离子聚合物、纳米纤维素增强木塑复合材料的研究
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摘要
近年来木塑复合材料以其丰富的原料优势和独特的性能吸引了越来越多的关注，但是目前市场上的木塑复合材料还存在很多的不足之处，如比重大，强度低，特别是冲击韧性差等问题，其根本原因是木粉只起到了填充相的作用，而未真正起到增强相的效果。因此对木塑复合材料的增强改性研究受到越来越多的学者的关注。本次论文利用了两种材料对木塑复合材料进行增强改性，一种为离子聚合物，一种为为植物纳米纤维素。
首先本次论文以HDPE为基体材料，木粉为填充材料，利用HAKKE minilab对木塑复合材料挤出成型，分析离子聚合物对木塑复合材料的增容增韧效果，并与传统的偶联剂-马来酸酐接枝聚乙烯（MAPE）进行对比，结论如下：
（1）离子聚合物对木塑复合材料流变性能的影响：随着钠离子聚合物含量的增加，木塑复合材料的剪切应力和表观粘度都呈现出降低的趋势，表明钠离子聚合物的加入可以增加熔体的流动性。而添加4%的钠离子聚合物和4%的锌离子聚合物的复合材料的剪切应力和表观粘度均要低于添加和未添加MAPE的复合材料的值，表明与MAPE偶联剂相比，离子聚合物更能够提高木塑复合材料的流动性能。
（2）离子聚合物对木塑复合材料力学性能的影响：随着钠离子聚合物含量的提高，复合材料的拉伸强度显示出了稳定的上升趋势，但是复合材料的弹性模量呈现出明显的降低趋势，而抗弯强度呈现出了增加的趋势，且添加钠离子聚合物的复合材料的抗弯强度要高于添加MAPE复合材料的抗弯强度。表明离子聚合物起到了偶联剂的作用，提高了木粉和塑料之间的界面相容性。
发现离子聚合物对提高木塑复合材料的冲击韧性起到了突出的贡献，当添加4%的钠离子聚合物时，复合材料的抗冲击韧性为40.2J/m，且随着离子聚合物含量的增加，复合材料的冲击韧性出现了近似线性的提高。
（3）离子聚合物对木塑复合材料热膨胀系数的影响：在低温区（-20℃-30℃），添加了4%的钠离子聚合物的复合材料的LCTE为64.11×10-6/℃，比纯的HDPE降低了61.89%，表明离子聚合物比传统的偶联剂MAPE更能限制木塑复合材料的热膨胀；在低温段（-20℃-30℃）和中温段（0℃-60℃），复合材料的LCTE都是随着钠离子聚合物含量的增加呈现出先降低后增加的趋势。
（4）DMA分析表明，当在低于60℃时，添加2%和4%的钠离子聚合物的WPC的储能模量E’要高于添加0%和6%的钠离子聚合物，而当温度大于60℃时候，随着钠离子聚合物含量的提高，其E’则显示出了降低的趋势，随着钠离子聚合物含量的增加，复合材料的损耗模量呈现出降低的趋势；与MAPE相比，在玻璃化转变点之前，三种木塑复合材料的储能模量的大小为：4%MAPE﹥4%钠离子聚合物﹥0%Additives，而在玻璃化转变点以上，则添加钠离子聚合物的复合材料的储能模量要低于添加MAPE和不添加任何助剂的复合材料，未添加任何助剂的木塑复合材料的损耗模量要远远高于添加4%MAPE和4%钠离子聚合物的复合材料。
5）FTIR分析表明，当添加4%的钠离子聚合物后，可以发现复合材料上引入了羧基基团，表明离子聚合物和木质纤维发生了化学反应，增强了木粉和塑料基体的界面相容性。
其次以杨木粉和脱脂棉为原料，通过酸碱处理和研磨处理制备出了纳米纤维素纤丝，并以木粉和HDPE作为原材料，利用真空抽滤法将制备的纳米纤维素分散到HDPE基体中，通过挤出成型的手段研究纳米纤维素对木塑复合材料的增强效果，结论如下：
（1）随着木粉纳米纤维素含量的增加，复合材料的熔体的表观粘度呈现出升高的趋势，表明杨木粉纳米纤维素的加入增加了木塑复合材料熔体的粘度；
（2）添加木粉和脱脂棉两种纳米纤维素的木塑复合材料的抗弯强度和弹性模量都随着纳米纤维素含量的增加呈现出明显的增加趋势，未添加纳米纤维素的木塑复合材料的抗弯强度为28.6Mpa，添加20%的木粉纳米纤维素和20%的脱脂棉纳米纤维素后的复合材料抗弯强度分别为41.2Mpa和37.1Mpa；
