不同环境空气中颗粒物水平及其对肺功能的影响探讨
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摘要
环境空气颗粒是环境污染的最重要指标,空气颗粒物(particulate matter, PM)是分散在空气中的固态或液态颗粒状物质。常见的为可吸入颗粒物(PM10)和细颗粒物(PM2.5)。既往研究显示,PM的暴露量与人群呼吸系统疾病的发病率和死亡率升高密切相关,PM暴露可导致呼吸系统疾病的发生与加重；PM还可诱导气道的防御反应,如增加黏液分泌和增加支气管高反应性,加重气道不完全可逆性阻塞。这些呼吸系统的改变可通过肺功能的改变反应出来。
肺功能是反映肺和呼吸道功能状态的重要指标,生产环境空气颗粒物的接触水平及时间对肺功能的影响已有报道,但社区环境空气颗粒物对肺功能的影响报道甚少,为比较不同类型环境空气颗粒物对肺功能的影响,我们选择了武汉2个社区和某陶瓷企业,在进行环境空气颗粒物监测和研究对象人群肺功能检查的基础上,探讨环境颗粒物接触水平及时间对肺功能的影响程度,并为评价社区环境颗粒物呼吸系统危害提供基础数据。
研究结果显示武汉社区环境空气颗粒物PM10的浓度介于0.034～0.444mg/m3,平均为0.173±0.080mg/m3,PM2.5为0.031～0.319mg/m3,平均为0.106±0.049mg/m3。PM10和PM2.5均远远超过国家《环境空气质量标准》(GB3095-2012)对居住区环境空气年平均浓度限值(PM10：0.070mg/m3,PM2.5：0.035mg/m3)要求,说明武汉市环境空气颗粒物污染严重。
研究显示汉阳地区年均颗粒物PM10和PM2.5浓度均略高于汉口地区,具体比较不同季节环境空气颗粒物浓度,发现汉口秋季环境空气颗粒物PM10、PM2.5和春季PM2.5浓度高于汉阳地区外,其余各季节的PM10及PM2.5为汉阳地区高于汉口地区。一年之内各季节比较,汉阳地区秋冬季PM2.5水平明显高春夏季,而PM10以夏季最低,其余春、秋、冬三季的PM10水平接近。汉口地区环境空气颗粒水平的变化趋势与汉阳地区类似,秋冬季的PM2.5明显高于春季和夏季,PM10也以夏季最低,其余三季水平接近。分析原因,可能与气象条件有很大的关系。由于武汉地理环境和气候的影响,春、夏季的地表温度高于秋冬季的地表温度,在地表与大气之间温差会影响空气的流动速度,因此春、夏天的空气扩散会较大；此外,武汉地区春、夏季雨水较多,可降低环境空气中颗粒物的水平。秋冬季的燃烧和取暖也是PM升高的可能原因
生产过程产生的颗粒物浓度远远高于社区环境空气颗粒物浓度,即使在陶瓷企业采取各种措施降低粉尘浓度后,陶瓷厂工种场所的评价颗粒物浓度是社区的15倍以上。
通过对武汉社区和某陶瓷企业年龄、性别匹配的各800名人群进行肺功能测定,结果显示陶瓷企业工人的肺功能主要指标均低于社区人群,陶瓷厂肺功能障碍比例(85.5%)高于武汉社区(51.5%),肺通气障碍以限制性通气障碍最多,推测与颗粒物粉尘暴露引起肺部炎性反应或纤维化,导致肺顺应性降低有关。按《劳动能力鉴定--职工工伤与职业病致残等级》(GB/T16180-2006)排定肺功能损伤,结果陶瓷企业肺功能损伤比例(76.5%)也高于社区居民(26.9%),差异具有统计学意义。说明高水平生产颗粒物对肺功能损伤更为严重。
本课题在环境颗粒物监测基础上进行其对肺功能影响的研究,为全面评价空气颗粒物的健康危害提供了基础数据。
Ambient air particles is one of the most important indicators of environmental pollution. Particulate matter (PM) is solid or liquid granular material dispersed in the air. Inhalable particulate matter (PM10) and fine particulate matter (PM2.5) are common PM. Many previous studies have shown that exposure levels of PM were closely related to the increase of incidence and mortality of respiratory disease for residents. PM exposures were reported to induce or aggravate respiratory disease, defense responses of airway, such as increase mucus secretion, increase bronchial hyper responsiveness, and aggravate incompletely reversible block of airway. These changes in the respiratory system can be reflected by the changes of lung function.
