成都平原人地系统协同性研究
摘要
本文从系统论的角度审视人地关系,认为人口系统与土地系统是社会经济系统当中最为基础和重要的两大子系统,人地系统正是人口子系统与土地子系统相互作用、相互耦合、相互依存、共同衍生出的复合整体,其协同性主要体现为人口、土地两大子系统自身呈现的“稳定状态”以及两大子系统通过主要关联属性互动耦合所表现出来的“协调、合作关系”。
基于此,本文以成都平原作为研究区域,以人地系统作为研究对象,以子系统属性特征为标识,通过深入探究人口、土地两大子系统自身的运行状态、整体功能特征以及两者在演变过程中形成的相互协调态势、共生合作程度,以此阐释不同类型的协同机理,据此识别和评判成都平原人地系统整体协同特征,从而在局部到整体的层层剖析中揭示人地关系的本质、区域人地矛盾的根源及程度,初步形成相对完整的成都平原人地系统协同性研究的基本框架,为实现区域内以“人地协同”为基本前提的社会经济发展战略以及相关政策的制定提供必要的实践指导与理论借鉴。
通过上述分析,本文得出以下主要研究结论：
(1)人口系统与土地系统状态特征
调查和统计分析结果显示,研究期内成都平原人口数量快速持续增长,人口机械增长是人口规模扩大的主要来源；人口城镇化水平较高,人口空间分布极不均衡,“城增、乡减”的数量变化特征和老龄化趋势明显；人口数量的产业分布由“一三二”型优化为“三二一”型,呈现出“一次产业减、二三次产业增”的人口产业分布结构变化特征,因此,成都平原人口系统处于发展变化和相对开放状态,人口的总体数量、城乡和产业分布结构等属性处于发展变化的相对不稳定状态。
研究期内成都平原土地系统的类型(子系统)组成相对稳定,没有发生土地类型的增和减；各土地类型的数量属性演化急剧,“耕地减、建设用地增”的特征明显；其中,耕地面积减少7.81万hm2,居民点及工矿用地增加3.79万hm2；各土地类型的质量属性变异显著,土壤有机质含量丰富,但磷、钾含量偏低,土壤污染较为严重；各土地类型的区域分布差异明显,利用特征分异显著,城镇、果粮农和林粮农三个区域的土地利用程度和用地结构差异显著,因此,成都平原土地系统正在发展变化过程中,处于类型(子系统)组成相对稳定,各土地类型(子系统)的数量、质量和分布属性不稳定的状态。
(2)人口数量、结构变化与土地类型数量变化协同性特征
通过引入“弹性系数、压力指数、贡献度指数和负载量”,对成都平原人口数量、结构变化与土地类型数量变化协同性进行研究,结果表明：
人口数量变化与耕地、林地、建设用地以及农村居民点用地数量变化的协同性较差。研究期内“人口-耕地弹性系数”总体小于0且均值为-1.45,表明耕地减速整体快于人口增速；耕地压力指数由1999年的1.1942持续上升到2008年的1.3804,表明耕地实际供给能力与人口食物消费需求长期处于“供小于求”的不平衡状态。研究期内“人口-林地弹性系数”总体大于0且均值为1.214,表明林地增速略快于人口增速,两者相对变化较合理；但人均有林地面积和人均森林蓄积量总体偏低,森林资源供给能力无法满足人口对林产品的现实需求。2002年到2008年期间,“人口-建设用地弹性系数”均值达到1.562,表明人口与建设用地增速显著背离,两者相对变化不合理；人均建设用地快速持续增长,人口贡献度指数由2001年的0.829持续增长到2008年的1.694,“建设用地消耗”对于人口规模扩大的贡献程度逐年降低。研究期内“农村人口-农村建设用地弹性系数”普遍大于0且均值为0.1968,表明农村居民点用地减速明显滞后于农村人口减速,两者相对变化不合理；农村居民点用地人口负载量由1999年的183.81m2/人持续增长到2008年的252.24m2/人,远超过国家标准。
劳动年龄内农业劳动力数量变化与农用地数量变化协同性较差。研究期内“农业劳动力-农用地弹性系数”总体小于0且均值为-0.6494,表明农用地减速明显滞后于劳动年龄内农业劳动力增速,两者相对变化不合理；研究期内农地劳动力承载压力指数总体大于1且均值达到1.69,表明劳动年龄内实际农业劳动力长期处于超载状态。
城镇人口数量变化与城镇用地数量变化基本协同。研究期内“城镇人口-城镇用地弹性系数”普遍大于1且均值为1.0804,表明城镇人口与城镇用地增速基本吻合,两者相对变化较合理；城镇用地人口负载量由1999年的76.44m2/人增长到2008年的83.73m2/人,达到国家标准。
人口产业分布结构变化与土地类型数量变化较为协同。研究期内“农业从业人口-农用地弹性系数”总体大于0且均值为0.16,表明农业从业人口转移速度快于农地非农化速度,两者相对变化较合理；农业从业人口转移率与农地非农化率协调度由1999年的1.258增长到2008年的1.402,表明两者变化速度能够相互适应。
(3)人口数量、结构变化与土地质量变化协同性特征
将成都平原人口数量及结构状态水平与土地质量状态水平耦合发展的演进过程划分为三个阶段,其中,1999年到2001年期间,人口数量及结构状态水平与土地综合质量状态水平总体处于弱不协同状态；2002年到2005年期间,人口数量及结构状态水平与土地综合质量状态水平依然不甚协同；2006年到2008年期间,由于土地生态环境质量下降速度的放缓以及土地经济质量的大幅度提升,促使这一阶段人口数量及结构状态水平与土地综合质量状态水平进入到基本协同状态。
(4)人口空间分布变化与土地空间分布变化协同性特征
人口数量空间分布变化与土地类型数量空间分布变化较为协同。成都平原各县(市、区)人口密度变化量与土地综合利用动态度以及土地综合利用程度变化量均呈高度正相关性,两者相对变化较合理；人口空间集聚程度越高的区域,其土地综合利用动态度和土地综合利用程度变化量保持着相对较高水平。
城镇人口空间分布变化与城镇用地空间分布变化较为协同。依据各县(市、区)城镇人口密度变化程度,将成都平原划分为两类区域,各类型区“城镇人口-城镇建设用地弹性系数”都大于1,说明城镇人口增速滞后于城镇用地增速,两者的空间分布变化较合理；Ⅰ类区域城镇用地和城镇人口平均增长量远超过Ⅱ类区域,两类区域城镇用地平均扩张率明显超过同区城镇人口平均增长率,并达到国家标准。
农村人口空间分布变化与农村居民点用地空间分布变化协同性较差。依据各县(市、区)农村人口密度变化程度,将成都平原划分为两类区域,各类型区农村人口与农村居民点用地在空间维度上的相对变化不合理；Ⅰ类区域农村人口平均变化量远超过Ⅱ类区域,但Ⅰ类区域农村居民点用地平均变化量却远低于Ⅱ类区域；两类区域农村居民点用地人口平均负载量大大超过国家标准。
劳动年龄内农业劳动力空间分布变化与农用地空间分布变化整体不协同。成都平原绝大多数县(市、区)劳动年龄内农业劳动力与农用地相对变化不合理；按照劳动年龄内农业劳动力数量“增减”变化方向及程度,将成都平原划分为四类区域,各类型区在研究期内农地劳动力承载压力指数均值都大于1,表明农用地承载劳动年龄内农业劳动力长期处于超载状态。
人口产业空间分布结构变化与土地类型数量空间分布变化较为协同。依据各县(市、区)农业从业人口向非农产业转移程度,将成都平原划分为三大类型区,各类型区在研究期内的“农业从业人口-农用地弹性系数”均值普遍小于1,表明两者相对变化较合理；研究期内I类区域农地非农化数量达到0.1203万hm2,远远超过其它两类区域,各类型区农业从业人口转移率与农地非农化率协调度均值都大于1,表明各类型区农业从业人口与农地非农化速度能够相互适应。
基于各县(市、区)人口数量及结构与土地质量联系度系数变化的空间耦合特征,将成都平原划分为五类区域,各类型区人口数量及结构空间分布变化与土地质量空间分布变化均呈现出不协同状态。
(5)人地系统综合协同性特征
以物元理论为基础,建立人地系统综合协同性分析物元贴近度模型,确定人地系统协同发展的理想目标,构建人地系统综合协同性分析的指标体系,计算不同维度下的单项贴近度和综合贴近度,并通过人地关系“事实现状”与实现人地系统协同发展的“目标状态”进行综合对比分析和综合判断,结果表明：
从总体上看,2008年、时间维度和空间维度的贴近度计算结果显示,成都平原人地协同整体处于“较不协同”状态,人地系统协同性的主要限制因子是人均有林地面积、农村居民点用地人口负载量、地均劳动年龄内农业劳动力数量、土壤污染指数和农用地经济产出能力,次要限制因子是人均耕地面积、土壤肥力指数。
从时间维度上看,从1999年到2008年期间,成都平原人地系统大多数年份处于“较不协同”状态。其中,1999年到2001年处于“基本协同”状态；2002年到2006年进入到“较不协同”状态；2007年到2008年仍然处于“较不协同”状态。
从空间维度上看,成都平原大多数县(市、区)人地系统处于不协同状态。其中,郫县、温江区、青白江区、广汉市以及新都区处于“基本协同”状态；成华区、金牛区、旌阳区等17个县(市、区)处于“较不协同”状态；什邡市、安县、江油市、夹江县以及彭山县处于“极不协同”状态。
(6)政策启示
根据以上研究结果,提出了建立外来人口总量控制计划制度,严格控制人口机械增长；坚持保护耕地和节约用地并重,将土地利用结构与产业布局和结构紧密结合,使土地利用结构逐步优化；控制城乡建设用地增速,严格审批和控制农村非农建设用地,提高农村居民点用地效率；引导农民走城镇化道路,优化农业结构；积极发展二、三产业,为农业剩余劳动力的产业转移和空间转移创造有利条件等对策建议,以促进人地系统的协同发展和持续运行。
From the prospective of analyzing Man-land connection based on the theory of system, this paper holds the view that population system and land system are most important and basic sub-systems for the social-ecosystem. Man-land system is a aggregate of population sub-system and land sub-system which have a affirmative connection. Its synergy is primarily embodied as the time series and the collaborative relationship between the two sub-systems.
Based on this, in this paper the Chengdu Plain is considered as the study area, man-land system is considered as the research object. The subsystem's attribute and characteristics are used to as the sigh. By identifying two major subsystems of the population and land thoroughly, the overall features of both evolution formed in the process of coordination posture symbiotic degree of cooperation, this paper is able to explain the different types of collaborative mechanism, pursuant to which the identification and evaluation the Chengdu Plain man-land system as a whole collaborative feature, local to the whole layers of analysis reveals the relationship between people and landnature, causes and extent of the regional human contradiction, initially forming a relatively complete Chengdu Plain's basic framework of the synergy. Then the conclusions can be the basic premise of the socio-economic development strategy and related policies and the necessary practical guidance.
Through the analysis, the thesis gives the following main research conclusions:
(1) Status and characteristics of the population systems and land system
Investigation and statistical analysis of the results shows that population of the Chengdu Plain growed rapidly. Mechanical population growth was a major source of population growth. The level of urbanization of the population was rather high and spatial distribution of population was imbalanced. The number variation and aging trends "The city grows while the country decreases" were obvious; the population distribution of industry was optimized from "one-three-two" to "three-two-one", showing that the industrial population distribution first industry decreased while that of the second and third industry increased. Therefore, the Chengdu Plain population system was in developmental changes and relatively open state, the overall number of the population, urban and rural, and industrial distribution structure properties in the development and changes was in the relative state of limbo.
In our study period the components of the Chengdu Plain land system was relatively stable without much growth and reduction; the quantitativeattributes of the various types of land changed rapidly, the characteristics of "farmland decreases, the construction land increases" was significant; including arable land area decreased by78,100ha,37,900ha increase in residential and industrial land; significant quality attribute variability of the various types of land, soil rich in organic matter content, but low levels of phosphorus, potassium, soil contamination was more serious; differences in regional distribution of the various types of land obviously, taking advantage of the characteristics of differentiation significantly towns, fruit FAO and three regional forest FAO degree of land-use and land-use structure were significantly different, Chengdu Plain land system was the development of the process of change in the type (subsystems) composed of a relatively stable the quantity, quality and distribution properties of various types of land (subsystem) unstable state.