（3）热膨胀系数分析发现随着纳米纤维素含量的增加，添加两种纳米纤维素的木塑复合材料的LCTE值都呈现出了降低的趋势，添加脱脂棉纳米纤维素的复合材料降低幅度没有添加杨木粉纳米纤维素的复合材料显著；
（4）DMA分析表明，随着纳米纤维素含量的增加，木塑复合材料的储能模量和损耗模量都显示出了升高的趋势，表明纳米纤维素的加入增强了木塑复合材料的刚性特征和粘性特征；
（5）SEM对纳米纤维素增强的木塑复合材料液氮脆断断面进行观察分析，采用真空抽滤法添加10%和20%含量的木粉纳米纤维素后，在复合材料的断面出现均匀分布的网状细丝，部分纤丝的直径达到纳米尺度，与木粉纳米纤维素增强效果相比，脱脂棉纳米纤维素的复合材料断面虽然也有细丝覆盖，但是细丝的效果并不明显，分散也不均匀。
最后以纳米纤维素为增强材料，通过挤出成型的方法制备出了纳米纤维素/HDPE复合材料，采用两种方法对纳米纤维素进行分散，一种为以PEO作为分散剂将纳米纤维素分散到HDPE中，另一种方法为真空抽滤法将纳米纤维素分散到HDPE基体中，对比了两种方法制备的复合材料的性能，结论如下：
（1）流变性能分析表明，随着纳米纤维素含量的增高，两种方法制备的复合材料的剪切应力和表观粘度都显示出了近似线性的增加趋势，当纳米纤维素的含量为50%时，采用分散剂法制备的复合材料的剪切应力和表观粘度都要远远低于真空抽滤法分散纳米纤维素制备的复合材料。
（2）随着纳米纤维素含量的增加，两种分散法制备的复合材料的抗弯强度（MOR）和抗弯模量（MOE）都显示出了明显上升的趋势，而利用真空抽滤法制备的复合材料的MOR和MOE则稍低于分散剂法制备的复合材料。
（3）热膨胀系数测试发现添加少量的纳米纤维素就可以降低HDPE的热膨胀系数，但是随着纳米纤维素含量的增加，则降低的幅度不再明显，而且发现利用分散剂法制备的复合材料的LCTE值比利用真空抽滤法制备的复合材料的LCTE值下降幅度更大。
（4）DMA测试表明，利用两种方法制备的复合材料的储能模量和损耗模量都随着纳米纤维素含量的增加表现出升高的趋势，当纳米纤维素的含量为50%时，利用分散剂法制备的复合材料的最大储能模量为7793Mpa,而利用真空抽滤法制备的复合材料的最大储能模量为7582Mpa，而真空抽滤法制备的复合材料的损耗模量要远远高于分散剂法制备的复合材料，表明真空抽滤法制备的复合材料要耗费更高的能量，阻尼更高，说明分散剂法对纳米纤维素在HDPE中的分散效果更好。
（5）利用SEM对复合材料的断面分析发现两种方法制备的复合材料的断面都有均匀分散的网状细丝出现，而且部分细丝的直径达到纳米级别，表明两种方法制备的复合材料，纳米纤维素在塑料基体中都取得了均匀分散，只是利用分散剂法制备的复合材料断面细丝更加均匀致密，HDPE裸露部分较少，因而利用PEO作为分散剂对纳米纤维素的分散效果更好。
Recently,wood plastic composites(WPC) draw more and more attention because ofabundant raw materials and excellent properties. However, WPC products still have a lot ofdisadvantages on the market, such as large specific weight, low strength, especially poor impacttoughness, and the main reason is that wood floor only plays a role in filling phase, other than theeffect of reinforcement phase. Therefore, more and more scholars focus on study ofreinforcement modification of WPC. Two reinforcing materials were used to modify WPC in thispaper, one is ionomer, and the other one is biocellulose nanofibers.