Lung function is an important index of reflecting the state of lung and respiratory function. It has been reported that the exposure levels and duration of PM had an effect on pulmonary function. In this study, we determine PM levels in two communities in Wuhan and a pottery factory. On the basis of monitoring environmental PM and pulmonary function for exposed participants, the degree of influencing pulmonary function with different exposure levels of environmental PM were compared.
The results showed that PM10concentrations in Wuhan city ranged from0.034mg/m3to0.034mg/m3, with an average of0.173±0.080mg/m3, and PM2.5concentrations ranged from0.031mg/m3to0.319mg/m3, with an average of0.106±0.049mg/m3. PM10and PM2.5were far higher than the average air concentration limits of community environment required by 《ambient air quality standard》(GB3095-2012)(PM10:0.070mg/m3, PM2.5:0.035mg/m3). It is suggested that ambient PM pollution in Wuhan is serious.
We found that annual average concentrations of PM10and PM2.5in Hanyang were slightly higher than Hankou. When we compared ambient PM concentrations in different seasons, we found that PM10and PM2.5concentrations in autumn and PM2.5concentrations in spring in Hankou were higher than those of Hanyang. The PM10and PM2.5concentrations in other seasons in Hanyang were higher than those in Hankou. In Hanyang, the levels of PM2.5in autumn and winter were significantly higher than spring and summer, while the level of PM10was minimum in summer and the levels of PM10in spring, autumn and winter were close. The trend of PM levels change in Hankou was similar to Hanyang. The levels of PM2.5in autumn and winter were significantly higher than those in spring and summer, and the level of PM10was also lowest in summer in Hankou. The results suggested that the PM concentrations were related to meteorological conditions. The surface temperature in spring and summer are higher than autumn and winter owing to the influence of geographical environment and climate in Wuhan. The temperature difference between surface and atmosphere will affect the speed of air flow, so the air diffusion is larger in spring and summer. In addition, in Wuhan, rainfall which can reduce the levels of PM in the air is more in spring and summer. Combustion and heating are also the reasons of higher level of PM in autumn and winter.
The concentrations of PM produced in the process of production are far higher than the concentrations of community environment, even if we took various measures to reduce dust concentration in the pottery factory, PM concentration of work place is more than15times of community.
Pulmonary function were conducted on800subjects from community in Wuhan and800workers in a pottery factory. The participants were matched with age and gender. We found pottery workers'main indexes of pulmonary function were lower than community subjects, the proportion of lung dysfunction in pottery factory (85.5%) was higher than community in Wuhan (51.5%), restrictive ventilatory disorder was most among pulmonary ventilatory disorder. It is speculated that it is related to the decrease of lung compliance induced by pulmonary inflammatory reaction or fibrosis caused by PM exposure. We determined pulmonary function injury in accordance with 《the labor ability appraisal-workers'disability grade of industrial injury and occupational disease》(GB/T16180-2006), the result was pottery workers' pulmonary function injury rate (76.5%) was higher than community residents (26.9%) and the difference was statistically significant. It showed high level productive PM had an more serious effect on pulmonary function.
This study confirmed that PM's effect on pulmonary function and provided basic data for evaluating health hazard of respiratory caused by PM.