(2)The synergistic characteristics of population, structural changes and changes in the number of types of land
By introducing elastic coefficient, pressure index, the index of the contribution and the load on the population structure change with research of the number of types of land change, the results show that:
Changes in the population were poorly synergistic with the change of arable land, forest land, land for construction, as well as rural residential land. In overall study period the "population-cultivated land elastic coefficient" was less than0and the mean value is of-1.45, indicating farmland deceleration overall faster than population growth; farmland pressure index increased to2008's1.3804from1999's1.1942, indicating that the actual supply of arable land capacity and population demand for food consumption in the long term for less than the imbalance. In our verall study period,"population-woodland elasticity coefficient" was greater than0and the mean value of1.214, indicating that the woodland growth rate was slightly faster than the population growth, both of which changed reasonably; woodland area and forest stock volume per capita overall low per capita forest resources supply capacity can not meet the practical needs of the population for forest products.2002to2008, the mean "population-construction land elasticity coefficient" reached1.562, indicating a significant departure from the population growth rate of construction land, both of which changed reasonably; rapid and sustained growth of construction land per capita, population contribution index by2001's0.829continued to grow to1.694in2008, the construction land consumption for the contribution of population scaled down year by year. In the study period, the "rural population-rural construction land elastic coefficient" was generally greater than0, and an average of0.1968, has lagged far behind that of rural residential land deceleration in rural population deceleration, both of which changed reasonably; rural residential land in population load increased to2008's252.24m2per capita from1999's183.81m2per capita, exceeding far from the national standard.
Changes in number of agricultural labor in the working-age in conjunction with the changes in the number of agricultural land were poor. In overall study period,"agricultural labor-land elastic coefficient" was less than0, and a mean of-0.6494, showing that agricultural land decelerate significantly lagged behind the growth of the agricultural labor force within the working age, both of which changed reasonably; the overall bearing pressure index of agricultural land labor was greater than1and the mean value of1.69, indicating that the actual agricultural labor force in the working-age was in state of overloading in long term.
The urban population changes and changes in the number of urban land use were basically synergistic.During the study period th "urban population-land elasticcoefficient" was generally greater than1and a mean of1.0804, indicating that the growth of urban population and urban land consistent, both relative change was more reasonable; urban land population load from1999's76.44m2per capita increased to83.73m2per capita in2008, reacing the national standard.
Population industry distribution of structural changes and changes in the amount of land was more collaborative. In overall study period, the "working population in agriculture-agricultural land elastic coefficient" was greater than0and a mean of0.16, indicating that agricultural working population transfered faster in speed than farmland conversion, both of which changed relatively reasonably; the transfer rate of agricultural working population and the coordination degree of farmland conversion rate growed from1.258in1999to1.402in2008, indicating that both the rates of changes are able to adapt to each other.
(3) the synergistic characteristics of the population, structural change and changes in land quality
The evolution of the Chengdu Plain population level and its structure as well as the state of land quality coupling development process was divided into three stages, which, during the period from1999to2001, the overall population and structural level and the integrated land quality level was in weakly collaborative state; from2002to2005, the level of population structure and land quality state level was still not very collaborative; during the period from2006to2008, due to the fact that the speed of land ecological environmental decline slowed down and the land economy quality increased, in this stage the level of population size and its structure state as well as land quality state level was in synergistic state basically.
(4) The synergistic characteristics of the spatial distribution of population change and land space distribution
Population change of the spatial distribution and the land spatial distribution was in synergistic state. Counties of Chengdu Plain's (including cities, districts) land use dynamic degrees, and the degree of integrated land use change in the amount of population density changes showed a high positive correlation, both of which changed quite reasonably; higher the degree of spatial concentration of population area, the higher level of land use dynamic degrees and degree of integrated land use changing amount.
The urban population spatial distribution changes and the space distribution of urban land use change were rather synergistic. The Chengdu Plain can be divided into two types based on the degree of change of the urban population density counties (including cities, districts), each type of area's urban"population-urban construction land elastic coefficient" was greater than1, indicating that the urban population growth rate lagged behind the town land growth. The spatial distribution of both area changed more reasonably; Class Ⅰ area of urban land use and the average growth of the urban population was far more than Class Ⅱ area, the average expansion rate of the two types of regional urban land use was significantly more than the average growth rate of the urban population in the same district, reaching the national standards.
Changes of the rural population's spatial distribution and that of the space distribution of rural residential land were poorly synergistic. Based on the counties (including cities, districts) rural population density, the degree of change, the Chengdu Plain was divided into two types of regions, the relative changes in the spatial dimensions of the various types of area rural and rural residential land was unreasonable; the Ⅰ class area average rural changed far more than class Ⅱ region, but the average change in the amount of the class Ⅰ area of rural residential land were far lower than the class Ⅱ region; rural residential land in the population of the two regions average load greatly exceeded the national standard.
The spatial distribution of agricultural labor in the working-age and the overall space distribution of agricultural land were not synergistic. The agricultural labor force in the Chengdu Plain's vast majority of counties (including cities, districts) of and its agricultural land relatively changed unreasonably; according to the direction and extent of the "neutral "of the number of agricultural labor in the working age, the Chengdu Plain was divided into four regions, in each typical region the labor pressure index is greater than1, indicating that farmland carrying agricultural labor force within the working-age is in state of overloading in long term.
Population Industrial spatial distribution and its structural changes and the spatial distribution of the amount of land change is synergistic. According to the transfer level of each counties (cities, districts) in employed population in agriculture changing to non-agricultural sectors of metastasis, the Chengdu Plain was divided into three types of areas. In our study period, each type of areas the employed population in "agriculture-agricultural land elastic coefficient" was generally less thanl. indicating that both relative changes are reasonable; Class Ⅰ area farmland conversion0.1203104ha, far more than the other two regions, in each type of district, agricultural working population transfer rate and the rate of farmland conversion coordination degree were greater than1, indicating that the employed population in each type of area and agriculture and farmland conversion speed were able to adapt to each other.
Based on the characteristics of the space coupling of the population and changes in structure and land quality contact coefficient, the Chengdu Plain can be divided into five regions, the spatial distribution of the population size and structural spatial distribution as well as the space distribution of land quality in each type of region shows non-synergy state.
(5) integrated synergistic characteristics of man-land system
Based on Matter-element theory, the man and land systems synergy analyte element nearness model is established to determine the ideal goals of synergistic development of t man-land system, to construct the index system of man-land system for collaborative analysis, to calculate under the different dimensions of the individual close to the degree and comprehensive approach degree. Though comparative analysis and comprehensive judgment of "the fact" of man-land relationship and the "target state" of synergistic development in man-land systems, the results show that:
Overall, in2008, the calculation results from time dimension and spatial dimensions show that the Chengdu Plain's man-land synergy was in a "less synergic" state. Major limiting factors of man-land systems could be the forest area per capita, rural population loading of residential land, average working-age number of agricultural labor, soil pollution index and agricultural and economic output capacity. Secondary limiting factor was the arable land per capita, soil fertility index.
Judging from the time dimension, Chengdu Plain man-land system in most of the years from1999to2008, was in the "less synergic" state. Which, from1999to2001in the "synergy" state into "less synergic" from2002to2006; from2007to2008, it was still in the "less synergic" state.
From the spatial dimension, in most of the counties(including cities, districts) in the Chengdu Plain, the man-land system is not synergistic. Pixian, Wenjiang District, Qingbaijiang District, Guanghan City, as well as the Xindu District are in a "basically synergic" state;17districts including Chenghua, Jinniu, Jingyang Districts are in the state of "less synergic"; The Shifang City, An District, Jiangyou City, Jiajiang District and Pengshan County is "extremely asynergic" state.
(6) policy implications
Based on the findings above, this paper comes up with the idea of establishing a system of total foreign population control plan, making use of the population control" gate" to strictly control population mechanical growth.We should attach equal importance to arable land conservation as well as intensive land use. Make good connection land use structure and its industrial layout with the structure to optimize land use structure.Control the growth rate of urban and rural construction land.Guide the farmers to take the road of urbanization. Optimize agricultural structure. In those ways, the man-land system will develop synergically and operate continually.
基于此,本文以成都平原作为研究区域,以人地系统作为研究对象,以子系统属性特征为标识,通过深入探究人口、土地两大子系统自身的运行状态、整体功能特征以及两者在演变过程中形成的相互协调态势、共生合作程度,以此阐释不同类型的协同机理,据此识别和评判成都平原人地系统整体协同特征,从而在局部到整体的层层剖析中揭示人地关系的本质、区域人地矛盾的根源及程度,初步形成相对完整的成都平原人地系统协同性研究的基本框架,为实现区域内以“人地协同”为基本前提的社会经济发展战略以及相关政策的制定提供必要的实践指导与理论借鉴。
通过上述分析,本文得出以下主要研究结论：
(1)人口系统与土地系统状态特征
调查和统计分析结果显示,研究期内成都平原人口数量快速持续增长,人口机械增长是人口规模扩大的主要来源；人口城镇化水平较高,人口空间分布极不均衡,“城增、乡减”的数量变化特征和老龄化趋势明显；人口数量的产业分布由“一三二”型优化为“三二一”型,呈现出“一次产业减、二三次产业增”的人口产业分布结构变化特征,因此,成都平原人口系统处于发展变化和相对开放状态,人口的总体数量、城乡和产业分布结构等属性处于发展变化的相对不稳定状态。
研究期内成都平原土地系统的类型(子系统)组成相对稳定,没有发生土地类型的增和减；各土地类型的数量属性演化急剧,“耕地减、建设用地增”的特征明显；其中,耕地面积减少7.81万hm2,居民点及工矿用地增加3.79万hm2；各土地类型的质量属性变异显著,土壤有机质含量丰富,但磷、钾含量偏低,土壤污染较为严重；各土地类型的区域分布差异明显,利用特征分异显著,城镇、果粮农和林粮农三个区域的土地利用程度和用地结构差异显著,因此,成都平原土地系统正在发展变化过程中,处于类型(子系统)组成相对稳定,各土地类型(子系统)的数量、质量和分布属性不稳定的状态。
(2)人口数量、结构变化与土地类型数量变化协同性特征
通过引入“弹性系数、压力指数、贡献度指数和负载量”,对成都平原人口数量、结构变化与土地类型数量变化协同性进行研究,结果表明：
人口数量变化与耕地、林地、建设用地以及农村居民点用地数量变化的协同性较差。研究期内“人口-耕地弹性系数”总体小于0且均值为-1.45,表明耕地减速整体快于人口增速；耕地压力指数由1999年的1.1942持续上升到2008年的1.3804,表明耕地实际供给能力与人口食物消费需求长期处于“供小于求”的不平衡状态。研究期内“人口-林地弹性系数”总体大于0且均值为1.214,表明林地增速略快于人口增速,两者相对变化较合理；但人均有林地面积和人均森林蓄积量总体偏低,森林资源供给能力无法满足人口对林产品的现实需求。2002年到2008年期间,“人口-建设用地弹性系数”均值达到1.562,表明人口与建设用地增速显著背离,两者相对变化不合理；人均建设用地快速持续增长,人口贡献度指数由2001年的0.829持续增长到2008年的1.694,“建设用地消耗”对于人口规模扩大的贡献程度逐年降低。研究期内“农村人口-农村建设用地弹性系数”普遍大于0且均值为0.1968,表明农村居民点用地减速明显滞后于农村人口减速,两者相对变化不合理；农村居民点用地人口负载量由1999年的183.81m2/人持续增长到2008年的252.24m2/人,远超过国家标准。
劳动年龄内农业劳动力数量变化与农用地数量变化协同性较差。研究期内“农业劳动力-农用地弹性系数”总体小于0且均值为-0.6494,表明农用地减速明显滞后于劳动年龄内农业劳动力增速,两者相对变化不合理；研究期内农地劳动力承载压力指数总体大于1且均值达到1.69,表明劳动年龄内实际农业劳动力长期处于超载状态。
城镇人口数量变化与城镇用地数量变化基本协同。研究期内“城镇人口-城镇用地弹性系数”普遍大于1且均值为1.0804,表明城镇人口与城镇用地增速基本吻合,两者相对变化较合理；城镇用地人口负载量由1999年的76.44m2/人增长到2008年的83.73m2/人,达到国家标准。
人口产业分布结构变化与土地类型数量变化较为协同。研究期内“农业从业人口-农用地弹性系数”总体大于0且均值为0.16,表明农业从业人口转移速度快于农地非农化速度,两者相对变化较合理；农业从业人口转移率与农地非农化率协调度由1999年的1.258增长到2008年的1.402,表明两者变化速度能够相互适应。
(3)人口数量、结构变化与土地质量变化协同性特征
将成都平原人口数量及结构状态水平与土地质量状态水平耦合发展的演进过程划分为三个阶段,其中,1999年到2001年期间,人口数量及结构状态水平与土地综合质量状态水平总体处于弱不协同状态；2002年到2005年期间,人口数量及结构状态水平与土地综合质量状态水平依然不甚协同；2006年到2008年期间,由于土地生态环境质量下降速度的放缓以及土地经济质量的大幅度提升,促使这一阶段人口数量及结构状态水平与土地综合质量状态水平进入到基本协同状态。
(4)人口空间分布变化与土地空间分布变化协同性特征
人口数量空间分布变化与土地类型数量空间分布变化较为协同。成都平原各县(市、区)人口密度变化量与土地综合利用动态度以及土地综合利用程度变化量均呈高度正相关性,两者相对变化较合理；人口空间集聚程度越高的区域,其土地综合利用动态度和土地综合利用程度变化量保持着相对较高水平。
