高压大功率电磁发射机供电关键技术的研究
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摘要
作为人工场源电磁法勘探必备的仪器设备，电磁发射机将恒稳电性源以所需频率进行逆变，通过接地电极发射出去，用以获得有效的电磁场来进行地球物理勘探。为获得深部探测有效的地球物理数据，要求发射机具有高电压、大电流、高精度稳定输出的同时具有质量轻体积小的特点。针对高压大功率电磁发射机供电技术的研究，对我国深部地球物理探测具有重大意义。
依托工程科研项目，基于开关电源技术，深入研究了高压大功率电磁发射机功率拓扑结构、系统建模方法、系统控制策略以及串并联组合的均压均流控制方法，解决了高压大功率电磁发射机供电技术的难题。
分析了高压大功率电磁发射机供电技术的基本特征和研究现状，提出了基于开关电源技术对高压大功率电磁发射机供电技术进行理论研究与技术开发的方案。针对常规开关电源技术在控制方法、控制性能上，无法满足发射机供电的特殊需求，详细分析了开关电源技术的建模方法、控制策略及模块化串并联组合均压均流方法的基本特征、研究现状和各自特点，总结比较了目前各种方法存在的问题，提出了课题的研究内容。
针对高压大功率电磁发射机的特殊用途和技术指标，采用了两路全桥变换器模块串并联的功率拓扑结构，设计了两路磁集成的高频变压器以及功率电路器件参数。对高频变压器模型以及对电磁发射机功率电路模型的仿真分析论证了设计的可行性和参数选择的合理性。
分析了发射机在连续工作模式下的建模方法。将发射机等效为全桥变换器，分别应用能量守恒平均法建立了考虑导通损耗和应用等效受控源法建立了考虑变压器漏感的全桥变换器模型。提出了通过结合能量守恒平均法和等效受控源法，对考虑导通损耗和变压器漏感的全桥变换器进行建模分析。仿真结果表明，考虑导通损耗和变压器漏感的建模物理意义直观、明确，能直接反映出影响系统工作的变量特性，能更精确地反映非理想全桥变换器的本质特征，所建模型阐明了考虑导通损耗和变压器漏感的发射机建模的精确有效性，为后续控制策略研究提供了研究基础。
针对发射机控制采用分数阶PID控制。提出了基于遗传内核的粒子群优化算法(GA-PSO)，用于整定分数阶PID控制器参数；提出了对微积分算子在所需频段内进行近似、最优降阶，从而得到近似的分数阶PID控制器的整数阶控制器模型；对系统采用电流内环电压外环加负载电流前馈的双环控制策略，对比分析近似后的控制器、整数阶PID控制器。仿真结果表明，GA-PSO算法用于分数阶PID控制器的参数整定具有更快的收敛速度，更高的求解精度；对分数阶PID控制器近似降阶后，所得到的二阶控制器模型在所要求频段内，整体性能与分数阶PID控制器一致；系统采用分数阶PID控制器以及分数阶PID控制器近似后的二阶控制器模型具有更好的稳态性能以及动态性能，验证了发射机分数阶PID控制的鲁棒性与有效性；同时也证明了近似方法的有效性。
详细分析了串并联组合系统中各个模块输入均压均流与输出均压均流之间的关系；从变换器模块输入阻抗特性的角度理论上证明了输入串联组合系统采用输出均压或均流控制方案时，系统不能稳定工作的原因；同时提出了采用输入LRC匹配网络来实现变换器模块的输入阻抗呈正阻性的方法，从而使输出均压均流控制能够全部实现对四类串并联组合系统的均衡控制；提出了基于平均电流的数字均压均流法，采用CAN总线设计，由数字控制器控制实现均压均流。从仿真的角度证明了均压均流方法的有效性。
最后基于所采用的发射机拓扑、高频变压器及功率器件，根据理论研究成果，研制了25KW的原理样机，并对样机展开全面的性能实验，验证了本文理论研究及仿真结果的有效性。
立足于发射机供电技术的要求，充分考虑工程应用中的实际因素，进行了理论研究和实验验证，并已经在实际应用中得到检验。
As essential equipment for electromagnetic exploration, electromagnetictransmitter reverse the steady power supply with desired frequency and transmit thepower through grounding electrodes, in order to obtain effective electromagneticfield for deep geophysical exploration. To obtain effective geophysical data duringdeep exploration, the transmitter needs to be high-voltage, high-current, withhigh-accuracy output, and yet compact and light. The researches on the powersupply technologies for high-voltage high-power electromagnetic transmitter is ofsignificant importance to the deep geophysical explorations in China.