In this paper, in order to evaluate the effect of improving the compatibility and impacttoughness, WPC was extruded by HAKKE minilab using HDPE as matrix, and wood floor asfiller, and compared with the effect of traditional coupling agent-maleic anhydride graftedpolyethylene(MAPE), the conclusions were as follows:
(1)The influence of ionomer on the rheological properties: both of the shear stress andapparent viscosity showed decline trend with sodium ionomer increasing, which indicated thesodium ionomer could improve the flow ability of WPC melt. Compared with MAPE, the shearstress and apparent viscosity of WPC adding4%sodium ionomer and4%zinc ionomer weremuch lower, which also revealed ionomer could improve the flow ability of WPC much moreefficiently.
(2)The effect of ionomer on mechanical performance of WPC: the tensile strength and thebenging strength of WPC showed ascending trend with ionomer increasing, but the bendingmodulus showed decline trend, and the bending strength of WPC adding sodium ionomer washigher than that adding MAPE, which demonstrated ionomer played a part in coupling agent, andimprove the interfacial strength.
Ionomer played an important role in improving the impact toughness of WPC, and theimpact toughness of WPC was40.2J/m when adding4%sodium ionomer. The impact toughnessshowed approximate linear enhancement with ionomer increasing.
(3) The effect of ionomer on the coefficient of thermal expanding of WPC: in the lowtemperature range（-20℃-30℃）, the LCTE of WPC adding4%sodium ionomer was64.11×10-6/℃, which was reduced61.89%than pure HDPE, both in the low temperature range（-20℃-30℃））and middle temperature range（0℃-60℃）, the LCTE of WPC showed firstlydecreases and then inceases trend with sodium ionomer increasing.
(4) The DMA analysis indicated:The storage modulus of WPC adding2%sodium ionomerand4%sodium ionomer were higher than which adding0%sodium ionomer and6%ionomerwhen below60℃, but E’ showed dicline trend as sodium ionomer increased when above60℃. Itis different for loss modulus which showed decline trend at all temperature range. Comparedwith MAPE, the values of E’ for three WPCs was as follows before glass transition point(Tg):4%MAPE>4%sodium ionomer>0%aditives，but over Tg, the E’ of WPC adding sodium ionomer was a little lower than which adding MAPE and0%aditives. The loss modulus of WPCadding0%aditives was much higher than it adding4%MAPE and4%sodium ionomer.
(5) The FTIR analysis showed that: it could be found that the carboxyl group was brought inWPC adding4%sodium ionomer, which indicated ionomer and fiber involved chemical reactionand improved the interfacial compatibility of wood floor and polymer matrix.
Then the cellulose nanofibers(CNF) were prepared via acid and alkali treatment combinedwith mechanical treatment with poplar floor and cotton as raw material. The CNF was dispersedinto HDPE matrix by vacuum filtration and then all the materials were extruded by a HAKKEminilab, and the effect of WPC reinforced by CNF was as follows:
（1）The apparent viscosity of WPC melt showed increased trend with poplar CNFincreasing, which indicated the viscosity of melt was increased by poplar CNF.
（2）The MOR and MOE of WPC adding poplar and cotton CNF showed visble increasedtrend as CNF levels increased, and the MOR of WPC without CNF was28.6Mpa，but the MORof WPC adding20%poplar CNF and20%cotton CNF were41.2Mpa and37.1Mpa separately.
（3）The LCTE of WPC adding poplar CNF and cotton CNF were both showed declinetrend with CNF content increasing, the only diffrence was the LCTE of WPC adding cotton CNFwas litter higher than which adding poplar CNF.