城镇人口空间分布变化与城镇用地空间分布变化较为协同。依据各县(市、区)城镇人口密度变化程度,将成都平原划分为两类区域,各类型区“城镇人口-城镇建设用地弹性系数”都大于1,说明城镇人口增速滞后于城镇用地增速,两者的空间分布变化较合理；Ⅰ类区域城镇用地和城镇人口平均增长量远超过Ⅱ类区域,两类区域城镇用地平均扩张率明显超过同区城镇人口平均增长率,并达到国家标准。
农村人口空间分布变化与农村居民点用地空间分布变化协同性较差。依据各县(市、区)农村人口密度变化程度,将成都平原划分为两类区域,各类型区农村人口与农村居民点用地在空间维度上的相对变化不合理；Ⅰ类区域农村人口平均变化量远超过Ⅱ类区域,但Ⅰ类区域农村居民点用地平均变化量却远低于Ⅱ类区域；两类区域农村居民点用地人口平均负载量大大超过国家标准。
劳动年龄内农业劳动力空间分布变化与农用地空间分布变化整体不协同。成都平原绝大多数县(市、区)劳动年龄内农业劳动力与农用地相对变化不合理；按照劳动年龄内农业劳动力数量“增减”变化方向及程度,将成都平原划分为四类区域,各类型区在研究期内农地劳动力承载压力指数均值都大于1,表明农用地承载劳动年龄内农业劳动力长期处于超载状态。
人口产业空间分布结构变化与土地类型数量空间分布变化较为协同。依据各县(市、区)农业从业人口向非农产业转移程度,将成都平原划分为三大类型区,各类型区在研究期内的“农业从业人口-农用地弹性系数”均值普遍小于1,表明两者相对变化较合理；研究期内I类区域农地非农化数量达到0.1203万hm2,远远超过其它两类区域,各类型区农业从业人口转移率与农地非农化率协调度均值都大于1,表明各类型区农业从业人口与农地非农化速度能够相互适应。
基于各县(市、区)人口数量及结构与土地质量联系度系数变化的空间耦合特征,将成都平原划分为五类区域,各类型区人口数量及结构空间分布变化与土地质量空间分布变化均呈现出不协同状态。
(5)人地系统综合协同性特征
以物元理论为基础,建立人地系统综合协同性分析物元贴近度模型,确定人地系统协同发展的理想目标,构建人地系统综合协同性分析的指标体系,计算不同维度下的单项贴近度和综合贴近度,并通过人地关系“事实现状”与实现人地系统协同发展的“目标状态”进行综合对比分析和综合判断,结果表明：
从总体上看,2008年、时间维度和空间维度的贴近度计算结果显示,成都平原人地协同整体处于“较不协同”状态,人地系统协同性的主要限制因子是人均有林地面积、农村居民点用地人口负载量、地均劳动年龄内农业劳动力数量、土壤污染指数和农用地经济产出能力,次要限制因子是人均耕地面积、土壤肥力指数。
从时间维度上看,从1999年到2008年期间,成都平原人地系统大多数年份处于“较不协同”状态。其中,1999年到2001年处于“基本协同”状态；2002年到2006年进入到“较不协同”状态；2007年到2008年仍然处于“较不协同”状态。
从空间维度上看,成都平原大多数县(市、区)人地系统处于不协同状态。其中,郫县、温江区、青白江区、广汉市以及新都区处于“基本协同”状态；成华区、金牛区、旌阳区等17个县(市、区)处于“较不协同”状态；什邡市、安县、江油市、夹江县以及彭山县处于“极不协同”状态。
(6)政策启示
根据以上研究结果,提出了建立外来人口总量控制计划制度,严格控制人口机械增长；坚持保护耕地和节约用地并重,将土地利用结构与产业布局和结构紧密结合,使土地利用结构逐步优化；控制城乡建设用地增速,严格审批和控制农村非农建设用地,提高农村居民点用地效率；引导农民走城镇化道路,优化农业结构；积极发展二、三产业,为农业剩余劳动力的产业转移和空间转移创造有利条件等对策建议,以促进人地系统的协同发展和持续运行。
From the prospective of analyzing Man-land connection based on the theory of system, this paper holds the view that population system and land system are most important and basic sub-systems for the social-ecosystem. Man-land system is a aggregate of population sub-system and land sub-system which have a affirmative connection. Its synergy is primarily embodied as the time series and the collaborative relationship between the two sub-systems.
Based on this, in this paper the Chengdu Plain is considered as the study area, man-land system is considered as the research object. The subsystem's attribute and characteristics are used to as the sigh. By identifying two major subsystems of the population and land thoroughly, the overall features of both evolution formed in the process of coordination posture symbiotic degree of cooperation, this paper is able to explain the different types of collaborative mechanism, pursuant to which the identification and evaluation the Chengdu Plain man-land system as a whole collaborative feature, local to the whole layers of analysis reveals the relationship between people and landnature, causes and extent of the regional human contradiction, initially forming a relatively complete Chengdu Plain's basic framework of the synergy. Then the conclusions can be the basic premise of the socio-economic development strategy and related policies and the necessary practical guidance.
Through the analysis, the thesis gives the following main research conclusions:
(1) Status and characteristics of the population systems and land system
Investigation and statistical analysis of the results shows that population of the Chengdu Plain growed rapidly. Mechanical population growth was a major source of population growth. The level of urbanization of the population was rather high and spatial distribution of population was imbalanced. The number variation and aging trends "The city grows while the country decreases" were obvious; the population distribution of industry was optimized from "one-three-two" to "three-two-one", showing that the industrial population distribution first industry decreased while that of the second and third industry increased. Therefore, the Chengdu Plain population system was in developmental changes and relatively open state, the overall number of the population, urban and rural, and industrial distribution structure properties in the development and changes was in the relative state of limbo.
In our study period the components of the Chengdu Plain land system was relatively stable without much growth and reduction; the quantitativeattributes of the various types of land changed rapidly, the characteristics of "farmland decreases, the construction land increases" was significant; including arable land area decreased by78,100ha,37,900ha increase in residential and industrial land; significant quality attribute variability of the various types of land, soil rich in organic matter content, but low levels of phosphorus, potassium, soil contamination was more serious; differences in regional distribution of the various types of land obviously, taking advantage of the characteristics of differentiation significantly towns, fruit FAO and three regional forest FAO degree of land-use and land-use structure were significantly different, Chengdu Plain land system was the development of the process of change in the type (subsystems) composed of a relatively stable the quantity, quality and distribution properties of various types of land (subsystem) unstable state.
(2)The synergistic characteristics of population, structural changes and changes in the number of types of land
By introducing elastic coefficient, pressure index, the index of the contribution and the load on the population structure change with research of the number of types of land change, the results show that:
Changes in the population were poorly synergistic with the change of arable land, forest land, land for construction, as well as rural residential land. In overall study period the "population-cultivated land elastic coefficient" was less than0and the mean value is of-1.45, indicating farmland deceleration overall faster than population growth; farmland pressure index increased to2008's1.3804from1999's1.1942, indicating that the actual supply of arable land capacity and population demand for food consumption in the long term for less than the imbalance. In our verall study period,"population-woodland elasticity coefficient" was greater than0and the mean value of1.214, indicating that the woodland growth rate was slightly faster than the population growth, both of which changed reasonably; woodland area and forest stock volume per capita overall low per capita forest resources supply capacity can not meet the practical needs of the population for forest products.2002to2008, the mean "population-construction land elasticity coefficient" reached1.562, indicating a significant departure from the population growth rate of construction land, both of which changed reasonably; rapid and sustained growth of construction land per capita, population contribution index by2001's0.829continued to grow to1.694in2008, the construction land consumption for the contribution of population scaled down year by year. In the study period, the "rural population-rural construction land elastic coefficient" was generally greater than0, and an average of0.1968, has lagged far behind that of rural residential land deceleration in rural population deceleration, both of which changed reasonably; rural residential land in population load increased to2008's252.24m2per capita from1999's183.81m2per capita, exceeding far from the national standard.
Changes in number of agricultural labor in the working-age in conjunction with the changes in the number of agricultural land were poor. In overall study period,"agricultural labor-land elastic coefficient" was less than0, and a mean of-0.6494, showing that agricultural land decelerate significantly lagged behind the growth of the agricultural labor force within the working age, both of which changed reasonably; the overall bearing pressure index of agricultural land labor was greater than1and the mean value of1.69, indicating that the actual agricultural labor force in the working-age was in state of overloading in long term.
The urban population changes and changes in the number of urban land use were basically synergistic.During the study period th "urban population-land elasticcoefficient" was generally greater than1and a mean of1.0804, indicating that the growth of urban population and urban land consistent, both relative change was more reasonable; urban land population load from1999's76.44m2per capita increased to83.73m2per capita in2008, reacing the national standard.
Population industry distribution of structural changes and changes in the amount of land was more collaborative. In overall study period, the "working population in agriculture-agricultural land elastic coefficient" was greater than0and a mean of0.16, indicating that agricultural working population transfered faster in speed than farmland conversion, both of which changed relatively reasonably; the transfer rate of agricultural working population and the coordination degree of farmland conversion rate growed from1.258in1999to1.402in2008, indicating that both the rates of changes are able to adapt to each other.
(3) the synergistic characteristics of the population, structural change and changes in land quality
The evolution of the Chengdu Plain population level and its structure as well as the state of land quality coupling development process was divided into three stages, which, during the period from1999to2001, the overall population and structural level and the integrated land quality level was in weakly collaborative state; from2002to2005, the level of population structure and land quality state level was still not very collaborative; during the period from2006to2008, due to the fact that the speed of land ecological environmental decline slowed down and the land economy quality increased, in this stage the level of population size and its structure state as well as land quality state level was in synergistic state basically.
(4) The synergistic characteristics of the spatial distribution of population change and land space distribution
Population change of the spatial distribution and the land spatial distribution was in synergistic state. Counties of Chengdu Plain's (including cities, districts) land use dynamic degrees, and the degree of integrated land use change in the amount of population density changes showed a high positive correlation, both of which changed quite reasonably; higher the degree of spatial concentration of population area, the higher level of land use dynamic degrees and degree of integrated land use changing amount.
The urban population spatial distribution changes and the space distribution of urban land use change were rather synergistic. The Chengdu Plain can be divided into two types based on the degree of change of the urban population density counties (including cities, districts), each type of area's urban"population-urban construction land elastic coefficient" was greater than1, indicating that the urban population growth rate lagged behind the town land growth. The spatial distribution of both area changed more reasonably; Class Ⅰ area of urban land use and the average growth of the urban population was far more than Class Ⅱ area, the average expansion rate of the two types of regional urban land use was significantly more than the average growth rate of the urban population in the same district, reaching the national standards.
Changes of the rural population's spatial distribution and that of the space distribution of rural residential land were poorly synergistic. Based on the counties (including cities, districts) rural population density, the degree of change, the Chengdu Plain was divided into two types of regions, the relative changes in the spatial dimensions of the various types of area rural and rural residential land was unreasonable; the Ⅰ class area average rural changed far more than class Ⅱ region, but the average change in the amount of the class Ⅰ area of rural residential land were far lower than the class Ⅱ region; rural residential land in the population of the two regions average load greatly exceeded the national standard.
The spatial distribution of agricultural labor in the working-age and the overall space distribution of agricultural land were not synergistic. The agricultural labor force in the Chengdu Plain's vast majority of counties (including cities, districts) of and its agricultural land relatively changed unreasonably; according to the direction and extent of the "neutral "of the number of agricultural labor in the working age, the Chengdu Plain was divided into four regions, in each typical region the labor pressure index is greater than1, indicating that farmland carrying agricultural labor force within the working-age is in state of overloading in long term.
Population Industrial spatial distribution and its structural changes and the spatial distribution of the amount of land change is synergistic. According to the transfer level of each counties (cities, districts) in employed population in agriculture changing to non-agricultural sectors of metastasis, the Chengdu Plain was divided into three types of areas. In our study period, each type of areas the employed population in "agriculture-agricultural land elastic coefficient" was generally less thanl. indicating that both relative changes are reasonable; Class Ⅰ area farmland conversion0.1203104ha, far more than the other two regions, in each type of district, agricultural working population transfer rate and the rate of farmland conversion coordination degree were greater than1, indicating that the employed population in each type of area and agriculture and farmland conversion speed were able to adapt to each other.
