林公园人工湿地>武汉月湖。西湖历史悠久,人文底蕴丰厚,历代杭州人对其保护有加,生态系统多样性丰富,植物和动物生物多样性丰富,相比于人工湿地和月湖而言资源丰富。北京市、杭州市和武汉市将人工湿地、西湖和月湖纳入了城市总体规划,进行了专门的规划和建设,湿地恢复工程实施度指标得分较高,湿地退化面积比率相对较小,提高了生物群落结构复杂程度和生态系统多样性。
(3)城市湿地生态系统服务价值包括5项直接使用价值：物质生产价值、涵养水源价值、水质净化价值、休闲旅游价值和文化科研教育价值等,3项间接使用价值：固碳释氧价值、蒸腾吸热价值和栖息地价值等,3项非使用价值：存在价值、选择价值和遗产价值等。采用市场价格法、影子工程法、污染防治成本法、旅行费用法、成果参照法、等效益替代法和条件价值法构建了城市湿地生态系统服务价值评估体系。
(4)计算得到北京奥林匹克森林公园人工湿地的直接使用价值为37789.4×104yuan/a,其中最高的是休闲旅游价值,为37774×104yuan/a,占直接使用价值的99.959%；其间接使用价值为94.2×104yuan/a,其中最高的是蒸腾吸热价值,为82.2×104yuan/a,占间接使用价值的87.261%；其非使用价值为56855.3×104yuan/a,占总价值的60.013%。
(5)计算得到杭州西湖的直接使用价值为7325272.2×104yuan/a,其中最高的是休闲旅游价值,为7315993.1×104yuan/a,占直接使用价值的99.873%；其间接使用价值为13996×104yuan/a,其中最高的是蒸腾吸热价值,为13864.2×104yuan/a,占间接使用价值的99.058%；其非使用价值为18587.9×104yuan/a,占总价值的0.253%。
(6)计算得到武汉月湖的直接使用价值为8192.4×104yuan/a,其中最高的是休闲旅游价值,为7339.5×104yuan/a,占直接使用价值的89.589%;其间接使用价值为3132.3×104yuan/a,其中最高的是蒸腾吸热价值,为3093.7×104yuan/a,占间接使用价值的98.768%；其非使用价值为16011.5×104yuan/a,占总价值的58.523%。
(7)北京奥林匹克森林公园人工湿地、杭州西湖和武汉月湖的生态系统服务价值分别为94738.9×104yuan/a、7357856.1×104yuan/a和27358.3×104yuan/a,其大小关系排序为杭州西湖>北京奥林匹克森林公园人工湿地>武汉月湖,与城市湿地资源评价结果一致。
(8)北京奥林匹克森林公园人工湿地、杭州西湖和武汉月湖各单项使用价值中,均是休闲旅游价值最高,对应的占各城市湿地生态系统服务总价值的39.872%、99.431%和26.827%。蒸腾吸热价值次之,对应的占各城市湿地生态系统服务总价值的0.087%、0.188%和11.308%。北京奥林匹克森林公园人工湿地、杭州西湖和武汉月湖的单位面积间接使用价值差别不大,均在21.9-22.7×104yuan/hm2·a之间。
(9)北京奥林匹克森林公园人工湿地、杭州西湖和武汉月湖生态系统服务价值的最主要影响因素是湿地的存在、湿地面积和游客数。
(10)城市湿地的保护亟待建立持续的城市湿地监测、评价与管理机制,进一步构建城市湿地信息系统,防控湿地污染和退化；还需将行政管理、法制制约和市场激励相结合,同时提高公众意识、加强公众参与和鼓励舆论监督。
针对城市湿地资源评价和生态系统服务价值研究,本文提出如下展望：
(1)在收集大量数据的基础上,综合比较采用不同评价方法的差异,得到更准确更科学的评价结果。
(2)我国处于高速城市化的进程中,不同地区不同类型城市湿地的生态系统研究亟待更多的关注,以提升我国城市湿地的科学管理水平和合理利用能力。
(3)进一步研究和完善生态系统服务价值评价理论、评价指标体系和评价方法。
(4)进一步研究城市湿地不同生态系统服务功能价值之间的相互影响,以便于更精确的评估生态系统服务价值。
Wetlands known as "Earth's kidney","natural library of species","the life's cradle","the birthplace of civilization","the paradise of waterfowl", together with forests and oceans, are called the three ecological systems of the earth. Wetlands is natural complex of unique and irreplaceable function, the important strategic resources to guarantee the ecological environment security and social sustainable development of nation and global, can provide a variety of products and services concern for existence and development for human society. The assessment of wetland resources have developed from the qualitative evaluation confined to the wetland characteristics description to the quantitative evaluation adopted mathematical model, which included the research of ecological system value evaluation. A lot of study on the quantitative evaluation of resources assessment and ecological system value was spread out in succession. But recent years, the quantitative evaluation of resources assessment and ecological system value was just unfolding, and the evaluation method and system have yet to be further improved. At the same time, more studies of the resources assessment and ecological system value focused on non-urban natural wetlands, compared with those on urban wetlands and constructed wetlands, so the range of research objects need to be further extended.