（4）The DMA analysis showed the storage modulus and loss modulus were both increasingas CNF increased, which indicated the adding of CNF enhanced the stiffness and viscosity ofWPC.
（5）The SEM photographes showed there was well dispersed net-like fibers on the fracturesection of WPC adding10%and20%poplar CNF using vacuum filtration, and part of silk wasnanoscale. Compared with WPC adding poplar CNF, which adding cotton CNF also had silk onthe fracture section, but the fibers were not clear very much and the dispertion effect was notvery perfect.
Finally the CNF/HDPE composite was extruded with poplar CNF as reinfored material, andtwo dispersing mathod was used to make CNF dispersed into HDPE uniformly, one is to usePEO as dispersing agent, and the other is vacuum filtration, and the conclusions were as follows:
(1) rheological properties showed that: the shear stress and apparent viscosity both showedapproximatly linear increasing trend with CNF increasing, and the stress and apparent viscosityof WPC using dispersing agent method was much lower than which using vacuum filtrationmethod when the content of CNF was below50%.
(2) The MOR and MOE of WPC using two dispersing methods both showed increasingtrend as CNF increased, but which using vacuum filtrition method were little lower than usingdispersing agent method.
(3)The LCTE showed adding a little CNF could decreased the LCTE of HDPE, but thelower rate was not evident any more as CNF increasing. The LCTE of composite usingdispersing agent method declined much more than which using vacuum filtrition method.
(4) The DMA analysis showed the storage modulus and loss modulus both showedincreasing trend using two dispersing methods as CNF increasd. The maximum storage modulus was7793Mpa using dispersing agent method when CNF content was50%, but the maximumstorage modulus was7582Mpa using vacuum filtration method, but the loss modulus usingvacuum filtration was much higher than using dispersing agent method, which indicated thecomposite prepared using vacuum filtrition method would consume much energy and damperwas much higher, and the dispersing agent method was much better.
(5) The SEM photographs showed there exsited well-dispersed silks on the fracture sectionof CNF/HDPE compostes prepared with two dispersing methods, and part of silks werenanoscale, which indicated CNF were well dispersed into HDPE matrix using two methods, butthe silks on the fracture section of composite using dispersing agent method was mcuh uniformand dense, and the part of naked HDPE was lesser.