Based on the characteristics of the space coupling of the population and changes in structure and land quality contact coefficient, the Chengdu Plain can be divided into five regions, the spatial distribution of the population size and structural spatial distribution as well as the space distribution of land quality in each type of region shows non-synergy state.
(5) integrated synergistic characteristics of man-land system
Based on Matter-element theory, the man and land systems synergy analyte element nearness model is established to determine the ideal goals of synergistic development of t man-land system, to construct the index system of man-land system for collaborative analysis, to calculate under the different dimensions of the individual close to the degree and comprehensive approach degree. Though comparative analysis and comprehensive judgment of "the fact" of man-land relationship and the "target state" of synergistic development in man-land systems, the results show that:
Overall, in2008, the calculation results from time dimension and spatial dimensions show that the Chengdu Plain's man-land synergy was in a "less synergic" state. Major limiting factors of man-land systems could be the forest area per capita, rural population loading of residential land, average working-age number of agricultural labor, soil pollution index and agricultural and economic output capacity. Secondary limiting factor was the arable land per capita, soil fertility index.
Judging from the time dimension, Chengdu Plain man-land system in most of the years from1999to2008, was in the "less synergic" state. Which, from1999to2001in the "synergy" state into "less synergic" from2002to2006; from2007to2008, it was still in the "less synergic" state.
From the spatial dimension, in most of the counties(including cities, districts) in the Chengdu Plain, the man-land system is not synergistic. Pixian, Wenjiang District, Qingbaijiang District, Guanghan City, as well as the Xindu District are in a "basically synergic" state;17districts including Chenghua, Jinniu, Jingyang Districts are in the state of "less synergic"; The Shifang City, An District, Jiangyou City, Jiajiang District and Pengshan County is "extremely asynergic" state.
(6) policy implications
Based on the findings above, this paper comes up with the idea of establishing a system of total foreign population control plan, making use of the population control" gate" to strictly control population mechanical growth.We should attach equal importance to arable land conservation as well as intensive land use. Make good connection land use structure and its industrial layout with the structure to optimize land use structure.Control the growth rate of urban and rural construction land.Guide the farmers to take the road of urbanization. Optimize agricultural structure. In those ways, the man-land system will develop synergically and operate continually.
引文
[1]毕宝德.土地经济学[M].北京：中国人民大学出版社,2001：6-7.
[2]Odum.H.T.Systems Ecology [M].New York:John Wiely&Sons,1983,9-11.
[3]David Romer. Advanced Macroeconomics [M]. America:McGraw-Hill,1996,33-47.
[4]杨杨,吴次芳,罗罡辉,等.中国水土资源对经济的“增长阻尼”研究[J].经济地理,2007,27(4)：529-537.
[5]张大勇.土地资源有效利用与生态平衡发展研究——以北京密云县为例[D].北京：中国地质大学,2009,1-2.
[6]国土资源部.中国耕地质量等级调查与评价[R].北京：大地出版社,2010,33-35.
[7]孙英兰.中国耕地质量问题严重、未来农业将面临严峻挑战[EB/OL].瞭望新闻周刊,http:// www.chinanews.com,2010-9-21.
[8]水利部,中国科学院,中国工程院.中国水土流失防治与生态安全(总卷)[M].北京：科学出版社,2010.56-61.
[9]王炳春.论中国农地资源安全[D].沈阳：东北农业大学,2007,1-2.
[10]黄利民.农地边际化及其效益研究[D].武汉：华中农业大学,2009：2-3.
[11]李学勇.推进新的农业科技革命的探索与实践[M].北京：中国农业出版社,2002：17-21.
[12]赫特纳.地理学——它的历史、性质和任务[M].北京：商务印书馆,1986,20-21.
[13]索维.人口通论(上册)[M].北京：商务印书馆,1978,4：349-350.
[14]普雷斯顿·詹姆斯,杰弗里·马丁.地理学思想史[M].北京：商务印书馆,1989,129-138.
[15]李宁.从人地关系原理和可持续发展观点论合理开发国土资源[J].国土与自然资源研究,1997,(3)：6-9.
[16]奥威比克(荷).人口理论史[M].北京：商务印书馆,1988,16-19.
[17]朱国宏.人地关系论——中国人口与土地关系问题的系统研究[M].上海：复旦大学出版社,1996,28-29.
[18]Fischer.G and Sun.L.Modelbased analysis of future land-ues development in china[J]. Agricul-ture,Ecosystems and Environment,2001,8(5):163-176.
[19]李旭旦.人文地理学论丛[M].北京：人民教育出版社,1986：56-61.
[20]吴传钧.论地理学的研究核心——人地关系地域系统[J].经济地理,1991,11(3)：1-6.
[21]詹姆斯.地理学思想史[M].李旭旦[译].北京：商务印书馆,1982：21-24.
[22]Robin.A.The Ethics of Environmental Concern [M].England Oxford:Basic Blackwell Publish, 2003:30-70.
[23]Jammer.Concepts of Space [M].Cambridge:Cambridge Mass,2004.
[24]Gary.L.Gaile, Cort.J.Willmott.Geography in America [M].Ohio:Merrill Publishing Company, 1989.
[25]马润潮.人文主义与后现代化主义之兴起及西方新区域地理学之发展[J].地理学报1999,54(4)：365-372.
[26]Meadows.D.H, Randers.J.Limits to Growth:The 30 year Update [M].Post Mills, VT:Chelsea Green,2007
[27]James P.Curry, David Byrne, Olaf Schmidt. Intensive cultivation can drastically reduce earth-worm populations in arable land[J].European Journal of Soil Biology,2010,38:12-13.
[28]Durr.H.The Synopsis of Large Scale Maps and the Study of Man-Land Systems [J].Resource Management and Optimiz,2003,2(3):259-269.
[29](?).(?).穆欣娜.自然——人为地理系统的主要原理[J].地理译报,1990,9(2)：3-4.
[30]赵明华,韩荣青.地理学人地关系与人地系统研究现状评述[J].地域研究与开发,2004,23(5)：6-10.
[31]廖克.关于地球表层动态机制与人地系统调控的研究[J].地球科学进展,1992,6(1)：28-33.
[32]吴传钧,侯锋.现代经济地理学[M].南京:江苏教育出版社,1997：4-6.
[33]Li Xiaojian,Peterson.J.Assessing Regional Sustainability:the case of land use and land cover change in the Middle Yiluo catchments of the Yellow River basin, China[J].Applied Geography, 2003,21:87-106.
[34]Haraldsson.H.V.Is ecological living in Sweden different from conventional living? [D].Lund University master thesis,1998:36-38.
[35]Gerhardus.S.Critical environmental indicators:performance indices and assessment models for sustainable rural development planning [J].Ecological Modelling,2011,130(1):47-58.
[36]H.Hengsdik, B.A.M.Bouman, A.Nieuwenhuyse, H.G.P.Jansen.Quantification of land use Sys-tems Using technical coefficient generators:a case study for the Northern Atlantic zone of Costa Rica[J]. Agriculral Systems,2009,61:109-121.
[37]Beek.k.J.Bennema J.Land evaluation for agricultural land use planning:an ecological methodo- logy[M].Department of soil science and geology, agricultural university, Wageningen, the Net-herlands,2007,144-145.
[38]Kesel.R.H,Yodis.E.G,Mccraw.D.J..An approximation of the sediment budget of the lower Missi-ssippi River prior to major human modification[J]. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms, 2002(17):711-722.
[39]Lautze.J,Reeves.M,Vega.R,et al.Water allocation,climate change,and sustainable peace the Isra-eli Proposal[J].Water International,2005,30(2):197-209.
[40]栾玉广.系统自然观[M].北京：科学出版社,2003,36-38.
[41]中国辩证唯物主义研究会.系统科学的哲学探讨[M].北京：中国人民出版社,1988,92-94.
[42]杨吾扬,江美球.地理学与人地关系[J].地理学报,1982,47(2)：206-214.
[43]何怀宇.生态伦理：精神资源与哲学基础[M].保定：河北大学出版社,2002,291-292.
[44]楼洪豪·和谐人地关系构建与农村人口空间布局重构[J].农业经济问题,2008,3:84-89.
[45]郭来喜.当代中国人文地理学研究进展述要[J].人文地理,1994,9(3)：1-7.
[46]何炳隶.1368-1953中国人口研究[M].上海：上海古籍出版社,1989.
[47]吴传钧,郭焕成.中国土地利用[M].北京：科学出版社,1994：1-50.
[48]李后强,艾南山.人地协同论——兼论人地系统的若干非线性动力学问题[J].地球科学进展,1996,11(2)：178-184.
[49]李后强.人地协同论：持续发展模型构建的基础[J].中国人口·资源与环境.1998,8(3)：48-53.
[50]吴传钧,刘昌明,吴履平.世纪之交的中国地理学[M].北京：人民教育出版社,1999,304-305.
[51]段海澎,陈永波.可持续发展与PRED系统及人地关系[J].自然辩证法通讯,1997(6)：7-9.
[52]蔡运龙.持续发展——人地系统优化的新思路[J].应用生态学报,1995,6(3)：329-333.
[53]方创琳.区域发展规划的人地系统动力学基础[J].地学前缘,2000(专刊)：17-20.
[54]王长征,刘毅.人地关系时空特性分析[J].地域研究与开发,2004,23(1)：7-10.
[55]申玉铭.论人地关系的演变与人地系统优化研究[J].人文地理,1998,13(4)：30-34.
[56]马世骏,王如松.社会-经济-自然复合生态系统[J].生态学报,1984,4(1)：1-7.
[57]马洪元.试论民俗演化与人地关系发展的内在联系[J].人文地理,1992,7(1)：18-24.
[58]曹诗图.文化与地理环境[J].人文地理,1994,9(2)：49-53.
[59]胡兆量.技术在人地关系中的媒介作用[J].中国人口·资源与环境,1991,(2)：10-12.
[60]刘继生,陈涛.人地非线性相关作用的探讨[J].地理科学,1997,17(3)：224-229.
[61]方修琦,张兰生.论人地关系的异化与人地系统研究[J].人文地理,1996,11(6)：4-9.
[62]王爱民,樊胜岳,刘加林,等.人地关系的理论透视[J].人文地理,1999,12(2)：38-42.
[63]蔡运龙.论城市人地系统[J].地理研究,1997,16(增)：68-73.
[64]陈佑启,武伟.城乡交错带人地系统的特征及其演变机制分析[J].地理科学,1998,18(5)：418-424.
[65]陈慧琳.南方岩溶区人地系统的基本地域分异探讨[J].地理研究,2000,19(1)：73-79.
[66]毛汉英.区域发展与区域规划——理论·方法·实践[M].北京：商务印书馆,2008：117-124.
[67]程叶青.基于系统动力学方法的人地系统优化调控研究[J].中国科学院研究生院学报,2006,23(1)：83-90.
[68]郭来喜,陆大道.人地关系与经济布局理论创新与突破——论吴传钧院士的地理学思想[J].云南地理环境研究,1998(1)：1-7.
[69]温琰茂,柯雄侃,王峰.人地系统可持续发展评价体系与方法研究[J].地球科学进展,1999,14(1)：52-54.
[70]李亦秋,邓欧,熊康宁.典型卡斯特农村社区可持续发展指标体系的构建及评价——贵州花江石漠化综合治理示范区的实证研究[J].贵州农业科学,2005,33(1)：80-82.
[71]唐剑武.环境承载力及其在环境规划中的初步应用[J].中国环境科学,1997,17(1)：5-9.
[72]陆大道.关于地理学的“人-地系统”理论研究[J].地理研究,2002,21(2)：135-139.
[73]刘继生,陈彦光.基于GIS的细胞自动机模型与人地关系的复杂性探讨[J].地理研究,2002,21(2)：155-162.
[74]王建华,顾元勋,孙林岩.人地关系的系统动力学研究[J].系统工程理论与实践,2003,(1)：125-131.
[75]王耕.人与自然区域系统的人类生态学模式[J].西北师范大学学报(自然版),1999,35(1)：63-66.
[76]吕拉昌.中国人地关系协调与可持续发展的方法选择[J].地理学与国土研究,1999,15(2)：14-17.
[77]吴殿廷.人地系统动力学研究中的几个问题[J].热带地理,1997,17(1)：95-98.
[78]王爱民,刘加林,缪磊磊,等.人地关系研究中的土地利用特征指标分析——以兰州市为例[J].经济地理,1999,19(1)：62-66.
[79]周尚意,张萌.区域尺度与人地关系探讨[A].认识地理过程关注人类家园——中国地理学会2003年学术年会文集[C],武汉：武汉出版社,2003,68-70.
[80]毛芬芳.能源基地的人地关系冲突与协调[J].能源基地建设,1996,6：11-13.
[81]封志明,杨艳昭,张晶.中国基于人粮关系的土地资源承载力研究：从分县到全国[J].自然资源学报,2008,23(5)：865-875.