Through the engineering research project, and based on switching powertechnology, we conducted in-depth study on the topology, modeling methods, andsystem controlling methods of high-voltage high-power electromagnetic transmitters,as well as the series-parallel integrated voltage/current sharing controlling methods,in order to address the issues in the power supply for high-voltage high-powerelectromagnetic transmitter.
After analyzing the basic characteristics and current research status of thepower supply technology for high-voltage high-power electromagnetic transmitter, anew approach for theoretical study and technical development for the power supplytechnology based on switching power technology was proposed. From theperspectives of both controlling method and controlling performance, conventionalswitching power supply technology could not fulfill the special requirements for thetransmitter. For this limitation, we conducted detailed analysis on the basiccharacteristics, research status, and individual characteristics of the modeling method,controlling method, and modularized series-parallel integrated voltage/currentsharing method of switching power supply technologies, and summarized andcompared the existing issues in each of the technologies in order to identify the focusof this study.
For the special usages and technical indicators of high-voltage high-powerelectromagnetic transmitter, the power topology of series-parallel two-passfull-bridge converter modules is adopted for the designing of two-pass magneticintegrated high-frequency transformer as well as the parameters of the power circuitdevices. The simulation analysis of the high-frequency voltage transformer modeland the magnetic transmitter power circuit model validated the feasibility of thedesign and the reasonability of the parameter choices.
The modeling for transmitters at continuous working mode was studied.Transmitter was treated as equivalent to full-bridge converters. For full-bridge converter with on-state loss considered, energy conservation averaging method wasemployed for modeling, while for full-bridge converter with transformer inductionloss considered, equivalent controlled source method was employed for modeling. Forthe full-bridge converters with both on-state and transformer induction lossconsidered, a modeling method was proposed which combining energy conservationaveraging method and equivalent controlled source method. The large-signal averagedmodel, DC circuit model, small-signal circuit model and transfer function atcontinuous working mode were established for each type of converter respectively.The simulation showed that the model for converter with on-state and transformerinduction loss considered could more accurately reflect the characteristics ofnon-ideal full-bridge converters, and proved the accuracy and effectiveness of theproposed transmitter modeling method.
Since fractional-order PID controller was adopted for the transmitter, a genetickernel-based particle swarm optimization algorithm (GA-PSO) was proposed totuning parameters of fractional-order PID controller. A method was proposed that theadopting of filter approximation and optimized degree reduction within the requiredfrequency band in order to obtain the integer-order model of the lower order ofapproximated fractional-order PID controller. In addition, the fractional-order PI-PDcontrolling approach for the transmitter with inner current loop, outer voltage loopand load current forward feedback was designed. The simulation showed that theapplying of GA-PSO algorithm to the parameter tuning for fractional-order PIDcontroller accelerated the convergence and improved the accuracy. The two-orderinteger-order model after approximation and degree reduction has consistentcharacteristics with fractional-order PID controller within the required frequencyband and can be used in practical application. The transmitter employingfractional-order PI-PD control has very good stability and dynamic performance,validating the effectiveness of the adopted controlling method.
The relationship between the input voltage/current sharing and the outputvoltage/current sharing of each module in the series-parallel integrated system wasstudied in detail. It was found that when voltage sharing or current sharing controlapproaches are adopted for series integrated system, the system is unstable, whereaswhen they are adopted for parallel integrated system, the system is stable; from theperspective of the converter module’s input impedance, this phenomenon wastheoretically demonstrated. Making the converter module’s input impedance bepositive resistant by adopting a type of input matching network was proposed, in order to achieve voltage/current sharing to ensure the balance between the four typesof series-parallel integrated system. It was proposed to employ digitalvoltage/current sharing method for the transmitters, so that based on CAN busdesign, the voltage/current sharing of the transmitter could be realized using digitalcontrollers. And the effectiveness of the voltage/current sharing method was provedfrom the perspective of simulation.
Lastly, based on the employed topology of transmitter, high-frequencytransformer and power equipment, as well as the result of the theoretical studies, a25KW prototype was produced. The comprehensive performance tests conducted tothe prototype validated the effectiveness of the theoretical study and simulationresult in this dissertation.