City is a social-economic-natural complex ecosystem of sophisticated and dynamic ecologi cal process, take human behavior as the leading and rely on natural ecological system. Urban wetland is the core of city's origin, the most important carrier of city's history and culture, as well as the center of the modern city, while it is also scarce resources in the city, as well as the source of life and activity. Taking as a kind of special ecological eystem and a distinctive physical geographical element, urban wetland is the irreplaceable important resource and has unique ecosystem service function. Urban wetland provide a number of important ecosystem service function for public life and production, such as material production, water conservation, water purification, leisure tourism, culture and research and education, carbon fixation and oxygen release, energy absorbed by transpiration, habitat, as well as non-use value including existence value, option value and heritage value. But these function and value public were regale on free of charge by public, so were not pay attention on long time. The evaluation resesrch of resources assessment and ecological system value was less on urban wetlands. The study on energy absorbed by transpiration value and non-use value of urban wetland was barely reported at home and abroad.
This study applied comprehensively the theory and method of urban ecology, environmental ecology, resources and environmental economics, ecological economics and system engineering, selected3representative and typical urban wetland as research object in the nationwide. The3tested urban wetlands concluded constructed wetland in Beijing Olympic forest park, West Lake in Hangzhou and Yuehu Lake in Wuhan. Resources evaluation and ecosystem services value of urban wetlands was studied systematically, in order to provide referee for the follow-up ecosystem research of urban wetlands, and academic basis for sustainable development of urban wetlands.
This study obtained the following progress:
(1) The assessment system of urban wetland resources was constructed and the resources evaluation results of the three typical city wetlands:constructed wetland in Beijing Olympic forest park, West Lake in Hangzhou and Yuehu Lake in Wuhan were quantified using PSR model, Delphi method and AHP, in order to provide reference for resources assessment research and sustainable protection of city wetlands.
(2) The sequencing of the three city wetland resources bases on comprehensive assessment results was:West Lake in Hangzhou> constructed wetland in Beijing Olympic forest park> Yuehu Lake in Wuhan. West Lake has a long history and rich in cultural heritage. Due to the well protection by Hangzhou people of past dynasties, it had rich ecosystem diversity, plant and animal biodiversity, and natural resources, compared to the constructed wetland and Yuehu Lake. Constructed wetland, West Lake and Yuehu Lake, which were incorporated into the city overall planning by Beijing, Hangzhou and Wuhan city, respectively, were planed and constructed specially. The index of implementation of rehabilitation project got higher scores; degradation area ratio of wetland was relatively small; complexity of biological community structure and ecosystem diversity increased.
(3) Ecosystem services value of urban wetlands concluded5direct use values including material production value, water conservation value, water purification value, leisure tourism value, the value of culture and research and education, and3indirect use values including the value of carbon fixation and oxygen release, the value of energy absorbed by transpiration, habitat value, as well as non-use value including existence value, option value and heritage value. Ecosystem service value evaluation system of urban wetlands was constructed based on market valuation method, travel cost method, pollution cost method, shadow price method, efficiency alternative method, shadow engineering method, contingent valuation method, and result reference method.
(4) According to calculation results, the direct use value of constructed wetland in Beijing Olympic forest park was37789.4×104yuan/a, of which the highest is the leisure tourism value (37774×104yuan/a), accounting for99.959%of direct use value. The indirect use value of constructed wetland in Beijing Olympic forest park was94.2×104yuan/a, of which the highest is the value of energy absorbed by transpiration (82.2×104yuan/a), accounting for87.261%of indirect use value. The non-use value of constructed wetland in Beijing Olympic forest park was56855.3×104yuan/a, accounting for60.013%of total value.