[82]郭伟峰,王武科.关中平原人地关系地域系统结构耦合的关联分析[J].水士保持研究,2009,16(5)：110-115.
[83]王武科,李同升,张洁.关中平原全新世以来人地关系地域系统时空演变分析[J].地域研究与开发,2009,28(6)：32-37.
[84]郭晓佳,陈兴鹏,张子龙,等.宁夏人地系统的物质代谢和生态效率研究——基于能值分析理论[J].生态环境学报,2009,18(3)：967-973.
[85]马海龙.宁夏平原人地关系地域系统研究[D].银川：宁夏大学,2005：22-23.
[86]王长征,刘毅.沿海地区人地关系演化及优化分析[J].中国人口·资源与环境,2003,13(6)：91-96.
[87]毛汉英,余丹林.环渤海地区区域承载力研究[J].地理学报,2001,56(3)：363-370.
[88]温琰茂,柯雄侃,王峰.广东沿海经济高速发展区人地系统可持续发展研究[J].地理科学,1998,18(2)：122-128.
[89]谭灵芝,王国友.新疆墨玉绿洲耕地变化及人地关系演进驱动力研究[J].地域研究与开发,2010,29(2)：110-115.
[90]肖波.塔里木盆地南缘喀尔克绿洲人地关系动态变化研究[D].乌鲁木齐：新疆大学,2007：4-5.
[91]欧阳玲.科尔沁沙地农牧交错带人地关系优化调控实证研究——以敖汉旗母子山村为例[D]呼和浩特：内蒙古师范大学,2007：13-14.
[92]张力小.宋豫秦.三种生产理论在北方荒漠化地区人地系统分析中的应用[J].中国人口·资源与环境,2003,13(6)：101-104.
[93]胡启武,尧波,刘影,等.鄱阳湖区人地关系转变及其驱动力分析[J].长江流域资源与环境,2010,19(6)：628-633.
[94]张洁.渭河流域(干流地区)人地关系地域系统演变及其优化研究[D].西安：西北大学,2010：8-9.
[95]吴映梅,沈琼.西南区人地关系演进状态综合评价[J].西南师范大学学报(自然科学版),2006,31(6)：148-152.
[96]王爱民,刘加林,高翔.青藏高原东北缘及其毗邻地区人地关系地域系统研究[J].经济地理,2000,20(2)：31-35.
[97]杨杨,吴次芳,韦仕川.浙江省人地关系变化阶段特征及调整策略[J].中国人口·资源与环境,2007,17(1)：61-65.
[98]乔家君.区域人地关系定量研究[J].人文地理,2005,1：81-84.
[99]乔家君.中国中部农区村域人地关系系统定量研究——河南省巩义市吴沟村、潺沱村、孝南村的实证分析[D].开封：河南大学,2004：31-32.
[100]刘兆德,陈素青.经济高速发展地区人地系统可持续性评价研究[J].农业系统科学与综合研究,2004,20(4)：261-264.
[101]郭晓佳,陈兴鹏,张满银.甘肃少数民族地区人地系统物质代谢和生态效率研究[J].干旱区资源与环境,2010,24(7)：27-33.
[102]胡恩华,刘洪.管理科学研究范式的转换——以复杂性科学为研究视角[J].系统科学学报,2007,15(1)：74-78.
[103]四川省农业厅.四川农业统计年鉴(2009)[M].成都：四川省农业出版社,2010.
[104]王振健.成都平原主要水耕人为土土系划分研究[D].雅安：四川农业大学,2002,4-5.
[105]成都水稻土.成都市农牧局(内部资料).
[106]成都土种志.成都市农牧局(内部资料).
[107]黄成毅.成都平原耕地资源系统协同性分析与调控研究[D].成都：四川农业大学,2011：37-38.
[108]朱钟麟,邓良基,李昆,等.四川省耕地和水资源紧缺性评价及可持续利用研究[R].四川省农科院土壤肥料研究所,四川农业大学资源环境学院,成都土壤肥料测试中心,2008.
[109]杨斌.都江堰水利可持续发展与成都平原经济社会发展的关系研究[D].成都：成都理工大学,2009,4-5.
[110]四川省水利厅.四川省水资源公报[R].1999-2009.
[111]黄磊.成都平原农村建设模式研究[D].成都：西南交通大学,2007,22-23.
[112]四川省统计局,国家统计局四川调查总队.四川统计年鉴(2010)[M].北京：中国统计出版社,2011.
[113]吴传钧.人地关系地域系统的理论研究及调控[J].云南师范大学学报(哲学社会科学版),2008,40(2)：1-3.
[114]Torrens,P.M.,Benenson,I.Geographic automata systems:from household to urban structures [J]. Internationl Journal of Geographical Information Science,2005,19(4):385-412.
[115]左伟,周慧珍.人地关系系统及其调控[J].人文地理,2001,16(1)：68-69.
[116]王黎明.区域可持续发展——基于人地关系地域系统的视角[M].京：中国经济出版社,1998：77-79.
[117]陆大道,樊杰.2050：中国的区域发展(中国至2050年区域科技发展路线图研究报告)[R].北京：科学出版社,2009：31-32.
[118]马卓.论人与自然的“伙伴”关系[D].广州：华南师范大学：2002,17-18.
[119]李秀彬.从人地利用看人地关系的演变[J].地理教育,2009,(6)：4-5.
[120]Tayfun Cay,Turgut Ayten,Fatih Iscan.Effects of different land reallocation models on the succ-ess of land consolidation projects:Social and economic approaches[J].Land Use Policy,2009, (3):1-8.
[121]郝成元,吴绍洪,杨勤业.人地关系的科学演进[J].软科学,2004,18(4)：1-3.
[122]姚辉,潘玉君,丁生,等.人地关系演进状态系数与结果评价[J].中国人口·资源与环境,2010,20(5)：161-164.
[123]郭跃,王佐成.历史演进中的人地关系[J].重庆师范学院学报(自然科学版),2001,18(1)：22-31.
[124]香宝,银山.人地系统演化及人地关系理论的考察[J].中国人口·资源与环境,2000,10(专刊)：1-2.
[125]胡兆量.地理学基本规律及其对社会发展的影响[J].地球科学进展,1991,(6)：19-23.
[126]胡兆量.人地关系发展规律[J].四川师范大学学报(自然科学版),1996,19(1)：25-30.
[127]王成超.人地系统复杂机理剖析[J].海南师范大学学报(自然科学版),2010,23(2)：219-223.
[128]叶岱夫.人地关系地域系统与可持续发展的相互作用机理初探[J].地理研究,2006,20(3)：307-314.
[129]IGBP.Global change and earth system:a planet.Executive Summary[A].In:Steffen W.,Eliott S.,et al.IGBP secretariat[C].Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences,2004.
[130]H J Geist & E F Lambin.What Drives Tropical Deforestation?——A meta-analysis of proxi-mate and underlying causes of deforestation based on sub-national case study evidence[N]. LUCC Report Series No.4.,2011.
[131]Burgi M,Turner M G.Factors and processes shaping land cover and land cover changes along the Wisconsin river[J].Ecosystems,2010,(2):184-201.
[132]潘玉君,武友德.地理科学导论[M].北京：科学出版社,2009：104-105.
[133]吴传钧.中国农业与农村经济可持续发展问题：不同类型地区实证研究[M].北京：中国环境科学出版社,2001,82-83.
[134]朱红波.中国耕地资源安全研究[M].成都：四川大学出版社,2008,38-39.
[135]韩永学.人地关系协调系统的建立一一对生态伦理学的一个重要补充[J].自然辩证法研究,2004,20(5)：5-9.
[136]焦宝玉.人与环境相互作用理论一一人地关系理论及其调控[J].环境保护与循环经济,2011,3：14-16.
[137]周诚.土地经济学原理[M].北京：商务印书馆,2007,62-63.
[138]曲福田.资源经济学[M].北京：中国农业出版社,2006,22-23.
[139]H·范里安.微观经济学：现代观点[M].费方域[译].上海：上海人民出版社,2004,99-103.
[140]冯·贝塔朗菲.一般系统论：基础、发展和应用[M].北京：清华大学出版社,1987,51-52.
[141]马建华,管华.系统科学及其在地理学中的应用[M].北京：科学出版社,2002：22-23.
[142]李秀娟.吉林省国有林区经济社会环境系统协调发展评价研究[D].北京：北京林业大学,2008,29-34.
[143]赵桂慎,于法稳,尚杰.生态经济学[M].北京：化学工业出版社,2008,28-35.
[144]陈明.协同论与人类社会[J].系统辩证学学报,2005,(4)：89-92.
[145]白烈湖.管理协同机制研究[D].武汉：武汉科技大学,2005：32-33.
[146]席酉民,尚玉钒.和谐管理思想与当代和谐管理理论[J].西安交通大学学报(社会科学版),2001,21(3)：23-26.
[147]H.哈肯(著),张纪岳(译).协同学导论[M].西安：西北大学出版社,1981：22-24.
[148]H.哈肯(著),郭治安(译).高等协同学[M].北京：科学出版社,1989：8-12.
[149]曾健,张一方.社会协同学[M].北京：科学出版社,2000,24-25.
[150]郭治安,沈小峰.协同论[M].太原：山西经济出版社,1991：37-39.
[151]吴大进,曹力,陈立华.协同学原理和应用[M].武汉：华中理工大学出版社,1990：11-13.
[152]杨朝现.人地关系协调视角下的土地整理[D].重庆：西南大学,2010,35-36.
[153]李魁.人口年龄结构变动与经济增长--兼论中国人口红利[D].武汉：武汉大学,2010,46-47.
[154]孙文忠.人口转变理论新论——兼论人口量质发展理论[J].人口与经济,2008,4：1-7.
[155]陈玲玲,林振山,谢正磊.人类活动与土地资源的动力学关系研究[J].水土保持究,2007,14(2)：239-242.
[156]WCED.Our common future[M].New York:Oxford University Press,1987.
[157]刘青松,邹欣庆,左平.可持续发展简论[M].北京：中国环境科学出版社,2003：7-13.
[158]钱兆华.论系统的协调[J].系统辨证学学报,2000,8(1)：22-25.
[159]王维国.协调发展的理论与方法研究[M].北京：中国财政经济出版社,2000：10-12.
[160]杜志平,穆东.构建矿城耦合系统协同发展体系的研究[J].中国软科学,2003(9)：21-25.
[161]成思危.复杂性科学探索[M].北京：民主与建设出版社,1999：101-103.
[162]李爱花,李原园,郦建强.水资源与经济社会及生态环境系统协同发展初探[J].人民长江,2011,42(18)：117-121.
[163]沈小峰,胡岗,姜璐.耗散结构论[M].上海：上海人民出版社,1987：62-63.
[164]吴彤.自组织方法论研究[M]北京：清华大学出版社,2001：279-280.
[165]曾国屏.竞争与协同：系统发展的动力和源泉[J].系统辩证学学报,1996,7：7-13.
[166]李树茁,刘晓兵.系统工程在人口研究中的应用[J].西安交通大学学报(社会科学版),2006,26(3)：55-62.
[167]成都市人口计生委.成都市人口发展现状、问题及对策——基于第六次全国人口普查人口数据的初步分析[R].内部资料,2000.
[168]国家人口计生委.中国流动人口发展报告(2010-2011)[EB/OL].中国政府法制信息网,http: //www.chinalaw.gov.cn,2010-10-10.
[169]梁强.人口与经济、环境协调发展问题研究[D].沈阳：东北财经大学,2010,93-94.
[170]国家人口发展战略研究课题组.国家人口发展战略研究报告[J].人口研究,2007,1：1-9.
[171]袁蓓.劳动力老龄化对劳动生产效率的影响——基于劳动力非完全替代的分析[J].生产力研究,2009,14：24-26.
[172]李旭东.喀斯特高原山区人口空间结构及其对可持续发展的影响——以贵州省为例[D].上海：华东师范大学,2007：66-72.
[173]中国西部生态系统综合评估项目组.中国西部生态系统综合评估概况[R].北京：中国科学院地理科学与资源研究所,2006：15-17.
[174]赖斯芸等.基于单元分析的非点源污染调查评估方法[J].清华大学学报(自然科学版),2004,44(9)：1184-1187.
[175]Wei Jin,Deng Liangji,Zhong Changbiao.Source apportionment and spatial-temporal variance of agriculture non-point source pollution in Chengdu,Sichuan Prrovince[A].2011 2nd Interna-tional Conference on Mechanic Automation and Control Engineering, MACE 2011-Proceed- ings,2011:6827-6829.
[176]朱钟麟,李红霓,等.关于切实做好全省土壤污染状况调查和监控的建议[R].四川省科技顾问团农业与农村经济组2007年度调研报告,2008：14-21.