首先本次论文以HDPE为基体材料，木粉为填充材料，利用HAKKE minilab对木塑复合材料挤出成型，分析离子聚合物对木塑复合材料的增容增韧效果，并与传统的偶联剂-马来酸酐接枝聚乙烯（MAPE）进行对比，结论如下：
（1）离子聚合物对木塑复合材料流变性能的影响：随着钠离子聚合物含量的增加，木塑复合材料的剪切应力和表观粘度都呈现出降低的趋势，表明钠离子聚合物的加入可以增加熔体的流动性。而添加4%的钠离子聚合物和4%的锌离子聚合物的复合材料的剪切应力和表观粘度均要低于添加和未添加MAPE的复合材料的值，表明与MAPE偶联剂相比，离子聚合物更能够提高木塑复合材料的流动性能。
（2）离子聚合物对木塑复合材料力学性能的影响：随着钠离子聚合物含量的提高，复合材料的拉伸强度显示出了稳定的上升趋势，但是复合材料的弹性模量呈现出明显的降低趋势，而抗弯强度呈现出了增加的趋势，且添加钠离子聚合物的复合材料的抗弯强度要高于添加MAPE复合材料的抗弯强度。表明离子聚合物起到了偶联剂的作用，提高了木粉和塑料之间的界面相容性。
发现离子聚合物对提高木塑复合材料的冲击韧性起到了突出的贡献，当添加4%的钠离子聚合物时，复合材料的抗冲击韧性为40.2J/m，且随着离子聚合物含量的增加，复合材料的冲击韧性出现了近似线性的提高。
（3）离子聚合物对木塑复合材料热膨胀系数的影响：在低温区（-20℃-30℃），添加了4%的钠离子聚合物的复合材料的LCTE为64.11×10-6/℃，比纯的HDPE降低了61.89%，表明离子聚合物比传统的偶联剂MAPE更能限制木塑复合材料的热膨胀；在低温段（-20℃-30℃）和中温段（0℃-60℃），复合材料的LCTE都是随着钠离子聚合物含量的增加呈现出先降低后增加的趋势。
（4）DMA分析表明，当在低于60℃时，添加2%和4%的钠离子聚合物的WPC的储能模量E’要高于添加0%和6%的钠离子聚合物，而当温度大于60℃时候，随着钠离子聚合物含量的提高，其E’则显示出了降低的趋势，随着钠离子聚合物含量的增加，复合材料的损耗模量呈现出降低的趋势；与MAPE相比，在玻璃化转变点之前，三种木塑复合材料的储能模量的大小为：4%MAPE﹥4%钠离子聚合物﹥0%Additives，而在玻璃化转变点以上，则添加钠离子聚合物的复合材料的储能模量要低于添加MAPE和不添加任何助剂的复合材料，未添加任何助剂的木塑复合材料的损耗模量要远远高于添加4%MAPE和4%钠离子聚合物的复合材料。
5）FTIR分析表明，当添加4%的钠离子聚合物后，可以发现复合材料上引入了羧基基团，表明离子聚合物和木质纤维发生了化学反应，增强了木粉和塑料基体的界面相容性。
其次以杨木粉和脱脂棉为原料，通过酸碱处理和研磨处理制备出了纳米纤维素纤丝，并以木粉和HDPE作为原材料，利用真空抽滤法将制备的纳米纤维素分散到HDPE基体中，通过挤出成型的手段研究纳米纤维素对木塑复合材料的增强效果，结论如下：
（1）随着木粉纳米纤维素含量的增加，复合材料的熔体的表观粘度呈现出升高的趋势，表明杨木粉纳米纤维素的加入增加了木塑复合材料熔体的粘度；
（2）添加木粉和脱脂棉两种纳米纤维素的木塑复合材料的抗弯强度和弹性模量都随着纳米纤维素含量的增加呈现出明显的增加趋势，未添加纳米纤维素的木塑复合材料的抗弯强度为28.6Mpa，添加20%的木粉纳米纤维素和20%的脱脂棉纳米纤维素后的复合材料抗弯强度分别为41.2Mpa和37.1Mpa；
（3）热膨胀系数分析发现随着纳米纤维素含量的增加，添加两种纳米纤维素的木塑复合材料的LCTE值都呈现出了降低的趋势，添加脱脂棉纳米纤维素的复合材料降低幅度没有添加杨木粉纳米纤维素的复合材料显著；
（4）DMA分析表明，随着纳米纤维素含量的增加，木塑复合材料的储能模量和损耗模量都显示出了升高的趋势，表明纳米纤维素的加入增强了木塑复合材料的刚性特征和粘性特征；
（5）SEM对纳米纤维素增强的木塑复合材料液氮脆断断面进行观察分析，采用真空抽滤法添加10%和20%含量的木粉纳米纤维素后，在复合材料的断面出现均匀分布的网状细丝，部分纤丝的直径达到纳米尺度，与木粉纳米纤维素增强效果相比，脱脂棉纳米纤维素的复合材料断面虽然也有细丝覆盖，但是细丝的效果并不明显，分散也不均匀。
最后以纳米纤维素为增强材料，通过挤出成型的方法制备出了纳米纤维素/HDPE复合材料，采用两种方法对纳米纤维素进行分散，一种为以PEO作为分散剂将纳米纤维素分散到HDPE中，另一种方法为真空抽滤法将纳米纤维素分散到HDPE基体中，对比了两种方法制备的复合材料的性能，结论如下：
（1）流变性能分析表明，随着纳米纤维素含量的增高，两种方法制备的复合材料的剪切应力和表观粘度都显示出了近似线性的增加趋势，当纳米纤维素的含量为50%时，采用分散剂法制备的复合材料的剪切应力和表观粘度都要远远低于真空抽滤法分散纳米纤维素制备的复合材料。
（2）随着纳米纤维素含量的增加，两种分散法制备的复合材料的抗弯强度（MOR）和抗弯模量（MOE）都显示出了明显上升的趋势，而利用真空抽滤法制备的复合材料的MOR和MOE则稍低于分散剂法制备的复合材料。
（3）热膨胀系数测试发现添加少量的纳米纤维素就可以降低HDPE的热膨胀系数，但是随着纳米纤维素含量的增加，则降低的幅度不再明显，而且发现利用分散剂法制备的复合材料的LCTE值比利用真空抽滤法制备的复合材料的LCTE值下降幅度更大。
（4）DMA测试表明，利用两种方法制备的复合材料的储能模量和损耗模量都随着纳米纤维素含量的增加表现出升高的趋势，当纳米纤维素的含量为50%时，利用分散剂法制备的复合材料的最大储能模量为7793Mpa,而利用真空抽滤法制备的复合材料的最大储能模量为7582Mpa，而真空抽滤法制备的复合材料的损耗模量要远远高于分散剂法制备的复合材料，表明真空抽滤法制备的复合材料要耗费更高的能量，阻尼更高，说明分散剂法对纳米纤维素在HDPE中的分散效果更好。