(5) According to calculation results, the direct use value of West Lake in Hangzhou was7325272.2×104yuan/a, of which the highest is the leisure tourism value (7315993.1×104yuan/a), accounting for99.873%of direct use value. The indirect use value of West Lake in Hangzhou was13996×104yuan/a, of which the highest is the value of energy absorbed by transpiration (13864.2×104yuan/a), accounting for99.058%of indirect use value. The non-use value of West Lake in Hangzhou was18587.9×104yuan/a, accounting for0.253%of total value.
(6) According to calculation results, the direct use value of Yuehu Lake in Wuhan was8192.4×104yuan/a, of which the highest is the leisure tourism value (7339.5×104yuan/a), accounting for89.589%of direct use value. The indirect use value of Yuehu Lake in Wuhan was3132.3×10yuan/a, of which the highest is the value of energy absorbed by transpiration (3093.7×10yuan/a), accounting for98.768%of indirect use value. The non-use value of Yuehu Lake in Wuhan was16011.5×104yuan/a, accounting for58.523%of total value.
(7) Ecosystem service value of constructed wetland in Beijing Olympic forest park, West Lake in Hangzhou and Yuehu Lake in Wuhan were94738.9×104yuan/a,7357856.1×104yuan/a and27358.3×104yuan/a, respectively. The results showed that the order of ecosystem service value of urban wetlands was West Lake in Hangzhou, constructed wetland in Beijing Olympic Forest Park and Yuehu Lake in Wuhan, which was consistent with the evaluation results of urban wetland resources.
(8) The highest value among individual use value of constructed wetland in Beijing Olympic forest park, West Lake in Hangzhou and Yuehu Lake in Wuhan was the leisure tourism value, accounting for39.872%,99.431%and26.827%of corresponding ecosystem service value of urban wetland. The following individual use value was the value of energy absorbed by transpiration, accounting for39.872%,99.431%and26.827%. The indirect use value per unit area were little difference among constructed wetland in Beijing Olympic forest park, West Lake in Hangzhou and Yuehu Lake in Wuhan, all in the21.9-22.7×104yuan/hm2·a.
(9) The most important influencing factors of ecosystem service value of constructed wetland in Beijing Olympic forest park, West Lake in Hangzhou and Yuehu Lake in Wuhan were the exist of wetlands, the area of wetlands and number of visitors.
(10) Urban wetland protection was urgent tobuild continuous city wetland monitoring, evaluation and management mechanism, to further construct urban wetland information system, in order to prevent and control of the wetland pollution and degradation. It is also still needed to combine administrative management, law restricting with market incentive, and at the same time, to improve the public consciousness, strengthen the public participation and encourage the supervision of public opinion.
Concerning the research on resources evaluation and ecosystem service value of urban wetlands, the articles put forward some prospect as follows:
(1) Based on the collection of a large amount of data and the comparison study for using different evaluation methods, more accurate and more scientific evalution results are hope to obtain.
(2) Our country is in the course of high-speed urbanization, the research on urban wetland ecosystem of different regions and different types should pay more and more attention, in order to promote the level of scientific management and the capacity of reasonable utilization of urban wetlands in our country.
(3) The evaluation theory, evaluation index system and evaluation method of ecosystem service value should be further research and perfection.
(4) The interaction among single ecosystem service function and value of urban wetland should be further study, in order to assess ecosystem service value more accurately.