[177]周忠学.陕北黄土高原土地利用变化与社会经济发展关系及效应评价[D].西安：陕西师范大学,2007.
[178]陈爽英,唐小我,邵云飞.中国区域城市循环经济发展的聚类实证分析[J].中国软科学,2007,10：118-125.
[179]廖晓勇,陈治谏,王海明,等.西藏土地利用综合分区[J].山地学报,2009,27(1)：96-101.
[180]陈云川,朱明苍,罗永明.区域土地利用综合分区研究——以四川省为例[J].软科学,2007,21(1)：92-95.
[181]王秀兰.土地利用/土地覆盖变化中的人口因素分析[J].资源科学,2000,22(3)：39-42.
[182]蔡运龙,傅泽强,戴尔阜.区域最小人均耕地面积与耕地资源调控[J].地理学报,2002,57(2)：127-134.
[183]李晓青,谢炳庚,戴爱德,等.湖南省耕地压力现状分析及趋势预测[J].经济地理,2003,23(4)：513-515.
[184]冉清红,岳云华,谢德体,等.中国耕地警戒值的测算与讨论[J].资源科学,2007,29(3)：158-164.
[185]冉清红,岳云华,谢德体,等.中国分省耕地警戒值区域差异及指示功能研究[J].资源科学,2010,32(9)：1718-1725.
[186]中国农业科学院农业经济研究所.中国中长期居民消费水平与食物发展战略研究[J].农业经济问题,1990,8：26-30.
[187]钦佩,安树青,颜京松.生态工程学[M].南京：南京大学出版社,1998：129-134.
[188]冉清红.中国耕地警戒值研究[D].重庆：西南大学,2009：74-79.
[189]Meyfroidt P.Lambin E F.Forest Tranisition in Vietnam and its environmental impacts[J]. Global Change Biology,2008b,14(6):1319-1336.
[190]国家林业局.全国林地保护利用规划纲要(2010-2020)[EB/OL].中国发展门户网,http://cn. chinagate.cn,2010-10-08.
[191]林坚.中国城乡建设用地增长研究[M].北京：商务印书馆,2009：13-17.
[192]林坚,张沛,刘诗毅.论建设用地节约集约利用评价的技术体系与思路[J].中国土地科学,2009,23(4)：4-10.
[193]郭琳,严金明.中国人口发展与城乡建设用地利用关系及其地域分异特征研究[J].兰州学刊,2007,1：114-117.
[194]Long Hualou,Li Tingting. The coupling characteristics and mechanism of farmland and rural housing land transition in China[J]. Geogr. Sci.2012,22(3):548-562
[195]Prskawetz,A.,Kogel,T.,Sanderson,W.C.and Scherbov,S-The Effects of Age Structure on Econo-mic Growth:An Application of Probabilistic Forecasting to India[J].International Journal of Forecasting,2007,23:587-602.
[196]David de la Croix,Thomas Linth and Bo MaImberg,Demographic Change and Economic Gro-wth in Sweden:1750-2050[J].Journal of Macroeconimics,2009,31:132-148.
[197]鲁奇,任国柱.农业资源态势分析与优化配置[M].北京：科学出版社,2002,228-232.
[198]邵晓梅,张洪业.鲁西北地区现状农业土地资源劳动力承载力模拟[J].自然资源学报,2004,19(3)：324-330.
[199]邓良基.成都平原耕地保护技术开发与示范课题研究报告[R].2010,12.
[200]Nancy Hofmann,Giuseppe Filoso and Mike Schofield.The Loss of Dependable Agricultural Land in Canada[J].Rural and Small Town Canada Analysis Bulletin,2005,21(6):3-16.
[201]潘开灵,白烈湖.管理协同理论及其应用[M].北京：经济管理出版社,2006,1%13.
[202]曹志洪,周健民,等.中国土壤质量[M].北京：科学出版社,2008：29-35.
[203]涂小松,濮励杰,朱明.基于可拓学和协调性分析的区域土地综合质量评价[J].农业工程学报,2008,24(11)：57-62.
[204]陈百明,宋伟,唐秀美.中国近年来土地质量变化的概略判断[J].中国土地科学,2010,24(5)：4-8.
[205]赵克勤,宣爱理.集对论：一种新的不确定性理论方法与应用[J].系统工程,1996,14(1)：18-24.
[206]赵克勤.集对分析及其初步应用[M].杭州：浙江科学技术出版社,2000：1-15.
[207]班春峰,刘友兆,黄琪,等.基于集对分析的江苏省土地利用协调性研究[J].中国人口·资源与环境,2011,21(9)：57-63.
[208]高惠璇.应用统计方法与SAS系统[M].北京：北京大学出版社,2001：310-318.
[209]朱兵,王文圣,王红芳,等.集对分析中差异不确定系数i的探讨[J].四川大学学报(工程科学版),2008,40(1)：5-9.
[210]李艳,曾珍香,武优西,等.经济——环境系统协调发展评价方法研究及应用[J].系统工程 理论与实践,2003(5)：54-58.
[211]郭旭东,邱扬,连纲.区域土地质量指标体系及应用研究[M].北京：科学出版社,2008：59-71.
[212]吕晓男,陆允甫,王人潮.土壤肥力综合评价初步研究[J].浙江大学学报(农业与生命科学版),1999,25(4)：378-382.
[213]张从.环境评价教程[M].北京：中国环境科学出版社,2002,10：89-90.
[214]郑新奇,付梅臣.景观格局空间分析技术及其应用[M].北京：科学出版社,2010,10-11.
[215]方子云.水资源保护工作手册[M].南京：河海大学出版社,1998：74-75.
[216]刘英华.成都平原区土壤质量时空变异研究[D].雅安：四川农业大学,2004：27-43.
[217]陆根尧,符翔云,朱省娥.基于典型相关分析的产业集群与城镇化互动发展研究——以浙江省为例[J].中国软科学,2011,12：101-109.
[218]Phil Brooks, Mike Evans.Population Migration Flows Among the Mountain and Plains States[J].Research&Planning,2009,28(7):9-14.
[219]David Martin.An assessment of surface and zonal models of population[J].International Journal of Geographical Information System,2006,10(8):973-989.
[220]Stephan Klasen,Thorsten Nestmann.Population,Population Density and Technological Change [J].Journal of Population Economics,2006,19(3):611-626.
[221]杨庆媛.西南丘陵山地区土地整理与区域生态安全研究[J].地理研究,2003,22(6)：6-9.
[222]刘彦随,李裕瑞.中国县域耕地与农业劳动力变化的时空耦合关系[J].地理学报,2010,65(12)：1602-1612.
[223]蔡文.物元模型及其应用[M].北京：科学技术文献出版社,1998：33-37.
[224]余健,房莉,仓定帮,等.熵权模糊物元模型在土地生态安全评价中的应用[J].农业工程学报,2012,28(5)：260-266.
[225]蔡文,杨春燕,林伟初.可拓工程方法[M].北京：科学出版社,2000：128-136.
[226]张虹波,刘黎明,张军连,等.区域土地资源生态安全评价的物元模型构建及应用[J]浙江大学学报(农业与生命科学版),2007,33(2)：222-229.
[227]陈志凡,李勤奋,赵烨.基于熵权的模糊物元模型在农用地土壤健康评价中的应用[J].中国土地科学,2008,22(11)：31-37.
[228]黄辉玲,罗文斌,吴次芳,等.基于物元分析的土地生态安全评价[J].农业工程学报,2010,26(3)：316-322.
[2]Odum.H.T.Systems Ecology [M].New York:John Wiely&Sons,1983,9-11.
[3]David Romer. Advanced Macroeconomics [M]. America:McGraw-Hill,1996,33-47.
[4]杨杨,吴次芳,罗罡辉,等.中国水土资源对经济的“增长阻尼”研究[J].经济地理,2007,27(4)：529-537.
[5]张大勇.土地资源有效利用与生态平衡发展研究——以北京密云县为例[D].北京：中国地质大学,2009,1-2.
[6]国土资源部.中国耕地质量等级调查与评价[R].北京：大地出版社,2010,33-35.
[7]孙英兰.中国耕地质量问题严重、未来农业将面临严峻挑战[EB/OL].瞭望新闻周刊,http:// www.chinanews.com,2010-9-21.
[8]水利部,中国科学院,中国工程院.中国水土流失防治与生态安全(总卷)[M].北京：科学出版社,2010.56-61.
[9]王炳春.论中国农地资源安全[D].沈阳：东北农业大学,2007,1-2.
[10]黄利民.农地边际化及其效益研究[D].武汉：华中农业大学,2009：2-3.
[11]李学勇.推进新的农业科技革命的探索与实践[M].北京：中国农业出版社,2002：17-21.
[12]赫特纳.地理学——它的历史、性质和任务[M].北京：商务印书馆,1986,20-21.
[13]索维.人口通论(上册)[M].北京：商务印书馆,1978,4：349-350.
[14]普雷斯顿·詹姆斯,杰弗里·马丁.地理学思想史[M].北京：商务印书馆,1989,129-138.
[15]李宁.从人地关系原理和可持续发展观点论合理开发国土资源[J].国土与自然资源研究,1997,(3)：6-9.
[16]奥威比克(荷).人口理论史[M].北京：商务印书馆,1988,16-19.
[17]朱国宏.人地关系论——中国人口与土地关系问题的系统研究[M].上海：复旦大学出版社,1996,28-29.
[18]Fischer.G and Sun.L.Modelbased analysis of future land-ues development in china[J]. Agricul-ture,Ecosystems and Environment,2001,8(5):163-176.
[19]李旭旦.人文地理学论丛[M].北京：人民教育出版社,1986：56-61.
[20]吴传钧.论地理学的研究核心——人地关系地域系统[J].经济地理,1991,11(3)：1-6.
[21]詹姆斯.地理学思想史[M].李旭旦[译].北京：商务印书馆,1982：21-24.
[22]Robin.A.The Ethics of Environmental Concern [M].England Oxford:Basic Blackwell Publish, 2003:30-70.
[23]Jammer.Concepts of Space [M].Cambridge:Cambridge Mass,2004.
[24]Gary.L.Gaile, Cort.J.Willmott.Geography in America [M].Ohio:Merrill Publishing Company, 1989.
[25]马润潮.人文主义与后现代化主义之兴起及西方新区域地理学之发展[J].地理学报1999,54(4)：365-372.
[26]Meadows.D.H, Randers.J.Limits to Growth:The 30 year Update [M].Post Mills, VT:Chelsea Green,2007
[27]James P.Curry, David Byrne, Olaf Schmidt. Intensive cultivation can drastically reduce earth-worm populations in arable land[J].European Journal of Soil Biology,2010,38:12-13.
[28]Durr.H.The Synopsis of Large Scale Maps and the Study of Man-Land Systems [J].Resource Management and Optimiz,2003,2(3):259-269.
[29](?).(?).穆欣娜.自然——人为地理系统的主要原理[J].地理译报,1990,9(2)：3-4.
[30]赵明华,韩荣青.地理学人地关系与人地系统研究现状评述[J].地域研究与开发,2004,23(5)：6-10.
[31]廖克.关于地球表层动态机制与人地系统调控的研究[J].地球科学进展,1992,6(1)：28-33.
[32]吴传钧,侯锋.现代经济地理学[M].南京:江苏教育出版社,1997：4-6.
[33]Li Xiaojian,Peterson.J.Assessing Regional Sustainability:the case of land use and land cover change in the Middle Yiluo catchments of the Yellow River basin, China[J].Applied Geography, 2003,21:87-106.
[34]Haraldsson.H.V.Is ecological living in Sweden different from conventional living? [D].Lund University master thesis,1998:36-38.
[35]Gerhardus.S.Critical environmental indicators:performance indices and assessment models for sustainable rural development planning [J].Ecological Modelling,2011,130(1):47-58.
[36]H.Hengsdik, B.A.M.Bouman, A.Nieuwenhuyse, H.G.P.Jansen.Quantification of land use Sys-tems Using technical coefficient generators:a case study for the Northern Atlantic zone of Costa Rica[J]. Agriculral Systems,2009,61:109-121.
[37]Beek.k.J.Bennema J.Land evaluation for agricultural land use planning:an ecological methodo- logy[M].Department of soil science and geology, agricultural university, Wageningen, the Net-herlands,2007,144-145.
[38]Kesel.R.H,Yodis.E.G,Mccraw.D.J..An approximation of the sediment budget of the lower Missi-ssippi River prior to major human modification[J]. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms, 2002(17):711-722.
[39]Lautze.J,Reeves.M,Vega.R,et al.Water allocation,climate change,and sustainable peace the Isra-eli Proposal[J].Water International,2005,30(2):197-209.
[40]栾玉广.系统自然观[M].北京：科学出版社,2003,36-38.