肺功能是反映肺和呼吸道功能状态的重要指标,生产环境空气颗粒物的接触水平及时间对肺功能的影响已有报道,但社区环境空气颗粒物对肺功能的影响报道甚少,为比较不同类型环境空气颗粒物对肺功能的影响,我们选择了武汉2个社区和某陶瓷企业,在进行环境空气颗粒物监测和研究对象人群肺功能检查的基础上,探讨环境颗粒物接触水平及时间对肺功能的影响程度,并为评价社区环境颗粒物呼吸系统危害提供基础数据。
研究结果显示武汉社区环境空气颗粒物PM10的浓度介于0.034～0.444mg/m3,平均为0.173±0.080mg/m3,PM2.5为0.031～0.319mg/m3,平均为0.106±0.049mg/m3。PM10和PM2.5均远远超过国家《环境空气质量标准》(GB3095-2012)对居住区环境空气年平均浓度限值(PM10：0.070mg/m3,PM2.5：0.035mg/m3)要求,说明武汉市环境空气颗粒物污染严重。
研究显示汉阳地区年均颗粒物PM10和PM2.5浓度均略高于汉口地区,具体比较不同季节环境空气颗粒物浓度,发现汉口秋季环境空气颗粒物PM10、PM2.5和春季PM2.5浓度高于汉阳地区外,其余各季节的PM10及PM2.5为汉阳地区高于汉口地区。一年之内各季节比较,汉阳地区秋冬季PM2.5水平明显高春夏季,而PM10以夏季最低,其余春、秋、冬三季的PM10水平接近。汉口地区环境空气颗粒水平的变化趋势与汉阳地区类似,秋冬季的PM2.5明显高于春季和夏季,PM10也以夏季最低,其余三季水平接近。分析原因,可能与气象条件有很大的关系。由于武汉地理环境和气候的影响,春、夏季的地表温度高于秋冬季的地表温度,在地表与大气之间温差会影响空气的流动速度,因此春、夏天的空气扩散会较大；此外,武汉地区春、夏季雨水较多,可降低环境空气中颗粒物的水平。秋冬季的燃烧和取暖也是PM升高的可能原因
生产过程产生的颗粒物浓度远远高于社区环境空气颗粒物浓度,即使在陶瓷企业采取各种措施降低粉尘浓度后,陶瓷厂工种场所的评价颗粒物浓度是社区的15倍以上。
通过对武汉社区和某陶瓷企业年龄、性别匹配的各800名人群进行肺功能测定,结果显示陶瓷企业工人的肺功能主要指标均低于社区人群,陶瓷厂肺功能障碍比例(85.5%)高于武汉社区(51.5%),肺通气障碍以限制性通气障碍最多,推测与颗粒物粉尘暴露引起肺部炎性反应或纤维化,导致肺顺应性降低有关。按《劳动能力鉴定--职工工伤与职业病致残等级》(GB/T16180-2006)排定肺功能损伤,结果陶瓷企业肺功能损伤比例(76.5%)也高于社区居民(26.9%),差异具有统计学意义。说明高水平生产颗粒物对肺功能损伤更为严重。
本课题在环境颗粒物监测基础上进行其对肺功能影响的研究,为全面评价空气颗粒物的健康危害提供了基础数据。
Ambient air particles is one of the most important indicators of environmental pollution. Particulate matter (PM) is solid or liquid granular material dispersed in the air. Inhalable particulate matter (PM10) and fine particulate matter (PM2.5) are common PM. Many previous studies have shown that exposure levels of PM were closely related to the increase of incidence and mortality of respiratory disease for residents. PM exposures were reported to induce or aggravate respiratory disease, defense responses of airway, such as increase mucus secretion, increase bronchial hyper responsiveness, and aggravate incompletely reversible block of airway. These changes in the respiratory system can be reflected by the changes of lung function.
Lung function is an important index of reflecting the state of lung and respiratory function. It has been reported that the exposure levels and duration of PM had an effect on pulmonary function. In this study, we determine PM levels in two communities in Wuhan and a pottery factory. On the basis of monitoring environmental PM and pulmonary function for exposed participants, the degree of influencing pulmonary function with different exposure levels of environmental PM were compared.
The results showed that PM10concentrations in Wuhan city ranged from0.034mg/m3to0.034mg/m3, with an average of0.173±0.080mg/m3, and PM2.5concentrations ranged from0.031mg/m3to0.319mg/m3, with an average of0.106±0.049mg/m3. PM10and PM2.5were far higher than the average air concentration limits of community environment required by 《ambient air quality standard》(GB3095-2012)(PM10:0.070mg/m3, PM2.5:0.035mg/m3). It is suggested that ambient PM pollution in Wuhan is serious.
We found that annual average concentrations of PM10and PM2.5in Hanyang were slightly higher than Hankou. When we compared ambient PM concentrations in different seasons, we found that PM10and PM2.5concentrations in autumn and PM2.5concentrations in spring in Hankou were higher than those of Hanyang. The PM10and PM2.5concentrations in other seasons in Hanyang were higher than those in Hankou. In Hanyang, the levels of PM2.5in autumn and winter were significantly higher than spring and summer, while the level of PM10was minimum in summer and the levels of PM10in spring, autumn and winter were close. The trend of PM levels change in Hankou was similar to Hanyang. The levels of PM2.5in autumn and winter were significantly higher than those in spring and summer, and the level of PM10was also lowest in summer in Hankou. The results suggested that the PM concentrations were related to meteorological conditions. The surface temperature in spring and summer are higher than autumn and winter owing to the influence of geographical environment and climate in Wuhan. The temperature difference between surface and atmosphere will affect the speed of air flow, so the air diffusion is larger in spring and summer. In addition, in Wuhan, rainfall which can reduce the levels of PM in the air is more in spring and summer. Combustion and heating are also the reasons of higher level of PM in autumn and winter.