（5）利用SEM对复合材料的断面分析发现两种方法制备的复合材料的断面都有均匀分散的网状细丝出现，而且部分细丝的直径达到纳米级别，表明两种方法制备的复合材料，纳米纤维素在塑料基体中都取得了均匀分散，只是利用分散剂法制备的复合材料断面细丝更加均匀致密，HDPE裸露部分较少，因而利用PEO作为分散剂对纳米纤维素的分散效果更好。
Recently,wood plastic composites(WPC) draw more and more attention because ofabundant raw materials and excellent properties. However, WPC products still have a lot ofdisadvantages on the market, such as large specific weight, low strength, especially poor impacttoughness, and the main reason is that wood floor only plays a role in filling phase, other than theeffect of reinforcement phase. Therefore, more and more scholars focus on study ofreinforcement modification of WPC. Two reinforcing materials were used to modify WPC in thispaper, one is ionomer, and the other one is biocellulose nanofibers.
In this paper, in order to evaluate the effect of improving the compatibility and impacttoughness, WPC was extruded by HAKKE minilab using HDPE as matrix, and wood floor asfiller, and compared with the effect of traditional coupling agent-maleic anhydride graftedpolyethylene(MAPE), the conclusions were as follows:
(1)The influence of ionomer on the rheological properties: both of the shear stress andapparent viscosity showed decline trend with sodium ionomer increasing, which indicated thesodium ionomer could improve the flow ability of WPC melt. Compared with MAPE, the shearstress and apparent viscosity of WPC adding4%sodium ionomer and4%zinc ionomer weremuch lower, which also revealed ionomer could improve the flow ability of WPC much moreefficiently.
(2)The effect of ionomer on mechanical performance of WPC: the tensile strength and thebenging strength of WPC showed ascending trend with ionomer increasing, but the bendingmodulus showed decline trend, and the bending strength of WPC adding sodium ionomer washigher than that adding MAPE, which demonstrated ionomer played a part in coupling agent, andimprove the interfacial strength.
Ionomer played an important role in improving the impact toughness of WPC, and theimpact toughness of WPC was40.2J/m when adding4%sodium ionomer. The impact toughnessshowed approximate linear enhancement with ionomer increasing.
(3) The effect of ionomer on the coefficient of thermal expanding of WPC: in the lowtemperature range（-20℃-30℃）, the LCTE of WPC adding4%sodium ionomer was64.11×10-6/℃, which was reduced61.89%than pure HDPE, both in the low temperature range（-20℃-30℃））and middle temperature range（0℃-60℃）, the LCTE of WPC showed firstlydecreases and then inceases trend with sodium ionomer increasing.
