水中常规弹药引信环境敏感及安全控制技术研究
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摘要
复杂多样的现代战争需要与之相适应的武器装备。我国领海广阔,与邻国海上争端不断,发生海上武力冲突的风险很大,大力发展海军及海军武器装备意义重大且十分迫切。水中发射和使用的中小口径弹药与武器系统是目前海军特战队装备发展的方向之一。相对陆上弹药引信而言,水中弹药引信的研究比较薄弱,已有的研究也一直侧重于水中目标探测与识别技术。水下火箭弹这种水中常规弹药具有发射过载低、无旋转的特点,其引信设计尤其是环境敏感与安全控制方面存在诸多技术难题。解决水中常规弹药引信环境敏感及安全控制方面的诸多关键技术,对于改善目前国内在水中常规弹药引信安全控制方面的薄弱现状,拓展引信技术的应用空间,推动水中常规弹药引信的发展以及提高我国水下兵器的装备水平具有重要的现实意义。
本文以某水下火箭弹引信为研究对象,根据弹药的工作过程及引信系统设计的总体要求,对可用的环境信息进行了分析,采用弹道压力和流体动力作为环境激励,通过压力传感器和涡轮机构实现引信的环境敏感与安全控制。并提出了引信系统设计中的难点问题和关键技术。
为获得引信涡轮转速与弹丸速度的函数关系,同时为引信涡轮参数的优化设计奠定基础,建立了水中弹药引信涡轮的转动数学模型。与现有空气中引信涡轮数学模型相比,该模型考虑了流体粘性,构建了涡轮结构参数与动力性能之间的定量关系,且不依赖于试验获得的经验系数。为尽量保持弹丸的原有外形,保证其外弹道性能,引信头部涡轮轮毂端面无导流装置。分析了涡轮轮毂端面无导流装置时造成的流动损失,在此基础上,提出了该情况下考虑边界层及边界层分离的叶片入口速度修正方法。此外,通过分析小攻角情况下涡轮叶片一周范围内流体入射角、边界层厚度及入口速度分布的对应关系,提出了小攻角情况下涡轮转速近似计算的理论方法。
对压力传感器的类型、参数和供电方式等进行了比较分析。采用数值方法计算了不同攻角、不同水深和不同速度共42种情况下的弹体压力数据,提出传感器安装位置的优化选择策略,对压力传感器安装位置进行了优化选择。对涡轮转速测量系统的关键参数进行了设计,并分析了不同转速测量方法的误差。基于最优化理论,提出了引信涡轮参数非线性优化设计的流程与方法,以解决目前引信涡轮结构参数经验设计与试验设计的缺陷,提高设计效率与质量。以弹速-涡轮转速具有最好的线性度为目标,对引信涡轮参数进行了优化设计。
根据水中弹药两相流动的CFD技术的相关基础理论与模型,在考虑高速流动、旋转流场与空化现象的基础上,提出了引信涡轮三维流场数值仿真方法。并比较了Schnerr-sauer空化模型和Zwart-gerber-belamri空化模型对水中弹药引信涡轮流场进行数值仿真计算的适用情况。采用粘性流体的CFD技术,对引信涡轮零攻角与小攻角情况下的转速进行了计算,分析了引信头部的压力分布、涡轮的轴向受力及涡轮叶片的变形,为涡轮机构的设计提供一定的数据支撑。
讨论了空化初生及其影响因素。研究了空化对流体动力特性的影响,以及空化试验的一般准则。从理论上分析了涡轮机构对水中常规弹药射程与弹丸稳定性的影响,根据数值方法计算的结果,研究了涡轮机构对弹丸头部阻力系数、压力中心、俯仰力矩及俯仰力矩系数等的影响,定量分析了有涡轮和无涡轮弹丸射程及稳定性的差异。
根据系统要求,设计了涡轮机构及引信控制电路,研制了引信系统原理样机,并开展了静态实验与水洞模拟实验。实验结果表明,采用的引信设计方案是可行的。同时验证了水中弹药引信涡轮转动数学模型及参数优化设计方法的正确性。文中引信系统设计方法、所涉及的理论模型、数值仿真技术及实验方法,对水中常规弹药引信系统设计及安全控制具有较高的参考价值。
The complexity of modern warfare requires corresponding arms and weaponry. Our vast territorial waters, constantly maritime disputes with neighboring countries, the risk of armed conflict at sea, made vigorously develop the Navy and naval weaponry significant and very urgent. Small and medium calibre ammunition and weapons system using in water is one of current navy Special Forces equipment development direction. Compared with onshore ammunition fuze, underwater ammunition fuze research is weak, and the existing research has been focused on underwater target detection and recognition technology. Because of low recoil force and non-rotation characteristics of such ammunition as underwater rockets, there are many technical problems of fuze design especially environment sensitive and safety control. Solve the key technologies of the fuze system design and safety control of underwater conventional ammunition, has important practical significance for improving the weak status of the domestic underwater ammunition fuze safety control, expanding the fuze technology applications space, promoting the development of underwater conventional ammunition fuzes and improving our underwater weapons and equipment level.