城市作为一个以人类行为为主导、自然生态系统为依托、生态过程复杂的动态的社会-经济-自然复合生态系统,城市湿地作为历史最重要的载体,是城市起源的核心,是现代化城市的中心,是城市中的稀缺资源、生命之源和活力之源。城市湿地作为位于城市中的一个特殊的生态系统,一个独特的自然地理要素,是不可替代的重要资源,也具有独一无二的生态系统服务功能。城市湿地为公众的生产和生活提供物质生产、涵养水源、水质净化、休闲旅游、文化科研教育、固碳释氧、蒸腾吸热、栖息地等多项重要的生态系统服务功能,还包括存在价值、选择价值和遗产价值等非使用价值。这些功能和价值为公众享用,但是因为不用支付而长期得不到重视。针对城市湿地资源评价和生态系统服务价值研究开展得较少,关于城市湿地蒸腾吸热价值和非使用价值的研究鲜有报道。
本研究综合应用城市生态学、环境生态学、资源与环境经济学、生态经济学和系统工程学等理论和方法,在全国范围内选取了具有代表性的北京奥林匹克森林公园人工湿地、杭州西湖和武汉月湖3个典型城市湿地作为研究对象,系统进行了城市湿地资源评价和生态系统服务价值研究,为后续城市湿地生态系统研究提供了参考依据,为城市湿地可持续发展提供了理论依据。本研究取得了如下进展：
(1)采用压力-状态-响应模型,结合德尔菲法和层次分析法,构建了城市湿地资源评价系统,定量化北京奥林匹克森林公园人工湿地、杭州西湖和武汉月湖3个典型城市湿地资源评价结果,为城市湿地的资源评价研究和可持续保护提供参考依据。
(2)3个城市湿地资源综合评价结果排序为：杭州西湖>北京奥林匹克森林公园人工湿地>武汉月湖。西湖历史悠久,人文底蕴丰厚,历代杭州人对其保护有加,生态系统多样性丰富,植物和动物生物多样性丰富,相比于人工湿地和月湖而言资源丰富。北京市、杭州市和武汉市将人工湿地、西湖和月湖纳入了城市总体规划,进行了专门的规划和建设,湿地恢复工程实施度指标得分较高,湿地退化面积比率相对较小,提高了生物群落结构复杂程度和生态系统多样性。
(3)城市湿地生态系统服务价值包括5项直接使用价值：物质生产价值、涵养水源价值、水质净化价值、休闲旅游价值和文化科研教育价值等,3项间接使用价值：固碳释氧价值、蒸腾吸热价值和栖息地价值等,3项非使用价值：存在价值、选择价值和遗产价值等。采用市场价格法、影子工程法、污染防治成本法、旅行费用法、成果参照法、等效益替代法和条件价值法构建了城市湿地生态系统服务价值评估体系。
(4)计算得到北京奥林匹克森林公园人工湿地的直接使用价值为37789.4×104yuan/a,其中最高的是休闲旅游价值,为37774×104yuan/a,占直接使用价值的99.959%；其间接使用价值为94.2×104yuan/a,其中最高的是蒸腾吸热价值,为82.2×104yuan/a,占间接使用价值的87.261%；其非使用价值为56855.3×104yuan/a,占总价值的60.013%。
(5)计算得到杭州西湖的直接使用价值为7325272.2×104yuan/a,其中最高的是休闲旅游价值,为7315993.1×104yuan/a,占直接使用价值的99.873%；其间接使用价值为13996×104yuan/a,其中最高的是蒸腾吸热价值,为13864.2×104yuan/a,占间接使用价值的99.058%；其非使用价值为18587.9×104yuan/a,占总价值的0.253%。
(6)计算得到武汉月湖的直接使用价值为8192.4×104yuan/a,其中最高的是休闲旅游价值,为7339.5×104yuan/a,占直接使用价值的89.589%;其间接使用价值为3132.3×104yuan/a,其中最高的是蒸腾吸热价值,为3093.7×104yuan/a,占间接使用价值的98.768%；其非使用价值为16011.5×104yuan/a,占总价值的58.523%。
(7)北京奥林匹克森林公园人工湿地、杭州西湖和武汉月湖的生态系统服务价值分别为94738.9×104yuan/a、7357856.1×104yuan/a和27358.3×104yuan/a,其大小关系排序为杭州西湖>北京奥林匹克森林公园人工湿地>武汉月湖,与城市湿地资源评价结果一致。
(8)北京奥林匹克森林公园人工湿地、杭州西湖和武汉月湖各单项使用价值中,均是休闲旅游价值最高,对应的占各城市湿地生态系统服务总价值的39.872%、99.431%和26.827%。蒸腾吸热价值次之,对应的占各城市湿地生态系统服务总价值的0.087%、0.188%和11.308%。北京奥林匹克森林公园人工湿地、杭州西湖和武汉月湖的单位面积间接使用价值差别不大,均在21.9-22.7×104yuan/hm2·a之间。
(9)北京奥林匹克森林公园人工湿地、杭州西湖和武汉月湖生态系统服务价值的最主要影响因素是湿地的存在、湿地面积和游客数。
(10)城市湿地的保护亟待建立持续的城市湿地监测、评价与管理机制,进一步构建城市湿地信息系统,防控湿地污染和退化；还需将行政管理、法制制约和市场激励相结合,同时提高公众意识、加强公众参与和鼓励舆论监督。
针对城市湿地资源评价和生态系统服务价值研究,本文提出如下展望：
(1)在收集大量数据的基础上,综合比较采用不同评价方法的差异,得到更准确更科学的评价结果。
(2)我国处于高速城市化的进程中,不同地区不同类型城市湿地的生态系统研究亟待更多的关注,以提升我国城市湿地的科学管理水平和合理利用能力。
(3)进一步研究和完善生态系统服务价值评价理论、评价指标体系和评价方法。
(4)进一步研究城市湿地不同生态系统服务功能价值之间的相互影响,以便于更精确的评估生态系统服务价值。
Wetlands known as "Earth's kidney","natural library of species","the life's cradle","the birthplace of civilization","the paradise of waterfowl", together with forests and oceans, are called the three ecological systems of the earth. Wetlands is natural complex of unique and irreplaceable function, the important strategic resources to guarantee the ecological environment security and social sustainable development of nation and global, can provide a variety of products and services concern for existence and development for human society. The assessment of wetland resources have developed from the qualitative evaluation confined to the wetland characteristics description to the quantitative evaluation adopted mathematical model, which included the research of ecological system value evaluation. A lot of study on the quantitative evaluation of resources assessment and ecological system value was spread out in succession. But recent years, the quantitative evaluation of resources assessment and ecological system value was just unfolding, and the evaluation method and system have yet to be further improved. At the same time, more studies of the resources assessment and ecological system value focused on non-urban natural wetlands, compared with those on urban wetlands and constructed wetlands, so the range of research objects need to be further extended.