This study focused on the technical requirements on the power supply fortransmitter, the practical factors in engineering applications were taken intoconsideration, and theoretical study and experimental validation were performed, itwas also verified in practical application.
依托工程科研项目，基于开关电源技术，深入研究了高压大功率电磁发射机功率拓扑结构、系统建模方法、系统控制策略以及串并联组合的均压均流控制方法，解决了高压大功率电磁发射机供电技术的难题。
分析了高压大功率电磁发射机供电技术的基本特征和研究现状，提出了基于开关电源技术对高压大功率电磁发射机供电技术进行理论研究与技术开发的方案。针对常规开关电源技术在控制方法、控制性能上，无法满足发射机供电的特殊需求，详细分析了开关电源技术的建模方法、控制策略及模块化串并联组合均压均流方法的基本特征、研究现状和各自特点，总结比较了目前各种方法存在的问题，提出了课题的研究内容。
针对高压大功率电磁发射机的特殊用途和技术指标，采用了两路全桥变换器模块串并联的功率拓扑结构，设计了两路磁集成的高频变压器以及功率电路器件参数。对高频变压器模型以及对电磁发射机功率电路模型的仿真分析论证了设计的可行性和参数选择的合理性。
分析了发射机在连续工作模式下的建模方法。将发射机等效为全桥变换器，分别应用能量守恒平均法建立了考虑导通损耗和应用等效受控源法建立了考虑变压器漏感的全桥变换器模型。提出了通过结合能量守恒平均法和等效受控源法，对考虑导通损耗和变压器漏感的全桥变换器进行建模分析。仿真结果表明，考虑导通损耗和变压器漏感的建模物理意义直观、明确，能直接反映出影响系统工作的变量特性，能更精确地反映非理想全桥变换器的本质特征，所建模型阐明了考虑导通损耗和变压器漏感的发射机建模的精确有效性，为后续控制策略研究提供了研究基础。
针对发射机控制采用分数阶PID控制。提出了基于遗传内核的粒子群优化算法(GA-PSO)，用于整定分数阶PID控制器参数；提出了对微积分算子在所需频段内进行近似、最优降阶，从而得到近似的分数阶PID控制器的整数阶控制器模型；对系统采用电流内环电压外环加负载电流前馈的双环控制策略，对比分析近似后的控制器、整数阶PID控制器。仿真结果表明，GA-PSO算法用于分数阶PID控制器的参数整定具有更快的收敛速度，更高的求解精度；对分数阶PID控制器近似降阶后，所得到的二阶控制器模型在所要求频段内，整体性能与分数阶PID控制器一致；系统采用分数阶PID控制器以及分数阶PID控制器近似后的二阶控制器模型具有更好的稳态性能以及动态性能，验证了发射机分数阶PID控制的鲁棒性与有效性；同时也证明了近似方法的有效性。
详细分析了串并联组合系统中各个模块输入均压均流与输出均压均流之间的关系；从变换器模块输入阻抗特性的角度理论上证明了输入串联组合系统采用输出均压或均流控制方案时，系统不能稳定工作的原因；同时提出了采用输入LRC匹配网络来实现变换器模块的输入阻抗呈正阻性的方法，从而使输出均压均流控制能够全部实现对四类串并联组合系统的均衡控制；提出了基于平均电流的数字均压均流法，采用CAN总线设计，由数字控制器控制实现均压均流。从仿真的角度证明了均压均流方法的有效性。
最后基于所采用的发射机拓扑、高频变压器及功率器件，根据理论研究成果，研制了25KW的原理样机，并对样机展开全面的性能实验，验证了本文理论研究及仿真结果的有效性。
立足于发射机供电技术的要求，充分考虑工程应用中的实际因素，进行了理论研究和实验验证，并已经在实际应用中得到检验。
As essential equipment for electromagnetic exploration, electromagnetictransmitter reverse the steady power supply with desired frequency and transmit thepower through grounding electrodes, in order to obtain effective electromagneticfield for deep geophysical exploration. To obtain effective geophysical data duringdeep exploration, the transmitter needs to be high-voltage, high-current, withhigh-accuracy output, and yet compact and light. The researches on the powersupply technologies for high-voltage high-power electromagnetic transmitter is ofsignificant importance to the deep geophysical explorations in China.