In this thesis, taking an underwater rocket fuze as the research object, according to the work course and the general requirements of fuze system, analysed available environmental information and determined using ballistic pressure and fluid power as the environmental incentive, achieve fuze environment sensitive and safety control with the pressure sensor and turbine mechanism. Difficult issues and key technology in the design of the fuze system was analysed.
To obtain the function relationship of the fuze turbine rotational speed with the projectile velocity, and lay a foundation for optimal design of fuze turbine parameters, the turbine rotation mathematical model of underwater ammunition fuzes was established. The model takes into account the fluid viscosity, and established a quantitative relationship between the turbine structure parameters and dynamic performance, which does not depend on empirical coefficients obtained by tests. Since the flat-head projectile has good flight stability, analyzed the flow losses, when there's no deflector in the head face of the turbine hub. Blade inlet velocity correction method was proposed, considering the boundary layer and the boundary layer separation. In addition, the turbine rotation speed approximate calculation theory method was studied in the case of a small angle of attack, by analyzing correspondence relationship of the incident angle of the fluid, boundary layer thickness and the inlet velocity distribution in a round of turbine blades.
Pressure sensor type, parameters, the way of power supply and other issues have been compared and analysed. The projectile body pressure data at42cases of different angle of attack, different water depths and different speeds, was calculated by numerical methods, the optimal choice of strategy for selecting sensor installation location was present, and the sensor installation position was optimized. The key parameters of the rotation speed measurement system were designed and the error of different speed measurement methods was analysed. Based on the optimization theory, proposed fuze turbine parameter nonlinear optimization design processes and methods to solve experiential design and experimental design defects of the fuze turbine parameters, improve design efficiency and quality. Target aims to that projectile velocity-turbine speed has the best linearity, the fuze turbine parameters were optimized designed.
The underlying theory and the model of the two-phase flow of underwater ammunition CFD technology were introduced. Considering the high-speed flow, rotating flow field and cavitation, fuze turbine three-dimensional flow field numerical simulation method was proposed. The applicability of Schnerr-sauer cavitation model and the Zwart-gerber-belamri cavitation model of underwater ammunition fuze turbine flow field numerical simulation was compared. Using the viscous fluid CFD technology, calculated the fuze turbine rotational speed in the case of the zero angle of attack and a small angle of attack, analysed the the pressure distribution of fuze head, the force of turbine in the axial direction and deformation of the turbine blade.
Cavitation inception and its influencing factors were discussed. Cavitation influences on the hydrodynamic characteristics, as well as the general guidelines of the cavitation test were studied. The turbine institutions influences on the consistency of underwater ammunition ballistics and projectile stability were analyzed theoretically. Based on calculated results by numerical methods, turbine institutions influences on projectile head drag coefficient, center of pressure, pitching moment and pitching moment coefficient were studied. The range and stability differences of projectile with turbine and without turbine were quantitatively analyzed.