City is a social-economic-natural complex ecosystem of sophisticated and dynamic ecologi cal process, take human behavior as the leading and rely on natural ecological system. Urban wetland is the core of city's origin, the most important carrier of city's history and culture, as well as the center of the modern city, while it is also scarce resources in the city, as well as the source of life and activity. Taking as a kind of special ecological eystem and a distinctive physical geographical element, urban wetland is the irreplaceable important resource and has unique ecosystem service function. Urban wetland provide a number of important ecosystem service function for public life and production, such as material production, water conservation, water purification, leisure tourism, culture and research and education, carbon fixation and oxygen release, energy absorbed by transpiration, habitat, as well as non-use value including existence value, option value and heritage value. But these function and value public were regale on free of charge by public, so were not pay attention on long time. The evaluation resesrch of resources assessment and ecological system value was less on urban wetlands. The study on energy absorbed by transpiration value and non-use value of urban wetland was barely reported at home and abroad.
This study applied comprehensively the theory and method of urban ecology, environmental ecology, resources and environmental economics, ecological economics and system engineering, selected3representative and typical urban wetland as research object in the nationwide. The3tested urban wetlands concluded constructed wetland in Beijing Olympic forest park, West Lake in Hangzhou and Yuehu Lake in Wuhan. Resources evaluation and ecosystem services value of urban wetlands was studied systematically, in order to provide referee for the follow-up ecosystem research of urban wetlands, and academic basis for sustainable development of urban wetlands.
This study obtained the following progress:
(1) The assessment system of urban wetland resources was constructed and the resources evaluation results of the three typical city wetlands:constructed wetland in Beijing Olympic forest park, West Lake in Hangzhou and Yuehu Lake in Wuhan were quantified using PSR model, Delphi method and AHP, in order to provide reference for resources assessment research and sustainable protection of city wetlands.
(2) The sequencing of the three city wetland resources bases on comprehensive assessment results was:West Lake in Hangzhou> constructed wetland in Beijing Olympic forest park> Yuehu Lake in Wuhan. West Lake has a long history and rich in cultural heritage. Due to the well protection by Hangzhou people of past dynasties, it had rich ecosystem diversity, plant and animal biodiversity, and natural resources, compared to the constructed wetland and Yuehu Lake. Constructed wetland, West Lake and Yuehu Lake, which were incorporated into the city overall planning by Beijing, Hangzhou and Wuhan city, respectively, were planed and constructed specially. The index of implementation of rehabilitation project got higher scores; degradation area ratio of wetland was relatively small; complexity of biological community structure and ecosystem diversity increased.