(4) The DMA analysis indicated:The storage modulus of WPC adding2%sodium ionomerand4%sodium ionomer were higher than which adding0%sodium ionomer and6%ionomerwhen below60℃, but E’ showed dicline trend as sodium ionomer increased when above60℃. Itis different for loss modulus which showed decline trend at all temperature range. Comparedwith MAPE, the values of E’ for three WPCs was as follows before glass transition point(Tg):4%MAPE>4%sodium ionomer>0%aditives，but over Tg, the E’ of WPC adding sodium ionomer was a little lower than which adding MAPE and0%aditives. The loss modulus of WPCadding0%aditives was much higher than it adding4%MAPE and4%sodium ionomer.
(5) The FTIR analysis showed that: it could be found that the carboxyl group was brought inWPC adding4%sodium ionomer, which indicated ionomer and fiber involved chemical reactionand improved the interfacial compatibility of wood floor and polymer matrix.
Then the cellulose nanofibers(CNF) were prepared via acid and alkali treatment combinedwith mechanical treatment with poplar floor and cotton as raw material. The CNF was dispersedinto HDPE matrix by vacuum filtration and then all the materials were extruded by a HAKKEminilab, and the effect of WPC reinforced by CNF was as follows:
（1）The apparent viscosity of WPC melt showed increased trend with poplar CNFincreasing, which indicated the viscosity of melt was increased by poplar CNF.
（2）The MOR and MOE of WPC adding poplar and cotton CNF showed visble increasedtrend as CNF levels increased, and the MOR of WPC without CNF was28.6Mpa，but the MORof WPC adding20%poplar CNF and20%cotton CNF were41.2Mpa and37.1Mpa separately.
（3）The LCTE of WPC adding poplar CNF and cotton CNF were both showed declinetrend with CNF content increasing, the only diffrence was the LCTE of WPC adding cotton CNFwas litter higher than which adding poplar CNF.
（4）The DMA analysis showed the storage modulus and loss modulus were both increasingas CNF increased, which indicated the adding of CNF enhanced the stiffness and viscosity ofWPC.
（5）The SEM photographes showed there was well dispersed net-like fibers on the fracturesection of WPC adding10%and20%poplar CNF using vacuum filtration, and part of silk wasnanoscale. Compared with WPC adding poplar CNF, which adding cotton CNF also had silk onthe fracture section, but the fibers were not clear very much and the dispertion effect was notvery perfect.
Finally the CNF/HDPE composite was extruded with poplar CNF as reinfored material, andtwo dispersing mathod was used to make CNF dispersed into HDPE uniformly, one is to usePEO as dispersing agent, and the other is vacuum filtration, and the conclusions were as follows:
(1) rheological properties showed that: the shear stress and apparent viscosity both showedapproximatly linear increasing trend with CNF increasing, and the stress and apparent viscosityof WPC using dispersing agent method was much lower than which using vacuum filtrationmethod when the content of CNF was below50%.
(2) The MOR and MOE of WPC using two dispersing methods both showed increasingtrend as CNF increased, but which using vacuum filtrition method were little lower than usingdispersing agent method.
(3)The LCTE showed adding a little CNF could decreased the LCTE of HDPE, but thelower rate was not evident any more as CNF increasing. The LCTE of composite usingdispersing agent method declined much more than which using vacuum filtrition method.
(4) The DMA analysis showed the storage modulus and loss modulus both showedincreasing trend using two dispersing methods as CNF increasd. The maximum storage modulus was7793Mpa using dispersing agent method when CNF content was50%, but the maximumstorage modulus was7582Mpa using vacuum filtration method, but the loss modulus usingvacuum filtration was much higher than using dispersing agent method, which indicated thecomposite prepared using vacuum filtrition method would consume much energy and damperwas much higher, and the dispersing agent method was much better.
(5) The SEM photographs showed there exsited well-dispersed silks on the fracture sectionof CNF/HDPE compostes prepared with two dispersing methods, and part of silks werenanoscale, which indicated CNF were well dispersed into HDPE matrix using two methods, butthe silks on the fracture section of composite using dispersing agent method was mcuh uniformand dense, and the part of naked HDPE was lesser.
引文
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