Turbine mechanism and fuze control circuit were designed according to the system requirements, developed the fuze system principle prototype and conducted static tests and the water tunnel simulation tests. The test results show that the fuze design is feasible. The correctness of the turbine rotation mathematical models and parameter optimization design method of underwater ammunition fuze was verified. The fuze system design methods, theoretical models and numerical simulation technology, have a high reference value for the fuze system design and safety control of underwater conventional ammunition.
本文以某水下火箭弹引信为研究对象,根据弹药的工作过程及引信系统设计的总体要求,对可用的环境信息进行了分析,采用弹道压力和流体动力作为环境激励,通过压力传感器和涡轮机构实现引信的环境敏感与安全控制。并提出了引信系统设计中的难点问题和关键技术。
为获得引信涡轮转速与弹丸速度的函数关系,同时为引信涡轮参数的优化设计奠定基础,建立了水中弹药引信涡轮的转动数学模型。与现有空气中引信涡轮数学模型相比,该模型考虑了流体粘性,构建了涡轮结构参数与动力性能之间的定量关系,且不依赖于试验获得的经验系数。为尽量保持弹丸的原有外形,保证其外弹道性能,引信头部涡轮轮毂端面无导流装置。分析了涡轮轮毂端面无导流装置时造成的流动损失,在此基础上,提出了该情况下考虑边界层及边界层分离的叶片入口速度修正方法。此外,通过分析小攻角情况下涡轮叶片一周范围内流体入射角、边界层厚度及入口速度分布的对应关系,提出了小攻角情况下涡轮转速近似计算的理论方法。
对压力传感器的类型、参数和供电方式等进行了比较分析。采用数值方法计算了不同攻角、不同水深和不同速度共42种情况下的弹体压力数据,提出传感器安装位置的优化选择策略,对压力传感器安装位置进行了优化选择。对涡轮转速测量系统的关键参数进行了设计,并分析了不同转速测量方法的误差。基于最优化理论,提出了引信涡轮参数非线性优化设计的流程与方法,以解决目前引信涡轮结构参数经验设计与试验设计的缺陷,提高设计效率与质量。以弹速-涡轮转速具有最好的线性度为目标,对引信涡轮参数进行了优化设计。
根据水中弹药两相流动的CFD技术的相关基础理论与模型,在考虑高速流动、旋转流场与空化现象的基础上,提出了引信涡轮三维流场数值仿真方法。并比较了Schnerr-sauer空化模型和Zwart-gerber-belamri空化模型对水中弹药引信涡轮流场进行数值仿真计算的适用情况。采用粘性流体的CFD技术,对引信涡轮零攻角与小攻角情况下的转速进行了计算,分析了引信头部的压力分布、涡轮的轴向受力及涡轮叶片的变形,为涡轮机构的设计提供一定的数据支撑。
讨论了空化初生及其影响因素。研究了空化对流体动力特性的影响,以及空化试验的一般准则。从理论上分析了涡轮机构对水中常规弹药射程与弹丸稳定性的影响,根据数值方法计算的结果,研究了涡轮机构对弹丸头部阻力系数、压力中心、俯仰力矩及俯仰力矩系数等的影响,定量分析了有涡轮和无涡轮弹丸射程及稳定性的差异。
根据系统要求,设计了涡轮机构及引信控制电路,研制了引信系统原理样机,并开展了静态实验与水洞模拟实验。实验结果表明,采用的引信设计方案是可行的。同时验证了水中弹药引信涡轮转动数学模型及参数优化设计方法的正确性。文中引信系统设计方法、所涉及的理论模型、数值仿真技术及实验方法,对水中常规弹药引信系统设计及安全控制具有较高的参考价值。
The complexity of modern warfare requires corresponding arms and weaponry. Our vast territorial waters, constantly maritime disputes with neighboring countries, the risk of armed conflict at sea, made vigorously develop the Navy and naval weaponry significant and very urgent. Small and medium calibre ammunition and weapons system using in water is one of current navy Special Forces equipment development direction. Compared with onshore ammunition fuze, underwater ammunition fuze research is weak, and the existing research has been focused on underwater target detection and recognition technology. Because of low recoil force and non-rotation characteristics of such ammunition as underwater rockets, there are many technical problems of fuze design especially environment sensitive and safety control. Solve the key technologies of the fuze system design and safety control of underwater conventional ammunition, has important practical significance for improving the weak status of the domestic underwater ammunition fuze safety control, expanding the fuze technology applications space, promoting the development of underwater conventional ammunition fuzes and improving our underwater weapons and equipment level.