(3) Ecosystem services value of urban wetlands concluded5direct use values including material production value, water conservation value, water purification value, leisure tourism value, the value of culture and research and education, and3indirect use values including the value of carbon fixation and oxygen release, the value of energy absorbed by transpiration, habitat value, as well as non-use value including existence value, option value and heritage value. Ecosystem service value evaluation system of urban wetlands was constructed based on market valuation method, travel cost method, pollution cost method, shadow price method, efficiency alternative method, shadow engineering method, contingent valuation method, and result reference method.
(4) According to calculation results, the direct use value of constructed wetland in Beijing Olympic forest park was37789.4×104yuan/a, of which the highest is the leisure tourism value (37774×104yuan/a), accounting for99.959%of direct use value. The indirect use value of constructed wetland in Beijing Olympic forest park was94.2×104yuan/a, of which the highest is the value of energy absorbed by transpiration (82.2×104yuan/a), accounting for87.261%of indirect use value. The non-use value of constructed wetland in Beijing Olympic forest park was56855.3×104yuan/a, accounting for60.013%of total value.
(5) According to calculation results, the direct use value of West Lake in Hangzhou was7325272.2×104yuan/a, of which the highest is the leisure tourism value (7315993.1×104yuan/a), accounting for99.873%of direct use value. The indirect use value of West Lake in Hangzhou was13996×104yuan/a, of which the highest is the value of energy absorbed by transpiration (13864.2×104yuan/a), accounting for99.058%of indirect use value. The non-use value of West Lake in Hangzhou was18587.9×104yuan/a, accounting for0.253%of total value.
(6) According to calculation results, the direct use value of Yuehu Lake in Wuhan was8192.4×104yuan/a, of which the highest is the leisure tourism value (7339.5×104yuan/a), accounting for89.589%of direct use value. The indirect use value of Yuehu Lake in Wuhan was3132.3×10yuan/a, of which the highest is the value of energy absorbed by transpiration (3093.7×10yuan/a), accounting for98.768%of indirect use value. The non-use value of Yuehu Lake in Wuhan was16011.5×104yuan/a, accounting for58.523%of total value.
(7) Ecosystem service value of constructed wetland in Beijing Olympic forest park, West Lake in Hangzhou and Yuehu Lake in Wuhan were94738.9×104yuan/a,7357856.1×104yuan/a and27358.3×104yuan/a, respectively. The results showed that the order of ecosystem service value of urban wetlands was West Lake in Hangzhou, constructed wetland in Beijing Olympic Forest Park and Yuehu Lake in Wuhan, which was consistent with the evaluation results of urban wetland resources.
(8) The highest value among individual use value of constructed wetland in Beijing Olympic forest park, West Lake in Hangzhou and Yuehu Lake in Wuhan was the leisure tourism value, accounting for39.872%,99.431%and26.827%of corresponding ecosystem service value of urban wetland. The following individual use value was the value of energy absorbed by transpiration, accounting for39.872%,99.431%and26.827%. The indirect use value per unit area were little difference among constructed wetland in Beijing Olympic forest park, West Lake in Hangzhou and Yuehu Lake in Wuhan, all in the21.9-22.7×104yuan/hm2·a.
(9) The most important influencing factors of ecosystem service value of constructed wetland in Beijing Olympic forest park, West Lake in Hangzhou and Yuehu Lake in Wuhan were the exist of wetlands, the area of wetlands and number of visitors.
(10) Urban wetland protection was urgent tobuild continuous city wetland monitoring, evaluation and management mechanism, to further construct urban wetland information system, in order to prevent and control of the wetland pollution and degradation. It is also still needed to combine administrative management, law restricting with market incentive, and at the same time, to improve the public consciousness, strengthen the public participation and encourage the supervision of public opinion.
Concerning the research on resources evaluation and ecosystem service value of urban wetlands, the articles put forward some prospect as follows:
(1) Based on the collection of a large amount of data and the comparison study for using different evaluation methods, more accurate and more scientific evalution results are hope to obtain.
(2) Our country is in the course of high-speed urbanization, the research on urban wetland ecosystem of different regions and different types should pay more and more attention, in order to promote the level of scientific management and the capacity of reasonable utilization of urban wetlands in our country.
(3) The evaluation theory, evaluation index system and evaluation method of ecosystem service value should be further research and perfection.
(4) The interaction among single ecosystem service function and value of urban wetland should be further study, in order to assess ecosystem service value more accurately.
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