[41]中国辩证唯物主义研究会.系统科学的哲学探讨[M].北京：中国人民出版社,1988,92-94.
[42]杨吾扬,江美球.地理学与人地关系[J].地理学报,1982,47(2)：206-214.
[43]何怀宇.生态伦理：精神资源与哲学基础[M].保定：河北大学出版社,2002,291-292.
[44]楼洪豪·和谐人地关系构建与农村人口空间布局重构[J].农业经济问题,2008,3:84-89.
[45]郭来喜.当代中国人文地理学研究进展述要[J].人文地理,1994,9(3)：1-7.
[46]何炳隶.1368-1953中国人口研究[M].上海：上海古籍出版社,1989.
[47]吴传钧,郭焕成.中国土地利用[M].北京：科学出版社,1994：1-50.
[48]李后强,艾南山.人地协同论——兼论人地系统的若干非线性动力学问题[J].地球科学进展,1996,11(2)：178-184.
[49]李后强.人地协同论：持续发展模型构建的基础[J].中国人口·资源与环境.1998,8(3)：48-53.
[50]吴传钧,刘昌明,吴履平.世纪之交的中国地理学[M].北京：人民教育出版社,1999,304-305.
[51]段海澎,陈永波.可持续发展与PRED系统及人地关系[J].自然辩证法通讯,1997(6)：7-9.
[52]蔡运龙.持续发展——人地系统优化的新思路[J].应用生态学报,1995,6(3)：329-333.
[53]方创琳.区域发展规划的人地系统动力学基础[J].地学前缘,2000(专刊)：17-20.
[54]王长征,刘毅.人地关系时空特性分析[J].地域研究与开发,2004,23(1)：7-10.
[55]申玉铭.论人地关系的演变与人地系统优化研究[J].人文地理,1998,13(4)：30-34.
[56]马世骏,王如松.社会-经济-自然复合生态系统[J].生态学报,1984,4(1)：1-7.
[57]马洪元.试论民俗演化与人地关系发展的内在联系[J].人文地理,1992,7(1)：18-24.
[58]曹诗图.文化与地理环境[J].人文地理,1994,9(2)：49-53.
[59]胡兆量.技术在人地关系中的媒介作用[J].中国人口·资源与环境,1991,(2)：10-12.
[60]刘继生,陈涛.人地非线性相关作用的探讨[J].地理科学,1997,17(3)：224-229.
[61]方修琦,张兰生.论人地关系的异化与人地系统研究[J].人文地理,1996,11(6)：4-9.
[62]王爱民,樊胜岳,刘加林,等.人地关系的理论透视[J].人文地理,1999,12(2)：38-42.
[63]蔡运龙.论城市人地系统[J].地理研究,1997,16(增)：68-73.
[64]陈佑启,武伟.城乡交错带人地系统的特征及其演变机制分析[J].地理科学,1998,18(5)：418-424.
[65]陈慧琳.南方岩溶区人地系统的基本地域分异探讨[J].地理研究,2000,19(1)：73-79.
[66]毛汉英.区域发展与区域规划——理论·方法·实践[M].北京：商务印书馆,2008：117-124.
[67]程叶青.基于系统动力学方法的人地系统优化调控研究[J].中国科学院研究生院学报,2006,23(1)：83-90.
[68]郭来喜,陆大道.人地关系与经济布局理论创新与突破——论吴传钧院士的地理学思想[J].云南地理环境研究,1998(1)：1-7.
[69]温琰茂,柯雄侃,王峰.人地系统可持续发展评价体系与方法研究[J].地球科学进展,1999,14(1)：52-54.
[70]李亦秋,邓欧,熊康宁.典型卡斯特农村社区可持续发展指标体系的构建及评价——贵州花江石漠化综合治理示范区的实证研究[J].贵州农业科学,2005,33(1)：80-82.
[71]唐剑武.环境承载力及其在环境规划中的初步应用[J].中国环境科学,1997,17(1)：5-9.
[72]陆大道.关于地理学的“人-地系统”理论研究[J].地理研究,2002,21(2)：135-139.
[73]刘继生,陈彦光.基于GIS的细胞自动机模型与人地关系的复杂性探讨[J].地理研究,2002,21(2)：155-162.
[74]王建华,顾元勋,孙林岩.人地关系的系统动力学研究[J].系统工程理论与实践,2003,(1)：125-131.
[75]王耕.人与自然区域系统的人类生态学模式[J].西北师范大学学报(自然版),1999,35(1)：63-66.
[76]吕拉昌.中国人地关系协调与可持续发展的方法选择[J].地理学与国土研究,1999,15(2)：14-17.
[77]吴殿廷.人地系统动力学研究中的几个问题[J].热带地理,1997,17(1)：95-98.
[78]王爱民,刘加林,缪磊磊,等.人地关系研究中的土地利用特征指标分析——以兰州市为例[J].经济地理,1999,19(1)：62-66.
[79]周尚意,张萌.区域尺度与人地关系探讨[A].认识地理过程关注人类家园——中国地理学会2003年学术年会文集[C],武汉：武汉出版社,2003,68-70.
[80]毛芬芳.能源基地的人地关系冲突与协调[J].能源基地建设,1996,6：11-13.
[81]封志明,杨艳昭,张晶.中国基于人粮关系的土地资源承载力研究：从分县到全国[J].自然资源学报,2008,23(5)：865-875.
[82]郭伟峰,王武科.关中平原人地关系地域系统结构耦合的关联分析[J].水士保持研究,2009,16(5)：110-115.
[83]王武科,李同升,张洁.关中平原全新世以来人地关系地域系统时空演变分析[J].地域研究与开发,2009,28(6)：32-37.
[84]郭晓佳,陈兴鹏,张子龙,等.宁夏人地系统的物质代谢和生态效率研究——基于能值分析理论[J].生态环境学报,2009,18(3)：967-973.
[85]马海龙.宁夏平原人地关系地域系统研究[D].银川：宁夏大学,2005：22-23.
[86]王长征,刘毅.沿海地区人地关系演化及优化分析[J].中国人口·资源与环境,2003,13(6)：91-96.
[87]毛汉英,余丹林.环渤海地区区域承载力研究[J].地理学报,2001,56(3)：363-370.
[88]温琰茂,柯雄侃,王峰.广东沿海经济高速发展区人地系统可持续发展研究[J].地理科学,1998,18(2)：122-128.
[89]谭灵芝,王国友.新疆墨玉绿洲耕地变化及人地关系演进驱动力研究[J].地域研究与开发,2010,29(2)：110-115.
[90]肖波.塔里木盆地南缘喀尔克绿洲人地关系动态变化研究[D].乌鲁木齐：新疆大学,2007：4-5.
[91]欧阳玲.科尔沁沙地农牧交错带人地关系优化调控实证研究——以敖汉旗母子山村为例[D]呼和浩特：内蒙古师范大学,2007：13-14.
[92]张力小.宋豫秦.三种生产理论在北方荒漠化地区人地系统分析中的应用[J].中国人口·资源与环境,2003,13(6)：101-104.
[93]胡启武,尧波,刘影,等.鄱阳湖区人地关系转变及其驱动力分析[J].长江流域资源与环境,2010,19(6)：628-633.
[94]张洁.渭河流域(干流地区)人地关系地域系统演变及其优化研究[D].西安：西北大学,2010：8-9.
[95]吴映梅,沈琼.西南区人地关系演进状态综合评价[J].西南师范大学学报(自然科学版),2006,31(6)：148-152.
[96]王爱民,刘加林,高翔.青藏高原东北缘及其毗邻地区人地关系地域系统研究[J].经济地理,2000,20(2)：31-35.
[97]杨杨,吴次芳,韦仕川.浙江省人地关系变化阶段特征及调整策略[J].中国人口·资源与环境,2007,17(1)：61-65.
[98]乔家君.区域人地关系定量研究[J].人文地理,2005,1：81-84.
[99]乔家君.中国中部农区村域人地关系系统定量研究——河南省巩义市吴沟村、潺沱村、孝南村的实证分析[D].开封：河南大学,2004：31-32.
[100]刘兆德,陈素青.经济高速发展地区人地系统可持续性评价研究[J].农业系统科学与综合研究,2004,20(4)：261-264.
[101]郭晓佳,陈兴鹏,张满银.甘肃少数民族地区人地系统物质代谢和生态效率研究[J].干旱区资源与环境,2010,24(7)：27-33.
[102]胡恩华,刘洪.管理科学研究范式的转换——以复杂性科学为研究视角[J].系统科学学报,2007,15(1)：74-78.
[103]四川省农业厅.四川农业统计年鉴(2009)[M].成都：四川省农业出版社,2010.
[104]王振健.成都平原主要水耕人为土土系划分研究[D].雅安：四川农业大学,2002,4-5.
[105]成都水稻土.成都市农牧局(内部资料).
[106]成都土种志.成都市农牧局(内部资料).
[107]黄成毅.成都平原耕地资源系统协同性分析与调控研究[D].成都：四川农业大学,2011：37-38.
[108]朱钟麟,邓良基,李昆,等.四川省耕地和水资源紧缺性评价及可持续利用研究[R].四川省农科院土壤肥料研究所,四川农业大学资源环境学院,成都土壤肥料测试中心,2008.
[109]杨斌.都江堰水利可持续发展与成都平原经济社会发展的关系研究[D].成都：成都理工大学,2009,4-5.
[110]四川省水利厅.四川省水资源公报[R].1999-2009.
[111]黄磊.成都平原农村建设模式研究[D].成都：西南交通大学,2007,22-23.
[112]四川省统计局,国家统计局四川调查总队.四川统计年鉴(2010)[M].北京：中国统计出版社,2011.
[113]吴传钧.人地关系地域系统的理论研究及调控[J].云南师范大学学报(哲学社会科学版),2008,40(2)：1-3.
[114]Torrens,P.M.,Benenson,I.Geographic automata systems:from household to urban structures [J]. Internationl Journal of Geographical Information Science,2005,19(4):385-412.
[115]左伟,周慧珍.人地关系系统及其调控[J].人文地理,2001,16(1)：68-69.
[116]王黎明.区域可持续发展——基于人地关系地域系统的视角[M].京：中国经济出版社,1998：77-79.
[117]陆大道,樊杰.2050：中国的区域发展(中国至2050年区域科技发展路线图研究报告)[R].北京：科学出版社,2009：31-32.
[118]马卓.论人与自然的“伙伴”关系[D].广州：华南师范大学：2002,17-18.
[119]李秀彬.从人地利用看人地关系的演变[J].地理教育,2009,(6)：4-5.
[120]Tayfun Cay,Turgut Ayten,Fatih Iscan.Effects of different land reallocation models on the succ-ess of land consolidation projects:Social and economic approaches[J].Land Use Policy,2009, (3):1-8.
[121]郝成元,吴绍洪,杨勤业.人地关系的科学演进[J].软科学,2004,18(4)：1-3.
[122]姚辉,潘玉君,丁生,等.人地关系演进状态系数与结果评价[J].中国人口·资源与环境,2010,20(5)：161-164.
[123]郭跃,王佐成.历史演进中的人地关系[J].重庆师范学院学报(自然科学版),2001,18(1)：22-31.
[124]香宝,银山.人地系统演化及人地关系理论的考察[J].中国人口·资源与环境,2000,10(专刊)：1-2.
[125]胡兆量.地理学基本规律及其对社会发展的影响[J].地球科学进展,1991,(6)：19-23.
[126]胡兆量.人地关系发展规律[J].四川师范大学学报(自然科学版),1996,19(1)：25-30.
[127]王成超.人地系统复杂机理剖析[J].海南师范大学学报(自然科学版),2010,23(2)：219-223.
[128]叶岱夫.人地关系地域系统与可持续发展的相互作用机理初探[J].地理研究,2006,20(3)：307-314.
[129]IGBP.Global change and earth system:a planet.Executive Summary[A].In:Steffen W.,Eliott S.,et al.IGBP secretariat[C].Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences,2004.
[130]H J Geist & E F Lambin.What Drives Tropical Deforestation?——A meta-analysis of proxi-mate and underlying causes of deforestation based on sub-national case study evidence[N]. LUCC Report Series No.4.,2011.
[131]Burgi M,Turner M G.Factors and processes shaping land cover and land cover changes along the Wisconsin river[J].Ecosystems,2010,(2):184-201.
[132]潘玉君,武友德.地理科学导论[M].北京：科学出版社,2009：104-105.
[133]吴传钧.中国农业与农村经济可持续发展问题：不同类型地区实证研究[M].北京：中国环境科学出版社,2001,82-83.
[134]朱红波.中国耕地资源安全研究[M].成都：四川大学出版社,2008,38-39.
[135]韩永学.人地关系协调系统的建立一一对生态伦理学的一个重要补充[J].自然辩证法研究,2004,20(5)：5-9.