In this thesis, taking an underwater rocket fuze as the research object, according to the work course and the general requirements of fuze system, analysed available environmental information and determined using ballistic pressure and fluid power as the environmental incentive, achieve fuze environment sensitive and safety control with the pressure sensor and turbine mechanism. Difficult issues and key technology in the design of the fuze system was analysed.
To obtain the function relationship of the fuze turbine rotational speed with the projectile velocity, and lay a foundation for optimal design of fuze turbine parameters, the turbine rotation mathematical model of underwater ammunition fuzes was established. The model takes into account the fluid viscosity, and established a quantitative relationship between the turbine structure parameters and dynamic performance, which does not depend on empirical coefficients obtained by tests. Since the flat-head projectile has good flight stability, analyzed the flow losses, when there's no deflector in the head face of the turbine hub. Blade inlet velocity correction method was proposed, considering the boundary layer and the boundary layer separation. In addition, the turbine rotation speed approximate calculation theory method was studied in the case of a small angle of attack, by analyzing correspondence relationship of the incident angle of the fluid, boundary layer thickness and the inlet velocity distribution in a round of turbine blades.
Pressure sensor type, parameters, the way of power supply and other issues have been compared and analysed. The projectile body pressure data at42cases of different angle of attack, different water depths and different speeds, was calculated by numerical methods, the optimal choice of strategy for selecting sensor installation location was present, and the sensor installation position was optimized. The key parameters of the rotation speed measurement system were designed and the error of different speed measurement methods was analysed. Based on the optimization theory, proposed fuze turbine parameter nonlinear optimization design processes and methods to solve experiential design and experimental design defects of the fuze turbine parameters, improve design efficiency and quality. Target aims to that projectile velocity-turbine speed has the best linearity, the fuze turbine parameters were optimized designed.
The underlying theory and the model of the two-phase flow of underwater ammunition CFD technology were introduced. Considering the high-speed flow, rotating flow field and cavitation, fuze turbine three-dimensional flow field numerical simulation method was proposed. The applicability of Schnerr-sauer cavitation model and the Zwart-gerber-belamri cavitation model of underwater ammunition fuze turbine flow field numerical simulation was compared. Using the viscous fluid CFD technology, calculated the fuze turbine rotational speed in the case of the zero angle of attack and a small angle of attack, analysed the the pressure distribution of fuze head, the force of turbine in the axial direction and deformation of the turbine blade.
Cavitation inception and its influencing factors were discussed. Cavitation influences on the hydrodynamic characteristics, as well as the general guidelines of the cavitation test were studied. The turbine institutions influences on the consistency of underwater ammunition ballistics and projectile stability were analyzed theoretically. Based on calculated results by numerical methods, turbine institutions influences on projectile head drag coefficient, center of pressure, pitching moment and pitching moment coefficient were studied. The range and stability differences of projectile with turbine and without turbine were quantitatively analyzed.
Turbine mechanism and fuze control circuit were designed according to the system requirements, developed the fuze system principle prototype and conducted static tests and the water tunnel simulation tests. The test results show that the fuze design is feasible. The correctness of the turbine rotation mathematical models and parameter optimization design method of underwater ammunition fuze was verified. The fuze system design methods, theoretical models and numerical simulation technology, have a high reference value for the fuze system design and safety control of underwater conventional ammunition.
引文
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