Through the engineering research project, and based on switching powertechnology, we conducted in-depth study on the topology, modeling methods, andsystem controlling methods of high-voltage high-power electromagnetic transmitters,as well as the series-parallel integrated voltage/current sharing controlling methods,in order to address the issues in the power supply for high-voltage high-powerelectromagnetic transmitter.
After analyzing the basic characteristics and current research status of thepower supply technology for high-voltage high-power electromagnetic transmitter, anew approach for theoretical study and technical development for the power supplytechnology based on switching power technology was proposed. From theperspectives of both controlling method and controlling performance, conventionalswitching power supply technology could not fulfill the special requirements for thetransmitter. For this limitation, we conducted detailed analysis on the basiccharacteristics, research status, and individual characteristics of the modeling method,controlling method, and modularized series-parallel integrated voltage/currentsharing method of switching power supply technologies, and summarized andcompared the existing issues in each of the technologies in order to identify the focusof this study.
For the special usages and technical indicators of high-voltage high-powerelectromagnetic transmitter, the power topology of series-parallel two-passfull-bridge converter modules is adopted for the designing of two-pass magneticintegrated high-frequency transformer as well as the parameters of the power circuitdevices. The simulation analysis of the high-frequency voltage transformer modeland the magnetic transmitter power circuit model validated the feasibility of thedesign and the reasonability of the parameter choices.
The modeling for transmitters at continuous working mode was studied.Transmitter was treated as equivalent to full-bridge converters. For full-bridge converter with on-state loss considered, energy conservation averaging method wasemployed for modeling, while for full-bridge converter with transformer inductionloss considered, equivalent controlled source method was employed for modeling. Forthe full-bridge converters with both on-state and transformer induction lossconsidered, a modeling method was proposed which combining energy conservationaveraging method and equivalent controlled source method. The large-signal averagedmodel, DC circuit model, small-signal circuit model and transfer function atcontinuous working mode were established for each type of converter respectively.The simulation showed that the model for converter with on-state and transformerinduction loss considered could more accurately reflect the characteristics ofnon-ideal full-bridge converters, and proved the accuracy and effectiveness of theproposed transmitter modeling method.
Since fractional-order PID controller was adopted for the transmitter, a genetickernel-based particle swarm optimization algorithm (GA-PSO) was proposed totuning parameters of fractional-order PID controller. A method was proposed that theadopting of filter approximation and optimized degree reduction within the requiredfrequency band in order to obtain the integer-order model of the lower order ofapproximated fractional-order PID controller. In addition, the fractional-order PI-PDcontrolling approach for the transmitter with inner current loop, outer voltage loopand load current forward feedback was designed. The simulation showed that theapplying of GA-PSO algorithm to the parameter tuning for fractional-order PIDcontroller accelerated the convergence and improved the accuracy. The two-orderinteger-order model after approximation and degree reduction has consistentcharacteristics with fractional-order PID controller within the required frequencyband and can be used in practical application. The transmitter employingfractional-order PI-PD control has very good stability and dynamic performance,validating the effectiveness of the adopted controlling method.
The relationship between the input voltage/current sharing and the outputvoltage/current sharing of each module in the series-parallel integrated system wasstudied in detail. It was found that when voltage sharing or current sharing controlapproaches are adopted for series integrated system, the system is unstable, whereaswhen they are adopted for parallel integrated system, the system is stable; from theperspective of the converter module’s input impedance, this phenomenon wastheoretically demonstrated. Making the converter module’s input impedance bepositive resistant by adopting a type of input matching network was proposed, in order to achieve voltage/current sharing to ensure the balance between the four typesof series-parallel integrated system. It was proposed to employ digitalvoltage/current sharing method for the transmitters, so that based on CAN busdesign, the voltage/current sharing of the transmitter could be realized using digitalcontrollers. And the effectiveness of the voltage/current sharing method was provedfrom the perspective of simulation.
Lastly, based on the employed topology of transmitter, high-frequencytransformer and power equipment, as well as the result of the theoretical studies, a25KW prototype was produced. The comprehensive performance tests conducted tothe prototype validated the effectiveness of the theoretical study and simulationresult in this dissertation.
This study focused on the technical requirements on the power supply fortransmitter, the practical factors in engineering applications were taken intoconsideration, and theoretical study and experimental validation were performed, itwas also verified in practical application.
引文
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