The concentrations of PM produced in the process of production are far higher than the concentrations of community environment, even if we took various measures to reduce dust concentration in the pottery factory, PM concentration of work place is more than15times of community.
Pulmonary function were conducted on800subjects from community in Wuhan and800workers in a pottery factory. The participants were matched with age and gender. We found pottery workers'main indexes of pulmonary function were lower than community subjects, the proportion of lung dysfunction in pottery factory (85.5%) was higher than community in Wuhan (51.5%), restrictive ventilatory disorder was most among pulmonary ventilatory disorder. It is speculated that it is related to the decrease of lung compliance induced by pulmonary inflammatory reaction or fibrosis caused by PM exposure. We determined pulmonary function injury in accordance with 《the labor ability appraisal-workers'disability grade of industrial injury and occupational disease》(GB/T16180-2006), the result was pottery workers' pulmonary function injury rate (76.5%) was higher than community residents (26.9%) and the difference was statistically significant. It showed high level productive PM had an more serious effect on pulmonary function.
This study confirmed that PM's effect on pulmonary function and provided basic data for evaluating health hazard of respiratory caused by PM.
引文
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6. 郭栋生,袁小英,张志强.太原市大气飘尘中多环芳烃与DNA的结合反应[J]中国环境科学,2000,20(1)：5_7.
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8. Pope CA 3rd, Burnett RT, Thun MJ, et al. Lung cancer, cardiopulmonary mortality, and long-term exposure to fine particulate air pollution. JAMA 2002; 287:1132-1141.
9. Anderson HR, Bremner SA, Atkinson RW, Harrison RM,Walters S. Particulate matter and daily mortality and hospital admissions in the west midlands conurbation of the United Kingdom:associations with fine and coarse particles, black smoke and sulphate. Occup Environ Med 2001; 58:504-510.
10. Ostro BD, Broadwin R, Lipsett MJ. Coarse and fine particles and daily mortality in the Coachella Valley, California:a follow-up study. J Expo Anal Environ Epidemiol 2000; 10:412-419.
11. EPA.Air Quality Criteria for Particulate MatterVol.II.http://cfpub.epa.gov/ncea/cfm/r-ecordisplay.cfm?Print Version5 True&deid 587903; 2004. Date accessed:June 10 2005; Date updated:May 17 2005.
12. Schwartz J, Norris G, Larson T, Sheppard L, Claiborne C, Koenig J. Episodes of high coarse particle concentrations are not associated with increased mortality. Environ Health Perspect 1999; 107:339-342.
13. Hefflin BJ, Jalaludin B, McClure E, et al. Surveillance for dust storms and respiratory diseases in Washington State,1991. Arch Environ Health 1994; 49:170-174.
14. McConnell R, Berhane K, Gilliland F, et al. Prospective Study of Air Pollution and Bronchitic Symptoms in Children with Asthma. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2003; 168: 790-797.
15. Zhang JJ, Hu W, Wei F, Wu G, Korn LR, Chapman RS. Children's respiratory morbidity prevalence in relation to air pollution in four Chinese cities. Environ Health Perspect 2002; 110:961-967.
16. Monn C. Exposure assessment of air pollutants:a review on spatial heterogeneity and indoor/outdoor/personal exposure to suspended particulate matter, nitrogen dioxide and ozone. Atmos Environ 2001; 35:1-32.
17. Schwartz J,Dockery DW.Neas LM.Is daily mortality associated with fine particles? [J] J Air Waste Manag Assos,l996,46:927-939.
18.邵龙义,,时宗波.都市大气环境中可吸人颗粒物的研究[J].环境保护.2000,(1)24-29.
19. Ken Donaldson,1,2 Vicki Stone,1,2 Anthony Seaton,3 and William MacNee2. Ambient Particle Inhalation and the Cardiovascular System:Potential Mechanisms[J]. Environmental Health Perspectives.109, SUPPLEMENT 4,523-527.
20. Stone V, Tuinman M, Vamvakopoulos JE, Shaw J, Brown D,Petterson S, Faux SP, Borm P, MacNee W, Michaelangeli F, etal. Increased calcium infllux in a monocytic cell line on exposure to ultrafiine carbon black. Eur Respir J 15:297-303 (2000).
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