[136]焦宝玉.人与环境相互作用理论一一人地关系理论及其调控[J].环境保护与循环经济,2011,3：14-16.
[137]周诚.土地经济学原理[M].北京：商务印书馆,2007,62-63.
[138]曲福田.资源经济学[M].北京：中国农业出版社,2006,22-23.
[139]H·范里安.微观经济学：现代观点[M].费方域[译].上海：上海人民出版社,2004,99-103.
[140]冯·贝塔朗菲.一般系统论：基础、发展和应用[M].北京：清华大学出版社,1987,51-52.
[141]马建华,管华.系统科学及其在地理学中的应用[M].北京：科学出版社,2002：22-23.
[142]李秀娟.吉林省国有林区经济社会环境系统协调发展评价研究[D].北京：北京林业大学,2008,29-34.
[143]赵桂慎,于法稳,尚杰.生态经济学[M].北京：化学工业出版社,2008,28-35.
[144]陈明.协同论与人类社会[J].系统辩证学学报,2005,(4)：89-92.
[145]白烈湖.管理协同机制研究[D].武汉：武汉科技大学,2005：32-33.
[146]席酉民,尚玉钒.和谐管理思想与当代和谐管理理论[J].西安交通大学学报(社会科学版),2001,21(3)：23-26.
[147]H.哈肯(著),张纪岳(译).协同学导论[M].西安：西北大学出版社,1981：22-24.
[148]H.哈肯(著),郭治安(译).高等协同学[M].北京：科学出版社,1989：8-12.
[149]曾健,张一方.社会协同学[M].北京：科学出版社,2000,24-25.
[150]郭治安,沈小峰.协同论[M].太原：山西经济出版社,1991：37-39.
[151]吴大进,曹力,陈立华.协同学原理和应用[M].武汉：华中理工大学出版社,1990：11-13.
[152]杨朝现.人地关系协调视角下的土地整理[D].重庆：西南大学,2010,35-36.
[153]李魁.人口年龄结构变动与经济增长--兼论中国人口红利[D].武汉：武汉大学,2010,46-47.
[154]孙文忠.人口转变理论新论——兼论人口量质发展理论[J].人口与经济,2008,4：1-7.
[155]陈玲玲,林振山,谢正磊.人类活动与土地资源的动力学关系研究[J].水土保持究,2007,14(2)：239-242.
[156]WCED.Our common future[M].New York:Oxford University Press,1987.
[157]刘青松,邹欣庆,左平.可持续发展简论[M].北京：中国环境科学出版社,2003：7-13.
[158]钱兆华.论系统的协调[J].系统辨证学学报,2000,8(1)：22-25.
[159]王维国.协调发展的理论与方法研究[M].北京：中国财政经济出版社,2000：10-12.
[160]杜志平,穆东.构建矿城耦合系统协同发展体系的研究[J].中国软科学,2003(9)：21-25.
[161]成思危.复杂性科学探索[M].北京：民主与建设出版社,1999：101-103.
[162]李爱花,李原园,郦建强.水资源与经济社会及生态环境系统协同发展初探[J].人民长江,2011,42(18)：117-121.
[163]沈小峰,胡岗,姜璐.耗散结构论[M].上海：上海人民出版社,1987：62-63.
[164]吴彤.自组织方法论研究[M]北京：清华大学出版社,2001：279-280.
[165]曾国屏.竞争与协同：系统发展的动力和源泉[J].系统辩证学学报,1996,7：7-13.
[166]李树茁,刘晓兵.系统工程在人口研究中的应用[J].西安交通大学学报(社会科学版),2006,26(3)：55-62.
[167]成都市人口计生委.成都市人口发展现状、问题及对策——基于第六次全国人口普查人口数据的初步分析[R].内部资料,2000.
[168]国家人口计生委.中国流动人口发展报告(2010-2011)[EB/OL].中国政府法制信息网,http: //www.chinalaw.gov.cn,2010-10-10.
[169]梁强.人口与经济、环境协调发展问题研究[D].沈阳：东北财经大学,2010,93-94.
[170]国家人口发展战略研究课题组.国家人口发展战略研究报告[J].人口研究,2007,1：1-9.
[171]袁蓓.劳动力老龄化对劳动生产效率的影响——基于劳动力非完全替代的分析[J].生产力研究,2009,14：24-26.
[172]李旭东.喀斯特高原山区人口空间结构及其对可持续发展的影响——以贵州省为例[D].上海：华东师范大学,2007：66-72.
[173]中国西部生态系统综合评估项目组.中国西部生态系统综合评估概况[R].北京：中国科学院地理科学与资源研究所,2006：15-17.
[174]赖斯芸等.基于单元分析的非点源污染调查评估方法[J].清华大学学报(自然科学版),2004,44(9)：1184-1187.
[175]Wei Jin,Deng Liangji,Zhong Changbiao.Source apportionment and spatial-temporal variance of agriculture non-point source pollution in Chengdu,Sichuan Prrovince[A].2011 2nd Interna-tional Conference on Mechanic Automation and Control Engineering, MACE 2011-Proceed- ings,2011:6827-6829.
[176]朱钟麟,李红霓,等.关于切实做好全省土壤污染状况调查和监控的建议[R].四川省科技顾问团农业与农村经济组2007年度调研报告,2008：14-21.
[177]周忠学.陕北黄土高原土地利用变化与社会经济发展关系及效应评价[D].西安：陕西师范大学,2007.
[178]陈爽英,唐小我,邵云飞.中国区域城市循环经济发展的聚类实证分析[J].中国软科学,2007,10：118-125.
[179]廖晓勇,陈治谏,王海明,等.西藏土地利用综合分区[J].山地学报,2009,27(1)：96-101.
[180]陈云川,朱明苍,罗永明.区域土地利用综合分区研究——以四川省为例[J].软科学,2007,21(1)：92-95.
[181]王秀兰.土地利用/土地覆盖变化中的人口因素分析[J].资源科学,2000,22(3)：39-42.
[182]蔡运龙,傅泽强,戴尔阜.区域最小人均耕地面积与耕地资源调控[J].地理学报,2002,57(2)：127-134.
[183]李晓青,谢炳庚,戴爱德,等.湖南省耕地压力现状分析及趋势预测[J].经济地理,2003,23(4)：513-515.
[184]冉清红,岳云华,谢德体,等.中国耕地警戒值的测算与讨论[J].资源科学,2007,29(3)：158-164.
[185]冉清红,岳云华,谢德体,等.中国分省耕地警戒值区域差异及指示功能研究[J].资源科学,2010,32(9)：1718-1725.
[186]中国农业科学院农业经济研究所.中国中长期居民消费水平与食物发展战略研究[J].农业经济问题,1990,8：26-30.
[187]钦佩,安树青,颜京松.生态工程学[M].南京：南京大学出版社,1998：129-134.
[188]冉清红.中国耕地警戒值研究[D].重庆：西南大学,2009：74-79.
[189]Meyfroidt P.Lambin E F.Forest Tranisition in Vietnam and its environmental impacts[J]. Global Change Biology,2008b,14(6):1319-1336.
[190]国家林业局.全国林地保护利用规划纲要(2010-2020)[EB/OL].中国发展门户网,http://cn. chinagate.cn,2010-10-08.
[191]林坚.中国城乡建设用地增长研究[M].北京：商务印书馆,2009：13-17.
[192]林坚,张沛,刘诗毅.论建设用地节约集约利用评价的技术体系与思路[J].中国土地科学,2009,23(4)：4-10.
[193]郭琳,严金明.中国人口发展与城乡建设用地利用关系及其地域分异特征研究[J].兰州学刊,2007,1：114-117.
[194]Long Hualou,Li Tingting. The coupling characteristics and mechanism of farmland and rural housing land transition in China[J]. Geogr. Sci.2012,22(3):548-562
[195]Prskawetz,A.,Kogel,T.,Sanderson,W.C.and Scherbov,S-The Effects of Age Structure on Econo-mic Growth:An Application of Probabilistic Forecasting to India[J].International Journal of Forecasting,2007,23:587-602.
[196]David de la Croix,Thomas Linth and Bo MaImberg,Demographic Change and Economic Gro-wth in Sweden:1750-2050[J].Journal of Macroeconimics,2009,31:132-148.
[197]鲁奇,任国柱.农业资源态势分析与优化配置[M].北京：科学出版社,2002,228-232.
[198]邵晓梅,张洪业.鲁西北地区现状农业土地资源劳动力承载力模拟[J].自然资源学报,2004,19(3)：324-330.
[199]邓良基.成都平原耕地保护技术开发与示范课题研究报告[R].2010,12.
[200]Nancy Hofmann,Giuseppe Filoso and Mike Schofield.The Loss of Dependable Agricultural Land in Canada[J].Rural and Small Town Canada Analysis Bulletin,2005,21(6):3-16.
[201]潘开灵,白烈湖.管理协同理论及其应用[M].北京：经济管理出版社,2006,1%13.
[202]曹志洪,周健民,等.中国土壤质量[M].北京：科学出版社,2008：29-35.
[203]涂小松,濮励杰,朱明.基于可拓学和协调性分析的区域土地综合质量评价[J].农业工程学报,2008,24(11)：57-62.
[204]陈百明,宋伟,唐秀美.中国近年来土地质量变化的概略判断[J].中国土地科学,2010,24(5)：4-8.
[205]赵克勤,宣爱理.集对论：一种新的不确定性理论方法与应用[J].系统工程,1996,14(1)：18-24.
[206]赵克勤.集对分析及其初步应用[M].杭州：浙江科学技术出版社,2000：1-15.
[207]班春峰,刘友兆,黄琪,等.基于集对分析的江苏省土地利用协调性研究[J].中国人口·资源与环境,2011,21(9)：57-63.
[208]高惠璇.应用统计方法与SAS系统[M].北京：北京大学出版社,2001：310-318.
[209]朱兵,王文圣,王红芳,等.集对分析中差异不确定系数i的探讨[J].四川大学学报(工程科学版),2008,40(1)：5-9.
[210]李艳,曾珍香,武优西,等.经济——环境系统协调发展评价方法研究及应用[J].系统工程 理论与实践,2003(5)：54-58.
[211]郭旭东,邱扬,连纲.区域土地质量指标体系及应用研究[M].北京：科学出版社,2008：59-71.
[212]吕晓男,陆允甫,王人潮.土壤肥力综合评价初步研究[J].浙江大学学报(农业与生命科学版),1999,25(4)：378-382.
[213]张从.环境评价教程[M].北京：中国环境科学出版社,2002,10：89-90.
[214]郑新奇,付梅臣.景观格局空间分析技术及其应用[M].北京：科学出版社,2010,10-11.
[215]方子云.水资源保护工作手册[M].南京：河海大学出版社,1998：74-75.
[216]刘英华.成都平原区土壤质量时空变异研究[D].雅安：四川农业大学,2004：27-43.
[217]陆根尧,符翔云,朱省娥.基于典型相关分析的产业集群与城镇化互动发展研究——以浙江省为例[J].中国软科学,2011,12：101-109.
[218]Phil Brooks, Mike Evans.Population Migration Flows Among the Mountain and Plains States[J].Research&Planning,2009,28(7):9-14.
[219]David Martin.An assessment of surface and zonal models of population[J].International Journal of Geographical Information System,2006,10(8):973-989.
[220]Stephan Klasen,Thorsten Nestmann.Population,Population Density and Technological Change [J].Journal of Population Economics,2006,19(3):611-626.
[221]杨庆媛.西南丘陵山地区土地整理与区域生态安全研究[J].地理研究,2003,22(6)：6-9.
[222]刘彦随,李裕瑞.中国县域耕地与农业劳动力变化的时空耦合关系[J].地理学报,2010,65(12)：1602-1612.
[223]蔡文.物元模型及其应用[M].北京：科学技术文献出版社,1998：33-37.
[224]余健,房莉,仓定帮,等.熵权模糊物元模型在土地生态安全评价中的应用[J].农业工程学报,2012,28(5)：260-266.
[225]蔡文,杨春燕,林伟初.可拓工程方法[M].北京：科学出版社,2000：128-136.
[226]张虹波,刘黎明,张军连,等.区域土地资源生态安全评价的物元模型构建及应用[J]浙江大学学报(农业与生命科学版),2007,33(2)：222-229.
[227]陈志凡,李勤奋,赵烨.基于熵权的模糊物元模型在农用地土壤健康评价中的应用[J].中国土地科学,2008,22(11)：31-37.
[228]黄辉玲,罗文斌,吴次芳,等.基于物元分析的土地生态安全评价[J].农业工程学报,2010,26(3)：316-322.
© 2004-2018 中国地质图书馆版权所有 京ICP备05064691号 京公网安备11010802017129号 地址：北京市海淀区学院路29号 邮编：100083 电话：办公室：(+86 10)66554848；文献借阅、咨询服务、科技查新：66554700 |